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the 


MODERN     PART 


OF     AN 


Univerfal  Hiftory, 

FROM     THE 

Earliefl  Accounts  to  the  Prefent  Time. 

Compiled  from 

ORIGINAL     AUTHORS. 


By  the  AUTHORS  of  the  ANCIENT  PART, 


VOL.     XIX. 


LONDON, 
Printed  for  C.  Bathurst,  J.  F.  and  C.  Rivington,  A  HAMtr 
ton,  T.  Payne,  T.  Longman,  S.   Chowder B    Law  V 
Robson,  F.  Newf.ery,  G.  Robinsom.T.  Cadell"  l£W 

MDCCLXXXII. 


f 


%> 


CONTENTS 


OF      THE 


NINETEENTH    VOLUME, 


CHAP.      LXVI.      Continued. 

The  Hiftory  of  Portugal,  from  its  becoming  a  di- 
ftinct  Sovereignty;  from  their  own  Authors,  com- 
pared with  thofe  of  other  Nations. 

Sect.  IX.  The  Regency  and  Reign  of  Don  Pe- 
dro II.  and  of  Don  John  V.  to  the 
Treaty  of  Utrecht.  page  I 

CHAP.      LXVII. 
The  Hiftory  of  the  Kingdom  of  Navarre. 

Sect.  I.  Rife  of  this  Sovereignty,  and  the  Hit- 
tory  of  its  Princes,  to  the  Acceflion 
of  Sancho  the  Great,  44 

II.  From  the  Reign  of  Don   Sancho  the 

Great,  to  that  of  Don  Sancho  V.  who 
united  this  Kingdom  to  Arragon,  63 

III.  From  the  Reign  of  Sancho  V.  to  that 

of  Q^een  Joanna,  who,  by  Marriage, 
united  this  Crown  to  that  of  France,  74 
IV«  From  the  Union  of  Navarre  with  the 
Crown  of  France,  in  the  Perfon  of 
Philip,  to  its  Conjunction  with  thofe 
of  Arragon  and  Sicily,  104 

Sect. 


CONTENTS. 

Sect.  V.  From  the  Accefllon  of  Don  Juan  and 
Donna  Blanch  of  Navarre  and  Ar- 
ragon,  to  the  Union  of  the  Crowns 
of  France  and  Navarre,  in  the  Per- 
son of  Henry  of  Bourbon,  140. 

CHAP.      LXVIII. 

The  Hiftory   of  France,  from  the  Reign  of  Clovis 
to  that  of  Lewis  XV. 

Sect.  I.  The  firffc  or  Merovingian  Race  of  Kings 

to  their  Extinction,  4^8 

II.  The  Reign  of  Pepin  le  Bref,  or  the 
Short,  in  whom  began  the  fecond 
Race,  274 

III.  The  Reign  of  Charles  the  Great,  King 

of  France,  and  Emperor  of  the 
Weft,  287 

IV.  The  Reigns  of  Lewis  the  Gentle,  Charles 

the  Bald,  Lewis  the  Stammerer,  Em- 
perors and  Kings  of  France ;  Lewis 
and  Carloman,  Kings ;  and  Charles 
the  Grofs,  Emperor,  and  King  or  Re- 
gent of  France,  327 

V.  The  Reign  of  Eudes,  Charles  the  Simple, 
Raoul,  Lewis  IV.  furnamed  the 
Stranger,  Lothaire,  and  Lewis  V. 
in  whom  ended  the  Race  of  Charle- 
magne, 384 

VI.  The  Reigns  of  Hugh  Capet,  Robert, 
Henry  I.  Philip  I.  Lewis  VI.  fur- 
named  the  Fat,  and  Lewij  VII.  the 
Young,  420 


THE 

MODE  R  N    PART 

O  F 

Univerfal  Hiftory. 


CHAP.     LXVI.     Continued. 

The  Hiflory  of  Portugal,  from  its  becoming  d 
diftincl  Sovereignty  ;  from  their  own  Au- 
thor'sy  compared  with  thofe  of  other  Na- 
tions. 

SECT.      IX. 

The  Regency  and  Reign  of  Don  Pedro  II.  and  of  Don 
"John  V.  to  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 


I 


T  is  certainly  mod  proper  to  commence  the  regency  of  Upon  tJit 
the  infant  Don  Pedro  from  the  time  of  his  proclama-  *'«?''«*• 
tion,  fince  otherwife  there  would  be  no  government  at  d""™*/ 
all  in  Portugal  till  the  meeting  of  the  Mates,  which,  how-  ajrMmetth» 
ever,  was  far  from  being  the  cafe,  the  regent  acting  all  that  aJminif- 
time,  at  leaft  as  far  as  he  thought  proper  to  act,  with  the  t  ration* 
fame  authority  as  he  afterwards  held.     At  this  time  Don 
Pedro  was   in  the   twentieth  year  of  his  age,  a   young 
prince,  very  agreeable  in  his  perfon,  a  flrong  Well-made 
man,  rendered  very  robuft  by  conftant  exercife,  of  a  ca- 
pacity and  character,  which,  if  afliftcd  by  a  proper  edu- 
cation, would  have  rendered  him,  even  young  as  he  was, 

Mod.  Vo^..  XIX.  B  one 


%  the  tiiftdry  of  Portugal, 

cne  of  the  mod  accomplifned  princes  of  the  age  ;  but  this 
he  Wanted,  though  time,  experience,  and  application, 
gradually  fupplied  all  defects*.  In  the  conduct  of  this 
bufinefs  he  was  affifted,  or  to  fpeak  with  the  freedom  of 
an  hillovian,  he  was  directed  by  other  heads  At  the  time 
his  brother  Don  Alonfo  was  feizeil,  that  unhappy  king 
fcarce  perceived  it ;  but  as  the  evening  drew  on,  and  every- 
body left  him,  he  found  he  was  a  prifoner:  upon  which 
he  fent  to  defire  his  brother  to  let  him  have  John,  who 
managed  his  dog-kennel,  to  keep  him  company.  When 
the  mefiage  was  delivered,  the  infant  Don  Pedro  loft  his 
ufual  calmnefs,  and  burft  into  a  violent  paflion  of  tears, 
and  immediately  gave  orders  that  fone  who  were  agree- 
able to  him  mould  remain  in  his  apartment.  In  this  fi- 
tuation  things  continued  till  the  meeting  of  the  Rate's. 
One  would  have  imagined  that  the  new  government  mult 
have  been  extremely  infecure,  and  fubje£t  to  many  dif- 
turbances  both  at  home  and  abroad,  whereas  it  happened 
-quite  otherwife.  The  conde  de  Caftelmelhor  no  fooner 
heard  the  infant  proclaimed  regent,  than  he  judged  it  moil 
expedient  for  him  to  quit  the  kingdom  in  diiguife,  retiring 
firit  to  Turin,  from  thence  into  France,  and  lailly  into 
Great  Britain,  where  he  was  kindly  received,  and  had  a 
good  penfionb.  Henry  Enriquez,  who  was  generally* 
hated,  Was  fent  to  prifon  and  detained  there ;  but  as  for 
Antonio  Soufa  de  Macedo,  he  retired  to  his  own  houfe 
in  the  country,  and  betaking  himfelf  to  his  ftudies,  not 
only  remained  undifturbed,  but  received  marks  of  favour* 
and  countenance'.  The  count  de  Schombtrg,  who  had 
How  the  command  of  the  troops  without  control,  kept  in 
awe  the  Spaniards,  who  were  themlelves  fo  weakened  by 
A  D.166S.  n,tettine  difputes  and   the   war  with  France,  which  was 

,     then  breaking  out,  that  they  were  in  no  condition  to  ftir; 

on  the  contrary,  they  regretted  the    troubles  in  Portugal, 
as  it  feemed  highly  probable  they  might  retard  the  peace. 
Thifiates         -^he  ilates  of  the  kingdom  met  in  the  month  of  Janu- 
epablifh  ih  ary,  and  without  any  difficulty  took  an  oath  to  the  infant 
rtgtncj.      Don  Pedro,  in    quality   of  prince  of   Portugal;    a    title 
which  implies  as  much  as  heir  apparent,  and  which,  there- 
fore, the  king  would  never  give  to  his  brother,  or  fuflfer  him 

a  Relation  de  la  Cour  de  Portugal,  M.  Fremont  d'Ablancourt, 
Memoiiei  con  tenant  I  Hiitoire  de  Portugal,  Dr.  Colcbatch's  Me- 
moirs of  Portugal,  chap.  i.  b  D'Ablancourt  Memoires  con- 
tenant  I'Hiftoire  de  Portugal.  c  Cataftrophe  de  Portugal, 
por  Leandro  Dorca  Caceres  c  Faria,  Relation  dc  la  Coui  de  Por- 
tugal. 

to 


7 he  Hijlory  of  Portugal  .3 

to  aflume  it.  Upon  mature  confiderafion  of  the  fiate  of 
public  affairs,  oi  the  king's  resignation  however  obtained, 
and  o*  the  fate  of  hid  understanding  and  health,  they  vot- 
ed that  the  aouiijiill  ration  lhouid  remain  to  the  prince  Don 
Pedro.  The  deputies  of  the  commons  were  very  carneft 
to  give  him  the  title  of  king,  which  the  clergy  w  uld  have 
approved;  but  the  nobility,  in  fupport  as  they  alleged  of 
his  royal  highnefs's  mode  ft  behaviour,  declared  in  favour 
of  the  title  of  regent ;  but  i  in  died  him  with  the  royal  au- 
thority, with  which  there  is  reafon  to  believe  he  was  ful- 
ly fatisfied.  The  Mates  alfo  rectified  many  abufes  that 
were  crept  into  the  government,  took  proper  meafures  for 
augmenting  the  public  revenue,  and  in  all  other  refpecls 
complied  with  the  prince's  de fires,  who  had  by  this  time 
the  principal  nobility,  miniftcrs  of  ftate,  and  general  offi- 
cers about  him.  Ke  replaced  old  Pedro  Viera  in  the  poft 
of  fecretary,  who  had  held  it  in  his  father's  reign,  and  in 
his  mother's  regency,  lie  recalled  many  whom  the  late 
miniflry  banifhed ;  and  adopted  in  moft  refpecls  fuch 
meafures  as  he  thought  would  render  him  popular.  In 
this  view,  his  endeavours  met  with  all  the  fuccef's  he  could 
defire.  In  one  thing  only  he  was  thought  blameable,  that 
he  fupported  and  relied  upon  the  power  of  the  commons, 
which  was  but  too  great  before  his  acceffion  to  the  go- 
vernment 4. 

Thebufinefs  of  the  marriage  was  next  to  be  concluded*.  Tkeprinee 
The  prineefs  of  Aumaule  as  fhe  is  called  by  forne,  the  regent  fails 
princefs  of  Savoy  as  (he  is  generally  flyled  by  others,  and  *"!"?",. 
the  confort  of  the  depofed  monarch,  was  the  real  author  XrotHtr^t 
of  this  lingular  tranfa&ion e.  She  was  the  youngeft  daugh-  qUttn, 
tcr  of  the  dulce  of  Nemours,  by  the  daughter  of  the  duke 
of  Vendofme,  and  was  herfelf  confequently  great  grand- 
daughter to  Henry   the  Fourth  of  France.     She  was  ori- 
ginally defigned  for  the  infant  Don  Pedro,  and  her  elder 
filter  for  the  king;  but  that  match   not  taking  effecft,  the 
count  de  CaOelmelhor  determined  the  king  mould  marry 
herf.     She  had  not  been  long  queen   before  fhe  found 
caufc  to  repent  of  becoming  fo.     She  faw  the  infant  as  ill 
ufed  as  herfelf.  and  fhe  affected  to  exprefs  a  great  con- 
cern for  his  fufFerings.     Don  Pedro  was  young  and  very 
gallant ;  he  was  ftruck  with  the  beauty,  and  caught  by  the 
arts  of  a  princefs  fomewhat  older,  and  infinitely  more  ca- 

*  SirRohrrt  Southwell'*  Letter*,  Relation  drs  Trouble*  arrive* 
dans  la  Cour  «fe  Portugal.  e  Relation  de  la  Coiir  de  Por- 

tugal. '  D'Ablancourt  Mernoirei. 

£  2  pable 


4  The  Hiftory  of  Portugal. 

pable  of  political  intrigues  than  himfelf.     Their  two  con* 
feffors  acted  as  their  prime  minifters  in  this  bufinefs  ;  and 
it  was  chiefly  by  their  contrivances  that  all  things  were 
conducted  to  a   point,  and  the   king  and  his  favourites 
were  driven  from  the  government  ftep  by  ftep,  with  much 
clamour,  fome  violence,  but  no  effufion  of  bloods.     At 
this  time  fhe  pufhed  her  divorce  warmly  before  the  chap- 
ter of  Lifbon,  and  fpoke  of  nothing  but  procuring  the  ref- 
titution  of  her  fortune,  and  her  returning   to  France,  as 
if  that  had  been  her  real  intention  :  yet,  while  the  caulc 
was  depending,  a  difpenfation  was  procured  from  the  car- 
dinal of  Vendofme,  the  uncle  of  this  princefs,  whom  the 
pope  had  appointed  his  legate  at  the  French  court,  upon 
an  extraordinary  occafion,  from  whence  he  was  fuppokd 
to  derive  the  power  of  granting  this  inftrumcnt,  by  which 
his  niece  was  permitted  to  marry  the  prince  regent.     The 
fcheme  was  well  laid,  and  managed  with  great  addrefs  j 
but  the  date  was  a  little  unlucky,    fince  that  was   the 
13th/  of  March,    and   the   fentence   of  nullity,    by  the 
chapter,    did   not  bear   date  till  the  24th   of   the   fame 
month  ;    but   though  flow  in   coming,    it  was    remark- 
ably clear  and  full,  which  will   appear  the  lefs  wonderful 
when  the  reader  is  told    that  Don  Alonfo  acknowleged 
the  truth  of  what  the  princefs  fuggefted  under  his  hand, 
gave  no  oppofition  to  their  proceedings,  or  ever  attempted 
an  appeal h. 
Don  Pedro,       The   fentence  of  nullity  having  pa-fifed,  and  the   ftates 
with  the      being  acquainted  with  the  intention  of  the  princefs  to  re- 
tonfent  of    turn  into  France,  fent  a  folemn  deputation  to  intreat  her 
l^eJ!-a\es%     not  t0  abandon   them ;  but  to  flay  and  marry  the  prince, 
pu  up        fince   they  were   not  either  able  or  willing  to  reitore  her 
that  prin-     fortune.     The  queen  did  not  return  them  a  direct  anfwer, 
tejs.  However,  they  next  applied  themfelves  to  the  prince,  in- 

treating  him  to  efpoufe  the  late  queen,  as  the  moft  effec- 
tual means  to  preferve  the  nation  ;  adding  that  they  would 
never  approve  his  choice  of  any  other  woman.  The 
prince  regent  told  them  they  had  his  confent,  if  they  could 
procure  the  queen's;  upon  which  they  returned  in  a  body 
to  the  convent,  and  prevailed  upon  her  at  length  to  be  as 
complaifant  as  the  prince  *'.  Accordingly,  on  the  Wed- 
nefday  in  Paffion  Week  they  were  married  by  proxy,  and 

l  Sir  Robert  Southwell's  Letters.  h  Relation  de  la  Cour 

de  Portugal,  Dr.  Colbatch's  Memoirs,  i  Cataftrophe  de 

Portugal,  por  Leandro  Dorea  Caceres  e  Faria,  Vertot  Hiftohe  de 
l»  Revolution  cie  Portugal,  d'Ablancourt  Mcmoii  es. 

on 


The  Hi/toty  of  Portugal.  5 

on  Fader  Monday  tl>e  prince'wcnt  in  Hate  to  the  convent 
to  fetch  his  bride,  whom  he  conducted  to  Alcantara, 
where  the  marriage  was  confummated.  Upon  this  occa- 
fion  there  were,  as  might  be  expected,  very  great  rejoic- 
ings throughout  Liibon.  The  royal  prifoner  could  not 
enquiring  what  fortunate  event  excited  thefe  marks 
of  public  fatisfa&ion.  Being  told  what  it  was,  he  appear- 
3  he  very  well  might,  not  a  little  concerned  ;  but 
thofe  who  were  about  him  could  not  help  being  furprifed 
when  he  exprefled  the  occafion  of  it;  when,  inftead  of 
lamenting  the  indignity  offered  to  himfelf,  he  teftified 
great  concern  for  his  poor  brother,  who  he  faid  would 
foon  have  enough  of  the  French  woman,  and  repent,  as 
heartily  as  he  had  done,  that  he  had  ever  any  thing  to  do 
with  her.  Upon  reflection,  however,  he  thought  fit  to 
fend  them  his  compliments- upon  their  nuptials,  to  Alcan- 
tara. 

The  next  point  of  importance  brought  upon  the  carpet  peaee  Wl(u 
was  that  of  a  peace  wich  Spain,  never  more  needed,  ne«  Spain 
ver  more  wiihed  for  than  at  preferit  •,  yet  there  was  a  party  brought 
who  llrongly  oppofed  it.     This  was  compofed  of  general  aj*uf  JJ 
officers,  who  were  gainers  by  the  war ;  of  fome  who  were    J,/"/*, 
fecretly  piqued  againft  the  marquis  de  Marialva  and  his  brc-  dua  0}  tht 
ther,  who  had  been  for  many  years  the  prince's  confident;  Englifh 
and  of  the  French  faction  in  general k  ;  for  when  Lewis  0»«j//«v, 
the  Fourteenth  invaded  the  Spauilh  Low  Countries,  un- 
der colour  of  his  wife's  title,  he  had  entered  into  a  treaty 
offeniive   and  defenfive  with  Portugal,  and  had  feut  over 
the  abbe  de  St.  Romaine,  to  refide  at  Liibon  as  his  ara- 
baffador.     On  the  other   fide  were  all  the  true   patriots, 
and  that  ftyled  the  Englifh  party,  who,  upon  this  occafion, 
outwitted  and  got  the  better  of  the  French  '.     Sir  Richard 
Fanfhaw,  his  Britannic  majefty's  minifter  at  Madrid,  had 
fome  years  before  entered  into  a  negociation  with  that  na- 
tion, for  terminating  their  differences  with  Portugal.  With 
much  trouble  and  difficulty  he  fettled  with  them  the  draught 
of  a  treaty,    favourable  enough   for  Portugal ;  notwith- 
ftanding  which,  it  was  rejected  by    the  count  de  Caftel- 
melhor  upon  a  punctilio,  and  the  French  party  took    all 
imaginable  pains  to  prevent  its  being  revived  m.     But  Sir 
Robert  Southwell,  the  Englifh  minifter  then  at   Lifbon, 
contrived  to  bring  it  about  in  a  manner  which  they  never 
(b  much  as  fufpetted.     He  infmuated  to  Don  Gafpar  dc 

*  Dr.  Colebatcb's  Memoirs,  d'Ablancourt  Memoires.         '  Baf. 
t>age  Anrules  des  Provinces  Unies.  n>  Relation  de  la  Couc 

tjc  Portugal,  Sir  Robert  Southwell's  Letters, 

B  3  Harcj 


6  The  Hifiory  of  Portugal. 

,  Haro  Guzman  y  Arragon,  marquis  del  Carpio,  fon  to  the 
famous  minifter  Don  Lewis,  and  heir  both  to  him  and  the 
conde  duke  de  Olivarez,  who  had  been  taken  prifoner  at 
the  battle  of  Evora,  that  the  only  way  to  obtain  his  liber- 
ty, wras  to  procure  full  powers  from  Madrid  for  negociat- 
ing  a  peace;  and  the  marquis  readily  clofing  with  this 
propofal,  he  found  means  to  convey  his  letters  fafely  to 
Madrid,  and'  to  procure  anfwers,  which  in  a  little  time 
brought  him  as  full  powers  as  he  could  defire.  The 
French  party,  who  by  this  time  had  intelligence  of  what 
they  were  doing,  exerted  their  utmoft  force  to  raife  an 
opposition,  but  without  effect,  for  Sir  Robert  applied 
himfelf  to  the  judge  of  the  people,  who  at  the  firft  word 
declared  that  peace  was  a  good  thing  ;  and  this  being 
ecchoed  by  the  magiftrates  and  commons  of  Lifbon,  the 
fame  fentiments  fpread  itfelf  through  the  ftates,  fo  that 
the  court  was  in  a  little  time  forced  to  acquiefce. 
tar  I  of  The  arrival  of  the  carl  of  Sandwich,  with  the  title  of  his 

Sandwich    Britannic  majefty's  nmbaiTador,  and  all  the  neceflary  au- 
condudes     thority  and  inftructions  from  Madrid,  gave  the  laft  flroke 
'.  '     rf'0fto  this  great  afFair,  and  produced  the  figning  a  treaty  un- 
tnediator,     dcr  the  mediation  of  his  Britannic  majefty  ;  which  was 
and  Great   as  fortunate  and  as  honourable  for  the  Portuguefe  nation 
Britain       as  ^gy  could  defire.     It  was  generally  believed,  that  the 
gmaraetits  prince  regent  himfelf  was  as  well  pleafed  with  the  peace 
as  any  of  his  fubjecls ;    and  fome  have  fufpecled,    that 
though  his  confort  oppofed  it  with  an  appearance  of  vi- 
gour, yet  this  was  no  more  than   an  appearance,  that  (he 
might  not  lofe  her  credit  in,  or  the  fupport  that  fhe  dep- 
rived from  France  m.     Soon  after  a  French  fleet  arrived 
in  the  river  of  Jjifbon,  on  board  of  which  count  Schom- 
berg,  and  the  auxiliary  tooops  embarked,  loaded  with  ho- 
nours ;  but  in  other  refpe£ts  neither  very  well  fatisfied  or 
well  treated. 
The  popt  One  of  the  firrr  good  effects  the  peace  produced  was 

(vnfirms      giving  fuch  a  turn  to  the  affairs  at  Rome,  as  perhaps  they 

'  '. tl  a7    would  never  otherwife  have  taken.     Cardinal  Rofpisdiofi, 
ration  of  ,  ,  .  r  6         *, 

nullity ,  the  very  'ately  advanced  to  the  papal  throne  by  the  name  of 
difpenfa-  Clement  the  Ninth,  had  received  an  account  of  the  queen's 
Hon,  and  marriage  by  a  difpenfation  from  the  cardinal  of  Vendofme, 
the  jecond  a<J(j  Q£  ajj  the  unufua]  circumftances  that  had  attended  it ; 
a  r  "*  \  and,  as  the  world  reported,  was  by  no  means  fatisfied  with 
the  conduct  of  his  legate  in  France  n.     The  cardinal  de 

m  D'Ablancourt  Memoir.  Portugal  Reftaurada,  Dr.  Colehatch'* 
Memoirs  of  Portugal.  »  Relation  de  la.  Cour  de  Portugal. 

Vendofme 


Tie  Hijlory  of  Portugal  7 

Vendofme  excufed  himfclf  with  great  humility ;  and  a- 
mon^ft  other  things  faid,  that  he  wrote  a  fair  (late  of  the 
cafe  to  his  holinefs  when  the  difpenfation  whs  firlt  applied 
for :  which  was  itrictly  true ;  but  the  French  1'ccretary  of 
date,  who  was  intruded  to  fend  it  by  his  courier,  kept  it 
very  fafc  in  his  office,  upon  a  fuppolition  that  the  difpen- 
fation might  go  on  as  well  without  it.  Thefe  dark  clouds 
at  Rome  began  to  difperfe  upon  the  news  of  the  peace 
with  Spain  5  and  upon  the  arrival  of  the  marquis  dc  las 
ftliaas,  to  render  obedience,  in  his  mailer's  name,  to  the 
holy  fee,  the  Iky  urew  perfectly  clear,  infomuch,  that  the 
queen's  confefibr,  who  came  to  fubmit  her  caufe  to  the 
is  very  kindly  received.  However,  accoiding  to 
the  cuftom  of  the  fee  of  Rome,  the  whole  caufe  was  to  be 
begun  afrelh  ;  in  confequence  of  which  a  bull  was  direct- 
ed to  th  dean  of  the  inquifitors  at  Lifbon,  to  hear  and  de- 
termine the  cafe  of  the  fin L  marriage;  and  this  being 
done,  though  not  with  fo  much  care  and  caution  as  be- 
fore, a  fentence  of  nullity  was  again  pronounced,  which, 
together  with  the  difpenfation,, and  fecond  marriage,  the 
pope  confirmed  by  his  bull,  afTuring  the  prince,  that  he 
had  done  for  him  all  that  was  in  his  power  °.  The  great 
affair  of  bifhops  was  next  to  be  adjufted  ;  and  in  that  there 
was  no  longer  any  difficulty,  as  Spain  gave  no  oppofition, 
and  as  his  holinefs  was  to  be  a  great  gainer  by  the  v;.(l 
fums  of  money  extorted  under  different  pretences  from, 
every  prelate.  The  regent,  to  exprefs  his  fenfe  of  thefe 
favours,  appointed  the  count  de  Prado  his  ambafiador ; 
but  he  did  not  arrive  till  cardinal  Altieri  was  elected  on 
the  death  of  Clement  the  Ninth,  and  affumed  the  name  of 
Clement  the  Tenth,  who  was  {till  more  indulgent  to  Por- 
tugal than  his  predeceflbr  v. 

At  the  rifing  of  the  dates  it  was  determined,  that  in  7-^  £/„„  ,*, 
the  prefent  fituation  of  things  it  was  not  confident  either  fentpri 
with  the  fafety  of  the  prince  regent,  or  the  tranquility  of  finer  into 
the  nation,  to  fet  the  king  at  liberty  ;  and  as  to  the  man-  tfl.1 'jranti 
ner  of  his  confinement  they  thought  it  indecent  to  offer  L-,,/  "ht  * 
any  thing  to  the  prince  regent,  confidering  that  they  were  rifingoftht 
brothers  *>,     The  confining  him  at  Lifbon  was  attended  Jiatet. 
With    difficulties,    and    with    circumftances    difagreeable 
enough  in  their  nature  to  both  of  them.    The  prince  re- 

•  Corps  Uimiverfel  Diplomatique  du  Droit  des  Gens  Supple- 
ment, torn.  ii.  par.  i.  p.  388.  P  Hiftoire  des  Papcs,  Cole- 
batch's  Memoirs,  i  D'Ablancourt  Meinohcs,  Relation  de 
la  Cour  de  Portugal, 

P  4  gens 


g  Yke  Hijlory  of  Portugal. 

fcnt  at  laft  refolyed  to  put  an  end  to  thefe,  bv  fending  his 
rother  to  a  place  with  which  he  might  be  better  pleafed, 
and  yet  remain  in  equal  fafety  r.     A  veflel  was  according-? 
Ijfprovided  for  him,  and  a  fquadron  under  the  command 
of  the  count  dc  Prado,  ordered  to  efcort  him.     Some  per- 
fons  of  ciiftinclion  were  likewife  appointed  to  accompany 
him ;  but  the  place  where  he  was  to  fpend  his  days  was 
kept  a  fecret,    This  fecrecy  gave  a  check  to  the  people's 
curiofity,  upon  which  they  affected  to  be  alarmed.     They 
went  fo  far  as  to  give  out,  that  the  lofs  of  his  crown  and 
his  wife  were  afflictions  fufficient ;  and  that  it  was  going 
beyond  all  bounds  to  carry  a  king  of  Portugal  to  Guinea, 
and  configning  him  there  perhaps  to  the  cuftody  of  Ne- 
groes.    The  prince  regent,  who  never  intended  any  fuch 
thing,  was  very  much  piqued  at  thefe  rumours  ;  but  hav- 
ing written  a  circular  letter  to  foreign  courts  upon  this 
fubjecl,  he   fufFered   copies  to  be  taken  ;   and  when  the 
people  once  knew  that  he  was  to  be  fent  no  farther  than 
Tercera,  and  was  to  be  allowed  the  whole  ifland  for  his 
prifon,  they  were  very  quiet,  and  in  general  fecmed  to  ap- 
prove the  regent's  choice. 
Zealand         Thefe  neceffary  fteps  being  taken,  the  prince  applied 
public  fpif  with  all  poflible  vigour  and  vigilance  to  the  difpatch  of  bu- 
rit  expnjf-  finefS)  3nd  to  qualify  himfelf  for  adminiftering  the  govern- 
'  J     °"    ment  with  abilities  and  reputation.     The  duke  de  Cadaval, 
tit  ma-       who  had  a  great  fhare  in  eflablifhing  his  regency,  and  was 
■aagtment     alfo  a  prince  of  his  blood,  had  his  ear  from  the  beginning, 
yfpui/lic      and  enjoyed  his  confidence  as  long  as  he  lived  3.      He 
fjl'airi.        flawed  the  like  flcadincfs  with  regard  to  the  reft  of  his 
counfellors,  and  paid  great  deference  to  their  opinions. 
As  he  itudied  afliduoufly,  and  with  a  good  will,  his  fub- 
jedls  would  have  been  very  well   pleafed,  as  they  knew 
that  none  underftood  the  (late  of  the  kingdom  better,  had 
he  relied  more  upon  his  own  liglus,  and  trufted  in  moft 
cafes  to  his  own  opinion.     He  found  that  midnight  diver- 
fions  were  far  from  ceafing  with  his  brother's  depofition 
and  confinement ;    but  he  thought  it  very  unjuft  that  per- 
fons  of  any  rank  fhould  commit  with  impunity  offences 
that  had  coft  his  brother  his  liberty  and  his  crown  l.     He 
did  not  take  his  meafures  haftily  ;  but  fuffered  for  a  time 
thefe  adventures  to  continue  the  talk  of  the  court,  by 
which  he  camp  to  difcern  the  fhorteft  and  heft  methods  of 

*  Bafnage  Annales  des  Provinces  Unies.  »  Colebatch's 

Tylemoirs.  t  Memorie  fcUitoriche  del  Poitogallo,  Portugal 

$.eftauradp,  D'Ablaacouri. 


5 


or 


The  Hiftory  of  Portugal.  9 

correcting  them,  which  he  profecuted  with  fuch  fpirir, 
that  they  were  effectually  cured,  and  in  this  he  made  no 
diftinctions  ;  fo  that  the  friars,  who  were  as  much  ad- 
dicted to  thefe  amufements  as  the  young  nobility,  were 
conltrained  to  abamlom  them,  and  to  pafs  their  evenings 
in  a  manner  more  fuitablc  to  their  character.  He  lell'cn- 
ed  the  expences  of  government,  difbanded  a  great  part 
of  the  troops,  put  his  finances  into  the  beft  order  pofii- 
ble,  and  gave  in  his  own  perfon,  and  in  the  manage- 
ment of  his  court,  an  example  of  that  frugality  which 
he  thought  requifite  for  his  fubiects  to  imitate,  that  they 
might  in  feme  meafure  repair  the  mifchiefs  and  mi- 
feries  brought  upon  them  by  living  fo  long  under  a' foreign 
yoke,  and  by  that  tedious,  though  necell'ary  war,  which 
had  been  carried  on  in  order  to  complete  their  deliverance. 
He  renewed  the  treaties  fubfilling  with  mod  of  the  powers 
of  Europe,  particularly  with  Great  Britain  and  Holland;  but 
was  fo  circumfpect  in  all  he  did,  as  to  avoid  contracting  any 
engagements  that  might  oblige  him  to  take  part  in  any  of 
the  broils  which  difturbed  the  tranquility  of  Chriftendom; 
for  as  he  had  no  ambitious  views  of  his  own,  he  would  not 
be  made  the  dupe  of  his  neighbours  projects  u. 

In  the  courfe  of  a  long  peace  one  would  have  imagined,  A  bn% 
that  thefe  wife  and  moderate  meafures  might  have  reflor-  pioce,  ani 
ed  the  public  affairs  of  Portugal,  at  lealt  in  a  confider-  a?.00^ad' 
able  degree,  and  yet  this  did  not  happen.  The  fault  cer-  J?^  *"' 
tainly  was  not  in  the  king,  but  in  the  genius  of  the  nation. 
There  was  nothing  fo  neceflary  as  to  bring  in  a  frefh  re- 
cruit of  people,  fome  confiderable  tracts  of  land,  even  in 
fo  fmall  a  country,  being  become  utterly  defert:  this  ftep 
however,  was  impoffible  without  tempering  in  fome  de- 
gree that  religious  zeal,  or  rather  fury,  which  generally 
prevailed ;  and  as  no  ftep  of  this  kind  was,  or  could  be 
taken,  no  foreigners  came,  or  at  lead  remained  in  Portu- 
gal, except  it  may  be  a  very  few  French,  and  even  thefe 
were  fcarce  confidered  as  catholics1*.  It  was  as  neceffary 
to  give  the  people  fome  eafe  in  their  impofitions  and 
taxes;  but  that  meafure  was  equally  impracticable.  The 
Spanifh  kings  had  granted  mod  of  thefe  to  noble  families, 
from  whom  it  was  not  expedient,  or  even  fafe,  for  the 
houfe  of  Braganca  to  take  them  ;  fo  that  trade  was  op- 
preffed,  and  induftry  difcouraged,  while  the  crown  was 
in  real  neceffity.     But  what  bore  hardeft  on  the  whole 

•  Relation  de  la  Cour  dc  Portugal.  »  Gedde*'*  MifceU 

Jaucoui  Tr*41i. 

nation^ 


1©  The  Hijlory  of  Portugal: 

nation,  were  the  prodigious  funis  annually  raifed  and  car- 
ried out   of  the  kingdom,  to  Rome  by   the  agents  and 
cmiffaries  of  the  pope,  under  pretences  which  in  other 
Roman  catholic  countries  would  have  been  treated  with 
ridicule  and  contempt  x.     Here,  however,  they  were  fup- 
ported  not  only  by  ecclefiaftical  cenfures,  but  by  the  civil 
authority,  and  that  for  political  reafons ;  which  it  is  to  be 
feared  will  always  have  too  great  weight,  and  which,  by 
keeping  this  drain  open,  rendered  all  endeavours  in  any 
other  way  to  bring  wealth  and  profperity  into  this  coun- 
try altogether  ineffectual.     The  intereft  of  the  Portuguefe 
in  India  was  continually  finking :  and  the  navigation  of 
the  kingdom  fo  much  reduced,  that  the  registered  feanuii 
did  not  exceed  three  hundred. 
Dif ere*tts      The  French  court,  at  the  time  of  making  war  upon  the 
trnth  the     ftates,  which  it  was  forefeen  would  bring  Spain  and  Ger- 
'spain  and  nwny  int0  tne  quarrel,  were  very  defirous  of  prevailing 
bringing      on  the  prince  regent  to  facilitate  their  defigns  by  breaking 
batk  Don    with   Spain,  and    making    a    formidable    diverfion ;    for 
Akmfi.        which  many  plaufible  pretences  were  fuggeded,  and  pro- 
digious promifes  were  made.     Don  Pedro  was  almoft  left 
to  himfelf  in  the  debates  on  this  fubje£t ;  for  his  queen, 
and  the  greater  part  of  his  miniftry,  were  in  the  intereft 
of  his  mod  Chriftian  majefty  :  and  which  is  more  extraor- 
dinary, national  antipathy  began  to  revive  v  fo  that  how- 
ever unreasonable  or  impolitic  it  might  have  b<>en,  this 
A.D.1672.  would  have  been  a  popular  meafure.     But  Don  Pedro  re- 
'  mained  firm,  though  he  gave  foft  anfwers,  and  laboured 

all  that  he  could  to  keep  mcafures  with  fo  great  a  king  j 
yet  he  could  not  be  brought  to  rillc  a  new  war,  while  his 
people  fo  fenfibly  felt  that  weaknefs  into  which  they  were 
brought  by  the  laft  y.  This  temper  was  fortunate  for  the 
Spaniards,  who  made  notwithstanding  a  very  ill  return ; 
for  in  the  month  of  September  following,  while  the  court 
was  at  the  baths  of  Obidos,  a  very  bafe  and  black  confpi- 
racy  was  difcovered  :  the  defign,  or  at  leaft  the  pretence  to 
which  was  to  reftore  Don  Alonfo;  and  in  order  to  this 
event,  the  regent,  his  confort,  and  the  infanta  were  to  be 
A.D.1674.  murdered.  Don  Francifca  de  Mendoca,  and  Don  Antonia 
■  "  de  Cavida,  with  fome  of  their  accomplices,  were  executed, 

and  very  ftrong  fufpicions  fell  upon  the  Spanifh  ambaffa- 
dor,  which  occafioned  a  great  coldnefs  between  the  two 

x  Dr.  Colebatch's  Memoires  of  Portugal.  y  Hiftoire  dc 

la  Vic  &  du  Regne  dc  Louis  XIV,  par  Mai  tiniere. 

cov»rts7 


fkt  llijiory  of  Portugal  n 

courts*.     It  was  not  long  after  that  the  marquis  dc  Govea, 

the  Portu-'uelc  miniltcr  at  Madrid,  was  grof&ly  inlulted  in 

his  own  heufe ;  of  which  ill  ufage  having  complained  to 

little  purpofe,  he  judged  it  molt  expedient  to  retire,  and 

return  home.    The  regent  bore  this  treatment  without  fuf- 

ferir.g  any  itrong  marks  of  refentment  to  efcape  j  but  he 

began  to  alter  his  conduct,  to  repair  the  ftrong  places  on 

his  frontiers,  and  to  reinforce  their  garrifons.      He  took  A  D.1675. 

likewife{,mother  neceflary  precaution,  and,  under  pretence         - 

of  fome  idle  ftories  diffufed  amongft  the  people  as  to  the  ill 

ufuage  of  his  brother  in  the  ifland  of  Tercera,  he  fent  a 

fquadron  to  bring  him  back  to  Portugal ;  and  upon  his  ar- 

lival,  directed  he  mould  be  carried  to  the  caftle  of  Cintra, 

not  far  from  Lifbon,  were  he  fpent  the  remained  of  his 

davs  in  clofe  confinement. 

After  all  the  indignities  that  had  been  offered  to  the  Ik  difpute 
court  of  Lifbon,  notwithstanding  Don  Pedro  de  Menefes  aboutthe 
had  the  title  given  him  of  duke  of  Caminha  at  Madrid  ;  "n  j^e  Rio 
and  notwithftanding  that  it  had  been  alTerted  there  pub-  del  Plata 
licly,  and  even  in  print,  that  the  treaty  made  by  the  queen  tompra- 
regent  with  the  crown  of  Portugal  was  void  j  and  that  it  m\fe** 
was  not  in  her  power,  as  guardian   to  her  fon,  to  give 
away  a  great  kingdom  to  the  prejudice  not  only  of  that 
prince,   but  of  his  pofterity,  the   prince  regent   offered 
his  mediation  to  facilitate  the  conelufion  of  a  peace  at 
Nimeguen :  a  meafure  in  itfelf  well  intended,  and  flowing 
from  a  generofity  of  mind  truly  worthy  of  a  great  prince. 
It  was  accepted  in  appearance ;  but  in  effect,  declined,  or 
rather  refuted  by  France,  with  fome  appearance  of  con- 
tempt*.   This  affront  funk  fo  deep  into  the  regent's  breaft 
that  he  never  forgot  it ;  and  fome  fay  the  remembrance  of  it 
cod  the  crown  of  France  as  dear  as  any  error  in  the  cabinet 
during  that  whole  reign.     In  Spain  his  offer  was  alfo  in- 
differently received  ;  on  which  Don  Pedro  expreffed  him- 
felf  in  fo  quick  terms,  that  the  Spanifh  miniflry  heing  afraid 
that  a  rupture  on  this  fide  might  change  the  general  face 
of  affairs,  and  being  fufHciently  fenfible  of  their  own  weak- 
nefs,  dropped  their  haughtinefs  at  once,  difavowed  having 
any  hand  whatever  in  the  confpiracy,  gave  full  fatisfa£Hon 
for  the  abufe  of  the  Portuguefe  minilter,  and  the  ftrongeft 
affurances  to  the  regent  that  his  catholic  majefly  had  no- 
thing more  at  heart  than  to  cultivate  a  finceie  friendfhip, 

*  Bafnage  Annalcs  des  Provinces  Unies,  Lc  Clede  Hiftoire  Ge- 
nerate de  Portugal.  >  Hiftoire  de  U  Vie  &  du  Regne  de 
Louii  XIV,   Meraoiret  de  Portugal, 

and 


IZ 


A.D.^77- 


Trojea  of 
marrying 
the  infanta 
and  k'irejs 
ef  the 
crown  t» 
the  duke  of 


the  Hi/lory  of  Portugal. 

and  to  maintain  a  conftant  good  correfpondence  with  the, 
crown  of  Portugal b.  The  regent  received  thefe  marks  of 
kindnefs  very  obligingly,  and  afforded  them  juft  the  degree 
of  credit  they  deferved  He  aclxd  with  the  like  fpirit  in 
regard  to  the  difpute  which  happened  between  the  fub- 
jccls  of  the  two  crowns  in  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  (A). 

The  next  point  of  importance  brought  upon  the  carpet 
of  Lifbon  was  the  marriage  of  the  infanta  ;  which,  if  wc 
take  in  the  whole  compafs  of  the  negociation,  as  well  as 
the  iffue  of  it,  it  will  appear  as  lingular  as  any  that  happen- 
ed in  the  laft  age  in  Europe.  The  duchefs  dowager  of 
Savoy  was  the  elder  fitter  of  her  who  had  been  once  queen, 
and  was  now  confort  to  the  prince  regent  of  Portugal, 
and  die  judged  it  would  be  a  very  advantageous  match  for 
her  fon  Viclor  Amadeus,  if  (he  could  procure  him  the  in- 
fanta, who  was  the  fworn  heirefs  of  the  crown c.  On  the 
other  hand  the  confort  of  the  regent,  who  had  always  a 
great  influence  over  her  hufband,  flattered  herfelf  with 

b  Dr,  Colebatch's  Memoirs  of  Portugal,  Le  Clede,  Memorle 
Kilroirthe  del  Portogalio.  c  Le  Ciede  Hiftoire  Generale  de  Por- 
tugal, Metnorie  Hiltoriche  del  Portogalio. 

(A)  The  crown  of  Portugal  of  St.  Sacrament.   The  Spanim 

lickls  the  great  country  of  Bra-  governor    of    Buenos    Ayrcs, 

zil,  on  the   north  ;     and   the  without  waiting    for    any  in- 

crown  of  Spain  is  in  poiTerlion  ftruftions,  difpofTefTed  the  Por- 

ot  Paraguay,  or  at  leaf!  fo  much  tuguei'e  of  their  new  fettlement, 

of  that  vaft  country  as  ftretches  deffroyed  the  place,  and  made 


along  the  fouth  fide  of  the  Rio 
de  la  PJata,  on  the  fouth.  he 
Spaniards  fay,  that  their  right 
to  both  fides  of  the  river  is  out 
of  quefrion,  and  in  the  fpace 
of  two  centuries  was  never  con- 
ceded.  Don  Emanuel  deLobo, 


the  garrilbn  priibners  of  war. 
On  the  arrival  of  thefe  news  in 
Europe,  Don  Pedro  acted  with 
great  fpirit.  Pie  recalled  his 
ambafiador  from  Madrid,  with 
a  protefi,  that  if  within  the 
Ipace  of  twenty  days,  the  Spa- 


governor  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  fent     niards  did  not  make  full  repa 
a  fmall  body  of  Portugueie  to     ration  for  this  infult,  it  fhould 


take  pofieffion  ot  a  convenient 
ipot  of  ground  behind  the 
iibnd  of  St.  Gabriel,  almoft 
oppofite  to  the  great  Npanilh 
fettlement  of  Buenos  Ayrcs,  in 
the  month  of  January,  1680  ; 
and  to  the  litte  hamlet  that  was 
built  there,  he  gave  the  name 


be  underitood  that  a  war  was 
declared  without  any  other  for- 
mality. The  court  of  Spain, 
alarmed  at  this  declaration, 
were  forced  to  fend  an  ambaf- 
fador  immediately  to  Lifbon, 
to  give  fuch  fa  tis  faction  as 
fhould  be  infilled  upon  (1}. 


(1)  Dr.  Colebatch's  Memoirs  of  Portugal,  Hiftoire  de  Portugal, 
p*r  M.  dc  le  Citde.,  Memaires  de  Portugal. 

Tift 


<The  Ifijloty  of  Portugal.  1 3 

Taft  at!  vantages  from  the  marriage  of  her  daughter  with  her 
cw.  "The  French  court  went  likewise  very  heartily 
this  fcheme,  which  was  warmly  promoted  by  her  crca- 
at  the  court  of  Lifbon.  An  fffair  of  this  importance, 
however,  could  not  be  carried  on  precipitately  j  more 
efpecially  as  there  was  one  great  obftacle  in  the  way,  which 
was  its  being  directly  in  the  teeth  of  the  conltitution  :  yet 
the  prince  was  fo  much  beloved  by  his  fubje&s  in  general, 
and  his  influence  over  the  Mates  was  fo  ftrong,  that  upon 
an  application  to  them,  even  this  feemingly  invincible  ob- 
Itacle  was  got  over ;  infomuch  that  they  gave  their  confent, 
that  for  this  time,  and  without  creating  any  precedent  for 
the  future,  the  infanta  might  marry  a  foreign  prince  with- 
out prejudicing  her  right  to  the  crown  d.  This  point  be-  A.D.i^f. 
Ingonce  carried,  the  marriage  treaty  was  quickly  adjufted,  '■ 

and  there  remained  nothing  more  than  to  make  the  pre- 
parations neceffhry  for  the  celebration  of  this  wedding, 
with  a  magnificence  fuitable  to  the  diftinguifhed  rank  o£ 
the  parties,  and  the  genius  of  a  people  who  delight  in  no- 
thing more  than  in  fuch  folemnitres e. 

A  fquadron  of  twelve  men  of  war  was  equipped  at  an  ^at 
inconceivable  expence.     The  mips  in  general,  of  which  it  fcheme  an* 
was  compofed,  were  gilt  and  painted  ;  but  above  all,  the  atcountablj 
admiral  was  gilt  from  ft  em  to  (tern  ;  the  poop  and  prow  <teJj-a!e<i 
down  to  the  furface  of  the  water,  and  the  fides  down  to  ^A"/**  ^ 
the  gun-wale.     The  great  cabin  was  painted  by  the  beft  bein^ac- 
malters  in  Lifbon,  and  the  floor  laid  in  fquarcs  of  ebony  com}U/ked* 
and  ivory.    The  bed  was  moil  fuperb,  and  the  royal  ftand- 
ard  all  of  cloth  of  tiflue,  with  the  arms  of  Portugal  in  the 
higheft  raifed  embroidery  :  in  fhort,  the  fplendoar  of  this 
fhip  was  fuch  asfecmed  rojuftify  the  name  bellowed  upon  ,  • 

her  Monte  de  Ouro.  The  duke  of  Cadaval  was  declared 
admiral,  with  whom  went  the  flower  of  the  young  nobi- 
lity ;  and  Portugal  being  in  no  condition  to  furnifh  them, 
foreign  feamen  were  hired  to  man  this  fquadron,  at  a  vaft 
charge.  The  defign  was  to  fetch  the  duke  of  Savoy,  who, 
as  he  was  to  obtain  a  crown  by  the  marriage,  could  not 
think  fo  (hcrt  a  voyage  any  hardfhip  to  procure  him  fuch  a 
wife  ;  and  part  of  his  oquipage  was  actually  arrived  at  Lif- 
bon before  the  fquadron  was  in  readinefs.  At  length  it 
failed,  and  arrived  very  fafely  at  Villa  Franca :  but  by 
this  time  things  were  much  altered  in  the  court  of  Savoy, 

J  Dr.  Colebatch'i   Memoirs  of  Portugal,   Memorie  Hiftoriche 
del  Portagallo.  c  Bafhage  Annalcsdes  Provinces  Unies,  Me« 

morie  Hilloriche  del  Portogallo. 

where 


1 4  The  Hiftory  of  Portugal. 

where  fome  of  the  wifeft  of  the  nobility  undertook  to  de< 
monftrate,  that  their  young  prince  was  cheated,  and  was 
on  the  point  of  throwing  away  a  certainty  for  an  uncer- 
tainty. They  infinuated,  that  France  would  infallibly 
feize  Savoy  and  Piedmont  in  his  abfence  ;  and  that  it  was 
not  impoflible  the  poffeffor  of  the  crown  of  Portugal  might 
have  ifluc  either  by  this,  or  fome  other  princefs.  Full  of 
thefe  notions,  it  is  faid,  they  put  a  force  upon  the  duke 
and  upon  his  mother ;  while  others  are  perfuaded  that  they 
made  the  duchefs-dowager  fee  fhe  had  been  in  this  affair 
duped  throughout  by  France  ;  and  that  if  the  marriage 
proceeded,  inftead  of  remaining  regent  of  a  fovereignty, 
fhe  would  fpeedily  become  the  governefs  of  a  French  pro- 
vince ;  that  being  perfuaded  of  this  truth,  (lie  was  herfelf 
a  party  to  that  contrivance  which,  in  fpite  of  the  treaty  (he 
had  concluded,  kept  her  fon  at  home  f.  However  this 
might  be,  it  is  very  certain,  that  under  pretence  of  fick- 
nefs,  the  duke  did  not  appear  in  public  ;  and  the  fleet  re- 
turned to  Portugal,  with  great  difpleafure  to  the  court  at 
fo  outrageous  an  affront,  and  to  the  univerfal  diftafte  of 
the  people  at  the  ufelefs  wafte  of  fo  great  a  treafure :  but 
by  degrees  the  ftorm,  which  at  firft  fwelled  very  high,  fub- 
fided  of  itfelf. 
the  death  It  is  on  all  hands  agreed,  that  the  queen  fupported, 
•f  the  it-     without  any  vifible  appearance  of  regret,  this  terrible  dif- 

pofedhnq  appointment;  but  it  is  thought  it  would  have  been  better 
Don  Alan  fo,  .XI  7  .  ..  «     ,  . °      ,  ,  , 

which  is  "  ner  grcat  fpint  bad  permitted  her  to  have  given  vent  to 
foon  after  that  concern  which  proved  fatal  to  her  in  the  end,  and 
followed  by  which  might,  perhaps,  have  been  diffipated  if  it  had  been 
that  of  the  more  freely  expreficd.  As  for  the  prince  regent,  the 
queen.  equality  of  his  temper  defended  him  from  fuch  dangers} 

and  perhaps  it  added  not  a  little  to  his  confort's  chagrin, 
that  at  this  very  juncture  he  gave  as  many,  inftanccs  of  his 
infidelity  as  ever,  though  it  vvas  fome  confutation,  that, 
except  a  fingle  Frenchwoman  of  the  queen's  own  family, 
his  miftreffes  were  of  the  meaneft  of  the  people.  While 
things  were  in  this  fituation  at  court,  where  parties  were 
.A. P.  t68$.  very  nicely  ballanced,  the  unfortunate  Don  Alonfo  died 
«    i  fuddenly  in  the  cattle  of  Cintra,  on  the   12th  of  Septem- 

ber, when  he  had  borne  the  title  of  king  almoft  twenty- 
feven,  had  lived  above  forty,  and  had  been  a  prifoner  al- 
moft fifteen  years.  It  is  reported,  that  be  fhould  fay  in 
his  laft  agonies,  "  I  am  now  going,  but  it  will  not  be  long 
before  the  queen  fhall  follow  me,  to  give  an  account  at 

f  Mtmoires  de  Portugal,  Lc  Cede,  Colebatch'*  Memoirs. 

the. 


The  ttjlory  of  Portugal  i$ 

the  moft  awful  tribunal,  of  the  wrongs  fhe  has  done  me"''* 
It  is  not  impotnble  that  this  ftory  was  framed  after  the 
queen's  death,  fince  declarations  of  this  kind  arc  feldora 
mule  by  perfons  who  die  of  an  apoplexy  :  be  that  as  it  will, 
after  a  long  and  excruciating  illnefs  of  more  than  fix 
months,  which  flie  bore  with  heroic  firmnefs,  his  and  hi* 
brother's  queen  departed  this  life  on  the  17th  of  Decem- 
Thc  king  appeared  inconfolable  upon  her  death,  ami 
the  clergy  took  a  great  deal  of  pains  toperfuade  the  people 
a  faint ;  but  the  king  Don  Pedro,  who  had 
know  her  full  as  well  as  they,  was  content  to 
call  her  the  wifefl  and  moil  prudent  of  her  fex  ;  and  fome 
believe  he  did  not  give  her  this  character  fo  much  on  ac- 
count of  the  advice  flic  gave  him  in  public,  as  often  as  he 
confultcd  her,  which  was  commonly  in  all  points  of  great 
importance,  but  for  thofe  private  hints  by  which  he  really 
governed  himfelf,  and  which  were  not  always  agreeable  to 
her  public  opinions. 

It  was  not  long  after  the  death  of  the  queen  that  the  Several 
French  mini  Iters  began  to  lofe  their  credit  at  court,  a  cir-  mmrruaiu 
cumftance  which  was  commonly  attributed  to  that  event ;  Pr*t*f*di*r 
but  was  at  lead  as  much  owing  to  the  king's  diflike  of  a  '"''"J?**** 
faint  attempt  made  by  Lewis  XIV.  to  enter  into  a  treaty  of  pn-ve 
marriage  with  the  infanta  j  which,  according  to  the  ufual  ab^tt^tu 
warmth  of  the  nation,  the  mob  of  Lifbon  improved  into 
fo  furious  a  pafllon  as  expofed  him  to  the  danger  of  feeing 
that  princefs  ravifhed  from  him  by  force  of  arms.     The 
king  knew  it  to  be  quite  otherwife:  believing  it  intended 
to  amufe  and  flatter  him,  he  declined  giving  any  direct 
anfwer;  and  placed  this  article  to  the  account  that  had 
been  opened  on  the  rejecting  of  his  mediation.     He  was 
ilill  labouring  to  reftore  the  profperity  of  his  fubjedts  by 
every  method  that  he  could  devife ;  and  though  it  might 
not  anfwer  his  purpofe,  yet  it  was  certainly  with  this  view 
that  heraifed  his  monev  twenty  per  cent,  which,  if  it  had 
no  other  good  effect:,  laved  the  nation  fomething  in  her 
annual  tribute  to  Rome  ;  of  which  thac   court   became 
quickly  fenfible,  and  the  nuncio  received  orders  to  expos- 
tulate with  the  court  of  Lifbon,  but  to  no  purpofe.     The 
king  would  willingly  have  done  more,  but  there  was  no- 
thing more  to  be  done  ;  for  if  he  moved  this  way,  he  had 
the  church  directly  againft  him  ;  if  he  turned  the  other 
way,  the  inquifition   oppofed  his  meafures;  fome  ufeful 
Heps  to  reformation  clafhed  with  the  interelts  of  the  nobi- 

I  Le  Clede,  Mrmoires  dc  Portugal,  Colebatch**  Memoirs. 


l5  The  Uiftory  of  Portugal. 

tlty  ;  others  were  repugnant  to  the  humour  of  the  people  5 
fo  that  he  ftill  found  his  cares  limited  to  his  told  object,  of 
keeping  things  from  growing  worfe.   A  treaty  of  marriage 
propofed  between  the  infanta  and  the  hereditary  grand- 
prince  of  Tufcany,  was  for  fome  time  upon  the  carpet  ; 
and  it  is  thought  would  actually  have  taken  place,  if  the 
grand-duke  had  not  positively  infilled,  that  his  own  Italian 
dominions  fhould  belong  to  his  fecond  fon,  prince  John 
Gallon,  in  cafe  the  hereditary  prince  became  king  of  Por- 
tugal, of  which  difpofition  Don  Pedro  would  by  no  means 
hear  :•  and  fome  very  able  politicians  have  thought,  that  in 
this  particular  he  was  Wanting  to  his  own  and  his  fubjects 
interefts,  finee,  if  the  fucceflion  took  place,  he  gained  a 
king  to  Portugal ;  and  if  it  did  not,  his  daughter  and  her 
po.terity  were  to  enjoy  the  nobleft  duchy  in  Italy  without 
control h. 
the  king  is       The  people  of  Portugal  faw  with  regret  thsir  king  a  wi- 
prevailed    Jower  in  the  very  flower  of  his  age,  and  when  themfelves 
Mio  mar-  were  eXp0fed  to  difmal  apprehcnfions  in  cafe  of  his  deceafc 
without  male  iflue.     It  is  believed  that  fome  of  thePortu- 
gaefe  clergy  infinuated  their  fears  to  pope  Innocent  XL 
who  to  wrote  the  king  in  fuch  fliong  terms,  that  at  length 
he  conferred  to  a  fecond  marriage  ;  and  fent  his  great  mi- 
nilter  the  count  etc  Villar  Major  to  demand  the  princefs 
Mary  Sophia  of  Newburgh,  in  which  he  acquitted  himfelf 
fo  well,  and  carried  the  honour  of  the  crown  of  Portugal 
fo  high,  that  at  his  return  he  was  created  marquis'of  Ale- 
JI.IX16S7.  greifte  '.     On  the  2d  of  July  he  efpoufed  that  princefs  by 
......  proxy  at  Heidelberg,  and  in  the  fucceeding  month  (lie  ar- 

rived fafely  in  Portugal  on  board  an  Englilh  fquadron, 
commanded  by  the  _duke  of  Grafton,  to  the  great  joy  of 
the  king,  and  of  all  his  fubjects.  She  was  a  princefs  beau- 
tiful in  her  perfon,  affable  in  her  behaviour,  pious  in  the 
way  of  the  Portuguefe,  extremely  affectionate  to  the  king, 
and  without  the  leaft  tincture  of  that  governing  fpirit 
which  had  been  fo  confpicuous  in  the  deceafed  queen. 
Risitfue,  It  was  generally  expected,  and  the  event  anfwered  the 

and  death  expectation,  that  this  marriage  would  change  the  whole 
faiita'"'  ^ace  °^  a^a^rs  m  Portugal,  where  the  queen  quickly  be- 
came pregnant,  and  the  Jefuits  thereupon  boldly  under- 
took that  (lie  fhould  bring  forth  a  fan :  in  which  they 
gueffed  right ;  but  when  they  ventured  to  go  farther,  and 
to  prophecy  what  mighty  things  would  be  done  in  the  fu- 

h  Le  Clede,  Memoires  de  Portugal.  i  Colebatch's  Me* 

moirs,  McrcureHifturique  &  Politique  l'ann.  1687, 

tore 


Jmta 


fie  ttj/hry  of  Portugal  17 

turc  reign  of  tins  young  prince,  they  rendered  themfclvcs  al- 
together ridiculous,  (nice  lie  did  not  live  to  be  three  weeks 
old.  Upon  this  event  a  ftrangtr  notion  came  into  the 
I  of  the  populace  of  that  country,  and  was  from  thence 
agated  all  over  Europe ;  which  wag,  that  all  the 
king's  iflue  (hould  be  (hort-lived,  and  the  fucceflion  re- 
main to  the  infanta.  This  conceit  procured  that  princefs 
a  very  ftrong  party  in  the  council  at  Madrid  upon  the  dc- 
mife  of  the  queen  of  Spain  ;  but  the  queen-dowager  and 
licr  party  carried  it  at  length  for  the  reigning  queen  of  Por- 
tugal's lifter,  and  thereupon  count  Mansfeldt  was  fent  in- 
to Germany  to  negociate  that  marriage,  and  was  ordered 
to  take  (hipping  at  Ltfbon  k.  lie  was  extremely  well  re- 
ceived by  Don  Pedro,  who  ordered  a  frigate  to  be  pre- 
pared for  him  :  of  which  circurn'.tance  Lewis  XIV.  being 
informed,  he  ordered  his  miniiter  to  expollulate  with  Don 
Pedro,  and  to  let  him  know,  that  as  count  Mansfeldt  was 
a  genera!  in  the  fervice  of  his  imperial  majefty,  it  was  not 
impoflible  his  p adage  might  be  cut  fliort  by  the  French  men 
of  war.  The  depth  of  this  reafoning  was  quickly  undcr- 
ftood  by  the  king,  who  defifted  from  his  defign ;  but  at  the 
fame  time  placed  this  menace  to  the  account  before  men- 
tioned. About  this  time  a  negociation  was  commenced 
for  marrying  the  infanta  to  the  electoral  prince,  brother 
to  the  reigning  queen  •,  which  treaty,  when  it  was  pretty 
far  advanced,  was  difcontinucd  by  the  Portuguefe  mini- 
fters,  for  reafons  that  were  never  made  public,  and  with 
which  the  grand- mafter  of  the  Teutonic  order,  who  was 
the  queen's  lecond  brother,  was  fo  much  offended,  that  he 
would  not  profecute  his  journey  into  Portugal  from  Ma- 
drid, as  he  at  firtt  intended,  or  fo  much  as  receive  the  prc- 
fetits  that  the  king  of  Portugal  fent  him  K  Some  attri- 
buted thefe  events,  and  the  king's  difcovering  a  new  pro- 
penfity  to  France,  notwithftanding  he  had  acknowleged  the 
prince  and  princefs  of  Orange  for  king  and  queen  of  Eng- 
land, to  the  dauphin's  becoming  a  widower,  and  fome  pro- 
pofitions  being  made  on  his  behalf  in  refpedl  to  the  infanta, 
to  whom  he  bad  been  the  earliefl  pretender,  or  rather  the 
king  his  father  in  his  behalf,  even  before  that  princefs  was 
marriageable.  It  is  faid,  (lie  (hewed  but  very  little  regard 
to  this  propofition  when  made  to  her  in  her  lad  illnefs, 
which,  inftead  of  a  bridal  bed,  conducted  her  to  her  grave 
on  the  22d  of  October,  in  the  twenty-firft  year  of  her  age. 

k  Memoire«   de  Portugal,  Mercure    Hiftorique   &    Politique. 
1  Colebacch's  Memoirs. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  C  Tht. 


1 8  The  Hijiory  of  Portugal 

A.D.  1690.  The  French  gave  new,  and  greater  offence  than  ever  to 
the  king  her  father,  by  publiihing  a  groundlefs  and  mali- 
cious (lory,  that  (he  was  removed  by  poifon,  to  make  way 
for  heirs  attached  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria  m. 
Enlea-  As  the  conde  de  Caflelmelhor  had  paffed  many  years 
1/owj  uftd  ahroad,  though  from  time  to  time  he  made  excurfions  in- 
toen%aSe     to  Portugal,  which  were  connived  at,  yet  hitherto  he  had 
after  hn      never  appeared  in  public,  or  been  received  at  court.     He 
conduit,       was  entirely  in  the  intereft  of  the  allies,  had  acquired  a 
ivhichare   general  in  fight  into  affairs,  and  was  rather  more  capable 
alline£ec-    0f  filling  the  poft  of  prime  minifter  than  any  other  noble- 
man   in  Portugal.     At  the  requeft  of  the  emperor,  it  ia 
faid,  the  queen  was  prevailed  upon,  contrary  to  the  whole 
tenor  of  her  conduct,  to  interpofe  in   his  favour  :  but  it 
was  to   no  purpofe ;  for  either  the  king  had  fo  fixed  an 
averfion  to  this  great  man  as  hindered  his  defiring  ever  to 
fee  him  feated  in  his  cabinet,  or  was  diffident  of  a  fubjecT: 
who  was  under  fo  many  obligations  to  foreign  princes,  or 
which,  after  all,  perhaps,  may  be  neareft  the  truth,  thofe 
great  men  who  had  procured  his  fall  had  fuch  an  intereft 
in  their  mailer,  or  were  fo  ufeful  to  him,  that  he  was  un- 
willing to  mortify  them  by"  a  Hep  of  this  nature".     It  is 
perhaps   no    inconfiderable  argument  of  the  truth  of  this 
conjecture,  that  a  great  lady  very  unexpectedly  made  her 
appearance  in  the  palace,  and  from  her  very  entrance  had 
a  high  influence  there,  and  was  applauded  for  the  charms 
both  of  her  perlbn  and  mind  even  by  the  greateft.     This 
was  Donna  Louifa,  the  king's  natural  daughter,  who,  at 
the  very  time  {he   was  owned,  was   alfo  legitimated,  and 
A.D,  1691.  had  the  title  given  her  of  royal  highnefs.     The  French 
•                 ambaffiidor  alone  declined  taking  any  ftep  of  this  nature 
till  he  had  orders  from  his  court*,  but  when  they  arrived, 
he  laboured  to  excel  in  complaifance'all  who  had  gone  be- 
fore him0.     This  lady  the  duke  de  Cadaval  demanded  for 
his  eldeft  fon  ;  to  whom  (he  was  married, about  four  years 
after  :  the  nobility  fo  much  envying  this  honour,  that  few 
of  them  would  be  prefent  at  the  diverfions  that  attended 
AD  169a.  it.      Another  circumftance  might  probably  prevent  the 
«■' '        ■■■  count's  coming  again  into  credit,  and  that  was  the  ear- 
neftnefs  with  which  the  alliespreffed  the  king  to  come  into 
the  war  againft  France;  to  which  he  had  no  inclination, 
becaufe  his  fubjedts  reaped  great  benefit  from   an  open 
trade,  and  becaufe  no  immediate  advantages  werepropufed 

m  Colebatch's    Memoirs,    Mercure    Hiftorique    &    Politique* 
*Memoircs  de  Portugal.  *  Memoires  de  Portugal. 

to 


Hijlory  of  Portugal.  1 9 

to  balance  the  ezpence  and  the  hazards  with  which  It 
might  be  attended  °.  At  length  he  gave  out  commilfions, 
and  directed  levies  to  be  made  through  his  domini" 
a  meafure  which  at  another  time  would  have  ahrmed,  but 
was  now  very  welcome  at  Madrid  ;  where,  to  the  amaze- 
ment of  all  the  old  politicians,  fome  of  the  young  ones 
talked  very  confidently  of  demanding  a  body  of  auxilia- 
ries again  it  the  rebel  Catalans  p.  To  confirm  Don  Pedro  A.D.169J. 
in  thefe  fentiments,  Catharine  quecn-dowager  of  England,  ■* 

his  litter,  returned  into  Portugal,  taking  her  journey 
through  Spain,  where  all  pofiible  honours  were  paid  her. 
At  Lifbon  fhe  had  a  pabce  of  her  own  ;  where,  except 
upon  particular  occafions,  there  was  nothing  of  fplendor 
ieen,  but  rather  the  filencc  and  frugality  of  a  private  life. 
At  length,  when  the  land  forces  of  Portugal  were  in 
fome  meafure  complete,  the  king  fent  the  marquis  de 
Aronches  his  ambaflador  to  Vienna,  and  the  marquis  de 
Cafcaes  with  the  like  character  to  Paris,  to  make  a  tender 
of  his  good  offices,  which  were  now  received  with  much 
morerefpect  than  at  the  clofe  of  the  laft  war.  To  gratify  the  AD?  694. 
bigotry  of  his  tubjecls,  he  permitted  the  inquifition  at 
Coimbra  to  make  an  auto  de  fe,  which  was  performed 
with  great  ceremony ;  and,  to  fhew  his  own  piety,  he  re- 
ceived kindly,  and  granted  penfions  to  feveral  Moors  and 
Negroes  of  diitin£tion,  who  retired  into  Portugal,  be- 
fought  his  protection,  and  became  converts  to  the  Chrifti- 
an  faith  •>. 

As  the  French  privateers  frequently  took  fhips  upon  the 
coaftsof  Portugal,  and  carriedthem  into  the  river  of  Lifbon, 
the  marquis  de  Cafcaes  had  orders  to  complain  of  this  in- 
fult,  and  to  threaten,  in  cafe  no  rcdrefs  could  be  obtained, 
the  making  reprifals;  which  was  a  language  little  expected 
at  Paris  from  Don  Pedro's  minifter,  and  yet  in  compliance 
with  his  interefts  at  that  juncture,  Lewis  the  Fourteenth 
bore  thefe  complaints  with  temper,  and  promifed  fatif- 
fadtion  r.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Spanifh  minifter  was 
in  fingular  credit  at  Lifbon,  paid  his  court  afliduoufly  to 
the  king,  and  gave  an  opera  in  his  own  palace,  on  every 
anniverfary  of  the  prince's  birth-day :  the  like  complai- 
sance was  (hewn  to  the  court  of  Madrid,  and  it  was  no  fe- 
cret  that  Don  Pedro  thought  he  had  as  good  or  better  claim 
to  the  crown  of  Caftile  than  any  other  pretender,  fince 
he  was  defcended  in  a  direct  line  from  the  infanta  Donna 

•  Le  Cledf,  P  Colebatch's  Memoir?.  q  IMercure  Hiftorique 
•&  Politique.  r  -Mcraoircs  de  Portugal. 

C  2  Maria, 


20  ,  "the  Wijlory  of  Portugal. 

Maria,  daughter  to  their  catholic  majefties  Ferdinand  and 
Ifabella ;  and  if  the  pofition  could  have  been  made  out 
that  was  laid  down  by  the  Portuguese  lawyers,  that  no 
ftranger  was  capable  of  the  fucceflion  in  that  kingdom 
unlefs  by  the  confent  of  the  llates  previoully  obtained, 
Don  Pedro's  right  was  better  than  either  the  French  or  the 
Auftrian  candidates3.  It  is  not  improbable  that  he  was 
encouraged  in  thefe  fentiments  by  fome  of  the  allies,  who 
(aw  with  great  fatisfa£tion  the  levies  he  was  making  in  or- 
der to  give  weight  to  his  pretenfions.  To  defray  the  ex- 
pences  of  this  armament,  and  to  keep  on  foot  the  forces 
he  had  raifed,  the  king  was  obliged  to  have  recourfe  to  the 
cortes,  or  affembly  of  the  Hates,  who  voted  him  an  addi- 
tional revenue  of  fix  hundred  thoufand  crowns ;  but  after 
fitting  fix  months  to  confider  of  ways  and  means,  they  at 
length  broke  up,  and  referred  the  manner  of  railing  it  to 
his  majefty's  pleafure,  and  he  laid  it  upon  tobacco.  The 
French  king  was  fo  little  fatisfied  with  the  flate  of  this 
court,  that  he  fent  the  prefident  Rouille,  with  the  cha- 
racter of  his  ambaflador,  to  penetrate  the  defigns  of  Don 
Pedro  •,  and,  to  accommodate  himfelf  to  the  humour  of 
the  nation,  he  made  a  moft  fplendid  entry.  The  queen  of 
Portugal  being  attacked  by  a  fever,  accompanied  with  an 
eryiipilas,  died,  after  a  fhort  illnefs,  on  the  4th  of  Auguft. 
The  king  exprefied  his  affection  for  her  by  remaining  all 
the  time  of  her  ficknefs  in  her  chamber,  taking  his  repofe 
on  a  piece  of  cork  laid  by  her  bedfide :  fhe  had  been  his 
wife  twelve  years  and  feven  months,  and  left  him  fix  chil- 
dren'. There  arrived  in  the  autumn  a  fleet  from  Brazil, 
with  about  a  ton  and  a  half  of  gold  on  board,  which  was 
the  firft  confiderable  quantity  of  that  precious  metal  the 
Portuguefe  had  received  from  a  colony  fo  long  in  their 
poffeflion,  and  which  it  is  faidthey  owed  to  a  confiderable 
body  of  outlaws,  who  had  fixed  themfelves  in  a  diftant 
and  defart  part  of  the  country,  and  who,  after  finding 
thefe  rich  mines,  voluntarily  fubmitted  to  the  crown  of 
Portugal,  and  agreed  to  pay  the  king  a  fifth  part  of  their 
produce.  The  French  minifter  preiently  delivered  a  me- 
morial to  affert  his  matter's  claim  to  the  river  of  Amazons, 
and  to  fome  of  the  iflands  in  it,  which,  however,  did  not 
meet  with  much  regard. 

At  Madrid  a  point  of  ceremony  occasioned  the  Portu- 
guefe envoy  to  decline  going  to  court ;    and  though  the 

1  L?  C'e'la,  Colebatch's  Memoirs.  t  Mercure  Hif- 

ta  kjue  &  Politique. 

order 


The  Hiflory  of  Portugal.  ji 

order  which  had  occafioned  this  difference  was  revoked,  U?rfat 
th.it  mil  iftcr  refufed  to  appear  there  till  he  had  received  trnkar-nff. 
fatisui  tion.     In  the  mean  time,  his  catholic  majeity  died  mtn'  "n  ,ftt 
on  the  Ht  of  November}  the  news  of  which  event,  occa-  *'*!"» 
it  concern  at  the  court  of  Lilbon.      The  king  mmdh 
had  indeed   an    army  on   loot,  and  Come  of  his  irontier  Lnarttt  IL 

ere  garrifoncd  ;  but  he  found  no  refpect  paid  to 
hi .  claim,  id  he  was  in  no  condition  to  enforce  it.  He 
knew  that  whether  a  prince  of  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  or  of 
Bourbon,  Succeeded  Charles  the  Second,  he  would  become 
at  tiie  fame  time  iieir  to  Philip  the  Second,  who  had  pof- 

t  Portugal,  and  he  could  not  help  forcfeeing  the  con- 
sequences '.    1  he  profpect  did  not  at  all  clear  on  the  accck  A.D.  1700. 
(ion  of  the  duke  of  A.ijuu  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  Philip  ■ 

the  Fifth,  either  to  pleafe  the  Spaniards,  or  from  fome 
other  motive,  was  faid  to  have  affumed  the  arms  of  Portu- 

which  at  Lifbon  was  immediately  understood  to  be  a 
direct  violation  of  the  treaty  fubfitling  between  the  two 
crowns  ;  fo  that  with  all  his  prudence,  and  all  his  precau.- 
tions,  the  king  found  himfclf  every  day  more  and  more  em- 
barrufled,  more  efpecially  when  he  faw  Philip  take  pof- 
fellion  of  the  whole  Spanifh  monarchy,  without  oppoG- 
tion  u. 

Thefe  perplexities  were  not  a  little  increafed  by  the  in-  Conducts 
formatipn  the  king  received  from  Pacheco,  his  envoy  to  «  "euty 
the  States  General,  wlio  informed  him  of  a  treaty  between  ™ 
France  and  Spain,  by  which  the  former  engaged  to  en-  and  sta\n, 
able  the  latter  to  conquer  Portugal,  which  was  to  be  an 
equivalent  for  the  Low  Countries,  that  were  in  that  cafe 
to  be  at  the  difpofuion  of  France.     Upon  this  difcovery 
overtures  were  made  to  the  allies,  and  with  them  a  de- 
claration, that  in  cafe  they  were  not  accepted,  his  Portu- 
guefe   maieily  would  find   himfelf  under  a    neceffity  of 
clofing  with  the  two  crowns,  and  accordingly  fuch  a  treaty 
was  foon  afterwards  fct  on  foot  w.     In  the  month  of  June 
an  alliance  was  concluded  between  Spain  and  Portugal,  by 
which  king  Philip  renewed  the  treaties  between  the  two 
crowns,  particularly  thofe   made  by  Don   Sebaftian  and 
with  the  late  Don  Alonfo  the  Sixth ;  and   promifed  full 
Satisfaction  to  the  Porruguefe  company,  which  had  been 
eftabiifhed  for  fupplying  the  Spanifh  fettlements  with  Ne- 

«  Memoires  de  la  Torre,  torn.  ii.  p.  1 33.  Memoires,  Hiftoriquei, 
$>  Clironologiques,  Colebatch's  Memoirs,  par.  ii.  p.  ».  »  Mtr. 
cine  Ililtorique  &  Politique,  w  Memoires  pour  firrvir  al' 

JMloiic  duxviii.  Siecle,  par  Monfieur  dc  Lamberty,  torn.  i.  p-  4  «G. 


C3 


grow, 


2  2 


The  Hlffory  of  Portugal. 


groe's,  which  was  accordingly  given  by  a  feparate  treaty, 
concluded  about  the  fame  time.  Philip  likewife  renounced 
all  his  pretentions  to  the  ifland  of  St.  Gabriel,  and  pro- 
rnifed  that  upon  any  fcarcity  of  provifion  in  Portugal,  he 
would  permit  the  fending  corn  thither  from  any  part  of 
his  dominions.  On  the  other  fide,  Don  Pedro  guarantied 
the  teltament  of  Charles  the  Second,  declared  himfelf  an 
enemy  to  fuch  as  mould  make  war  on  Philip  on  the  fcore 
of  that  fucceflion,  and  both  kings  reciprocally  undertook 
not  to  give  fhelter  to  rebels  or  criminals  that  lied  from  ihe 
juftice  or  either  Hate.  His  mod  Chriflian  majefty  become 
the  guaranty  of  this  treaty  x.  The  true  defign  of  Don 
Pedro  in  making  it,  was  to  eilablifii  a  neutrality  for  the 
prefent,  and  to  be  entitled  to  as  good  or  tx  .  s  in 

cafe  he  mould  be  inclined  or  obliged  to  change' fides* 
Upon  the  firft  news  of  the  death  of  James  the  Second  of 
Great  Britain,  the  court  of  Portugal  went  into  mourning, 
in  order  to  avoid  a  notification  in  form  ;  and,  therefore, 
when  the  French  ambaflador,  preffed  him  to  follow  his 
maiter'd  e.\ ample,  in  refpect  to  the  fuccefhon  in  that  king- 
A-D- i7or«  dom,  he  refufed  to  hear  of  it  upon  any  terms.  In  pur- 
suance of  the  treaty  before  mentioned,  and  upon  the  ap- 
proach of  the  Englilh  fleet,  the  king  ordered  the  duke  de 
Cadaval  to  afiemble  forces  for  the  fecurity  of  the  coads, 
while  the  king  himfelf  went  to  S.dvaterra,  in  order  to 
avoid  the  perfecution  to  which  he  was  expofed  from  the 
memorials  of  the  Imperial  and  French  miniltcrs,  count 
Waldftein  and  the  prescient  Rouilley. 

In  America  his  majeily  of  Portugal  took  care  to  avail 
himfelf  of  the  conceffiony  made  him  by  the  French,  who, 
upon  his  demolifhing  two  or  three  little  ports  of  no  confe- 
quence,  admitted  his  right  to  both  fides  of  the  river  of 
Amazons,  and  quitted  their  own  pretenfions  to  the  ifland 
of  Maranon  ;  for  by  this  time  the  importance  of  his  friend- 
fhip  was  (o  well  underftood  at  Verfailles  and  Madrid,  that 
whatever  he  infilled  upon  was  immediately  complied  with. 
This  refpect  in  fomc  meafure  confoled  him  for  the  very 
different  ufage  he  had  met  with  in  the  former  part  of  his 
reign.  Sir  Stafford  Fairbone,  with  an  Englilh  fleet,  being 
upon  his  coaft,  the  king  demanded  a  maritime  force  from 
France,  capable  of  affording  him  fecurity  •,  and  the  ambaf- 
fador  of  that  crown  having  fairly  told  him  that  the  thing 

*  Corps  Uuiverfelle  Diplomatique,  torn.  viii.  par.  i.  p.  3', 
y  Mercure  Hiflorique  &  Politique,  Quincy  Hiftoire  Militaire  de 
Louis  XIV.  Lettixs  Hiiioiioues. 


But  finds 
(urn/,  If 

cbii^ed  to 
take  neiu 
pteafures. 


wa 


The  Hipiory  of  Portugal.  23 

was  impoflible,  Don  Pedro  replied,  he  mull  then  have  re» 
CourU-  to  a  neutrality,  unci  ordered  his  minifter  at  Madrid 
to  make  tl  eclaration.     To  which  cardinal  Porto- 

carrero  anfw   red,  "That  nothing  better  was  to 
peeled  from  the  rebel  duke  of  Braganca."    This  angry 
and   the  Spanifli  miniver's  giving  the  king  a  hint 
m  Lisbon  that  he  mud  chufe  his  fide,  for  that  a  neutrality 
be  admitted,  left  him  much  more  at  liberty, 
infomuch  that  he  received  the  prince  of  llctle  Darmftadt  A.D.1701. 
h  much  civility,  and  the  admirantc  of  Caftile  whh  ail  » 

ble  refpect,  u  hich  events  were  in  the  nature  of  lignals 
that  he  would  take  the  Spanifli  miniller's  advice,  and  make 
choice  ot  his  party  fooner  than  thofc  who  gave  him  that 
hint  expected.  In  the  mean  time  malecontents  of  all  ranks 
fled  from  Spain  into  Portugal,  and  carried  with  ' 
fums  of  money,  together  with  jewels  and  plate  t< 
immenfe  value  z :  the  firit  of  many  advantages  accruing 
to  the  court  of  Lifbon  by  thefe  difturbances  in  Spain. 

As  affairs  advanced  with  his  new  friends,  the  king  found  (includes 
it  requisite  to  fend  an  ambafiador  to  the  court  of  Vienna,  a  treaty 
and  accordingly  fixed  upon  the  marquis  of  Govea,  who  a'tfl  the 
loft  no  time  in  fetting  out  for  that  court.     New  levies  be-  a 
ing  made,  fome  magazines  raifed  on  the  frontiers,  and  the 
artillery   ordered   thither  that  had  been  removed  to  the 
coaft,  the  Spanifli  minifler  began  to  take  umbrage ;  and 
having  demanded  an  audience,  talked  to  the  king  in  a  very 
high  ftyle.    Don  Pedro  anfwered  calmly,  "  That  his  own 
behaviour  was  the  caufe  of  thefe  meafures,  fince  it  pin 
betrayed  an  alteration  in  his  matter's  fentiments,    again  It 
which  it  was  but  natural  for  him  to  fecure  himfelf  in  the 
beft  way  he  could,"     By  degrees  the  treaty,  that  had  been 
long  upon  the  carpet,  was  at  length  brought  to  bear,  and 
.'itually  concluded  and  figned  on  the  *6th  of  May,  by, 
the  duke  de  Cadaval,  the  marquis  de  Alegrette,  the  count 
de  A  Ivor,  Don  Roquo  Montero  Paim,  and  Don  jofepho 
de  Fari  j  j  on  the  part  of  his  Imperial  majeity  by  the  count 
de  Waldftein  ;  on  the  behalf  of  the  queen  of  Great  Britain, 
by  Mr.  Methuen ;  and  on  the  part  of  the  States  General 
of  the  United  Provinces,  by   the  fieur  Schonen  > 
By  this  treaty  the  emperor  declared  the  archduke  Charles 
Jcing  of  Spain,  and  his  majeity  of  Portugal  agreed  to  ac- 
knowlege  him  as  fuch,  and  to  bring  into  the  field  of  his 

z  Burnet's  Hiftoi  y  of  his  own  Times,  Mercure  Hiftorique  Sc  Po- 
litique. a  Corps  Univerfel  Diplomatique  du  Droit  des  Gtns, 
(o:n.  viil  p.  127. 


C4 


own. 


24  ¥he  Hijlory  of  Portugal, 

own  troops,  twelve  thoufand  foot  and  three  thoufand 
horfe  :  his  Imperial  majeity  was  to  take  thirteen  thoufand 
Portuguefe  troops  into  his  pay,  at  the  rate  of  a  million 
pieces  of  eight  a  year.  Other  fubfidies  were  likewife  it i— 
pulated  ;  and  the  fending  a  maritime  force  fufficient  to 
protect  the  coafts  of  Poriugal,  by  a  feparnte  article,  which 
was  to  be  kept  fecret.  The  archduke  engaged,  in  quality 
of  king  of  Spain,  to  yield  to  his  majeity  of  Portugal,  in 
perpetuity,  the  towns  of  Badajoz,  Alcantara,  Albuquerque, 
and  Valenza,  in  Eilramadura ;  as  alfo  Bayonne,  Vigo, 
Tuy,  and  Gardia,  in  Galicia.  By  another  feparate  article, 
he  ftipulated  to  renounce  all  pretentions  to  the  countries 
jn  difpute  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata.  As  Don  Pedro  was 
not  obliged  to  declare  till  the  new  king  of  Spain  was  ac- 
tually arrived  in  Portugal,  the  treaty  was  not  made  public  : 
however,  the  report  of  it  was  fo  ftrong,  that  Lewis  the 
Fourteenth  fent  a  new  minifter  to  Lifbon  ;  who,  in  an  au- 
dience he  had  of  Don  Pedro,  told  him,  that  his  mafter 
advifed  him,  not  only  out  of  friendfhip  but  out  of  com- 
paffion,  not  to  engage  in  leagues  with  diftant  and  weak 
allies,  who  in  his  diitrefs  might  be  unwilling,  or  if  not, 
would  be  certainly  unable  to  affift  him.  In  anfwer  to  this 
intimation,  his  majefty  afiured  him,  that  he  had  a  true 
fenfe  of  his  mailer's  friendfhip,  and  hoped  he  fhould  never 
fland  in  need  of  his  compaflion.  At  the  fame  time,  to 
ihew  how  much  he  was  in  eaineft,  he  ordered  every  pea- 
fant  in  his  dominions,  who  had  two  fons,  to  regiiler  one 
of  them  for  his  fervice,  and  forbad  the  holy  office  to  di- 
fturb,  on  the  fcore  of  his  religion,  any  officer  or  foidier 
in  the  fervice  of  his  allies  *, 
The  war  One  great  motive  to  the  king's  concluding  this  alliance 

cedared)  ceafed  almofl  as  foon  as  it  was  made.  It  had  been  agreed, 
and  is  pro-  that  king  Charles  III.  fhould  efpoufe  the  infanta  Donna 
zuiiAvery  T^crefe  ;  but  fhe  died  at  Lifbon  on  the  14th  of  February, 
little  fuc-  juft  turned  of  eight  years  of  age.  Soon  after  arrived  king 
uji.  Charles,  on  board  a  noble  fleet  of  the  allies,  attended  by  a 

great  number  of  tranfports  with  near  ten  thoufand  men, 
and  was  received  with  all  poihble  demonftrations  of  af- 
fection and  efteemby  his  Portuguefe  majcfiy.  The  French 
minifter  affected  to  declare  in  public,  that  he  would  leave 
the  kingdom  as  foon  as  the  archduke  arrived  ;  which  it  is 
probable  he  would  have  done  \  but  Don  Pedro,  to  wipe, 

»  Memoires  pour  fervir  a  VHiftoire  du  xviii.  Sieck,  p3r  Mon. 
fieuf  Lamberty,  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Politique,  Burnet's  Hiftgry 
pf  his  own  Times. 

out 


The  Hi/lory  of  Portugal.  %p^ 

out  one  article  in  the  long  account  before  mentioned, 
fent  him  orders  to  quit  Portugal  in  twenty-four  hours. 
His  ma'cfty  quickly  publifhcd  his  motives  for  declaring 
w.ir ;  in  which  are  deduced  a  long  train  of  infults,  fome 
of  which  !  ii  before  mentioned.     King  Philip  pub- 

lilhed  his  manifefto  alfo;  and  which  was  more  to  the  pur- 
pole,  was  firft  in  the  field  with  a  good  army.  Having  the 
Ottke  of  Berwick  under  him,  he  took  eight  or  ten  places, 
and  amongd  them  Caftel-Branco,  where  the  foldiers 
found  a  great  quantity  of  (tores,  and  the  tents  of  the  two 
kings  ;  at  the  fime  time  the  duke  of  Berwick  furprifed, 
and  defeated  the  corps  of  troops  commanded  by  baron  Fa- 
gd  h.  To  balance  thefe  loffes  the  marquis  das  Minas,  at 
the  head  of  a  Portuguefe  army,  entered  Caftile,  defeated 
Don  Pedro  Ronquillo,  and  took  fome  fmall  places.  The 
autumn  campaign  was  not  more  favourable  than  that  of 
the  fummer  ;  the  two  kings  took  the  field,  having  receiv- 
ed a  reinforcement  from  England;  but  meeting  with  fome 
difappointments,  returned  very  foon  to  Lifbon.  Don  Pe- 
dro was  no  fooner  there  than  he  wrote  to  queen  Anne  to 
recall  the  duke  of  Schomberg,  who  by  preffing  him  con- 
tinually for  his  father's  arrears,  was  become  very  difagree- 
ab'e.  The  duke  was  equally  weary  of  his  command,  hav- 
ing predicted  all  the  misfortunes  of  the  campaign,  though 
he  had  not  authority  enough  to  hinder  them.  The  queen 
complied  with  both  their  defwes,  and  fent  him  a  fucceiTor. 
As  for  baron  Fagel,  he  maintained  himfelf  in  the  king's 
good  graces,  notwithftanding  his  misfortune ;  but  then 
he  differed  with  his  prime  minifter  the  duke  of  Cadaval, 
whom  he  held  to  be  no  great  friend  to  the  war.  He  alfo 
fell  out  with  the  marquis  de  Ruvigny,  or  as  we  ftyle  him, 
lord  Galway,  whom  the  queen  had  fent  to  fucceed  the 
<luke  of  Scomberg,  and  not  being  fuccefsful  in  this  dif- 
pute,  difcovered  itrong  marks  of  difcontent.  Thefe  un- 
lucky jealoufies  and  mifunderftandings  were  fatal  to  the 
fervice ;  and  the  Portuguefe  miniflers  were  fo  intent  on 
making  the  molt  of  the  fubfidies  and  fuccours  that  were 
fent  from  England,  that  if  the  troops  had  not  been  reliev- 
ed by  the  fleet  under  the  command  of  Sir  George  Rooke,  A.D.1704. 
lhey  might  have  fuiTered  more  through  want  of  provifions,  ■ 

than  from  the  fuperiority  of  the  enemy  ;  which  in  the  firfl 
campaign  was  furlkiently  felt,  and  would  have  been  more 
fo  if  the  Spanifh  generals  had  not  done  all  in  their  power 

fc  Quincy  Hiftojre  Militaire  de  Louis  XIV.    Memoircs,  Hifto- 
riques,  $c  Chrenologiques,  Memoircs  par  Lambei  ty. 

to 


£>  The  Hijtory  of  Portal. 

to  crofs  the  duke  of  Berwick  c.  The  admirante  of  C:\Ci 
tile  had  alfo  his  fhare  of  vexation  ;  fo  that  the  year  ended 
with  complaints  on  all  fides,  and  the  dismantling  of  Por- 
talegro,  and  feveral  other  places  in  Portugal,  which  the 
Spaniards  demolished  before  their  retreat. 
Thelin$  At  the  very  opening  of  the  year  the  king  was  att 

Jetlartstke  -vtith  a  very  dangerous  iwelling  in  the  throat,  atter. 
f**n~Jm~  fuch  violent  lymptoms,  that  he  immediately  ntade  Ins 
frglami      and  appointed  the  queen-dowager  of  England  regent.    'Hie 
rtgtnt.        general  of  the  Jefuits  taking  this  opportunity  to  com;, 

the  king's  conieffor,   who  was  of   hi;s   order,  to  qnit  his 
•  employment,  the  king  fent  him   word  that  if  he  in 
upon  it,  himfelf  and  the  refl  of  his  order  fhould  quit  the 
kingdom.     He  had,  not  Jong  after,  a  return  of  his  dif- 
temper,  which  obliged  him  to  leave  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment in  the  hands  ol   his  nfler;  but  as  foon  as  he  found 
himfelf  in  any  condition  to   ufe  exercife,  he  applied  ! 
felf  to  military  affairs,  and  quickening  the  motions  oi 
troops,  fo  that  he  might  have  tl  ly  in  the  field,  and 

in  this  endeavour  he  met  With  ail  the  fuccefs  he  could  de- 
fire.     Baron  Fagel,  who  conimanded  the  Dutch  troo] 
chief,  had  acquired  the  confidence  of  this  monarch, 
of  king  Charles,     It  was  propofed  to  open  the  campaign 
with  the  (lege  of  Badajoz,  which  he  diflikeel,  becaufe  it 
was  a  large  well  fortified  place,  and  he  apprehended  the 
army  too  fmall  to  invert  it  •,  he  added,  that  the  fiege  would 
be  of  a  confiderable  length,  which  might  give  the  Spa- 
ds  time  to  attempt;  its  relief,'  and  he  was  unwilling  to 
lifk  a  difappointment.     Betides,  he  thought  the  end  of  the 
war  ought  to  regulate  the  progrefs  of  it,  and  as  that  was 
the  fetting  king  Charles  upon  the  throne,  he  was  for  pe- 
netrating direclly  into  Caililc.     His  fentiments  were   fol- 
lowed, and  the  campaign  opened  by  the  fiege  of  Valenza 
de  Alcantara,  which  was  taken  d.     Albuquerque  was  next 
reduced;  but  when,  in.purfuance  of  this  project,  Alcan- 
tara mould  have  been  attacked,  ihe  propofal  was  i 
and  it  was  carried  in  the  council  of  war  to  retire  into  qi 
ters  of  refreihment.     Before  the  army  feparated  there  was 
another  great  council  held,  at  which  the  admirante  of  Caf- 
tile  aflifted,  in  order  to  determine  the  opeiations  of  tiie 
fleet  and  army  of  the  allies,  with  whom  king  Charles  was 
to  go  in  perfon  ;  he  was  for  alarming  the  coafts  of  Spain 
during  the  fummer,  and  return  at  the  feafon  for  action  to 

c  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Politique.  d  Quincy  Hiftoire 

Militaire  de  Louis  XiV.    Meraoires  de  la  Torre. 

reduce 


fti  HiJIory  of  Portugal.  27 

0  St.  T.ucnr,  in  order  to  fix  the  feat  of  war  in  An- 
dalufia,  rather  than  in  Catalonia.     In  this  plan  lie  was 
Supported  by  the  Englifh  and  Dutch  generals ;  but  in  his 
n  from  the  camp  to  Lilbon,  he  died  of  an  apoplexy  e. 
.^cl   came  to  court"  in  the   beginning  of  July, 
where  he  found  the  operations  of  the  confederate  fleet,  and 
of  the  Portugucfe  army  in  the  autumn  regulated  without 
his  concurrence.     The  fiege  of  Bajadoz  was  refolved  on, 
and  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  the  king  of  Portugal  to  af- 
filt  at  it,  though  againft  his  opinion.    When  he  approach- 
ed it,  he  advifed  deitroying  the  Spjinifh  magazines  as  far 
as  Mcrida,  previous  to  the  fiege ;  but  that  meafure  wa3 
poflponed  •,  when  the  army  of  the  two  crowns  took  poft 
the  place,  he  was  for  fighting;  but  that  advice  was 
ied.    In  the  courfe  of  the  fiege  a  bomb  from  the  caftlc 
up  one  of  the  principal  magazines  in  the  camp. 
Lord  Galway  and  baron  Fagel  repairing  to  the  place  to  re- 
medy the  diforder  this  accident  had  occafioned,  the  former 
loll  his  right  arm  by  a  cannon  thot ;  through  the  negli- 
gence of  the  Portuguefe,  lbme  pofts  were  furprifed,  and  the 
baron  was  forced  to  raiie  the  fiege  {.     Upon  this  mifcar- 
:,  and  in  confequence  of  leave  obtained  from  the  dates, 
lie  returned  to  Holland,  having  much  the  fame  opinion  of 
the  court  he  left  as  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  who  is  faid 
to  have  written  to  the  queen,  that  they  had  but  one  friend 
in  the  council  (meaning  the  king),  and  he  had  not  the 
greateft  weight  g.     About  this  time  the  queen-dowager  of  A.D.  1705. 
England  refigned  the  regency  in  great  difcontent,  on  ac-   ■  " 
count  of  the  king's  cancelling"  an  order  of  her's  to  the 
pope's  nuncio  to  leave  the  court  ;  and  it  is  thought  this 
affront  went  fo  near  her  heart  as  to  be  in  fome  meafure  the 
occafion  of  her  death,  which  happened  on  the  lad  day  of 
the  year,  in  the  fixty-eighth  of  her  age.    bhe.left  all  the  im- 
menfe  wealth  the  had  faved  to  the  king  her  brother,  to  the 
jio  fmall  difappointment  of  the  priefts  h. 

By  the  great  attention  of  the  king  Don  Pedro,  the  troops  Midndia- 
were  in  a  condition  to  be  in  action  very  early;  the  army  ten  by  the 
was  commanded  by  the  marquis  das  Minas  and  lord  Gal-  Portu^uef'» 
way.     The  former  was  for  befieging  Badajoz,  becaufe  it  aotvit&. 
was  a  place  of  great  confequence  to  Portugal,  and  which  jfanjmg  no 
they  were  to  keep  by  treaty ;  the  latter  was  for  befieging  gainers  by 

this  cant' 
e  Memoires  Hiftoriques  &  Chronologiques,  Burnet's  Hiftory  of  fa\gn. 
his  own  Times,  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Politique.  f  Bur- 

net's Iliftory  of  his  own  Times,  Memoires  ,>ar  Limherty,  Me- 
moires Hiftoriqueg  &  Chronologiques.  *  Mercure  Hitto- 
riquc  &  Politique.              h  Hiftory  of  Europe  for  the  Year  1705. 

Alcantara, 


$  8  7 he  Hlflory  of  TortugaH. 

Alcantara,  far  the  reafons  which  had  been  before  given  by 
baron  Fagcl.     The  matter  being  left  to  the  king,  he  fent 
pofitive  orders  to  attack  Alcantara,  preferring  the  interelt 
of  the  common  caufe  to  his  own.     The  place  was  ftrong, 
and  had  a  good  garrifon  ;  yet  it  was  quickly  taken.    Some 
other  places  of  lefs  confequence  fubmittcd  upon  the  ap- 
proach of  the  allies,  who  advanced  as  far  as  rtlmaras,  and 
lord  Galway  was  for  proceeding  directly  to  Madrid,  as  the 
forces  under  the  duke  of  Berwick  were  by  no  means  able 
to  oppofe  them.     The  Portuguefe  generals  were  of  another 
opinion,  and  they  prevailed.     Barcelona  was  at  this  time 
hefieged  by  king  Philip,  while  his  competitor  w  as  in  the 
city-     The  Portuguefe  believed  it  would  be  taken,  and  if 
it  was,  their  communication  with  Portugal,   upon  their 
advancing  into  Caftile,  might  be  eafily  intercepted  ;  there* 
fore  they  propofed  befieging  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  a  place  of 
fome  importance  in  itfelf,  and  of  great  confequence  to 
them.    Lord  Galway  procured  the  king's  orders  in  favour 
of  his  project  ;  but  they  came  too  late  to  prevent  a  Gi 
the  place  furrendered  on  the  26th  of  May  •,  and  by  this 
time,  they  had  an  account  that  the  fiege  of  Barcelona  was 
raifed,  and  the  concerns  of  king  Philip  in  the  utmoft  con* 
fufion  '.     Lord  Galway  pre  fled  them  to  re  fume  his  fcheme, 
but  in  vain  :  they  faid  there  were  great  hazards  to  be  run, 
and  the  heat  was  infupportable  ;  but  upon  the  arrival  of  the 
king's  pofitive  orders,  it  was  agreed  to.     As  foon  as  they 
began  to  move,  courier  after  courier  was  fent  to  hallen 
the  march  of  king  Charles  from  Barcelona,  and  to  give 
him  the  more  time  they  moved  but  flowly;  fo  that  it  was 
the  26th  of  the  month  before  they  arrived  there  •,  but  then 
indeed  they  made  themfclves  matters  of  Salamanca  and  To* 
)edo  in  the  way  k.     However,  king  Charles  was  fo  little 
in  hafte,  on  account,  as  fome  fay,  of  the  want  of  a  mag- 
nificent equipage,  or  as  others  with  more  probability  allert, 
from  the  defire  of  being  invited  thither  by  fome  grandee* 
of  Caftile,  for  fear  he  fhould  feem  to  be  too  much  obliged 
to  the  Englifh  and  Portuguefe,  that  at  length  it  became 
impracticable.     King  Philip   having   joined  the   duke  uf 
Berwick,  diflodged  the  Portuguefe,  who  in  their   retreat 
experienced  fome  of  the  Jiardfhips  they  had  forefecn.  Here 
the  fingle  opportunity  was  loft  of  placing  king  Charles  upoa 
the  throne,  fince  if  he  had  arrived  in  ti:ne  at  Madrid  the 

i  Quincy  Hiftoire  Milhaire  de  Louis  XIV.  Burnet's  Hlftorv  of 
his  own  Times,  Memoires  Hiftoriques  &  Ciirono'ugiques.  k  Me- 
moires par  Lamberty,  Metcure  Huto  i<jue  &  Politique. 

fat 


'The  Hijhty  of  Portugal  lp 

feat  of  war  mufl  have  been  transferred  into  Navarre.     As 
ed,  the  Portuguefe  fuftained   fome  lofs  in 
their  retreat;  while  in  their  abfence  the  marquis  de  Bay 
had  i   irruption   upon   their   frontiers,    and   had 

recovered  Alcantara  by  lcalade.  Lord  Galway  was 
extremely  blamed  here,  and  he  in  his  apology  laid  a 
great  load  upon  the  marquis  das  Minas  ;  notwithftand- 
ing  that,  all  things  considered,  neither  of  them  was  much 
to  blame.  At  their  return  into  Portugal  the  army  went 
into  winter  quarters,  and  the  king  gave  out  commiflions 
for  levying  an  additional  corps  of  eleven  thoufand  men,  as 
being  fully  determined  to  carry  on  the  war  with  greater 
vigour  than  ever  '.  While  he  was  occupied  with  thefe 
thoughts  he  retired  to  Alcantara,  which  is  the  Verfailles 
of  Portugal,  and  at  a  very  fmall  diftance  from  Lifbon,  he 

hteold  by  deeping  in  the  open  air  after  having  warm- 
ed himfelf  withcxerciie.     This  accident  happened  on  the  A.D.1706. 
/|rh  of  December,  and  he  thought  himfelf  much  better  the  '  ■ 

next  day ;  on  the  6th,  however,  he  was  attacked  by  a  le- 
thargy, and  on  the  9th,  about  eleven  in  the  morning,  he 
breathed  his  lad,    in  the  fifty-feventh  year  of  his  age, 

a  he  had  held  the  administration  thirty-feven,  and  the 
kingdom  twenty-three  years  m.  He  died  at  a  very  critical 
point  of  time  both  for  his  fubje&s  and  for  his  allies,  and 
was  very  juflly  regretted.  He  underftood  the  true  intereft 
of  Portugal  thoroughly,  and  purfued  it  ftcadily  (B). 

Don 

1  Memoircs  Hiftoriques  &  Chronologiques,  Mercure  Hiftonque 
&  Politique.  m  Hillory  or' Europe  for  the  Year  1706,  Bur- 

net's Hmory  of  his  own  Times. 

(B)  Don  Pedro  the  Second  quick,  and  his  judgment  folid ; 
was  born  on  the  26th  of  April,  very  fenfible  and  fedate,  which 
164S,  at  Lifbon.  In  his  per-  dilpofition,  however,  towards 
fon  he  was  above  the  ordinary  the  end  of  his  life  degenerated 
lizc  in  point  of  ftature  and  bulk,  into  melancholy.  So  tempe- 
of  a  very  ferene,  and,  towards  rate  in  his  diet,  that  he  eat 
the  dole  of  his  life,  grave  af-  commonly  alone,  fitting  upon 
pe<ft,  but  not  accompanied  with  a  piece  of  cork  on  the  floor, 
any  rhing  of  feverity  or  haugh-  attended  by  one  fervant,  never 
tint-is,  for  his  character  was  in  drinking  wine  himfelf,  or  fuf- 
nothing  more  confpicuous  than  fering  any  to  approach  him 
in  his  modeity.  He  was  active,  that  did.  In  his  religion,  set- 
Vigorous,  loved  manly  diver-  lous,  and  very  fineere,  as  is 
fions,  and  excelled  in  them  evident  from  his  diltributing 
molt  of  his  fubjecls.  In  refpect  large  fums  in  charity,  with  all 
to  parts,  his  apprehenlion  was  the  fecrecy  he  was  able.     He 

fpoke 


t'Jfiun  to 
the  throne 
HJ  Portugal. 


$®  fhe  Hiftory  of  Portugal 

J-Jiv.  the  Don  Juan  the  Fifth  was  turned  of  feventeen  when  he 

fifth's  ac-  fucceeded  his  father,  and  as  he  delayed  his  proclamation 
till  the  firft  day  of  the  new  year,  this  delay  gave  fome 
countenance  to  a  rumour,  that  the  French  party  were  in- 
clined to  fet  up  Don  Francifco,  his  fecond  brother,  and 
to  appoint  a  certain  grandee  regent  during  his  minority. 
After  this  ceremony,  the  new  king  gave  the  ftrongeft  af- 
furances  to  the  minifters  osf  the  maritime  powers,  that  he 
would  fteadily  adhere  to  his  father's  engagements ;  and 
would  neglect  nothing  that  appeared  to  him  neceffary  to 
earry  on  the  war  with  vigour  n.  Thefe  promifes  were  fo 
Well  executed,  that  lord  Galway  and  the  marquis  das  Mi- 
nas  actually  penetrated  into  Caftile,  and  even  arrived  with- 
out much  oppofition  on  the  frontiers  of  the  kingdom  of 
Valencia,  as  early  as  the  beginning  of  April.  King 
Charles  joined  the  army,  and  great  hopes  were  entertained 
cf  effecting  this  campaign  what  had  been  propofed  in  the 
fail.  Lord  Galway  was  for  acting  ofFenfive'ly,  and  his  fenti- 
ment  prevailing  again  ft  that  of  the  king,  and  thofe  in  whom 
he  moft  confided,  that  monarch  thought  fit  to  retire  from 
the  army  °.  It  ccnfifted  of  about  fixteen  thoufand  men, 
with  whom  the  marquis  das  Minas  and  lord  Galway  de- 


n  Burnet's  Hiftory  of  his  own  Times,  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Po- 
litique. °  Limiers,  Hiftoire  <Ju  Regne  de  Louis  XIV. 


fpoke  Spanim  very  well,  and 
his  own  language  incompara- 
bly. His  coming  young  into 
fcmfinefs,  and  his  conftant  at- 
tention to  it,  fupplicd  the  de- 
fect in  his  education,  and  qua- 
lified him  fowell  for  the  tranf- 
actions  of  the  cabincnt,  that 
foreign  miniuers  found  it  ea- 
ficr  to  deal  with  his  minifters 
than  with  himfelf ;  for  though 
he  treated  them  with  great 
fweetnefs,  as  well  as  perfect 
civility,  yet  when  he  felt  he 
had  the  better  of  an  argument, 
he  would  pufh  it  to  the  utmoft, 
and  render  this  victory  com- 
plete. In  reference  to  his  chil- 
dren, he  had  by  his  firft:  wife, 
the  infanta  Ifabella  Maria  Lou- 
ifa  Jqfepha.  born  January  the 
6th,  1669,  who  died  unmar- 


ried, October  the  21ft,  1690. 
By  his  fecond  queen  he  had 
Don  Juan,  prince  of  Brazil,  who 
died  in  the  iV.venth  year  of  his 
age ;  Don  Juan,  who  fucceeded 
him  ;  the  infant  Don  Antonio 
Francifco,  born  May  the  1  $tb, 
1 695  ;  Don  Manuel,  born  Au- 
guft  the  3d,  1697  ;  the  infan- 
ta Donna  Thcrefa  Jofepha, 
born  February  th  ?th,  1696, 
who  died  when  juft  turned  of 
eight  years  old,  after  being 
promifedin  marriage  to  Charles 
the  Third  of  Spain  ;  Donna 
Frances  Xavier,  born  January 
gcth,  1699,  and  who  died  at 
Lifbon  July  the  15th,  1736, 
unmarried.  He  had  beiides 
many  natural  children  ;  but 
of  thefe  only  one  daughter  and 
two  fons  were  ackuowleged. 

ftroye4 


Ilt/Iory  of  Portugal.  %  t 

Fiv.  ,  and  at  lad  bid 

The  duk  ick  marched  with  the 

is  to  its  relief,  and  being  much  fu- 
v,  advanced  through  the  plain 
e  them  battle*     Upon  this  motion,  bed 
rterals  of  the  allies  to  quit 
■  w  the  24th  of  April,  early 
in  tli-  attack  t]  ,  though  it  is  01, 

hands  agreed,  that  they  had  no  diftincr.  intelligence  of 
their  force  The  misfortune  of  that  day  is  too  well 
know  irown  by  the  Engliih  general 

upon  the  Portugueie,  and  upon  the  count  of  Barcelona. 
The  marqui  >  das  Mina$,  who  fought  very  gallantly  hiro- 
ibed  the  lols  of  the  battle  to  lighting  in  a  plain, 
y  were  borne  down  by  the  Spanifh  horfe,  at  a 
time  when  the  troops  had  loft  their  fpirit  and  ftrength  by 
the  fatigue  of  a  long  march.  It  muft  be  allowed,  that  the 
Porn  d  belter  than  their  allies,  and  that  the 

marquis  das  Minas  (hewed  great  conduct  in  his  retreat. 
This  misfortune,  however,  cxpofed  the  frontiers  not  a 
:  i'o  that  the  marquis  de  Bay,  who  commanded  king 
Philip's  forces,  pretended  to  have  levied  contributions  al- 
to the  gates  of  Lifbon.  The  Callilians  alfo,  before 
the  end  of  the  year,  recovered  Ciudad  Rodrigo,  after  a 
fhort  fiege.  Notwithstanding  all  which  difadvantages,  the 
Portuguefe  mini  ft  er  at  Ixjiidon  prefented  a  memorial,  in 
h  he  declared,  that  his  mailer  did  not  look  upon  'hefe 
mikhiefs  as  without  remedy ;  that  he  remained  Hill  firmly 
attached  to  the  common  caufe,  and  would  contribute  to 
the  urmoir.  in  its  Support,  as  being  firmly  perfuaded,  that 
the  independency  of  his  own  crown,  and  the  commerce  of 
Great  Britain,  could  never  be  fafe  while  the  duke  of  An- 
jou  remained  in  Spain  p.  This  memorial  anfwered  the 
end  propofed,  and  procured  that  crown  all  the  ailiftancc 
that  could  be  given. 

There  had  been  in  the  life-time  of  his  father  an  inten-  Thfyr^tmt 
tion  of  marrying  the  prince  of  Brazil  to  an  arch-duchefs,  ^n^mar- 
and  his  majeily  had  declared  more  than  once  his  resolution  arci**ft„ 
to  execute  that  engagement ;  which  was  highly  acceptable  efS,  ii</v  is 
to  the  allies.  The  count  de  Villa  Major  was  named  in  the  carried  t» 
fpring  to  go  to  the  court  of  Vienna  to  demand  this  prin-  Portugal  t? 
cefs.     He  took  the  Hague  in  his  way,  in  order  to  folicit  V  fn&1'* 


'fliet* 


P  Qjiincy,  Limiers,  Burnet's  Hiftory  of  his  own  Times.  Me- 
•noircs  pour  Tervir  a  i'Hiftoire  du  xviii.  Steele,  par  Moniieur  de 
i-Offlberty,  torn.  iv.  p.  585,  $16,  58;. 

the 


32  The  Uiftory  of  Portugal. 

the  payment  of  the  fubfidies  due  to  his  mafler ;  of  wMc*i 
he  obtained  a  very  round  fum,  but  this  hardly  defrayed 
the  expence  he  was  at  in  equipping  a  train  of  one  hundred 
and  fifty  perfons  that  were  to  attend  him  to  Vienna.  His 
appearance  at  that  court  ftruck  every  body  with  amaze- 
ment :  he  was  treated  with  all  pofiible  refpec~f_ ;  the  arch- 
duchefs  Mary  Anne,  fecond  daughter  of  the  emperor 
Leopold,  was  granted  to  his  mafler,  and  the  marriage 
foon  after  celebrated,  in  which  the  emperor  himfelf  was 
proxy  "*.  Lord  Galway  returning  from  Catalonia  into  Por- 
tugal found  there  two  commiflions  from  the  queen  his 
miirrefs  ;  one  appointing  him  general  and  commander  in 
chief  of  all  her  forces ;  and  the  other,  ambaffador  extraor- 
dinary to  his  majefty  of  Portugal  r  :  but  the  fituation  of 
afFairs  in  Flanders  prevented  the  fending  the  fuccours  in- 
tended to  Portugal  fo  early  as  had  been  defigned  •,  and 
therefore  the  fummer  and  the  autumn  campaigns  afforded 
nothing  remarkable,  except  a  lingular  regulation,  that  the 
peafants  on  both  fides  fhould  be  exempted  from  the  mife- 
ries  of  war.  The  queen  of  Portugal,  whofe  marriage  had 
been  celebrated  the  9th  of  July,  let  out  on  the  nth;  and 
having  been  fplendidly  entertained  in  her  paflage  by  the 
king  of  Pruffia,  arrived  on  the  7th  of  Augufl  at  Wezel, 
where  fhe  embarked  on  board  the  yatchs  of  the  States  Ge- 
A.D.170?.  neral»  and  arrived  fafe  at  the  Hague  on  the  19th.  She 
_____  went  from  thence  to  Rotterdam,  where  fhe  embarked  on 
the  1  ith  of  Septemper  on  board  an  Englifh  fquadron  com- 
manded by  admiral  Baker ;  but  meeting  with  bad  weather, 
and  contrary  winds,  fhe  did  not  arrive  at  Portfmouth  till 
the  5th  of  October.  She  was  complimented  on  the  part 
of  the  queen  by  the  duke  of  Grafton  •,  and  received  and 
beftowed  very  rich  prefents.  She  embarked  on  board  ad- 
miral Byng's  fquadron  on  the  iSth,  arrived  fafely  in  the 
river  of  Lifbon  on  the  26th  ' }  and  on  the  28th  the  mar- 
riage was  confummated.  Soon  after  arrived  the  richeffc 
nnd  the  greateit  fleet  that  ever  came  from  the  Brazils,  con- 
fiding oi  one  hundred  fail,  having  on  board  in  diamonds, 
gold,  fngar,  and  other  rich  commodities,  a  cargo  valued 
at  fix  millions  flerlings.  Some  attempts  were  made  by  the 
French  party  to  detach  the  king  from  his  engagements; 
but  without  fuccefs.     On  the  contrary,  he  made  all  the 

n  Hiftory  of  Europe  for  1708.  f  Burnet's  Hiftory  of  his 

own  Times,   Boyer's  Life  of   Queen   Anne.  »  Mercure 

Hiftorituie  &  Politique,  Lettres  Hjftoriquei,  Memoires  par  Lam- 
bcrty. 

1  requifitC 


The  TUP.ory  of  Portugal.  33 

.ifite  difpofiiions  for  having  a  flourifning  army  in  the 

I,    and   tor  fupplying  his  magazines,    lo   as  mat  the 

ight  be  able  to  take  the  field  early  the  next  year, 

to  repair   the   unavoidable   inactivity  in   which   they  had 

fpent  this  ;  and  the  new  levies  were  made  with  all  the  fuc- 

that  could  be  delired. 
The  earl  of  Galway,  in  quality  of  ambaflador  extraor- 
dinary, made  a  public  entry  into  Lifbon  with  great  mag- 
nificence; which  highly  pleafed  the  court  and  the  people  f. 
king,  however,  was  not  very  complaifant  in  provid- 
ing, or  (uttering  the  earl  to  provide  for  all  the  French  re- 
fugees he  brought  over.  His  majefty  thought  it  very  un- 
equal that  the  private  men  of  a  battalion  mould  be  his  fub- 
jecls,  and  the  officers  ftrangers.  However,  fo  much  care 
was  taken,  that  the  army  was  early  in  the  field,  and  on 
the  4th  of  May  the  Portuguefe,  under  the  command  of 
the  marquis  de  Fronteira,  encamped  on  one  fide  of  the 
Caya,  the  marquis  de  Bay,  with  the  Spanifh  forces  lying 
on  the  other ;  the  latter  were  fuperior  in  horfe,  and  the 
former  in  foot.  The  Portuguefe  writers  fay,  that  the  earl 
of  Galway  was  defirous  to  light,  in  order  to  wipe  out  the 
memory  of  his  misfortune  at  Almanza  -,  but  he  aliened, 
that  he  oppofed  fighting.  However,  being  infulted  by 
the  enemy,  the  allies  palled  the  river  on  the  7th.  The 
Spanifh  relations  fay,  that  the  marquis  de  Bay  permitted 
them  to  pafs,  and  to  form  without  any  interruption  :  the 
reafon  is  clear,  there  was  a  plain  on  the  other  fide,  which 
gave  an  opportunity  for  his  cavalry  to  aft.  Both  the  right 
and  the  left  wing  of  the  allies  were  quickly  defeated,  the 
Spanifh  horfe  purfuing  them  a  full  league.  Qn  the  other 
hand,  the  Spanifh  infantry  behaved  ill ;  that  of  the  allies 
formed  into  a  fquare  battalion  ;  but  the  marquis  de  Fron- 
teira made  a  regular  and  noble  retreat  to  Campo  Major. 
The  Englifh,  who  brought  up  the  rear,  fuffered  much. 
The  enemy  took  twenty-two  field-pieces,  and  fourfcore 
waggons ;  but  there  were  no  great  conlequcnces  followed 

action,  only  the  curl  of  Galway,  at  his  return  to  Lif- 
bon, induced  the  king  to  change  his  fentiments,  and  to 
confeut,  that  there  mould  be  a  large  proportion  of  foreign 
officers  in  the  new  regjments  of  horfe  and  dragoons  he  was 
about  to  raife.  In  the  autumn  campaign  the  Spaniards  AD.»»0  , 
belieged  Olivenza;  but  were  obliged  to  raife  it  with  fomc  ■»,.-, 

lofs.     In  the  winter  the  king  obtained  a  free  gift  from  the 
clergy,  enquired  into  the  conduct  of  the  campaign,  ami 

t  Hiftory  of  Europe  for  1709,  Mercure  Hiflorique  &  Politique. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  J)  fcrqbt 


34  ¥be  Hi/lory  of  Portugal, 

broke  fuch  of  the  officers  of  his  cavalry  as  had  mifbehavecL 
But  the  difcontent  this  feverity  occasioned  was  felt  after- 
wards in  many  inftances. 
An  unfor-       There  happened  in  the  winter  of  the  preceding  year  a 
tuttate         difpute  on  a  point  of  ceremony,  which  was  now  revived. 
wwftmt  The  kinS  Don  Pedro>  while  he  was  regent,  had  found  it 
nifters,  at-  neceffary  to  fupprefs  what  was  called  the  franchifes  of  fc- 
tenrfedivhh  reign  rninifters ;  and  he  conduced  his  defign  with  fo  much 
jatalconje-  prudence  and  temper,  that  it  occafioncd   no  fort  of  com* 
quences.       plaint,  neither  had  there  been  any  difpute  within  this  pe- 
riod of  time  :  but  now  the  biihop  and  prince  of  Labach 
being  at  Lifbon  with  the  character  of  ambaff.idor  from  his 
Imperial  majefty,  but  incog,  as   not  having  yet  made  his 
entry,  conceived  it  an  affront  for  officers  of  juftice  to  pais 
bv  his  houfe  with  their  white  rods  in  their  hands,  which 
are  the  enfigns  of  their  office,  and  therefore  fent  a  Swifs, 
who  was  his  porter,  to  turn  them  out  of  the  ftreet  5  and 
upon  their  refuting  to  go  back,  the  fwifs  beat  one  of  them 
feverely.     The  king  was  no  fooner  informed  of  this  infult, 
than  the  fecretary  of  ftate  wrote  to  the  ambaffador  to  let 
him  know,  that  he  muft  difcharge  his  porter,  or  forbear 
coming  to   court.     This  affair  was,  however,  at  length 
terminated  :   but  after  it  had  flept  fome  months,  count 
Stampa,  ambaffador  from  king  Charles  III.  by  the  advice 
and  inftigation  of  the  biihop,  revived  it,  and  more  than 
-    once  fent  hisfervants  to  compel  the  oflicers  of  juftice,  and 
even  judges  who  were  paffmg'by  his  door  in  their  calafhes, 
to  go  back,  and  return  out  of  the  ftreet.     The  fecrctary  of 
flafe  wrote  to  him,  that  the  king  would  not  endure  thi3 
infoler.ee  ;  and  that  if  he  perfifted  in  fuch  notions,  he  mult 
forbear  coming  to  court.     Upon  this  intimation,  count 
Stampa  demanded    a  conference ;   at  which  aflifted  the 
prelate  who  began  thisbuftle,  the  prince  de  Cienfugos,  en- 
voy from  king  Charles,  the  earl  of  Galway,  her  Britannic 
Majetly's  minifter,  and  monfieur  de  Schonenberg,  mini- 
fter  from  the  States  General,  who  made  what  they  called  a 
common  caufe  of  this  affair,  and  declared  their  unanimous 
refolution,  that  no  officer  of  juftice  fhould   pafs  before 
their  houfes  without  dropping  his  white  ftaff     The  fecre- 
tary  of  ftate  reprefented  to  them,  that  while  thefe  fran- 
chifes continued,  there  was  no  fuch  thing  as  peace  or  juf- 
tice in  Lifbon ;    that   the   Portugucfe   rninifters   neither 
claimed  nor  enjoyed  any  fuch  franchifes  at  their  refpeclive 
courts  ;  that  this  was  no  common  caufe,  as  they  pretend- 
ed, fince  the  pope's  nuncio,  who  had  the  firft  rank  amongft 
foreign  rninifters,  and  the  Pruffian  minifter,  who  was  the 

oldeft 


The  Hi/Ion  of  Portugd?*  25 

oldcft  then  in  Portugal,  had  publicly  difclaimed  any  con* 
cern  in  this  affair  $  that  what  they  did  was  of  their  own 
heads,  and  without  any  inductions  from  their  refpeclivc 
courts  ;  and  that  this  kind  of  proceeding  was  of  fuch  a  na- 
ture as  might  have  very  dangerous  effects  with  regard  to 
the  common  caufe ;  for  which  reafon  he  exhorted  them 
not  to  carry  things  to  extremities,  or  deceive  themfelvcs 
with  notions  of  expedients,  fince  the  king  was  refolved  to 
be  the  fole  mafter  in  his  capital,  and  would  be  obeyed. 
The  miniftcrs  ftuck  by  each  other ;  the  king  ordered  them 
to  quit  Lifbon  in  twenty-iour  hours,  and  at  the  fame  time 
ordered  four  regiments  of  horfe  into  the  city  ;  thereupon 
the  miniilers  fubmitted  till  they  received  the  orders  of 
their  refpeclivc  courts  in  regard  to  this  difpute  :  and  their 
courts  were  too  wife  to  revive  it".  This  unlucky  affair 
quite  difconcerted  things  in  Portugal  :  the  king  confider- 
ed  it  in  a  (Irange  light,  and  began  to  grow  jealous  of  fo- 
reign officers  and  foreign  troops.  The  Hates  had  alfo  a 
private  and  particular  grievance  in  refpe£l  to  an  impofi- 
tion  that  had  been  laid  upon  fait  at  St.  Ubes :  on  the 
other  hand,  the  king  of  Portugal  ordered  the  count  deTa- 
rouca,  his  ambaflador  at  the  Hague,  to  infill  upon  the 
payment  of  two  years  fubfidies  which  were  due  to  him  : 
their  high  mightineffes  found  it  expedient  to  pay  him  one 
half.  We  mall  prefently  fee  what  the  confequences  were 
of  thefe  mifunderftuulings  The  count  de'  Villa  Verda 
commanded  the  army  of  Portugal,  in  the  place  of  the 
marquis  de  Frontcira  :  the  battalions  were  far  from  being 
complete ;  and  the  fix  new  regiments,  that  were  to  be  in. 
the  queen  of  Great  Britain's  pay,  were  not  above  half- 
raifed  ;  fo  that  during  the  fummcr  campaign  they  acted 
on  the  defenlive,  the  marquis  de  Bay  had  an  army  equal 
to  their's  in  Eftramadura,  and  there  was  befides  a  corpe  of 
ten  thoufand  men  in  Andalufia  *.  In  the  middle  of  Au- 
general  Stanhope  defeated  the  troops  of  the  two 
crowns  at  Almcnara  ;  on  the  20th  they  gained  the  great 
victory  of  Saragoffa  * ;  upon  which  cxprefTes  were  dif- 
patched  From  the  army  of  king  Charles,  to  prefs  a  junction 
with  the  army  of  the  Portuguefe  at  Almaras.  The  an- 
fwer  was,  that  having  no  magazines,  fuch  a  march  as 

n  Memoiiej  pour  fervir  a  l'Hiftoire  du  xviii.  Siecle,  parMonfieur 
deLamberty,  torn.  v.  \\  179.  Mercure  Hiftonque  &  Politique. 
x  Burnet's  Hiiiory  of  liis  own  Times,  Memoires  par  Lamoerty. 
T  Quincy  Ililtoire  Militaire  de  Louis  XIV.  Bumet'a  Hiftory  of  his 
own  Times,  Le  Siecle  de  Louis  XIV.  par  Monfieur  de  Voltaire. 

D  2  thi* 


$6  The  Hijlory  of  Portugal 

this  was  impoffible.  It  was  then  defired  that  a  detach- 
ment of  four  or  five  thoufand  men  might  be  fent,  but  this 
was  nefufed  for  the  fame  reafon x.  All  this  time  king 
Charles  was  marching  to  Madrid,  againft  his  own  will,  and 
againft  the  fentiments  of  count  Starembergh.  General 
Stanhope,  whofe  meafure  this  was,  prefTed  the  court  of 
Portugal  for  the  troops  in  the  queen's  pay.  At  lad  he  de- 
manded the  Englifn  regiments  ;  and  the  fecretary  of  the 
embafly  offered  to  furnilh  the  expence,  the  earl  of  Gal- 
way  being  by  this  time  recalled  ;  but  this  was  likewife  re- 
fufed.  All  that  the  Portuguei'c  would  do,  was  befieging 
and  taking  a  place  or  two  of  no  great  confequtnee,  to 
alarm  and  diftract  the  enemy  •,  after  which  exploits  the 
army  feparated,  and  went  into  winter  quarters.  To  this 
conduct  of  the  court  of  Portugal  the  ruin  of  king  Charles's 
affairs  is  commonly  afcribed.  The  Portuguefe  allege,  that 
they  had  once  before  made  themfelves  mailers  of  Madrid, 
and  fuffered  feverely  in  their  retreat  *,  that  they  marched 
a  fecond  time  intoCaftile,  and  fmartcd  for  it  at  Almanza; 
that  to  have  marched  the  whole  army  now,  was  to  have 
left  Portugal  at  mercy,  fince  king  Philip's  troops  in  Anda- 
lufia  might  have  wafted  it  at  pleafure  ;  that  to  have  fent  a 
great  detachment,  inftead  of  leflening,  would  have  in- 
creafed  the  difficulties  of  king  Charles,  who  did  not  leave 
Madrid  through  want  of  force,  but  through  want  of 
food,  which  it  was  not  in  their  power  to  fupply.  As 
to  the  joint  application  of  all  the  minifters  of  the  courts, 
allies  to  the  court  of  Portugal,  upon  this  occafion,  we 
have  (hewn  how  that  came  to  have  but  little  weight.  The 
facts  are  fairly  Hated,  and  the  reader  will  judge  for  him- 
A.b.1710.  fetf*  In  the  winter  arrived  the  earl  of  Portmore,  in  qua- 
...-.  lrty  of  her  Britannic  majefty's  minifter  and  commander 

in  chief. 

In  the  winter  the  king  endeavoured  to  reflore  his  forces, 
and  declared  his  intention  to  act  with  fifteen  thoufand  foot 
and  five  thoufand  horfe  in  the  fpring  :  but  at  the  fame 
time  complained  of  the  difficulties  he  was  under  to  fill  his 
magazines  with  corn,  and  to  provide  horfes,  of  which 
there  was  a  great  fcarcity.  The  count  de  Villa  Vcrda 
acted  offenfively  in  the  fummer  campaign  ;  took  Miranda 
and  fome  other  places,  and  levied  great  contributions  in 
the  anemy's  country.  He  afterwards  pafled  the  Guadiana, 
and  took  Zafra  j  but  while  he  was  thus  employed,  the 
taarquis  de  Bay  entered  Portugal,  and  actually  bombarded 

*  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Politique. 

Elva* 


The  Hiflory  of  Portugal,  37 

Klvas,  a  circumftance  which  obliged  the  Portuguefe  army 
to  return;  and  then  the  Spaniards  retired.  Jn  the  mean 
time  the  Portuguefe  minifter,  count  Tarouca,  prefled  the 
Dutch  for  the  payment  of  feveral  years  fubtidies,  and 
made  other  complaints,  which  were  but  indifferently  an- 
fwercd  ;  but  to  balance  thefe,  it  was  fuggefled  to  that  mi- 
nifter, that  they  had  fome  fears  as  to  the  fincerity  of  his 
mailer  in  regard  to  the  common  caufe.  Thefe  informa- 
tions came  from  the  duke  of  Savoy.  The  count  acknow- 
d,  that  propofitions  had  been  made  by  an  emiflary  of 
the  marquis  de  Bay  \  that  an  anfwer  had  been  returned, 
importing,  that  Portugal  would  treat  only  in  conjunction 
with  her  allies  :  that  under  pretence  of  not  having  receiv- 
ed this  anfwer,  the  marquis  wrote  a  fecond  letter  j  upon 
which  a  copy  of  the  former  anfwer  wasfent  him,  and  his 
emiflary  was  obliged  to  leave  the  country.  It  appeared 
afterwards,  there  was  no  foundation  for  thefe  fufpicions  ; 
for,  on  the  one  hand,  the  French  gave  out  that  they  had 
made  a  fecret  treaty  with  Portugal,  to  alarm  the  allies; 
and  on  the  other,  had  actually  made  propofitions  at  Liibon, 
in  order  to  amufe  the  Portuguefe,  while  they  were  at- 
tacking them  in  America.  The  autumn  campaign  pro- 
duced little  or  nothing.  In  the  courfe  of  the  preceding 
year,  the  French  had  made  a  rafh  attempt  upon  Rio  Ja- 
neiro, and  had  been  repulfed  with  great  lofs.     This  year  A.D.1711. 

they  fenc  a  itrong  fquadron  to  revenge  it,  which  they  did -, 

to  fome  purpofc,'  and  which  had  a  terrible  efFec~l  upon  the 
affairs  of  Portugal. 

At  the  opening  of  the  enfuing  year,  the  affairs  of  Por-  Military 
tugal  were  in   a  very  perplexed  fituation  ;  their  lofs  in  affmrsg* 
America  appeared  to  be  greater  than  had  been  at  firft  as  unt0" 
imagined  ;  and  by  the  comparifon  of  their  own  with  the  "^l \am- 
F/ench  accounts,  could  not  fall  much  fhort  of  a  million  paign  at 
fterling,  exclufive  of  four  men  of  war  that  had  been  burnt  they  iuen\ 
in  the  bay.     To  leffen  the  king's  chagrin,  and  to  put  it  in  the  loft. 
his  power  to  take  the  neceflary  meafures  for  protecting 
their  commerce,  the  nobility  and  clergy  made  him  con- 
fiderable  prefents,  in  readv  money  and  in  plate.     His  ma-  . 
jefty  appeared  to  be  extremely  fatisfied  with  thefe  teftimo- 
nies  of  duty  and  public  fpirit,  but  remained  ftill  under 
great  uneafinefs  from  the  conduct:  of  his  allies.     He  knew 
that  fome  overtures  had  been  made  on  the  part  of  France, 
and  he  difapproved  them.     In  the  month  of  March,  the 
count  de  Tarouca  prefented  a  memorial  of  his  mailer's 
demands,  in  which  he  infilled  upon  the  rellitution  of  the 
V'bole  Spaniih  monarchy  to  the  emperor  Charles,  as  a  mea- 

D  3  forq 


3&  Tbd  Hiftory  of  Portugal, 

fure,  requifite  for  the  fecurity  of  Portugal r.  Some  appre- 
henlions  there  were,  that  the  French  would  pay  a  third 
vifit  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  which  occafioned  a  v.  arm  applica- 
tion for  a  Dutch  fquadron,  with  little  effect.  H.  was 
likewife  directed  to  infill  upon  the  fubfidies,  and  with 
great  difficulty  obtained  bends  for  the  amount  of  one  year, 
which  he  difcounted,  as  he  had  done  thole  the  year  be- 
fore, at  ten  per  cent.  lofs.  This  fuppiy  was  very  accept- 
able at  Lifbon  •,  where,  a3  the  feafon  oi  acli&n  approach- 
ed, they  found  themfelves  under  frefh  difficu  r  the 
French  had  a  fquadron  upon  their  coafts,  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  fieur  Coffart,  who  gave  out  that  he  would 
force  a  paflage  up  the  river  of  Lifbon,  while  the  marquis 
de  Bay  had  a  fuperior  army  upon  their  frontiers,  and 
threatened  to  fend  a  gre  it  body  of  horfe  to  the  very  gates 
of  that  city  z.  The  count  dc  Villa  Verda,  and  the  earl  of 
Portmorc,  were  in  the  field  with  an  army  fo  :..'!,  that 
they  could  no;  hinder  the  Spaniards  from  making  incur- 
fions,  and  railing  contributions ;  and  befides,  the  earl 
made  no  fcruple  of  owning,  that  he  expected  orders  every- 
day for  embarking  the  Britifh  troops.  It  happened  fortu- 
nately for  this  crown,  that  the  heats  were  fo  violent,  that 
the  armies  were  forced  to  go  into  quarters  of  refrefhment 
foonerthan  ufual  ;  and  the  marquis  de  Bay  receiving  foon 
after  orders  to  detach  three  thoufand  horfe  for  Catalonia, 
the  armies  were  brought  more  upon  a  level.  In  the  au- 
tumn campaign,  however,  the  marquis  befieged  Campo 
Mayor,  which  was  fo  well  defended,  raid  the  count  de 
Villa  Verda  took  his  meafurcs  fo  well,  that  towards  the 
end  of  October  the  Spaniards  were  obliged  to  raife  the 
liege.  To  balance  this  fmall  fuceefs,  major-general  Pearce, 
who  commanded  the  Englifh  troops,  feparated  from  the 
Portuguefe,  and  declared  his  intentions  to  embark.  At 
the  fame  time  the  Englifh  court  refuied  to  pay  any  longer 
the  Portuguefe  troops  in  Catalonia.  The  king  of  Portu- 
gal, finding  himfelf  preffed  by  his  enemies,  and  defcrtcd 
by  his  allies,  was  conltrained  to  negociate  a  fufpenfion  of 
arms  at  the  Plague,  which  was  concluded  and  figned  at 
Utrecht,  on  the  7th  of  November,  by  the  count  de  Ta- 
xouca  and  Don  Lewis  d'Acunha  on  one  fide,  and  by  the 
marfhal  d'Huxelles,  the  abbe  de  Polignac,  and  Mr.  Mef- 
nager  on  the  other.     The  Portuguefe  troops  in  Catalonia 

T  Memoires  par  Lamherty,  Me  re  u  re  Hiftorique  &  Politique. 
9  Quiiicy  Hiltoire  Mistake  de  Louis  XIV,  Meicure  Hiitorique  & 
Politique,  Burnet. 

had 


The  Htffory  of  Portugal.  39 

nad  orders  to  fcparate  from  thofe  of  the  other,  and  to 
h  liome  by  land.  Towards  the  clofe  of  the  year  the 
Brazil  fleet  arrived  f.tfe  In  the  river  of  Lifbon,  to  the  great 
le  nation,  who  had  been  very  apprdienfive 
it  would  be  attacked  by  the  French  in  its  paflage. 
birth  of  Don  Pedro,  prince  of  Brazil,  ferved  to  con-  A.D.  int. 
oth  the  court  ami  the  people  in  the  prefent  perplexed  ■■» 

ftate  of  tl  "ns;  and  the  folemn  ty  of  his  baptifm 

according  to  the  cuftom  of  the  country,  celebrated 
with   the   utmoft    magnificence,    his    Imperial    majeftv 
Charles  VI.  hi-  Portuguefe  majelty's  brother-in-law,  and 
vn  (ifter  the  infanta,  being   fponfors.     This  young 
prince  died  about  two  years  after". 

It  was  generally  umlcrftood  at  Utrecht,  and  at  the  Treaty  of 
Hague,  that  in  the  courfe  of  negociations  Portugal  would  P*  'wi/A 
take  the  fame  iters  with  England.  This  judgment  was  travt* 
fenfibly  formed,  and  was  venried  in  the  jvene;  and  yet 
the  king  of  Portugal  was  in  fentiments  dm£tly  oppofite  to 
thofe  of  the  queen  of  Great  Britain,  and  had  expreffed 
this  difference  in  a  letter  to  that  queen.  His  plenipoten- 
tiaries alfo  were  men  of  abilities  and  fpirit,  incapable  of 
becoming  the  creatures,  or  being  made  the  dupes  of 
France ;  And  yet  from  their  conduct  at  thac  time  many 
of  another  opinion :  whereas,  in  reality,  they  ha4 
no  other  method  to  take  ;  for  Portugal,  unfupported,  was 
by  no  means  able  to  difpute  with  Spain,  more  especially 
when  governed  by  a  prince  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon,  who 
had  reduced  all  its  kingdoms  into  fo  many  provinces,  and, 
under  colour  of  neceltity,  had  eftablifhed  a  kind  of  mili- 
tary government.  Don  Juan  himfelf  was  by  no  means  in- 
clined to  the  French  intereft;  but  many  of  his  nobility, 
and  fome  of  his  miniltcrs,  who  had  married  French  wo- 
of quality,  were  entirely  governed  by  their  wives. 
The  armies  were  ftill  on  the  irontiers,  and  the  Spaniards 
finding  a  favourable  opportunity,  furprifed  Valenza  de  Al- 
cantara, an  action  which  might  have  renewed  the  war  if 
the  court  of  Lifbon  had  been  in  better  circumftances  ;  but  . 
as  things  then  flood,  the  king  thought  it  advi fable  to  leave 
theilifpute  this  had  occafioned  to  be  decided  by  the  queen 
of  Great  Britain.  The  peace  between  Portugal  and  France 
was  figned  on  the  fith  of  April6.  By  this  treaty  the 
prifoners  on  both  fides  were  to  be  fet  at  liberty  without 

»  Hiftory  of  Europe  for  1711,  Mercure  Hiftorique  &  Politique. 
*  Corps  Univerfel  Diplomatique  du  Droit  des  Gens,  torn.  vin.  par. 
».  p.  353.  Adles  &  Mernoiresdela  Paix  d'Utrecht. 

D  4  ran* 


40  The  Hijlory  of  "Portugal. 

ranfom  :  whatever  privileges  or  exemptions  his  Portuguefe 
majefty  granted  to  the  French  in  his  dominions,  the 
French  king  was  to  grant  the  like  to  the  Portuguefe  ;  the 
commerce  between  the  two  nations  was  to  be  put  on  the 
fame  foot  as  before  the  war  ;  the  French  quitted  all  right, 
and  all  pretenfions  to  the  countries  lying  about  the  North 
Cape,  between  the  river  of  Amazons  and  that  of  Vin- 
cent Pynfon,  acknowleging  the  crown  of  Portugal  to  have 
the  fole  property  and  fovereignty  of  the  fouth,  as  well  as 
the  north  fhores  of  the  river  of  Amazons,  annulling  the 
treaty  concluded  with  Don  Pedro  the  Second,  and  per- 
mitting his  Portuguefe  majefty  to  reft  ore  thof:  forts  which 
that  monarch  had  been  obliged  to  dcmolifti.  It  is  very 
certain  that  the  Portuguefe  were  very  well  treated  in  this 
negociation.  It  was  afferted  by  the  Englifh  minifters, 
that  they  had  infilled  upon  thefe  terms  •,  on  the  other 
hand,  the  plenipotentiaries  of  rjie  crown  of  France  openly 
declared,  that  they  were  the  pure  effects  of  his  moft  Chri- 
flian  majefty's  generofity.  Things,  however,  remained 
{till  open  with  refpcCl  to  Spain,  and  great  pretenfions 
v  ere  formed  by  that  court  with  regard  to  Portugal,  which 
it  was  intimated,  ought  to  be  fettled  before  any  progrefs 
could  be  made  in  an  affair  of  fo  great  confequence  as  a 
definitive  peace.  France,  however,  promifed  her  good 
offices,  and  the  court  of  Lifbon,  from  a  principal  of  ceco- 
nomy,  •  reduced  their  forces  to  the  eilablifhmcnt  upon 
which  they  flood  before  the  war,  and  quartered  them  on 
.A.D.  1-1 -•  their  frontiers.  At  the  latter  end  of  tbe  year  arrived  the 
.  fleet  from  .Brazil,  with  a  cargo  valued  at  more  than  a  mil- 

lion and  a  half  ilerling,  and   this,  notwithstanding  the 
king's  duty  at  the  mines  had   been   Hopped   to   indemnify 
the  people  for  the  lofs  fuftained  by  the  French  depreda- 
tions at  Rio  Janeiro  c. 
Kh%  of  The  perplexity  of  the  cabinet  at  Lifbon  increafed  daily 

Portugal  from  the  refractory  difpefu  ions  of  fome  in  the  Brazils,  from 
•/?'"/"?r"  a  difcontented  humour  that  fpread  itfelf  amongft  the  popu- 
*  exe  '  lace,  and  from  fome  intrigues  amongft  the  nobility.  The 
king,  who  was  a  prince  of  much  temper  and  moderation, 
diffembled  his  diflike  to  things  that  could  not  be  amended, 
temporized  with  the  houfe  of  Bourbon,  and  reprefemed 
to  his  old  allies  how  much  it  was  their  intereft  to  draw 
him  out  of  fo  unpleafant  a  fituation  ;  fince,  if  they  aban- 

c  Memoires  pour  fei  vir  a  THiftoire  du  Siecle  xviii.  par  Mon- 
{ieur  Lamperty,  rorru  viii.  Mercare  Hiltonque  &  Politique,  Hi- 
ftroy  of  Europe  for  171 3, 

doned 


The  Hijlory  of  Portugal,  41 

doned  Portugal,  they  had  no  means  of  giving  check  to 
tli.ic  v.iil  power  which  they  had  thrown  into  the  hands  of 
*  )n  the  6th  of  June  the  queen  was  happily  deliver- 
ed of  the  infant  Don  Joseph.  The  king  immediately  took 
this  occafion  to  defire  Lewis  the  Fourteenth  to  be  his  fpon- 
for,  and  named  an  ambaffador  to  his  court,  and  another 
who  in  due  time  wa  1  air  to  Madrid.     All  this  time 

the  peaee  feemed  farther  oil" than  ever,  the  court  of  Spain 
infilling  upon  fatisfaction  for  two  (hips  taken,  as  they  af- 
firmed, before  war  was  declared,  which  they  eftimated  at 
feveral  millions  j  they  declined  any  pofitivc  anfwer  as  to 
the  demand  of  the  reftitution  of  the  new  colony  which 
they  had  taken  from  the  Portuguele,  near  Buenos  Ayres  ; 
and  they  infilled,  that  the  whole  eflate  of  the  family  of 
Aveiro  fhould  be  reftored  to  the  4uke  d'Arco,  who  had 
married  the  eldeft  of  that  duke's  daughters.  To  give 
weight  to  thefe  claims  the  court  of  Madrid  augmented 
their  forces  on  the  frontiers,  railing  magazines,  and  gave 
out,  that,  after  the  reduction  of  Barcelona,  the  troops  in 
Catalonia  fhould  march  into  Eflremadura.  Don  Juan  pcr- 
hited  in  the  fame  Heady  behaviour;  but  at  the  fame  time, 
as  his  lalt  refource,  reprefented  to  Lewis  the  Fourteenth, 
that  this  was  not  the  way  to  maintain  the  quiet  of  Europe: 
that  it  was  againft  his  intereft  to  delay  the  general  peace; 
and  that  events  were  not  in  the  power  of  the  greatelt  cap- 
tains or  the  wifefl  politicians.  The  French  court  gave 
fair  words ;  but  it  is  uncertain  what  would  have  followed 
from  them.  However,  two  things  fell  out  before  the  end  A  D.1714. 
of  the  year  which  altered  the  face  of  affairs  exceedingly  ;  * 

one  was  the  death  of  queen  Anne,  within  a  week  after 
which  the  lords  juftices  iignified  to  his  majefty  of  Portugal, 
that  they  would  oblige  the  crown  of  Spain  to  give  a  cate- 
gorical anfwer,  and  if  this  was  inconfillcnt  with  the  ori- 
ginal plan  of  peace,  he  might  depend  on  fpeedy  and  effec- 
tual affiitanced.  The  other  was  the  arrival  of  a  very  rich 
fleet  from  Brazil,  with  the  news  that  all  the  ill  humour  in 
that  country  was  diffipated  by  the  difcovery  of  a  new  mine, 
for  working  of  which  thofe  who  had  been  mod  diffatisfied 
now  bid  thehirhett.  King  John  immediately  gave  orders 
for  vifiting  his  fortreffes.  erecting  magazines,  and  levying 
men,  as  if  he  was  fatisfied  the  war  would  break  out  again, 
and  thefe  Heps  had  the  defired  effe£t.     The  court  of  Ver- 

*  Boycr's  Life  of  Queen  Anne,  Hiftoire  de  la  Vie  &  du  Regne 
de  Louis  XIV.  Mercure  lliltorique  &  Politique,  Memoires  par 
Lambcrty. 

failles 


4*  The  Hlfiory  of  Port: 

failles  interpofed  its  influence,  and  that  of  Madrid  becama 
more  tracbble  every  hour;  fo  that  there  fcarce  remained 
a  doubt  the  peace  would  be  figned  before  the  fufpeniion  of 
arms  expired. 
Tract  m  In  this  condu£fc,however,  there  was  fomewhat  of  art!: 

length  tan-  as  Jt  was  founded  on  an  expe&ation  that  Portugal  would 
a-      tTl;    rece^e  *n  fomeofher  pretentions,  oratleaft  would  a: 
n.yrftv  at    ^>me  °f  tne  claims  infilled  on  by  the  court  of  Madrid. 
Utrei&t.      King  John  proving  inflexible,  Lewis  the  Fourteenth 
clared  to  his  minifter,  that  lie  had  employed  his  g< 
with  his  grandfon  without  being  able  to  prevail.     A 
claration  of  the  fume  kind  was  made  to  the  court  of  ( 
Britain.     King  J  hn  parfifted  in  his  fteadlnefs  :  the 
jaifii  plenipotentiary  at  the  beginning  of  this  year  propofed 
to  the  Portuguefe  miniftcrs  at  Utrecht,  to  adjuft  the  treaty 
amon^ll  themfelves.     Whea  this  was  done  the  court  of 
Verfailles  was  confuted  ;  and  upon  an  anfw  r 
from  thence,  arefolution  was  taken  to  fign  it   alien  the 
■world  leaft  expected  any  fuch  thing  ;  bul 
it  was  thought  proper  this  mould  be   ;■-   •,;:  very  fee 
and  without  any    of  the   ceremonies   that  ufually  attend 
the  conclufion  of  adts  of  fuch  high  importance.     The  me- 
thod taken  was  this  ;  the  plenipotentiaries  brought  each  a 
copy  of  the  treaty  with  him,  and,  under  pretence  of  tak- 
ing a  walk  in  the  Mall,  they  met,  and  figned  it  upon  one 
of  the  benches,  on  the  6th   day   of   February  c.     There* 
were  prefent  only  five  pcrfons,  the  duke  of  Ofluna,  the 
Spanifh  plenipotentiary,  the  count  de  Tarouca  and  Don 
Lewis  de  Acunha,  the  minifters  of  Portugal,  Mr.  Zan- 
corra,  fecretaryto  the  duke,  and  i\I.  de  Lima,  who  flood 
in  the  fame  capacity  to  the  count  and  Don  i.ewis.     This, 
gentleman  had  the  addrtfs  in  framing  the  treaty  to  name 
his  own  maiter  fir  ft,  and   to  fatisfy   the  Spaniih  plenipo- 
tentiary that  it  was  agreeable  to   the  form  ;  in  which  it 
has  been  thought  that  he  was  a  little  too  cunning  for  him. 
However,    it  eflablifhcd  a  precedent  that   1'oitugal  will 
hardly  depart  from,  and  gave  the  hint   to  that  expedient 
which  was  univerfally  admitted  at  the  conclusion  of  the 
lad  general  peace.     The  reafon  of  the  fecrecy  obferved  in 
the  fgningwas  the  duke  of  Ofiuna's  having  fent  a  courier 
to  Verfailles,  to  dclirc  the  lbiutici:  of  fome  difficulties,  who, 

'Corps  Univerfel  Diplomatique  do  Droit,  des  Gens  torn.  viii. 
par.  u  p.  444.  Mercure  HiUorique  &  V'oiinque,  Memoires  par 
Lamberty,  Le  Siecle  de  Louis  JCI V.  y:.r  Montieur  Voltaire,  Hiltory 
of  Europe  for  17 14. 

returned 


TJse  Hijiory  of  Portugal,  43 

returned  a  little  after  midnight  with  a  full  approbation  of 
the  duke's  conduct ;  fo  that  the  tranfadion  was  made  pub- 
Jie  the  very  next  day. 

By  this  treaty  Portugal  was  in  all  rcfpe&s  a  gainer.     It  Subflance 
was  that  the  limits  of  the  two  monarchies  ihould  °f  thi*  , 

I  ie  they  were  before  the  war.     His  catholic  ma-  Pcattm 

jelly  cu  Jented  to  reitore  the  caltle  of  Noudar,  and  its 
territory  the  ifland  of  Verdoejo,  and  tne  territory  and  co» 
lony  of  St.  Sacrament,  renouncing  for  himiclf  and  his 
heirs  ad  claim  and  pretenfionsto  them,  and  annulling  the 
provifional  treaty  of  ihBi;  hut  with  a  refervation  of  a 
power  of  offering  an  equivalent  for  thefe  places  within 
teen  months,  which,  if  not  accepted,  the  ri^ht  was 
to  be  abfolute  in  the  king  of  Portugal.  His  catholic  ma- 
jelly  alfo  agreed  to  pay  fix  hundred  thoufand  crowns,  by 
three  equal  payments,  to  extinguifh  all  demands  in  rela- 
tion to  the  Alliento  company.  He  alfo  admitted  the  three 
{hips  belonging  to  Buenos  Ayres,  feized  a;  the  beginning 
of  the  war,  to  be  good  prizes.  On  the  other  hand,  his 
Portuguefe  majefty  undertook  to  reftore  Albuquerque  and 
Puebia  in  the  condition  they  then  were,  without  demand- 
ing any  thing  for  the  additional  fortifications,  artillery, 
or  military  ftoresi  he  relinquifhed  all  the  claims  and  pre- 
tenfions  arifing  from  the  Alliento  company ;  renewed  the 
concordate  of  Don  Sebaftian  for  the  mutual  delivering  up 
of  criminals,  and  the  treaties  between  the  two  crowns  of 
1678  and  1 70 1.  This  treaty  was  declared  to  be  under  the 
guaranty  of  Great  Britain,  and  alio  of  all  fuch  kings, 
princes,  and  republics  as  within  the  fpace  of  fix  months 
mould  become  and  be  accepted  as  guaranties  by  their 
majefties. 


CHAP. 


'  44  tte  Hflory  of  Navarre* 

CHAP.      LXVII. 

T/ie  Hijlory  of  the  YJngdom  of  Navarre. 

SEC    T.      I. 

Rife  of  this  Sovereignty,  and  the  Hijlory  of  its  Princes 
to  the  Acceffion  of  Sancho  the  Gre.it. 

Several         A    S  to  the  name  of  Navarre,  it  is  of  equal  or  rather 
etymoleg-es   J^\^  earlier  antiquity  than  the  fovereignty  \  but  what  it 
ciu  war    means    or  whence  derived,  is  very  far  from  be  in  j;  clear. 
which  are  "ome  *ay  that  one  ot  the  molt  conlpicuous  mountains  on 
altogether    the  frontiers  of  this  kingdom  bears  the  name  of  Navaca, 
vagueand  from  whence  Navarre  might  be  formed  by  corruption  a. 
uncertain.   »pjie  more  general  notion   is,  that   Nava  figtiiries  a  plain 
fpot   of  ground  cleared  from  wood,  and   that  cria,  in  the 
ancient   Cantabrian  language,  fignified  land;  and  taking 
thefe   together  the  country  was  firlt  called  Nava  crria, 
which  was  gradually  changed  into  Navarre  b.     It  is  fomc- 
what  more  certain  that  Nava  fignifies  in  Spanifh,  a  val- 
ley ivilh  >ocks  on  both  files;  and  the  reader  may  remember 
the   decifive   victory  gained   by   the   Chriftians  over  the 
Moors  at  the  Nava  de  Tolofa,  which  is  as  much  as  to  fay 
the  Pafs  of  Tolofa  c.     As  this  country  contains  many  fuch 
vallies,  or  navas,   it  is  poffible  the  appellation  might  come 
from  thence.      On  the. other  hand,  it  isjult  to  obferve, 
th  »t  the  firft  time  the  appellation  occurs,  it  is  in  Latin, 
and  is  Navarri d,  and  is  applied  not  to  the  country  but  to 
the  people,  which   makes  againft  all   thefe  etymologies, 
which  juflifies  what  we  faid  of  them,  that  they  are  dubi- 
ous and  little  to  the  purpofe. 
y.artavat       Mariana  tells  us,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Pyrenees, 
accamtoj    taking  the  advantage  of  their  Situation,  defended  them- 
t/itorigin     felv-es  againft  the  Moors,  but  without  being  fubject.  to  any 
{r'T  Jugular  form  of  government,  till  they  were   induced  to 
iva    ere£t  a  principality  by  the  following  extraordinary  acci- 
cr  Na-        dent.     Iheie  was  a  pious  hermit,  whole  name  was  John, 
•varre. 

a  Garibay    Compendio  Hiftorial  de  las  Cronicas  de  todos  los 
Reynds' de  Efpana,  Jib.  xxi.  i>  L'Hiftoirede  Royautnede 

Navarre,  p.  t.  c  Mariana  Hiftoria  general  de  Hifj  ana, 

Ferreras  Hiftoria  de  Hifpaaa.  a  Eginhart  Annal.  A.  D, 

Sc6. 

who 


The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre.  45 

"rho  in  thefe  times  of  diftrefs  and  dcfolation  retired  to  the 
iicep  mountain  of  Urucla,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
city  of  Jaccaj  and  upon  one  of  its  eminences,  built  a 
chapel,  which  he  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptift.  There 
he  remained  with   four  of  his  dilciples ;  and  dying  with 
the  odour  of  fanctity,  there  reforted  incredible  multitudes 
of  people  to  his  funeral.     Amongft  the  reft  there  were  no 
lefs  than  fix   hundred  gentlemen  ;  but  whether  they  re- 
forted thither  purely  by  chance,  or  that  this  meeting  was 
concerted  by   fome   of   the    moll   diftinguifhed  amongft 
them,  fo  it  was  that  they  took  occafion  to  difcourfe  toge- 
ther on  the  miferiesto  which  their  country  was  expofed  ; 
the  rage  and  cruelty  of  the  Moors ;  the  glory  that  would 
refult  from  throwing  off  their  yoke*  the  natural  ftrength 
of  the  adjacent  country;    its   vicinity  to  France,    from 
whence  they  might  hope  fuppcrt;  and  the  example  given 
them  by  their  neighbours  in  the  Afturias,  who  had  pro- 
claimed and   fupported  Don  Felagio  againft  the  whole 
force  of  the  infidels.      After  mature  deliberation,  they 
unanimoufly  eledled  Don  Garcia  Ximenes  for  their  chief. 
It  does  not  appear  that  he  was  of  royal  defcenr,  or  fo 
much  as  of  the  blood  of  the  Goths  ;  but  rather  judged  to 
be  descended  of  the  ancient  Spaniards:  however,  he  was 
a  pcrfon  of  great  distinction,  being  lord  of  Amefcua  and 
Abariufa,  in  that  neighbouihood  ;  and  he  had  efpoufed 
Donna  Inign,  who  was  alfo  of  an  illuftrious  race.     It  is 
not  agreed  whether  he  was  properly  king  of  Sobrarva  or 
Navarre  ;  but  he  recovered  Ainfa,  which  is  the  principal 
place  in  the  firft  mentioned  country,  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  infidels,  and  built  a  noble  church,  where  the  chapel  A.  D.  75$. 
of  St.  Juan  de  la  Pcnna  had  flood,  and  appointed  it  to  be  "' 
the  burial-place  of  himfeif  and  his  fucceflbrs. 

On  the  demife  of  this  prince  fucceeded  his  fon  Don 
■Garcia  Inigas,  equally  diftinguifhed  by  his  valour  and  his 
talents  for  government.  He  extended  his  territories  as 
far  as  the  country  of  Bifcay,  or  at  lead  made  himfeif  maf- 
-ter  of  Alava.  Under  his  reign  Aznar,  the  fon  of  Eudcs 
the  Great,  took  from  the  Moors  fome  places  near  the 
river  Arga,  to  which  Don  Garcia  gave  the  title  of  a  coun- 
ty, and  received  homage  from  him  as  the  firft  count  of 
Arragon.  lie  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  of  the  fame  name, 
who  left  his  county  to  Don  Galindo,  by  whom  they  were 
iranfmitted  to  his  fon  Don  Ximenes  Aznar.  Don  Garcia  A.  D.  tot. 
Injgas,  at  his  demife,  left  his  dominions  to  Don  Fortune  '  - 

Garcia  his  Ion,  a  rwiiice  highly  celebrated  for  his  valour 
and  his  virtues.     He  wasp  rcfent  in  the  famous  battle  of 

Ronccvaux, 


a6  ?&e  Hiflory  of  Navarre* 

Roncevaux,  in  which  the  emperor  Charlemagne  was  de* 
feated  j  and  in  which  Don  Ximenes  Aznar,  count  of  Ar- 
ragon,  loft  his  life,  whofe  fifler  Theuda  was  married  to 
the  king  Don  Fortune.  He  had  by  her  Don  Sancho  Gar- 
cia, who  conquered  the  country  now  known  by  the  name 
A.  D.  715.  of  Navarre,  and  fixed  his  refidence  atPampeluna.  He  is 
-  reported  to  have  been  flain  in  battle   againft  the  famous 

Moor  Muza,  and  to  have  been  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Don 
Ximenes  Garcia,  who,  with  his  wife  Donna  Munia,  lies 
interred  in  the  monaftery  of  St.  Salvador  dc  Leira,  in' 
whom  the  royal  family  became  extindt ;  and  an  interreg- 
num enfued,  during  which  that  famous  code  was  made, 
which  is  entitled  Los  Fueros  de  Sobrarva,  or  the  laws  of 
Sobrarva,  from  whence  all  the  boafted  privileges  and  im- 
munities of  the  people  of  Arragon  were  derived. 

At  the  time  the  Moors  fubdued  Spain,  it  is  evident, 
from  the  concurrence  of  the  hiftorians  of  all  nations,  that 
the\  pufhed  their  victories  to  the  utmoft  limits  of  the 
irchy  of  the, Goths :  and,  not  fatisfied  with  reducing 
the  whole  continent  of  Spain,  laboured  to  feize  fo  much 
of  Gaul  as  had  been  in  their  poffeflion  c.  This  defign 
brought  them  to  have  fome  difputes  with  Eudes,  duke  of 
Aquitaine,  who  deteated  Zaina,  one  of  their  generals, 
before  the  city  ofTouloufe,  and  cut  him  off  in  his  flight f. 
In  order  to  ftrengthen  himfclf  more  effectually,  not  only 
-  »  againft  ihefe  barbarous  enemies,  but  alfo  againft  Charles 

Martel,  who  then  governed  the  French  monarchy,  he 
gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Munnuz,  a  Moorifh  ge- 
neral, who  had  revolted  in  Catalonia.  Abderamen,  who 
had  then  the  fupreme  direction  of  the  affairs  of  the  Moors 
In  Spain,  marched  with  a  prodigious  army  to  reduce  him, 
to  punifh  the  duke  of  Aquitaine,  and  to  penetrate  into 
the  more  fertile  provinces  of  France.  The  two  firft  parts 
of  his  defign  he  executed,  taking  Munnuz,  whom  he  put 
to  death,  and  ravaging  and  deftroying  the  dominions  of 
the  duke  of  Aquitaine  •,  but  advancing  imprudently  with 
his  numerous  army  into  the  neighbourhood  of  Poicliers, 
he  was  attacked  by  the  French,  under  the  command  of 
Charles  iMartel  in  front,  and  when  the  battle  was  at  the 
height,  by  Eudes  duke  of  Aquitaine  in  rear,  a  circum- 
ftance  which  brought  on  one  of  the  moft  fignal  and  total 
&  **'  734'  defeats  of  which  there  is  any  mention  in  hiftory  g.    This 


7he  defeat 
given  the 
Saracens 
at  Poitiers 
opens  a 
faffagefor 
the  French 
into  Spain. 


A.  D. 711 


c  Petr't  de  Marca,  Limes  Hifpanicus, 
f  Roderic  Toletan  Hiftor.  Arab.  tap.  xiii. 
gobard,  lib,  vi-  Ilidor  Pacens  Ckron. 


Mariana,     Ferreras. 
6  Paul  Lon* 

broke 


The  Hiflory  of  Navarre.  47 

broke  the  power  of  the  Saracens,  and  in  all  human  proba- 
bility faved  Chriftendom.    Pepin,  the  (on  of  Charles  Mar- 

ered  Narbonne,  ami  compelled  Sulcyman,  who  A.  D.  7?*- 

1,  Gironne,  and  the  be  ft  part  of  Catalonia, 

come  his  vaflal  h. 
On  the  acceflion  of  Chadcmagne,  fome  of  the  Moorifli  A.  D.  77*- 
governors,  defirous  of  (baking  off  the  yoke  of  the  mira-  ■ 

mamolin,  fought  his  affiftance,  and  offered  him  their  ho-  cfiarie' 
■  :    amongft   the  chief  of  thefe  was  Eben   al  Gabra,  ™*r*tJt 
ofia,  who,  having  given  him   his  fon  as  an  andr<co~ 
h  oft  age,  pVeffed  him  to  enter  Spain,  which  he  did  with  n>eisp*rt 
it  armies,  one  palling  through  Catalonia,  and  the  °)  tfttt 
lich  he  commanded  in  Spain,  through  Navarre,  ^**r^  ^ 
Pampelojia,  and  pufhed  his  conquefts  as  jm^ 


where  he  took 


the  Ebro*  In  his  return,  however,  after  having  de- 
molifhed  Pa m  pel  una*  he  met  with  a  very  fevere  check  in 
•Loncevaux,  where  he  loft  fome  of  his  beft 
officers,  a  great  part  of  his  army,  and  all  his  baggage; 
but,  however,  he  wifely  continued  his  retreat;  neither 
diil  this  misfortune  deprive  him  of  the  places  he  had  oc- 
cupied on  the  march  or  frontier  of  Spain  i%  In  order  to 
underftand  this  matter  clearly,  we  muft  consider  the  fe- 
veral  nations  by  whom  the  chain  of  the  Pyrennees,  and 
the  countries  at  the  foot  of  them  on  both  fides,  were  oc- 
cupied: thefe  were  the  Moors,  who  held  fome  fortified 
places,  as  conquc  rors  in  right  of  arms ;  the  Goths,  who 
had  retired  into  the  inacccllible  mountains,  in  hopes  of 
enjoying  freedom  and  their  religion  ;  and  a  third  people, 
who  were  the  Vafcons,  Bafeons,  Bafques,  or  Gafcons,  for 
ill  but  one  name,  and  one  nation  k.  If  there  is  any 
diftinctionto.be  made,  thofe  on  the  Spanifh  fide  of  the 

tains  are  ufually  ftyled  Vafcons,  and  that  of  Gafeons 
belong  to  thofe  on  the  French  fide.  They  were  an  active, 
;  !,  fickle,  turbulent,  and  cunning  people.  It  was 
nation  that  defeated  Charlemagne,  and  who,  in  point 
of  numbers  and  of  power,  exceeded  both  the  Goths  and 
the  Moors  ;  that  is  to  fay  in  this  country  of  their's,  which, 
though  ill  governed,  was  well  peopled. 

Charlemagne  having  given    Aquitainc,  with  the  eon-  Navttrrt 
quefts  on  the  fide  of  Spain,  to  his  fon  Lewis,  with  the  at  tint 
title  of  king,  he  turned  his  arms  againft  the  infidels  ;  and  )UT>R*r* 
having  made  a  fuccefsful  expedition  into  Catalonia,  paffed  Jj**^* 

to  fe  viral 
*  Pet.  de  Marca,  Limes  Hifpanicus,  Eginhart  Amu!.       1  Eg'm-  o)  his 
turt  de  Vita  Sc  gcitis  Caioli  Magni.  *  Oiiunaitus  Notitia  jncctjforu 

tttrkiJGjue  Vafcoaus, 

fxora 


48       *  The  Hiflory  of  Navarre, 

from  thence  into  Arragon,  and  returned  through  Navarre 
into  France.  At  this  time  he  recovered  Pampeluna, 
which  had  again  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  Moors ;  and 
in  the  hiftory  of  this  expedition  we  firft  meet  with  the 
word  Navarre  '.  After  thefe  conquefts  he  eftablifhed,  ac- 
cording to  the  mode  of  the  times,  and  of  the  Gallic  go- 
vernment, counts  in  all  the  considerable  places  which  he 
A.  D.  S06.  reduced  m.  About  eighteen  years  after  this  event,  under 
1  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Lewis  le  Debonnaire,  a  French 

army,  commanded  by  two  counts,  was  fent  to  drive  the 
Moors  out  of  Navarre,  a  fervice  which  they  performed, 
and  having  fecured  Pampeluna,  marched  back  into  France  ; 
but  the  monarch  of  Cordova  having  the  Vafcons,  or  Gaf- 
cons,  in  his  intereft,  they  attacked,  and  totally  defeated 
them  in  their  paffage,  taking  both  the  counts  prifoners. 
A.  D.  814.  One  of  them,  whofe  name  was  Ebba,  they  fent  to  the  king 

of  Cordova,  and  the  other,  whofe  name  was  Aznar,  they 

fet  at  liberty,  becaufe  he  was  their  countryman  ". 
A.  D.  831.  The  emperor  Lewis  having  given  Aquitaine,  with  the 
title  of  king,  to  his  fon  Pepin,  that  prince  fome  way  or 
?arfre~  other  difobliged  this  count  Aznar,  who  withdrawing  from 
kin*  Pepin,  t^le  French,  retired  amongft  the  Spanifh  Vafcons,  and  in 
audefta-  the  country  of  Sobrarva,  by  the  affiftance  of  his  relations 
blitbes  him-  and  dependents,  excited  a  revolt ;  here  in  reality  com- 
felj amonj-J}  mencet|  that  fovereignty,  of  which  we  have  undertaken 

Vafconsl  to  8've  an  account :  Dut  *n  wr>at  manner  this  revolt  was 
carried  on,  or  to  what  extent  he  carried  it,  does  not  ap- 
pear, in  ancient  chronicles  °.  However,  from  this  deduc- 
tion the  reader  cannot  but  difcern,  that  what  has  been  be- 
fore reported  of  the  ancient  kingdoms  of  Sobrarva  and 
Pampeluna,  are  mere  fictions,  at  leaft  in  the  manner  in 
which  we  have  feen  them  related  ;  for  during  the  period 
in  which  thofe  principalities  are  fuppofed  to  have  exifted, 
we  have  fhewn  that  thofe  countries  belonged  fometimes 
to  the  French,  fometimes  to  the  Moors,  but  never  to  any 
independent  fovereign,  great  or  little.  We  have  likewife 
made  it  evident,  that  this  principality  did  not  fpring,  as 
that  of  Afturias,  from  the  valour  of  the  Goths  ;  neither 
was  it  ere&ed,  properly  fpeaking,  at  the  expence  of  the 
Moors,  but  by  throwing  off  the  yoke  of  France.  It  mud, 
however,  be  admitted  that  the  moft  authentic  hiftories 
of  the  kingdoms  of  Oviedo  and  Leon  «*  aflert,  that  their 

1  Eginhart  Annal.  A.  D,  80S.  «»  Petri  de  Marca. 

b  JLginhart  Vita  Lodovici,  p.  ii.  •   Annate-  Metenf. 

if  Ciiiooicon  Ovitenfe,  Lucas  TudenGs,  Chroa.  Adefonli  Ma  gnu 

mon- 


Hi/lory  of  Nav..  4) 

monarch*  were  fometirne9  matters  of  Ahiva,  Bifcny,  and 

n   01    the  city  of   Pampeluna, 
h  may  be,  and,  as  we  have  fliewn  clfewhcrc,  proba- 
bly is  tr: 

'Count  Aznar,  by  his  revolt  from  Pepin  king  of  Aqui-  Tit  n 
tain  beginning  to  this  fovereignty  ;  which  is  a  fatt  °f"unt 

nak<  1  but  not  deftitute  of  proof.  AzKar' 

We  know  little  of  thoi  Mid  amongft  the  little  we 

know  is  this,  I  fit  Azhai"  retired  with  the  Cafcon ., 

who  would   fol   ■  '  him  out   of  the  more  acceffible  vallies 
on  the  fide  of  Frahce*,  into  the  almoft  impenetrable  moun- 
tains on  the  Ji    1  Mors  (  n   he  provided  in  the 
beft  manner  he     mid  for  the  fubiiitence  of  his  people  in  a 
wild  and  barren  country,    :nd  for  their  fafety  againft  the 
Moors  on  one  fide,  and   fcveral  Chriftian  princes  on  the 
other,  none  of  whom  had  any  reafon  to  confider  either 
him  or  them  in  a  rery  advantageous  lfght.      The  difturb- 
ances  that  happened   in  the  imperial  family  hindered  Pe- 
pin king  of  Aquitaine  from  purfuing  this  rebel,  though  it 
is  not  altogether  certain   that  he  continued  fuch  during 
his  life  :  it  is  more  probable,  that  he  either  compromifed 
his  quarrel  with  him,  or  that  he  was   received  into  his 
friendship  as  an  ally,  fince  he  is  thought  to  have  loft  his 
life  in  the  quarrel  that  enfued  upon  the  emperor's  bellow- 
ing the  dominions  which  his  fon  Pepin  had  enjoyed  upori 
his  other  fon  Charles,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  children  of 
Pepin  %  whofe  part  was  taken  by  the  lords  of  Aquitaine, 
and  even  by  this  count  Aznar,  who,  though   he  revolted 
from  their  father,  died  in  the  field  in  their  caufe  and  his 
own  •,  being  fenfible  that  whoever   was  ftrong  enough  to  A.  D.  837. 

fpoil  them  of  their  patrimony,  would  never  allow  him  to  

poffefs,  in  the  manner  he  de fired  to  polTefs  it,  the  little 
country  he  held,  where  or  whatfoeve'r  it  might  be. 

Count  Sancho,  the  brother  of  the  deceafed,  Succeeded  DonSancho 
him  in  his  fmall  eftates,  and  governed  them  according  to  f^cceedy  ins 
his  maxims,  paying  fometimes  great  refpect  to  Pepin  the  b,oUier' 
Second,  and  at  others  affecting  to  acknowlege  no  fuperi- 
or.     He  extended  his  territories  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to 
join  part  of  Arragon  and  Navarre  to  Sobrarva  ;  and  he  alfo 
treated  with  the  princes  his  neighbours  fo  as  to  live  with 
them  on  tolerable  terms1-.      He  had  likewife  fome  trans- 
actions with  Charles  the  Bald,  to  whom   he  fometimes 
gave  fair  words,  and  acknowleged  him  in  general  terms 

q  Annales  Bertiniani.  *  Ferrcras,  Hiftoriadc  Hifpana, 

torn,  ii,  par.  iv.  fett.  ix. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  E  for 


5<> 


Don  Gar- 
da  comes 

to  the  Jo- 
*verei$tity. 


The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

for  his  prince  ;  with  a  defign  to  have  rccourfe  to  his 
protection  in  cafe  Ordogno  king  of  Aflurias  fhould  form 
any  pretentions  to  his  prejudice  :  for  that  prince  having 
reduced  the  Gafcons  in  the  province  of  Alava,  was  ful- 
pected  of  a  defign  to  carry  his  arms  farther,  againft  which 
count  Sancho  took  the  beft  meafures  he  was  able.  We 
have  it  not  in  our  power  to  fpeak  with  any  certainty  of 
the  extent  of  his  territories,  or  the  place  of  his  refi- 
dence  ;  the  few  contemporary  writers  have  been  content 
to  report,  that  the  people  of  Navarre  were  at  this  time 
Chriltians,  and  were  governed  by  a  prince  whofe  name 
was  Don  Sancho.  He  died  at  a  very  critical  juncture, 
and  left  his  principality,  then  in  great  danger  of  being  over- 
whelmed by  the  power  of  Charles  the  Bald,  to  his  fon, 
who  was  either  wife  or  fortunate  enough  to  avail  himfelf 
of  that  very  danger  to  fhake  off  all  dependence  %  and  be- 
come truly  a  prince. 

Don  Garcia,  at  his  entrance  on  the  government,  found 
all  the  fovereignties  about  him  in  the  utmoft  confufion. 
Muza,  governor  of  Saragofla,  who  is  generally  reputed  to 
have  been  a  Chriftian,  and  a  Goth  by  birth,  but  who  had 
raifed  himfelf  to  the  higheft  honours  by  the  difplay  of  his 
military  virtues  amongft  the  Moors,  understanding  that 
his  old  mafter  was  dead,  revolted  from  the  new  king  of 
Cordova.  Charles  the  Bald»  having  fhut  up  the  fons  of 
Pepin  in  a  monaftery,  gave  the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine  to 
his  fon  j  a  meafure  which  difobliged  many  of  his  fubjects, 
and  none  fo  much  as  the  Gafcons.  Upon  this  occafion, 
many  of  their  little  chiefs  reforted  to  Don  Garcia,  to  take 
his  advice,  and  to  demand  his  protection.  He  received 
them  kindly,  and  denied  them  neither.  He  told  them, 
that  brave  men  in  a  country  ftrcng  by  fituation  might  be 
always  free,  and  gave  them  bxo:A  hints,  that  in  a  fituation 
like  their's  fubmiflion  mull  be  neceflarily  attended  with 
flavery  at  leaft,  if  not  extirpation.  Thefe  hints  induced 
them  to  fix  under  his  government  for  their  own  fecurity, 
and  rendered  him  much  more  formidable  than  his  prede- 
celTors.  In  order  to  strengthen  himfelf  ftill  more,  and 
that  he  might  have  nothing  to  fear  from  that  fide  on  which 
his  dominions  lay  molt  open,  he  thought  fit  to  efpoufe 
the  daughter  of  Muza,  whofe  revolt  had  been  attended 
with  fuch  fuccefs  that  he  alTumed  the  title  of  king  c. 


•  Chron.  Adefonfi  Magni,  Ferreras, 

Magni. 


t  .Chron.  Adefonfi 
This 


The  HiJIory  of  Navarrt.  $x 

This  prince  of  the  Gafcons  was  equally  brave  and  po-  j,  killed  im 
litic,  but  as  his  prudence  did  not  go  fo  fax  as  to  make  him  battlt 
afraid  of  war  when  it  was  neceffary,  fo  his  martial  fpirit  «?«/»/  th§ 
never  fuggdtcd  to  him  dilturbing  his  neighbours  purely  to  '"&.  °f 
enlarge  tm  dominions.  He  thought  it  more  fuitable  to 
his  circumftances  to  bring  what  he  had  acquired  into  re- 
gular order,  and  a  good  condition :  with  which  view  he 
began  to  ere£t  fome  fortreffes,  and  to  enlarge  the  towns 
within  the  compafs  of  this  little  principality.  The  fame 
conduct  he  recommended  alfo  to  Muza,  who,  that  he 
might  carry  on  the  war  againft  the  king  of  Cordova  with 
greater  vigour,  refolved  to  fortify  the  town  of  Albayda, 
that  it  might  cover  his  country  from  the  incurfions  of  the 
Chriftians  of  Afturias.  The  king  Don  Ordogno  taking 
umbrage  at  this  conduct,  and  being  apprehenfive  that 
when  his  affairs  fhould  be  in  better  order  the  king  of  Sa- 
ragofTa  might  from  thence  make  irruptions  into  his  terri- 
tories, afTembled  an  army,  and  laid  ficge  to  Albayda  as 
Coon,  or  perhaps  before  its  fortifications  were  finifiied. 
Muza  marched  to  its  relief,  and  his  fon-in-law  Don  Gar- 
cia made  no  fcruple  of  joining  him  with  a  body  of  auxili- 
aries. They  encamped  upon  a  mountain  not  far  diftaut 
from  the  place,  in  hopes  perhaps  that  their  appearance 
might  induce  Don  Ordogno  to  raifc  the  ficge  :  but  that 
monarch,  who  had  a  great  confidence  in  the  valour  of  his 
troops,  refolved,  notwithstanding  the  Strength  of  their 
camp,  to  attack  them  without  delay.  This  defign  he  ex- 
ecuted with  fo  much  vigour  that  the  Moors,  was  quickly 
broke,  and  Muza  having  received  three  danger o.iis  wounds, 
made  his  efcape  on  a  horfe  given  him  by  one  of  Don  Or- 
dogno's  officers  out  of  perfonal  friendfhip.  But  Don  ^  tj  g-7< 
Garcia  having  either  advanced  too  far,  or  difdaining  to  . 

fave  his  life  by  a  retreat,  was  killed  upon  the  fpot,  to  the 
great  grief  of  his  fubjec*tsu,  who  with  great  reafp.n  revered 
the  virtue  and  valour  by  which  he  eftablifhed  fo  regular 
and  powerful  a  principality  w. 

Don  Garcia  Iniguez,  as  he  is  called  by  fome,  or  Don  Don  Gar- 
Garcia  Ximenes,  as  he  is  (tyled  by  others,  fucceeded  his  ciajirfl 
father;  and  either  at  his  acceffion,  or  within  three  years  *'n&°f 
after,  a  (Turned  the  title  of  king,  as  appears  by  authentic  »av*rrr 
charters,  and  was,  properly  fpeaking,  the  firft  monarch  of 
Navarre.     There  our  hiitory  falls  in,  at  lea(t  in  fome  mea- 

■  Chron.  d'Albayda.  Chron.  Adcfonfi  Magni,  Ferrerat. 
■  Hiftoria  generate  de  Hifpana,  tom.  ii.  lib.  viii.  Hiftoire  da 
Royaume  de  Navarre,  p.  9. 

£  2  fure, 


52  The  Hijiory  of  Navarre. 

fure,  with  that  of  Mariana,  who,  after  the  Interregnum 
in  which  he  aiTures  us  the  famous  body  of  laws  were 
made,  affirms,  that  Inigo  Arifla,  count  of  Bigorre,  was 
unanimoufly  chofen  by  the  nobility  for  their  monarch, 
leaving  the  old  title  of  Sobrarva,  aiTumed  that  of  king  of 
Pampduna,  or  Navarre,  which  he  tranfmitted  to  Don 
Garcia  Ximenes  his  fon  x.  We  differ  from  him  for  want 
of  feeing  his  authorities,  and  in  refpecl:  to  thole  which  we 
have  cited  ;  but  we  agree  entirely  in  the  character  he  gives 
to  this  young  prince,  who  was  equally  diftinguifhed  by  his 
courage  and  conduit ;  who  enlarged  his  territories  by  the 
one,  and  by  the  other  rendered  his  people  happy.  He  go- 
verned them  twenty-three  years  with  great  reputation,  and 
is  faid  to  have  married  Donna  Urraca,  the  filler,  daughter, 
or  niece  to  a  count  of  Arragon,  for  authors  do  not  well 
diftinguifh  which.  That  there  were  many  chiefs  in  his 
country  who  aiTumed  the  title  of  lords,  or  fomething  equi- 
valent to  it,  is  certain,  and  that  one  of  thefe  might  be  in 
pofJeffion  of  the  county  of  Arragon  is  more  than  probable, 
fince  there  is  mention  of  fuch  a  pcrfon  in  a  charter  of  this 
prince,  who  therein  ftyles  himfelf  king  of  Pampduna,  and 
the  name  of  the  count  Arragon  there  mentioned  is  Galin- 
do  y.  This  monarch,  Don  Garcia  Ximenes,  founded  the 
monaftery  of  St.  Salvador  de.Leyra  in  the  Pyrenees,  which, 
by  the  bounty,  of  his  fuccelTors,  was  rendered  very  rich 
and  famous.  The  archbifhop  Don  Roderic  of  Toledo, 
who  was  himfelf  a  native  of  Navarre,  commends  the  va- 
lour of  this  monarch  highly,  and  afferts,  that  having  gain- 
ed many  victories  over  the  Moors,  he  was  at  length  flain 
by  them  in  battle;  an  aflertion  which,  however,  is  not 
very  certain,  or  confident  with  the  authentic  hiftories  that 
A.  D.  880.  remajn  0f  thofe  times  x.  At  the  time  of  his  demife  he. left 
two  fons,  Don  Fortune  Ximenes,  and  Don  Sancho,  who 
had  afterwards,  as  fome  fay,  the  furname  of  Abarca,  as 
alfo  a  daughter  Donna  Sancha. 
Don  For-  Don  Fortune  Garcia,  the  eldeft  of  his  fonv  fucceeded 
tune  Gar-  his  father;  a  fact  which,  however,  is  doubtfully  reported  by 
Mariana.  This  great  hiftorian  feems  at  length  to  have  per- 
ceived that  Don  Garcia  Iniguez,  or  Ximenes,  was  the 

x  P.  Moret,  Tnveftigaciones  Hiftoricas  de  las  Antiquidades  del 
Reyno  de  Navarro,  Abarca.  Y  Roderic  Toletan  de  Reb. 

Hi/pan;  Chron.   Antiq.  de  Reb.  Arragon,  Hieron.  Blahcadeva* 
riis  de  Subrarbas  Reg.  init.  fententiis.  z  Garibay  Com- 

pendio  Hiftorial  de  las  Cronicas  de  todos  Jos  Reynos.  de  Hwpana, 
Mariana,  Maverne  Turquet. 

firft 


au 


The  Hjftory  of  Navarre.  5  j 

firft  king  of  Navarre ;  for  after  his  account  of  him,  he 
1  obfeure  is  the  origin  of  this  kingdom."  He  makes 
li is  fuccefl'or  Don  Sancho  Abarca  ;  but  fufpicious  cf  the 
guiih-s  he  followed  in  this  refpeer,  he  breaks  out  ioi 

1  invective  againft  thole  who  introduced  fiction 
amongfl:  fadls,  and  by  interlarding  fables  have  given  us 
romance  in  (lead  of  niftory.  Don  Fortune  Garcia,  go- 
verned his  dominions  many  years  both  wifely  and  worthily, 
as  we  gather  from  effects,  and  from  the  high  character 
given  him  in  the  '>M  chronicles  of  this  nation.  He  was  a 
great  benefactor  to  the  monaltery  of  St.  Salvador  de  Ley- 
ra,  upon  which  he  bellowed  large  poiTdlions.  In  this  a.  D.  001. 
charter  he  not  only  aiTumes  the  regal  ftyle  himfelf,  but  . 

adds,  that  he  was  the  fon  of  the  king  Don  Garcia. 
About  four  years  after,  he  thought   fit  to  retire  into  this  A-  D  9°;- 

monaftery,  and  having  fent  for  his  brother,  firlt  gave  him  * 

his  bleiiing  in  a  folemn  manner,  and  then  placed  the 
crown  upon  his  head.  He  fpent  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  that  monaflery  in  great  tranquility*. 

Don  Sancho  Garcia  thus  feated  on  the  throne  by  the  Don  San- 
resignation  of  his  brother,  found   himfelf  quickly  called  cho  i?- 
upon  to  deliver  his  countrymen  the  Gafcons  on  the  other 
fide  of  the  mountains,  who  being  attacked  by  the  Nor- 
mans, folicited  his  afliftance  b.      He  marched  accordingly 
through  the  paiTes  of  the  Pyrenees ;  and  having  accom- 
plished all  they  could  defire,  difpofed  every  thing  for  his 
return.     But  Aben  Lop,  governor  of  SaragofTa,  and  vaiTal 
to  Abdallah,  king  of  Cordova,  judging  this  a  favourable 
opportunity  to  fall   upon   the  people   of  Navarre,   when 
their  king  and  the  belt  part  of  his  forces  were  abfent,  and 
at  fuch  a  diftance  as  feemed  to  render  it  impracticable  for 
them  to  return  time  enough  to  give  any  difturbance  to  hi3 
plan,  communicated  it  to  Abdallah,  and  having  received 
a  numerous  reinforcement,  marched  with  the  whole  force 
of  the  Moors  at  the  entrance  of  winter,  and  inverted  Pam-      , 
peluna  c.     The  inhabitants  were  but  in  a  very  indifferent   ^_  D.  007. 
condition  to  fuftain  a  fiege,  and  the  Moors  prelled  the    _____ 
place  with  all  poffible  vigour.      Don  Sancho,  informed  of 
the  diitrefs  of  his  fubje£ts,  immediately  began  his  march 
for  the  Pyrenees,  but  found  the  froft  fo  let  in,  and  the 
rocky  paiTes  fo  very  flippery  that  his  men  were  not  able  to 

»  L'Hiftoire  Hu  Royautne  de  Navarre,  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon, 
Mayei'iie,  Tmquet.  *•  Roderip  Toletan  de  Reb.  Hif- 

pan,  L'ic.  Tmirnf  Cliron.  c  Rod.  Tolet.  de  Reb.  Hifpan. 

Fen-eras  H:ltoria  de  Hiipana,  torn-  iii.  part.  iv.  fed.  x. 

E  3  make 


£4  Ik*  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

make  any  progrefs.  In  this  unfortunate  fituation  he  order- 
ed the  greateft  part  of  the  animals  of  all  forts  belonging  to 
the  army  to  be  killed,  and  diredted  his  foldiersto  tie  pieces 
of  their  flcins  with  thongs  about  their  feet,  with  the 
hair  next  them,  by  which  they  were  enabled  to  get  over 
thofe  precipices  which  obstructed  their  march.  As  this 
kind  of  fhoe,  ftill  in  ufe  among  the  peafants,  is  called 
in  the  language  of  the  country  Abarca,  fo  many  have 
thought  d  he  received  that  furname  from  being  the  invent- 
or e.  However  that  matter  may  be,  it  is  out  of  difpute 
that  arriving  unexpectedly,  he  attacked  the  infidels  with 
fuch  fpirit  and  fuccefs,  that  he  gained  a  complete  victory, 
and  entered  the  city  of  Pampeluna  in  triumph  f. 
A.  D.  908.  The  very  next  year  Don  Sancho  Garcia  attacked  the 
■  caftle  of  St.  Stephen,  which  the  Moors  had  fortified  to 

p'mfielu-'  ^e  utm°ft  °*  tneir  A"*1'  and  into  which  they  had  put  a 
pa>  ftrong  garrilon,  and  after  an  obftinate  defence,  reduced 

it.     This  fuccefs  encouraged  Don  Sancho  to  profecute  the 
war,  and  to  fweep  all  the  fortrefTes  along  the  river  Ebro, 
A.  D.  914..  which  he  performed  as  far  as  Milagro.     He  afterwards 
""-"" *"        parted  that  river,  reduced  Najera,  and  the  fortrefs  called 
Bilibio,  fince  better  known  to  the  world  by  the  name  of 
the  caftle  of  Haro.      This  fuccefs  infpired  him  with  the 
hopes  of  driving  the  Moors  out  of  the   whole  province  of 
Rioja ;  which  aim,  after  reducing  Logrogno,  Alcandra, 
Calahorra,  and  Tudela,  he  happily  effected.     The  war  car- 
ried on  by  Don  Ordogno,  king  of  Leon,  being  very  favour- 
able to  his  defigns,  he  puflied  his  conquefts  ftill   farther, 
and  having  reduced  Terrazona  and  Agreda,  extended  his 
A- D.  9*5,  dominions  as  far  as  the  fources  of  the  river  Ducro.     But 

■ being  well  apprifed  that  conquefts  were  of  little  value  that 

were  not  well  fecured,  lie  not  only  applied  himfelf  with 
diligence  to  repair  fuch  as  might  be  moll  ferviceable  to 
him  ;  but  alfo  gave  directions  for  fortifying  Pampeluna  fo 
regularly  and  fo  effectually,  that  hs  rendered  it  in  the  ef- 
timation  of  thofe  times  a  p'ace  impregnable.  He  next 
cleared  all  the  country  between  the  rivers  Arragon  and 
Ebro  from  the  infidels,  and  projected  fome  other  expedi- 
tions of  ftill  greater  importance;  but  finding  his  health 
much  impaired  by  the  fatigues  he  had  already  undergone, 
he  retired  to  the  monaftery  of  Leyra  s,  and  placed  his  fon 
Don  Garcia  at  the  head  of  the  army  ;  but  without  refign-i 

*  Mariana.  e  Luc.  Tudenf  Chron,  *  Mayerne 

Turquet.  i  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Reb.  Hifpan.  P.  Moret, 

JFerreras. 


The  Hijtory  of  Navarre.  55 

ing  to  him  the  crown,  as  either  hoping  to  recover  his 
health,  or  efteeming  him  as  yet  too  young  to  take  the  reins 
of  government. 

The  Monrilh  governor  of  Saragofla  applied  to  Abdera-  Hhgltrfm 
men,  the  fourth  king  of  Cordova,  in  order  to  obtain  fuch  «"'  r">* 
a  fupply  of  forces  as  might    enable  him  to  reftrain  the  and  dia '*< 
Chriftians  of  Navarre  within  their  ancient   bounds.     His 
project  was  fo  plaufible   in  itfclf,  that  the  Moorifh   mo- 
narch approved,  ami  rcfolved  to  carry  it  into  execution, 
he  drew  over  great  numbers  of  men   from  Barbary,  and 
havin  thefe  with  the  whole  force  of  his  dominions, 

fent  them  under  the  command  of  an  experienced  leader 
to  the  general  rendezvous,  appointed  by  the  governor  of 
Saragofla,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Agreda,  of  which 
place,  together  with  Terrazona,  Tudela,  Logrogno,  Vi- 
gueira,  and  N-ijera,  they  foon  became  mafters :  after  thefe 
exploits,  they  entered  the  kingdom  of  Navarre  by  the  way 
of  Viana  and  Eftella.  The  king  Don  Sancho  came  out 
of  his  monaftery,  and  afTembled  a  confiderable  body  of 
troops  ihnt  were  to  be  employed  as  a  corps  de  referve, 
•while  the  infant  Don  Garcia,  with  the  army  of  Navarre, 
retired  into  Ahr.a,  wheie  he  expected  Don  Ordogno  king 
of  Leon.     The  junction  being  made,  the  Chriftian  army  A.  D  911. 

under  thefe  two   princes  advanced  towards   the   Moors,  ' 

who  gave  them  battle  at  Val  de  Junguera,  near  Salinas 
d'Oro,  where,  after  a  warm  and  obftinate  engagement, 
the  Chriftians  were  totally  defeated  \  After  the  battle 
Don  Ordogno  retired  into  his  own  territories,  and  the  in- 
fant Don  Garcia  retreated  towards  Pampeluna.  As  the 
whole  force  of  the  Chriftians  in  Spain  was  in  a  great  mea- 
fure  broke  by  this  unfortunate  action,  one  would  natural- 
ly imagine  that  it  mult  in  its  confequences  have  been  ex- 
tremely fatal  to  them,  and  advantageous  to  the  Moors ; 
but  the  very  reverfe  happened.  The  general  of  the  Moors, 
feeing  the  country  open  before  him,  deftroyed  it  in  a 
cruel  manner  with  fire  and  fword  ;  and  then,  penetrating 
through  the  pafles  of  the  Pyrenees,  made  an  irruption  into 
France,  where  his  forces  advanced  almoft  as  far  as  Tou- 
loufe,  and  acquired  an  immenfe  booty.  While  he  was 
thus  employed,  the  king  of  Leon,  having  recruited  and 
augmented  his  army,  made  a  bold  expedition  into  the 
Moorifh  territories,  and  wafted  them  without  mercy.  The 
king  of  Navarre,  on  the  other  fide,  maiched  with  his 

b  I.tic  Tudenf,  Chron.    P.  Moret,  Abarca,  Marinna,  Mayerne 
Tuifjuet. 

E  4  corps 


$6  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

corps  de  referve,  and  poflefied  himfelf  of  the  palTes,  that 
he  might  reckon   with  the  Moors  at  their  return.     The 
greateft  part  of  their  afmy,  commanded  by  their  general 
in  perfon,  took  the  road  of  Rontel  ;  where,  after  being 
harrafTed   for   feveral  days,    they  were  at   length   totally 
broken  and  difperfed,  and  their  general  {tabbed  by  a  wo- 
man ;  fo  that  none  of  them  efcaped,  and  ail  their  b^oty 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Chriftians.     The  other  corps  re- 
paired the   Pyrenees  by  the  fame  way  they  entered  them, 
and  without  much  oppofition :  but  Don  Sanclio  purfuing 
them,  prevented  their  paffing  the  Ebro,  and  attacked  them 
with  fuch   fury  that  very  few  of  them   returned  home ', 
About  this  time  Don  Sancho  is  reported  to  have  recovered 
his  health  in  a  miraculous  manner  by  the  interpofition  of 
St.  Peter  k;  in  conjunction  with  his  fori,  and  b 
fiftance  of  his  good  ally  the  king  of  Leon,  he  n  -  <  red  all 
the  places  he  had  loft,  and  remained  in  full  poftelhon  of 
what  is  now  ftyled  the  Upper  Navarre  (A).      In  order  to 

unite 


i  P.  Moret,  Ferreras. 

(A)  The  kingdom  of  Na- 
varre is  in  form  of  what  the  ma- 
thematici:ins  call  a  trapezium, 
pr  a    lozenge.       The    upper 
point,    regarding    the  north ; 
the  Pyrcncan  mountains  lie  on 
the  eaft,   and  the  country  of 
Bifcay    on     the     weft  ;     the 
fouthern  point,     terminating 
on  the  frontiers  of  Arragon, 
has  that  kingdom  on  the  caft, 
and  part  of  the  fame  country 
and  Old  Caftile  on  the  weft. 
Each  of  its  fides,  for  they  are 
nearly   equal,    extends   about 
ninety    Englifli   miles.      The 
climate  is  as  pure  and  healthy, 
and  withal  as  temperate  and  as 
pleafant    as    can    be    defired, 
which    may    compenfate    for 
fome  defects  in  the  foil,  that, 
generally  fpeaking,  is  none  of 
the  moil  fertile.     In  fome  of 
the    vallies,      however,    they 
have  very  good  corn,    excel- 
lent   wine,    both   white   and 


K  Abarci. 

red  ;  the  former  equal  to  any 
in  France,  the  latter  very  lit- 
tle inferior   to  Burgundy.     It 
abounds  in  good  panares,  ex- 
ceedingly well    flecked    with 
flieep  and  goats.     They  have 
likewife  tolerable  black  cattle, 
and    a     very    good    breed    of 
horfes.       The  mountains  arc 
covered  with  timber;   and  ve- 
ry few  countries  have  venifon 
and  wild  fowl  in  greater  plen- 
ty.    It  can  fcarce  boaft  or  any 
great  river  except  the  Ebro, 
and   this   ferves    only   for  its 
frontier.     This  kingdom  wa3 
anciently  divided  into  fix  pro- 
vinces, or  as  they  flyle  them 
in  their  own  language  mcrin- 
dades.      The  firft  of  thefe  is 
that    of     Pampcluna.       The 
north-eaft  fide  of  this  kingdom 
is  bounded  by   the   Pyrenean 
mountains,    which    boundary 
is   two  and  twenty  leagues  in 
length.  Through  thefe  moun- 
tain! 


The  Kiflory  of  Navarre,  57 

unite  more  clofely  the  interefts  of  Leon  and  Navarre,  a 
marriage  was  concluded  between   Don  Ordogno,  and  the 
infanta  Donna  Sancha;  but  who  this  princefs  was,  admits 
of  fomc  doubt :  molt  writers  make  her  the  filter,  others 
the  daughter  of  Don  Sancho ;  but  Ferreras  '  inclines  to 
think  (he  was  the  daughter  of  the  infant  Don  Garcia. 
Neither  of  the  kings  furvived  this  match  long,  the  former 
dying  immediately  on  his  return  home,  and  Don  Sancho  A.D.  915. 
much  about  the  fame  time  in  the  monaltery  of  Leyra,  full  - 
and  covered  with  glory. 
n  tiarcia  Sanchez  fucceeded  his  father,  in  the  flower  Don  Car. 
of  his  age,  and  when  his  reputation  for  courage  andcon-  ««//• 
duel:  was  fully  eftablifhed.     He  faw  the  Moors  much  em-  fuccttdt- 
barrafled  by  foreign   wars,  and  factions  amongft  them- 
felves :  he  laid  hold  therefore  of  this  opportunity  not  to 
extend,  but  to  (trengthen  his  dominions,  and  to  put  every 
thing  into  the  belt  order.     With   this  view  he   repaired 
fome  towns,  and  buiit  others  :  he  fortified   feveral  places 
on  his  frontiers,  and  appointed  officers  of  great  experience 
to  command  in  feveral  provinces,  amongft  thefe  was  Don 
Fortune  Ximenes,  count  of  Arragon  :  at  whofe  requefl 
he  vifited,  and  granted  many  favours  to  the  monaltery  of 
St.  Juan  de  la  Pegna  m.     He  fupported  his  near  relation 
Don  Sancho  againft   his  brother  the  king  of  Leon ;  and 
for  that  purpofe  entered  into  a  clofe  friendfhip  with  Don 
Ferdinand  Goncalez,  count  of  Caftile.     Afterwards  when 
Pon  Sancho,  upon  the  death  of  his  brother,  fucceeded  to 
the  kingdom  of  Leon,  and  was  driven  out  by  his  rebellious 
fubje&s,  with  the  afliltance  of  his  old  ally  the  count  of 

1  Jliftoria  de  Hifpana,  torn.  iii.  part.  iv.  fedt.  x.  m  Ferre- 

ras, P.  Moret. 

tains  there  are  ten  panes  into  of  Ronccvaux  lies  to  the  north- 
France,  feven  or  eight  of  eaft  of  Pampeluna,  and  carries 
which  are  dreadful,  difficult,  you  through  a  village  called 
and  dangerous.  To  the  north  Burguet,  which  is  the  laft  in 
of  Pampeluna  there  is  the  val-  Navarre,  to  St.  Juan  Pie  de 
ley  of  Baztan,  which  runs  Port,  in  the  Bafle  Navarre, 
from  north  to  fouth,  and  is  This  is  the  ealieit  and  moll 
feven  leagues  long,  and  three  frequented  pafs,  and  is  famous 
and  a  half  broad,  containing  for  the  defeat  of  the  emperor 
fourteen  pariihes.     The  valley  Charlemagne  (1). 

(i)  Delice*  d'Efpagne,  par  Don  Juan  Alvarez  de  Colmenar,  p. 
67V  Erat  d'Efpagne,  par  I  ahbe  de  Vayiac.  Tour  throughS  pain 
and  Portugal,  by  Udale  ap  Rhys,  efq. 

Caftile, 


5$  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

Caftile,  Don  Garcia  received  him  with  open  arm,  fent 
him  to  Cordova  to  be  cured  of  the  dropfy,  and  in  con- 
junction with  that  Moorifh  monarch,  reftored  him  very 
honourably  to  his  dominions".  The  method  concerted 
between  the  two  monarchs  required  that  Don  Garcia 
Ihou'id  advance  into  the  territories  of  Caftile,  in  order  to 
hinder  the  count  from  afiiiting  his  fon-in-law,  while  Don 
.Sancho,  with  his  Moorifh  auxiliaries,  entered  his  own 
dominions.  The  count  Don  Ferdinand  Goncalez  of  Caf- 
tile, the  moft  active,  and  the  mod  ambitious  man  of  his 
time,  was  fo  much  piqued  by  feeing  the  king  of  Navarre 
at  the  head  of  his  forces  in  his  territories,  that  he  march- 
ed with  an  army  to  give  him  battle,  though  he  was  (cw 
iible  that  Don  Ordogno  could  not  bring  troops  enough 
into  the  field  to  look  his  enemy  in  the  face,  and  he  him- 
felf had  married  Donna  Urraca,  fifter  to  the  king  cf  NaJ 
varre,  through  whofe  mediation  peace  might  have  been 
A.  D.960.  eafily  rellored.  His  impetuofity  brought  on  an  action  near 
»■  ■  a  place  now  called  Ciruena,  where   his  army  being  de- 

feated, he  was  himfelf  taken  prifoner,    and  carried   to 
Pampeluna.    There  Don  Garcia  entertained  him  as  a  bro- 
ther-in-law ;  but  that  Don  Sancho  might  have  time  to  ef- 
tablifli  himfelf  in   his   kingdom  of  Leon,  he   protracted 
things  as  much  as  he  could;  and  when  there  Was  no  far- 
ther danger  of  the  count's  embroiling  matters  any  more, 
he  very  nobly  fet  him  at  liberty,  without  exacting  from 
him  any  thing  more  than  a  piomiie,  that  for  the  future  he 
mould  let  his  neighbours  be  quiet. 
Hhreizn         The  remaining  part  of  the  reign  of  Don  Garcia,  who 
mnddsatk.   ]ived  to  a  very  advanced  age,  was  fpent  in  cultivating  the 
aits  of  peace,  in  the  improvement  of  the  territories  that 
had  descended  to  him,  and  in  fortifying  thofe  which  he 
had  acquired.     He  died  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
St.  Stephen. 
pon  San-         Don  Sancho  Abarca,  fucceeded  his  father,  with  abili- 
(ho  11.         tjes  fuitable  to  his  rank,  and  to  that  juncture  of  affairs  in 
4barca.       wHioll  he  was  called  to  the  government.    He  had  not  long 
enjoyed  die  ibvereignty  before  the  Moors  invaded  the  do- 
minions of  count  Garcia  Fernandez,  and  threatened  the 
reduction  of  Caftile.     The  count  immediately  addreffed 
himfelf  to  the  kings  of  Leon  and  Navarre  for  affiftance, 
though  they  were  then  in  amity  with  the  Moors,  for  which 
reafon  the  former  refufed  it;  but  Don  Sancho,  who  thought 

»  Roderic  To'et^n.  de  Reb.    Hifpnn.  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon, 
piion.  Antic}  dc  Reb.  Arra^on, 

the 


The  Hi/toy  of  Navarre.  59 

the  unjuft  invafion  of  his  neighbour  an  indirect  breach  of 
the  peace  with  himfelf,  marched  with  a  great  body  of 
forces  into  Caftile  j  and  having  joined  the  count  Don 
Garcia,  attacked  the  Moors,  and  defeated  them  with  great 
(laughter  9.  This  difafter  exceedingly  provoked  Moham- 
med Abenamir  A'.mancor,  alhagib  or  vizir  to  the  king  of  a.  D.  97$. 
Cordova,  who  brought  the  next  year  a  vaft  army  into  the  ■ 
with  which  he  over-run  great  part  of  Caftile  ;  an 
on  which  induced  Don  Sancho  of  Navarre  to 
(lengthen  his  frontiers,  and  to  content  himfelf  with  fend- 
ing a  fmaller  body  of  troops  to  the  afliftance  of  his  coufin 
cci.it  Garcia.  This  war  continued  for  many  years,  and 
was  one  of  the  molt  unfortunate  in  which  the  Chriitians 
were  ever  engaged.  Almancor  was  fo  great  an  enemy  to 
all  the  difciples  of  the  Gofpel,  that  provided  it  promoted 
the  r  deftruction,  it  was  indifferent  to  him  on  which  fide 
he  turned  his  arms  p.  The  frontiers  of  Caftile  he  turned 
into  a  defart ;  the  city  of  Leon  he  took,  and  after  putting 
the  inhabitants  to  death,  burnt  it  to  the  ground.  He  ufed 
uo  lefs  cruelty  in  Catalonia,  where  he  alfo  lacked  and  de- 
ftroyed  Barcelona.  Thefe  fatts  are  mentioned  to  (hew 
the  genius  of  this  conqueror,  and  the  motives  Don  San- 
cho had  to  embark  in  this  war. 

At  length,  having  opened  the  pafles  into  Navarre,  he  Hisrtiga 
advanced  with  a  numerous  and  victorious  army  towards  onddtath, 
Pampeluna,  which  he  inverted.     This  expedition  he  un- 
dertook from  two  motives :  the  firft  was  to  reftore  Don 
Vela  to  his  county  of  Alava,  on  whofe  behalf  this  war  was 
faid  to  be  made  \  and  the  other  was  the  defire  of  the  lafl 
and  ftrongeft  place  in  Spain,  an  exploit  which  he  flattered 
himfelf  would  quite  difpirit  the  Chriftians,  and  prevent 
all  future  and  farther  refiftance.    But  Don  Sancho  Abar- 
ca,  had  provided  his  capital  in  all  refpe&s  fo  well,  and 
placed  therein  fo  good  a  garrifon,  that  the  Moors  found 
themfelves  oppofed  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  created  infinite 
trouble,  and  a  great  expence  of  blood.     At  length,  when  a.  d,  590< 
their  vigour  was  abated,  Don  Sancho  advanced  with  his  ■■  . 
army,  and  gave  them  battle  with  fuch  fuccefs,  that  he 
gained  a  great  advantage  over  them,  and  profecuted  it 
with  fuch  vigilance,  that  they  were  conftrained  to  quit  his 
dominions  •>.     There  are  many  victories  of  greater  eclat, 
but  few  of  more  importance*  recorded  by  the  Spanifti  hi- 

o  Marrool,  Ambrofio,  Morales,  Ferrerai.  *  Mariana, 

Maycrne  Turquet.  \  Annal.  Complut.  Annal.  Campof. 

Annal.  Tolet. 

ftorians, 


6o  Tie  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

ftorians,  fince  it  gave  the  firft  check  to  the  raofl  fortunate 
of  the  Moorith  captains,  and  who,  from  a  principle  of 
falfe  piety,  profccuted  the  total  deitruclion  of  the  Chrif- 
tians  with  indefatigable  induftry.  The  calamities  that 
had  fallen  on  their  refpective  dominions  having  taught  the 
Chriftian  princes  their  true  intereft,  the  kings  of  Leon 
and  Navarre  entered  into  a  clofe  alliance  with  Don  Gar- 
cia, count  of  Caliile,  which  quickly  brought  things  into 
better  order,  and  gave  thern  belides  a  probable  expectation 
of  future  fuccefs,  which,  however,  did  not  fall  out  till 
•A.  D.  994.  j)on  £jancho  Abarca  was  in  his  grave.  He  deceafed  after 
a  reign  of  twenty-four  years,  and  was  interred  with  his 
anceftors  in  the  church  of  St.  Stephen  r. 
Don  Gar-  He  was  fucceeded  in  his  dominions  by  his  fon  Don 
tia  111.  Garcia  Sanchez,  furnamed  the  Trembler,  which  epithet 
tie  rem-  fome  fav  was  occafioned  by  his  fluking  violently  when  he 
entered  into  action  ;  not  through  fear,  but  from  a  kind  of 
tumult  in  his  mind,  which,  however,  quickly  fubfided 
when  the  engagement  grew  more  warm.  Some  charters 
there  are  of  this  prince,  in  which  mention  is  made  of  his 
brother  Don  Ramiro,  ftyled  king  of  Arragon  j  and  of 
their  mother  Donna  Urraca  :  and  in  other  charters  we 
read  of  another  brother,  Don  Gonzalo,  called  likewife 
king  of  Arragon  ;  but,  as  Mariana  well  obferves,  the  au- 
thority of  thefe  pieces  is  fcarce  fufficient  to  eftablifh  thefe 
facts  as  certain,  more  efpecially  as  the  hiftorians  and  an- 
cient chronicles  have  preferved  nothing  concerning  thefe 
princes.  There  is  nothing  more  certain  than  that  Arra- 
gon made  a  part  of  Don  Garcia's  dominions ;  in  defence 
of  which  he  acted  vigoroufly  againfl  the  Moors,  from  the 
very  time  he  afcended  the  throne.  This  kind  of  war, 
however,  appeared  in  procefs  of  time  injurious  to  the  ho- 
nour and  to  the  interetts  of  all  the  Chriftian  princes  con- 
cerned, who  therefore  entered  into  a  clofer  alliance,  by 
which  they  engaged  to  acl  with  their  whole  united  force, 
againfl  the  common  enemy,  which  ever  of  the  confede- 
rates he  fhould  next  attack,  and  this  the  rather,  becaufe 
fome  advantages  gained  by  the  Moors  had  drawn  over 
many  adventurers  from  Africa,  who  flattered  themfclves 
with  the  hopes  of  having  fettlements  afligned  them  in  the 
new  conquefts' . 
jilmanfor  Mohammed  Abenamir  Almancor,  after  having  facked  and 
at  engti      ^eftr0yetiCompo(tel!a,advancedwith  apotentarmy,into  the 

,'Hiftoire  Hu  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Turq. 
5  Ambrofio,  Morales,  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon. 

terri- 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre.  61 

territories  of  the  count  of  Caflile,  as  far  as  Ofma,  where 
lie  was  met  by  the  Chriftian  army,  which  was  not  only 
compofe  of  the  tioops,  but  commanded  by  all  the  three 
princes  in  perfon.  Don  Bermudo,  king  of  Leon,  being 
difabled  by  the  gout  from  mounting  on  horfeback,  waa 
placed  in  a  ehair  at  the  head  of  his  own  guards.  Don 
Garcia,  at  the  head  of  the  forces  of  Navarre  and  Arra- 
gon,  was  in  the  other  wing,  and  the  count  of  Caflile  in 
the  center.     The  battle  Iafled  till  night,  and  feemed  to  A.  D.  99*. 

end  doubtfully ;  but  the   Moorifh  general,  decamping  in  

the  night,  abandoned  the  field  of  battle  to  the  Chriltians, 
and  himfelf  to  defpair;  fo  that,  refufing  to  take  any  fufte- 
nance,  he  expired  at  Medina  Cceli,  and  with  him  the 
fortune  of  the  Cordovan  Moors  r.  It  is  true  that  his  fuc- 
ceflbr  Abdilmelech,  endeavoured  to  revive  the  war,  by 
making  an  irruption  into  the  kingdom  of  Leon,  from  a 
prefumption  that,  upon  the  death  of  the  king,  he  mould 
find  things  in  fome  confufion  ;  but  the  count  Don  Garcia 
of  Caflile  haflened  thither  with  all  the  force  he  could 
raife,  and  being  entrufted  with  the  entire  command  of 
the  troops  of  that  kingdom,  obtained  another  complete 
victory,  which  changed  the  face  of  affairs,  raifed  the 
courage  of  the  Chriflians,  and  abated  the  fpirit  of  their 
enemies u. 

The  progrefs  of  this  war  taught  the  Chriftian  princes  in  TheChrif- 
general,  from  the  light  of  experience,  what  found  policy  t tan  txiles 
might  have  taught  them  long  before.  They  faw  that  a  r'Are<** 
general  war,  more  efpecially  for  any  length  of  time,  had 
a  neceffary  confequence,  which  it  was  their  bufinefs  to 
avoid,  that  of  keeping  the  Moors  in  a  manner  by  force 
clofely  united,  and  in  perfect  harmqny  with  each  other. 
They  likewife  found,  that  as  the  original  fource  of  the  war 
was  the  infligation  of  the  malcontents  fled  from  Caflile 
and  Leon  to  the  court  of  Cordova,  and  more  efpecially 
the  family  of  Vela,  fo  in  the  courfe  of  it  mod  of  the  mif- 
fortunes  they  had  met  with  arofe  from  the  afliltance  thofe 
exiles  gave  the  enemy  ;  from  their  inftrutling  them  in  the 
military  maxims  and  difcipline  in  the  Chriitiun  armies, 
and  from  the  intelligence  they  held  with  their  relations 
and  friends  in  their  refpe&ive  countries  w.  This  confider- 
ation,  therefore,  determined  them  to  recall  thofe  exile-, 

t  Annal.  Compoftell.  Lucas  Turienfis  Chronicon,  Roderic  To- 
Jetan.  de  Reb    Hiipan.  u  l/Hiltoire  dn  Royaume  de 

Navarre.  *  Arabrofio,  Morales,  Lu*  TudcnC  'Cnrori.' 

Roderic  ToJttan.  de  Reb.  Hifpan. 

parti- 


(z  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

particularly  the  fons  of  Den  Vela,  count  of  Alava ;  and 
this  refolution  being  taken  at  a  time  when  a  change  of 
fortune  rendered  thofe  banifhed  perfons  more  inclined  to 
return,  as  being  not  fo  much  carefled  by  the   infidels  as 
formerly,  it  took  place  according  to  their  wifh.     After 
long  abfence  from   their  own  countries,  they  were  not 
only  recalled,  but  reftored  to  their  honours  and  their  pa- 
trimonies, the  fureft  and  molt  prudent  method  no  doubt 
for  extinguifhing all  jealoufies  and  heart-burnings;  which, 
notwithstanding,  in  its  confequences  was  not  found  alto- 
gether fuccefsful.     They  had  met  with  much  kindnefs, 
and   formed  many  friendfhips  amongft  the  Moors ;   they 
had  done  many  injuries  to  the  Chriftians  ;  and  by  degrees, 
as  the  motives  to  their  pardon  and  reconciliation  grew  out 
of  remembrance,   the  inftances  of  refentment  they  met 
with  from  the  latter,  put  them  upon  renewing  their  cor- 
refpondence  with  the  former,  which  proved  the  occafion 
of  frefh  difturbances  x. 
The  death        "We  have  no  other  particulars  in   regard  to  the  reign  of 
•/  Don        j)on  Garcia  the  Trembler,  only  it  is  faid  that  the  belt  hi- 
Caraa.       ftorians  have  doubted  whether  the  tenour  of  his  govern- 
ment, and  the  temper  of  his  mind,  deferved  praife  or 
blame.     He  was,  it  feems,  liberal  to  a  degree  of  excefs, 
-not  only  to  abbies  and  other  religious  foundations,  but  to 
all  who  approached  him  on  any  occafion.     A  difpofition 
which,  though  it  expofed   him  to  the  cenfure  of  thofe 
who  furvived  him,  made  him  generally  and  defervedly  be- 
loved by  thofe  with  whom  he  lived.      Authors  are  much 
divided  as  to  the  name  of  his  queen  ;  but  Mariana  is  po- 
fitive  fhe  was  called  Donna  Ximena,  and  it  is  very  likely 

A.D.iooo.  ne  is  m  tne  "gnt*  %  ner  ne  na(l  tne  infant  Don  Sancho, 
-  whofe  education  he  intruded  to  a  religious  perfon  of  the 
fame  name,  abbot  of  the  monaftery  of  St.  Salvador  de 
Leyra,  who  was  a  perfon  of  learning  and  probity,  and 
who  took  care  to  infufe  into  his  pupil  not  only  principles 
of  religion,  but  the  maxims  alfo  of  good  fenfe  and  honour, 
which  his  own  experience  taught  him  to  frame  into  a 
fcheme  of  policy,  much  fuperior  to  any  that  had  been 
known  to  his  predeceflbrs  y.  Don  Garcia  left  him  his 
dominions  after  a  fliort  reign  of  fix  years.  Authors  are 
not  agreed  as  to  the  place  of  his  burial,  which  fome  fay 

x  Mariana,  Ferrera?,  Mayerne  Turquer.  y  L'Hif. 

toiic  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mayerne  Turquet,  P.  Moret. 

was 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre.  $$ 

wa«  in  the  church  of  the  monaftery  of  St.  Juan  He  la 
l'cgna,  and  others  in  that  of  the  monaftcry  of  St.  Salva- 
dor de  Leyra  *. 

SECT.    II. 

From  the  Reign  of  Don  Sancbo  the  Great  to  that 
of  Don  Sancho  V,  mho  united  this  Kingdom  to  Ar* 
ragon, 

[  T  is  very  uncertain  at  what  age  Don  Sancho  fucceeded  The  reign 
•*  his  father  ;  but  it  is  impoffible  that  he  fliould  be  in  his  of  Saneht 
infancy,  as  fome  have  written,  becaufe  we  find  him  mar-  the  Great. 
ried  the  next  year.     It  appears  from  indifputable  autho-  a.D.  iopi. 
rity,  that  he  began  his  reign  by  entering  into  a  clofe  alii-  . 

ance  with  the  houfe  of  Caitile  ;  which  he  ftrengthened  by 
marrying  Donna  Munia  Elvira,  the  daughter  of  Don 
Sancho,  and  the  grand-daughter  of  the  count  Don  Gar- 
cia, which  marriage,  though  it  feems  to  have  proceeded 
chiefly  from  inclination,  contributed  not  a  little  to  his  inte- 
feft.  He  did  not,  however,  take  any  (hare  in  the  dis- 
putes that  arofe  between  his  father-in-law  Don  Sancho, 
and  his  own  father  the  count  Don  Garcia ;  nor  does  it 
appear  that  he  embarked  in  the  war  againft  the  Moors, 
carried  on  by  the  laft  of  thefe  two  princes.  In  all  proba- 
bility our  king  of  Navarre  was  defirous  of  fettling  and  im- 
proving what  his  anceftors  had  acquired  before  he  engag- 
ed in  any  military  expedition ;  but  when  this  aim  was 
once  accomplifhed,  he  pafleel  the  river  Gallego,  and  be-  a.D. ion 
gan  to  expel  the  Moors  out  of  moft  of  the  places  they  held  _2 

on  his  eallern  frontier.     Having  fucceeded  alfo  in  thefe 
endeavours,  he  fwept  the  vallies  of  the  country  of  So-  A.D.ioia* 
brarva  and  the  county  of  Ribagorca  of  the  infidels  a.  • 

In  thefe  conquefts  Don  Sancho  was  very  much  affifted  fjiseon- 
by  the  natives,  of  whom  a  great  number  were  Chriftians,  quefis  over 
consequently  very  defirous  of  being  freed  from  the  yoke  of /yk  Moors. 
the  Moors.     There  was  alfo  a  certain  count  of  Ribagorca, 
called  William,  mafter  of  a  part  of  this   country,  who 
looked  with  a  jealous  eye  upon   thefe  conquefts  of  Don 
Sancho,  and  though  he  had  not  been  able  to  drive  out  the 
Moors,  attempted  to  difpofiefs  him  b.     The  confequence 

*  Mariana,  Ferreras.  «  P.  Morct.  b  Fcrrcra* 

Jiutoria  de  Hifpana,  torn.  iii.  part  v.  !*£].  xi. 

of 


64  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre* 

of  this  a£t.  of  rafhnefs  was,  his  being  entirely  defeated  by 
Don  Sancho,  and  diverted  of  his  dominions.  While 
Sancho  was  thus  employed  in  the  eaflern  extremity  of  his 
dominions  c  Mundir,  alcayde  or  governor  of  SaragofTa, 
feized  the  opportunity  offered  for  ravaging  Navarre,  and 
for  recovering  part  of  the  places  that  had  been  taken  from 
his  predeceiTors.  In  the  firft  part  of  his  fcheme  he  fuc- 
ceeded,  and  loaded  his  army  with  booty;  but  in  the  lat- 
ter he  failed  entirely  :  for  Don  Sancho,  returning  with 
his  victorious  army,  fell  upon  the  Moors  with  fuch  vigour 
that  he  entirely  routed  them,  and  obliged  them  to  repafs 
A.D.1015.  tiie  kDro  with  great  lofs,  infomuch  that  it  may  be  doubt- 
-  ed  whether  they  ever  recovered  the  weight  of  this  blow  d. 

As  the  ancient  boundaries  between  this  monarch's  domi- 
nions 2nd  the  country  of  Caftile  were  become  very  doubt- 
ful and  precarious,  and  as  this  uncertainty  might  in  fuc- 
ceeding  times  prove  the  occafion  of  very  fatal  difputes, 
A.D.1016.  Don  Sancho  and  his  father-in-law  appointed  perfons  in 
. —  whom  they  could  confide  to  fettle  thefe  limits  effectu- 
ally e. 
Ftformsall      The  king  Don  Sanchoobferving  that  the  monks  through- 
Ta1ks//      out  his  dominions  had  loft,  much  of  their  primitive  fan&ity 
'u  J    s'       of  manners,  a  circumftance  which  of  courfc  rendered  them 
very  unfit  inltruments  for  government  in  the  inftrucling 
his  fubje&s,  he  lent  deputies  to  Adilon,  abbot  of  the  fa- 
mous Benedi£line  monaftery  of  Cluny,  to  infpccl:  the  re- 
gulations of  that  houi'e,  and  to  bring  back  with  them  fome 
perfons  of  piety  and  probity,  cap-able  of  reforming  the  mo- 
nafleries  in  his  dominions.     This  being  done,  he  placed 
Pate'rnus,  who  was  the  chief  of  thefe  reformers,  in  qua- 
lity of  abbot  in  the  convent  of  St.  Juan  de  la  Pegna,  and 
fent  others  to  St.  Salvador  de  Leyra,  and  to  St.  Maria 
d'Yrache  f.       By  their  vigilance  and  care  the  monks  were 
every  where  brought  into  good  order;  and  the  king  by  their 
advice  repaired  and  reftored  the  ancient  abbey  of  St.  Vic- 
toria s. 
Jiifaccef-        The  family  of  Don  Vela,  count  of  Alava,  having  taken 
/ton  to  the      fcfa  umbrage  at  the  count  of  Caftile,  had  withdrawn  into 
lounty  of     tjie  terr;tories  0f  the  king  of  Leon,  where,  at  the  dirtance 
of  many  years  they  took  a  bloody  revenge  by  murdering 
the  young  count  Don  Garcia  Sanchez,  the  laft  heir  male 
of  the  family,  and  the  fon  of  the  prince  with  whom  they 

«  L'Hilloire  de  Royaume  de  Navarre,  P.  Moret.  d  Rode- 

ric  Toletan.  Hilt.  Arabum,  Ferreras.  «  Monument  de 

S.  Millfta.  i  P.  Moiet,  Ferrer  as.  S  Ma- 

riana. 

quar- 


The  Hi/Ivy  of  Navarre*  6$ 

quarreled  b.  By  the  death  of  this  prince,  his  brother-la- 
the king  of  Navarre,  faw  himfelf  legally  entitled  to 
this  noble  county  in  right  of  his  wife,  of  which  he  ac- 
cordingly took  pofleffion.  lie  immediately  inverted  the 
Gallic  of  Moncon,  into  which  the  aflaflfins  had  retired,  and 
having  reduced  it,  put  all  he  found  therein  to  the  fword  '. 
This  was  a  very  great  aeceffion  of  territory,  and  might 
very  probably  ahum  his  neighbours;  for  even  in  thofc 
times  the  Spaniih  princes  were  exceedingly  jealous  of  each 
other,  and  bore  with  great  impatience  i'uch  confiderable 
additions  of  power.  An  accident  which  foon  after  fell 
out  blew  the  fmothered  embers  of  difcontent  into  a  flame  ; 
the  king  Don  Sancbo  refolved  to  reftore  the  ancient  city 
of  Palentia,  and  committed  the  direction  of  this  work  to 
the  bifhop  of  Oviedo,  one  of  the  worthieft  prelates  of  that 
age  k.  The  rebuilding  of  Palentia  fo  difturbed  Don  Ber- 
mudo  the  third  king  of  Leon,  that  he  took  up  arms;  but 
Don  Sancho  entered  his  dominions  with  a  fuperior  force, 
and  took  Aftorga  :  on  which  the  principal  prelates  and 
peers  in  his  dominions  interpofed,  and  obliged  him  to 
make  peace  ;  the  principal  articles  of  which  were,  that 
he  fhould  give  the  di  drier,  in  difpute  to  the  infanta  Donna 
oancha,  who  was  to  efpoufe  Don  Ferdinand  the  younger, 
fon  to  the  king  of  Navarre,  who  was  to  have  the  country 
of  Caftile,  with  the  title  of  king '.  This  feems  to  have 
been  a  very  fair  and  equal  agreement,  and  was  confirmed 
by  both  kings  at  the  monaftery  of  Sahagon,  where  the 
marriage  was  performed  with  great  magnificence.  But 
on  the  part  of  the  king  of  Leon,  as  it  afterwards  appeared, 
it  was  a  reconciliation  only  in  fhew. 

Don  Sancho  having  thus  reftored  the  public  tranquility,  tils  deatftt 
applied  himfelf  to  reform  the  monafteries  in  Caftile  upon  **dd'frt* 
the  fame  plan  which  he  had  purfued  in  refpecr.  to  thofe  in  b.utw*  °f 
his  hereditary  dominions.     In   compaffion  to  thofe  who 
made  pilgrimages  10  the  tomb  of  St.  Tames  at  Campofrella, 
he  caufc  .1  a  new  and   fafc  road  to  be  made  through  his 
dominions,  by  the  foot  of  the  mountains  Eirbiefca  and 
Amaya,  through  Carrion,  Leon,  and   Aftorga,  to  Com- 
poftella  m.    As  he  was  advanced  in  years,  he  was  defirous  A*D.  103^ 
to  fee  the  four  princes  his  fons,  fettled  in   his  life-time,  •    .— 

and  therefore  divided  his  dominions  amongft  them  in  the 

h  Roderic    Toletan.    d«    Reb.   Hifpan.    Luc.  Tudenf.    Chron. 
i  Mayerne  Turouet.  k  P.  Moret.  Rod.  Tolet.  de  Reh.  Uifp. 

Mariana,  Mayerne  Torquet.  1  Ferreras  Ililtoria  dc  Hifpana, 

torn.  iii.  part  v.  led.  xi.  m  Luc.  Tudenf.  Chron. 

/Iod.  Vol.  XIX.  F  following 


66  'The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

following  manner :  to  Don  Garcia  be  gave  what  is  now 
ffyled  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  with  the  noble  country  of 
Bifcay,  then  flyled  as  fome  affirm,  the  duchy  of  Canta- 
bria,  and  the  province  of  Rioja  ;  to  Don  Ferdinand,  Caf- 
tile  ;  to  Don  Goncalo,  Sobrarva  and  Ribargorca ;  and  to 
Don  Ramiro,  Arragon  n.     Having  fent  all  his  fons  into 
their  refpeclive  governments,  where  they  aflumed  the  ti- 
tles of  kings,  he  ended  a  long  life  and  a  glorious  reign  in 
the  month  of  February  following  °.     He  was  full  interred 
in  the  monaflery  of  Ona,  from  whence  his  fon  Don  Fer- 
dinand caufed  his  body, to  be  removed  to  the  city  of  Leon  p. 
P°*  Gar-        T)on  Garcia  Sanchez  of  Najara,  fo  called  from  the  place 
'fuccttds kit  °f  ms  b'rt.h>  fucceeded  his  father  in  his  hereditary  realm 
father.        of  Navarre,  but  defpoiled  of  fo  much  of  Arragon   as  had 
ever  been  united  to  it,  and  of  the  new  conquefts  in   So- 
brarva and  Ribagorca.     The  quarrel  that  happened  be- 
tween the  kings  of  Caflile   and  Leon  gave  Don   Garcia 
an  opportunity  of  fhewing  his  fraternal  affection,  by  fend- 
ing a  corps  of  auxiliaries  to  the  afliflance   of  Don  Ferdi- 
nand; but  when,  by  the  defeafand  death  of  Don  Bermudo, 
he  became,  in  right  of  his  queen,  who  was  that  monarch's 
lifter,  the  heir  of  that  kingdom  alio,  it  is  fuppofed  that 
Don    Garcia  began  to  entertain  fome  jealoufy  of  him, 
which  fuppofition,  however,  will  appear  improbable  from 
the  fequel  of  their  hiftoryi.     The  king  had  concluded  a 
A.Dfioj8.  marriage  with  Donna  Eftafana,  infanta  of  Catalonia  :  go- 
— — —  ing  to.  Barcelona  to  folemnize  his  marriage,  he   palled 
through  the  dominions  of  Don  Ramiro  and  of  Don  Gon- 
calo, and  was  treated  by  both  with  all  the  marks  of  affec- 
tion and  efteem.     He  returned  the  fame  way,  and  vifited 
in  his  journey  the  monaftery  of  St.  Juan  de  la  Pegna,  as 
appears  by  an  authentic  privilege  belonging  to  that  mona- 
ftery, which  is  ftill  preferved  r.     We  have,  therefore,  no 
reafon  to  believe  that  the  feeds  of  diflenfion  were  hitherto 
fown  amonglt  the  defcendents  ofSincho  the  Great;  but 
that  foon   after  they  were,    and  that  they  produced  an 
abundant  harveft  of  mifchief  will  be  our  bufinefs  to  make 
appear  •,  and  we  fhall  thereby  juftify  Mariana's  fentiment, 
that  Sancho  the  Great  hazarded  the   fafety  of  Spain  by 
thus  dividing  his  dominions. 

The  very  fame  year  his  brother  Don  Gonc^alo  was  bar- 
baroufly  murdered,  in  palling  the  bridge  of  Monclus,  by  a 

n  Pierre  Marfilio,  Ferreras.  °  P.  Moret,  Mayerne  Turquet, 

Mariana,  Ferreras.  p  Rod.  Tolet.  de  Reb,  Hifpan.  Zui  ita. 

<»  P.  Moret.  r  Zurita,  Ferreras. 

fervant 


The  Hjflory  of  I  67 

nit  of  Ills  own  called  Ramonet,  whofe  motive  to  that  The  war 
detectable  .!•  tion  was  never  known  5.     Immediately  on  his  *#***» 
demife  his  fubje&s  called  in  his  brother  Don  Ramtro  king  ',*' 'J™0 
of  Arragon,  who  by  this  fucccilion  united  Sobrarva  and  pon  Qar- 
Ribagorrca  to  his  dominions.     We   do  not   find  that  Don  c\a  and 
Garcia  gave  him  any  difturbance  upon  this  occafion  ;  but  Don  Ra- 
contented  himfelf  witli  endeavouring  to  provide  for  the  mr°t'n 
happ  he    had,  without  invading  his  Yanr  l  ' 

neighbours.     Befides,  at  tliis  time  the  country  of  Navarre  dtfeattJ. 

1  up  by  locufts,  againft  which  plague,  when  all 
methods  ot  prudence   failed,  he  demanded  the  advice  of  A. D.  1039. 
Pope  Benedict   the   Ninth ;   who  fent  Gregory  biihop  of  - 

.  to  vifit  the  country,  to  preach  repentance  to  the  peo- 
ple in  general,  and  regularity  to  the  monks.  It  feems  be- 
fore rliis  fall  of  locufts  produced  a  fcarcity,  this  kingdom 
was  id  a  Rate  of  full  profperity,  and  the  people  from 
thence  fallen  into  luxury,  were  gradually  declining  from 
that  high  character  which  the  virtues  of  their  anceftorS 
had  obtained.  Thefe  circumltances  encouraged  Don  Ra- 
miro,  who  had  already  attacked,  and  rendered  tributary  to 
him  feveral  little  princes  amongft  the  Moors,  to  think  of 
fpoiling  his  brother  of  fome  places  which  lay  convenient 
for  him.  Accordingly  having  aflcmbled  an  army,  under 
pretence  of  prosecuting  his  deligns  againit  the  infidels,  he 
fuddenly  fummoned  his  Mooriih  auxiliaries,  and*  very  un- 
expectedly entered  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  where  he 
laid  Gege  to  Tafalla,  a  place  of  fome  ftrength,  and  of 
great  confequencc  '.  The  king  Don  Garcia  aflembled  a 
confiderable  body  of  his  father's  old  troops,  with  whom  he 
d  difpofed  to  intruit  the  defence  of  Parapeluna  ;  but 
marching  from  thence  in  the  .evening,  he  furprifed  the 
army  of  Arragon  iri  the  depth  of  the  night,  forced  their 
camp,  and  obliged  his  brother  to  fly  on  a  horie  without 
raddle   or  bridle  ".     Don  Garcia  having  thus  :  Ta- 

falla,  finding  his  army  reinforced  by  the  arrival  of  feveral 
ps  of  troops,  marched  direclly  into  Arragon, 
■  It  of  the  great  places  opened  their  gates,  and  his 
brother,  unable  to  oppoie  him,  retired  into  the  mountains 
of  Ribagonja  ;  from  wh<  nee  he  fent  certain  bifhops  to 
a  (lure  1  )on  Garci  1  of  his  forrow  for  what  was  paired,  . 
to  intrc.it  him  to  remember  he  was  lliil  his  brother :  u}  on 

*  Chron.  Antiq  de  Rcb.  Arragon^  Chron.  S.  Tosn.  de  Rup.  Miy- 
erneTurq  l  <.  hron.  Autiq.dc  Rcb.  Arragon, 

Toletan.  dc  Rebus  Hifpaniae.       I  Lucas  Tudenfis 

CHrooi 

F  2  whi*h 


68 

A.D  1041. 

Don  Gar- 
cia' s  great 
care  in  the 
adminif. 
tration  of 
juflice  to  all 
ranl/s  of 
kit  fu'fjtfls. 


ah.  104.3. 


A.D. 


104.5. 


Is  fetid  to 
have  de- 
Ji$>/s  fome* 
•what  inju- 
rious  to- 
iKarJi  his 
brother, 
•tuhofeiz.es 
Ms  perfon 
in  revenge. 


%he  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

which  the  king  of  Navarre,  retired  into  his  own  domini-* 
ons,  and  quitted  all  the  places  he  had  taken. 

This  war  being  thus  happily  terminated,  Don  Garcia 
applied  himfelf  with  great  fpirit  and  diligence  to  regulate 
the  domefric  affairs  of  his  kingdom,  and,  in  imitation  of 
his  predecefibrs,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  fuperb  abbey 
of  Santa  Maria  de  Najara*,  but  while  he  was  thus  em- 
ployed the  Moors  made  an  inroad  into  his  country,  and 
having  carried  off  a  confiderable  booty,  lodged  it  in  the 
fortrefs  of  Calahorra  w.  This  invafion  gave  the  monarch 
of  Navarre  a  fair  opportunity  of  annexing  that  place  to 
his  dominions,  and  he  took  his  meafures  for  that  purpofc 
with  fomuchfecrecy  and  celerity,  that  he'  not  only  inverted, 
but  took  it  by  dorm,  before  the  Moors  were  in  any  con- 
dition to  relieve  it.  This  exploit  added  highly  to  his  re- 
putation, more  efpecially  as  he  immediately  reftored  it, 
and  made  it  a  bilhop's  fee  *.  In  Bifcay  the  clergy  com- 
plained that  they  were  fc'andaloufly  opprefTed  by  the  nobi- 
lity and  gentry,  who  treated  them  very  little  better  that! 
Haves,  and  even  obliged  them  to  breed  up  and  feed  their 
dogs.  The  king  interpofed,  and  rendered  them  all  the 
juflice  they  could  defire,  fettled  their  livings  in  fueh  a 
manner  that  they  might  li  ;c  comfortably  upon  them,  and 
thereby  merited  great  commendation  *. 

The  valt  expence  incurred  by  building  the  new  monas- 
tery of  our  Lady  of  Najara,  exhaufted  the  treafury  of  Na- 
varre, and  nude  it  very  difficult  for  Don  Garcia  to  per- 
form his  purpofe.  Upon  this  he  applied  to  the  convent  of 
St.  Millan,  and  defiredto  borrow  a  part  of  their  wealth, 
in  order  to  perfect  his  new  foundation.  The  abbot  was 
not  altogether  averfe  to  this  loan;  but -the  prior,  whofe 
name  was  Dominic,  obftinately  oppofed,  and  prevented 
it ;  a  circumftance  which  fo  provoked  the  krhg,  that  he 
ordered  the  abbot  to  exclude  him  the  cloiftcr  *.  Not  long 
after  Don  Garcia  fell  dangeroufly  ill  ;  upon  which  his 
brother  Don  Ferdinand,  king  of  Caftile^  came  to  Najara 
to  make  him  a  vifit.  It  is  faid  that  the  latter  claimed  this 
vcvv  city,  with  the  province  belonging  to  it,  and  fome' 
bther  places,  as  having  been  anciently  dependent  on  the 
kingdom  which  his  father  had  given  him:  whereas,  on 
the  other  hand,  Don  Garcia  aiiertcd,  that  in  the  fame 
inftrument  by  which  the  king  gave  his  brother  a  king-* 


w  Moret  Inveftigaciones  Hiftorlcas  ds 
fiode  Navarro,  lib.  x\v.  fol.  746. 
Milan.  x  P.  Mom, 


las  Antiguidadesdel  Uey- 
x Chart.  Monaft.  S. 
z  Vita  Sti.  lomini. 

dom^ 


TTiJtory  of  Navarre.  69 

dom,  he  exprefly  affigned  to  him  thcfe   places  which  he 

and  would  keep  ■.     However,  he  received  Don  Fcr-  A.D.tej»« 
dinandwith  all  the  kindnefs  and  refpecl  pollible  ;  but  m  a  ■■ 

time  it  was  infufed  into  the  head  ol  the  CaftUian 
irch  that  his  brother  had  an  intention  to  fecure  his 
n.     In  confequencc  of  this  information,  be  retired  as 
fuddenly  and  as  fecretly  as  pofftble  into  his  own  territories, 
highly  offended  at  the  injury  which  had  been  offered  him, 
not)  it  to  the  ailurances  that  his  brother 

.   impofed  upon  by  fome  of  his  fa- 
vour! ;  that  never  any  fuch  defign  had  entered  into 
Some  hiftorians  of  Navarre  would  perfuade  us 
that  Don  Ferdinand  was  lb  well  fatisfied  as  to  come  a  fe- 
cond  time  into  Navarre,  and  returned  without  the  lead  in- 
jury or  moleflation.     But  however  that  might  be,  fome 
years  after,  this  prince  being  extremely  lick  at  Burgos,  Don 
Garcia  went  thither   to  fee  him,  where,  though  he  was 
at  fir  ft  received  with  all  imaginable  affection  and  regard, 
yet  was  he  very  fpcedily  feized  by  his  brother's  order,  and 
lent  prifoner  to  the  cattle  of  Cea.     He  remained  not  long 
,  but,  by  flattering  or  bribing   his  guards,  made  his 
cfcape  ;  and  on  his  returning  into  his  own  dominions  he 
n  to  raife  foices,  in  order  to  take  a  fevere  revenge. 
Jd  that  to  do  this  the  more  effectually  he  folicited  the 
Moors  of  Saragofia  and  Tudcla,  to  lend  him  their  aflifc- 
ance,  which  they  very  readily  did  ;  fo  that  he  was  quickly 
in  a  condition  to  invade  Caftile  with  a  very  numerous  and 
potent  army. 

his  long,  illnefs  was  attributed  to  his  offending  prior  Don  Gar- 
Dominie    of  the  convent  of  St.  Millan,  fo  all  that  hap-  c'<*  having 
pencd  afterwards  is  referred  to  another  quarrel  with  the  f™'  h". 
fame   holy  perlbn  ;    who  having  prevented  the  king  by  a  wdtt  Cai- 
miracle  from  removing  the  body  of  their  patron  to  his  new  tile,  and 
convent  at  Najara,  was  by  him  fo  roughly  handled  that  he  is /lain  in 
withdrew  into  the  dominions  of  Don  Ferdinand,  where  he  battlt. 
became  abbot  of  Silos,  and  was  employed  with  other  ve- 
nerable perfems  by  the  king  of  Leon  and  Caftile  to  medi- 
ate with  his  brother,  and  to  make  up  this  difference.    But 
Don  Garcia  was  inflexibfe  ;  fo  that  when  his  preparations 
were  over,  and  his  whole  army  affembled,  he,  in  the  lat- 
ter end  of  Auguft,  began  his  march  into  Caftile,  and  ad- 
vancing directly  towards  Burgos,  in  a  plain  between  Ata- 
puerca  and  Afes  :  about  nine  miles  from  that  city,  Don 

•Chron.  Antiq.de  Reb.  Arragon,  Lucas  Tudcnfij  Chronicon, 
Jtoderic  Toletan.  de  Reb.  Hifpaniae. 

F  3  Ferdinand 


70  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre- 

Ferdinand  met  him  with  his  troops,  and  on  the  i  ft  of  Sep7 
tember  the  two  armies  engaged.  The  difpute  continued 
for  a  long  time  equal-,  but  at  length  an  officer,  whofc 
name  war,  Sanchez  Fortune,  who  had  deferted  the  fervice 
of  Don  Garcia,  and  entered  into  that  of  his  brother,  pe- 
netrated the  guards  of  the  former,  and  piercing  the  king 
through  with  a  lance,  bore  him  with  his  horfe  to  the 
ground.  Others  fay,  that  two  deferters  out  of  his  own 
guards,  being  well  acquainted  with  his  perfon,  fingled 
him  out  in  the  battle,  and  each  of  them  ran  him  through 
with  a  lance  at  the  fame  time.  Being  thus  ftain,  through 
a  private  pique  his  army  retired,  and  are  faid  to  have  left 
the  Mohammedans  to  be  furrounded,  and  cut  to  pieces  b. 
A.D  1054.  His  corpfe  was  interred  the  third  day  after  his  death  in  the 
m  ■  royal  monaftery  of  our  Lady   of  Najara,  which  had  coll 

hiin  fo  dear.     The  deceafed  monarch  is  faid  to  have  left 
behind  him  four  fons,  and  as  many  daughters  :  thefe  were 
Don  Sancho,  who  fucceeded  him  •,  Don  Ramiro,  to  whom 
his  father  gave  the  feignory  of  Calahorra  ;  Don  Ferdinand, 
and  Don  Raymond:  the  infantas  were  Donna  Ermefmda, 
Donna  Ximena,  Donna  Major,  and  Donna  Urraca  c. 
Aeeeffion  of      Don  Sancho  Garcia  afcended  the  throne  after  the  un- 
Don  San-     fortunate  death  of  his  father,  and,    as  fomc  writers  fay, 
(ho  IV.        proved  a  prince  no  way  diftinguifhed  either  for  wifdom  or 
%°     e r'?f~  valour.     He  flood  much  in  awe  of  his  uncle  Don  Ferdi- 
'varre  and  nan(V  ana"  though  he  hated  him  for  his  father's  death,  and 
principal     was  jealous  of  his  exorbitant  power,  yet  at  fir  ft  he  fcemed 
events  of     to  take  in  good  partfuch  excuies  as  he  thought  fit  to  make, 
fin  reign.     ancr  aif0  io  comply  with  whatever  terms  he  judged  it  pro- 
per to  demand d.  But,  when  thoroughly  eftablifhed  in  his  go- 
vernment, he  entered  into  a  clofe  correfpondence  with  his 
other   uncle  Don  Ramiro  of  Arragon,  who  having  the 
fame  interefts,  and  the  fame  fears,  propofed  to  him  a  de- 
fenfive  alliance,  as  the   moft  effectual    fecurity  for  them 
both,  againft  a  king  who  was  equally   formidable  to  his 
A.D.  1057.  Chriilian    and  to  his   Mohammedan    neighbours.      This 

treaty  produced  in  a  great  meafure  the  deiired  effect  ;  but 

the  king  of  Leon  and  Caftile  chancing  to  die,  divided  his 
dominions,  leaving  to  Don  Sancho,  Caftile  ;  Don  Alonfo, 
Leon  ;  and  Don  Garcias,  Galicia  and  Portugal e.  Before 
this  event,  Don  Ramiro,  king  of  Arragon,  was  killed  in 

b  Lucas  Tudenfis  Chronicon,  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Reb.  Hifpa- 
niae.  c  Zurita  Annal,  AtT3gon,  Mariana  L'Hiltoire  <lu 

Royanme  de  Navarre,  Paris,  8".  r'  Lucas  Tudenlis  Chro- 

nicon, Roderic  Toletan.  de  Rebus  Hiipaniae.  c  Mariana, 

Fen  eras,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

a  battle 


TJ:e  HIJiory  of  Navarre,  7 1 

a  battle  againft  the  Moors  of  Saragofla,  whom  the  king  o^ 

ile  had  taken    under  his  protection:  this  accident  in- 

duced  Don  Sancho  of  Navarre  to  renew  his  treaty  with  his 

1  Don  Sancho  of  Arragon,  which  enabled  him  to 
repel  the  invafion  of  Don  Sancho  of  Caltile,  who  was 
thoroughly,  defeated  by  the  allied  princes  ;  though  after- 
wards, turning  his  arms  againft.  his  brethren,  he  united 
once  more  all  his  father's  territories,  and  confequently  be- 
came in  every  rci'pect  as  formidable  to  his  coufins  as  ever 
his  father  Don  Ferdinand  had  been.  But  the  death  of  that 
ambitious  prince  foon  releafed  them  from  their  apprehen- 
sions, notwithdanding  his  brother  Don  Alonfo,  whom  he 
had  forced  to  take  refuge  amongll  the  Moors  of  Toledo, 
fucceeded  him  in  all  his  dominions  f.     Some  fads  there  A.D.  1063. 

are  which  feem  to  contradict  the  character  before  given  of — — 

this  prince  ;  for  when  Don  Sancho  of  Arragon  attacked 
the  Mooiifh  king  of  Saragofla,  Don  Sancho  of  Navarre 
received  him  as  his  tributary,  and  thereby  fecured  him 
from  becoming  the  victim  of  his  coufin's  ambition  s.  He  alfo 
refilled  all  the  importunities  of  pope  Alexander  the  Se- 
cond, who  p relied  him  to  lay  afide  the  old  Gothic  form  of 
celebrating  divine  worthip,  and  introduce  the  Roman  li- 
turgy. But  he  did  not  at  all  oppofe  the  holding  a  council 
for  reforming  limony,  and  other  vices,  which  prevailed 
amongd  the  clergy  ;  on  the  contrary,  he  took  care  that  the 
canons  made  for  that  purpofe  were  duly  executed.     He 

lfo  fteady,  in  conjunttionwith  his  coufins,  in  treating 
with  the  contempt  they  deferved  the  wild  pretences  of 
pope  Gregory  the  Seventh,  who  by  a  fcandalous  and  ri- 
diculous forgery,  pretended  to  render  all  the  Chriftian 
princes  in  Spain  feudatories  to  the  fee  of  Rome  h.  Thefe  a  D.1074; 
feem  to  be  proofs   that  Don  Sancho  of  Navarre  was  not  ■ 

either  a  weak  or  pufillanimous  prince,  though  he  was  of  a 
very  pacific  difpofition.  Perhaps  fome  domeltic  misfor- 
tunes retrained  him  from  endeavouring  to  raife  his  repu- 
tation, by  feats  of  arms,  in  the  fame  manner  his  father  and 
other  illuftrious  ancestors  had  done  :  but  we  can  only  guefs 
at  thefe  things,  the  ftory  of  his  reign  being  particularly 
obfeure,  and  even  the  few  facts  that  are  preferved  being 
differently  related,  and  fome  of  them  with  contradictory 
circumlhi; 

Don  Raymond,  the  brother  of  the  king  of  Navarre, 
being  feduccd  by  fome  young  men  with  whom  he  had  con- 

f  Lucas  Tudenfis  Ciironicon,  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Rebus  Hifpi- 
%  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon.  kFerreras 

Hiftoria  de  Hifpana. 

F  4  tracted 


Ja  Ike  Hitler;  of  Ndvjrre. 

tracked  too  great  an  intimacy,  began  firft  to  treat  his  bro- 
ther with  lefs  rcfpecl:  than  wa3  due  to  him,  and  next  en- 
deavoured   to   diffuie  this  fpirit  of  contempt  amongft   his 
j"ubje£ts.     He  treated  his  piety  as  meannefs  of  fpirit ;  ri- 
diculed his  confiant  attention  to  bufincfs  as  unworthy  of 
his    dignity  ;  and  complained  that  he   had  made  no  addi- 
tions to  his  territories  by  conqueft  '.     lie  made  no  impref- 
fion  upon   the   bulk   of  the   people,  who,  perfuaded  that 
their  fovereign  had  nothing  io  much  at  heart  as  their  hap- 
pinefs,  were  entirely  devoted  to  his  fervice  ;  but  he  drew 
his  filter  Donna  Ermefinda  into  his  intrigues,  and  had  a 
numerous  fet    of  ruffians,  who   were  his  partialis,  and 
whom  he  protected  from   the  punifhment  which  the  laws 
would  have  inflicted  for  their  offences  k.  The  king,  having 
at  firft  tried  all  methods  poffible  to  reclaim  him,  at  l< 
declared  him  and  his  affociates,  rebels  and  public  enemies. 
Vie  Hi"     ^on    Raymond,  who   cither  perfuaded  himfelf,    or  v.  as 
is  bnrha-     perfuaded  by  hi-  braver-*,  that  if  his  brother  were  dead,  the 
raufly  af      people  would  fet  afide  his  children,  and  receive  this  gallant 
Jafjinated     prjnce  for  their  king,    with    univerfal    applaufe,    having 
thrrDij0'   caufed  fome  caftlesto  be  fortified,  and  drawn  about  him  a 
QajwoHd.    great  number  of  thefe  mutinous  people,  began  to  prattife 
againft  his  brother's  life,  and  foon  executed  his  baibarous 
purpofe,   though   authors   differ  a   little  about  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  aflaffination  was  perpetrated.     Seme  fay, 
that  Don  Raymond  fent  a  cdnfiderable  number  of  hia  at- 
tendants   into  the  city,  difguifed,   in   order  to  defend  the 
perfon  who   was    inftrucKd  to  kill  the  king  ;  and  that  at 
length  this  fcheme  \va<  executed  at  Roda,  where  Don  San- 
cho  was  ftabbed  by  his  brother's  appointment  '.     Others 
afTert,  that  while  he  was  hunting  on  the  mountains  be- 
tween Funes  and  Milagro,  Don   Raymond,  who  was  re- 
conciled to  him  in  appearance,  obferving  that  the  greateft 
.  part  of  the  company  were  left  behind  by  the  king's  eager- 
nefs  in  purfuing  a   wild  boar,  he   and  his  affociates  took 
that  opportunity  to  throw  him  and  his  horfe  over  the  rocks, 
by  which  fall  he  was  beat  to  pieces  Jn.     This  execrable  a£fc 
AD  i  76  was  committe^  on  the  4th  of  June,  when  the   king  had 
r_._  "  reigned  twenty-two  years.     His  body  is  laid  to  have  been 

interred  in  the  church  of  the  royal  monaftery  of  St.  Maria, 
de  Najara,  univerfally  lamented  by  his  fubjetls. 

*  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Reb.  Hifpaniar.  k  Zmita  Anna.1. 

Arragon,  THiftoire  du  Royaume  dt  Navarre,  Pan's,  8°.  '  Ma- 

riana. »Anaal,  Compoitell.Cluon.S.  joan.de  Pvup. 

The 


The  Ihflory  oj  Navarre,  73 

The  generality  of  hiltorians  tell  us,  that  this  king  cf-  Bifcay,  Ri- 
potifed    Donna   Place ntia,  ami   had  by  her  three  Cons,  of  oj<»,  and 
whom  the  eldeft  was   Don  Ramiro,  and  both  the  others  o:l,er  cou*~ 

called  Garcia  ;  hut  this  is  a  miftake,  for  in  reality  '"f'"'^ 
Don  Ramiro  was  not  his  fon,  but  the  two  Don  Gartias  fi0m  f/a_ 
were,  and  being  very  young  at  the  time  of  their  fathei's  -v/rrt,  and 
death,  were  carried  for  fafety  into  the  territories  of  Caf-  added  to 
tile.  The  confufion  was  to  great  that  very  few  knew  what  Caftlit  ani* 
they  were  doing,- or  what  they  would  have  done;  in  this 
particular  only  they  agreed,  that  the  ilain  of  this  treifon 
could  be  effaced  by  nothing  but  the  blood  of  the  infamous 
Don  Raymond  and  his  aflbciates ;  upon  which  he  fled 
immediately  to  Almutadir,  king  of  Saragofla,  who  in  pity 
to  his  diftrefs  gave  him  a  fubfrftence  n.  Don  Ramiro, 
lord  of  Calahorra,  laboured  to  pacify  the  minds  of  the 
people,  and  engage  them  to  place  him  on  the  throne  with 
his  brother,  to  no  purpofe  ;  for  they  perfifted  in  the 
flrange  refohuion  they  had  formed,  not  to  admit  any  of 
the  family  Don  Ramiro  immediately  proclaimed  in  Ca- 
lahorra Don  Alonfo  king  of  Caftile  and  Leon  ;  and  on 
his  detaching  a  confulerable  body  of  troops  to  his  affiftance, 
feized  the  provinces  of  Rioja  and  Bifcay ;  all  which  ftep3 
wrought  not  in  the  leaft  on  the  people  of  Navarre,  who, 
in  purfuance  of  their  own  inclinations,  called  in  the  king 
of  Arragon,  fhewing  no  concern  for  the  children  of  their 
deceafed  king,  who  were  left  to  the  companion  of  the  king 
of  Leon  and  Caftile,  who  caufed  them  to  be  well  educat- 
ed :  the  younger  died  a  child,  and  the  elder  was  killed  in 
battle  by  the  Moors  as  fome  fay,  though  Ferreras  conjec- 
tures from  their  being  both  of  the  fame  name  that  one 
was  illegitimate,  and  that  both  died  in  their  childhood. 
As  Don  Sancho  brought  a  great  body  of  troops  with  him 
to  Pampeluna,  and  as  Don  Alonfo  reinforced  his  army  in 
the  province  of  Rioja,  it  looked  as  if  the  poflelfion  of 
Navarre  was  to  be  decided  by  force  of  arms;  but  the  pre- 
lates and  peers  interceding,  and  reprefenting  to  both 
princes  that  they  were  fighting  the  battles  of  the  infidels,  in 
righting  againft  each  other,  it  was  at  laft  agreed  that  each 
fhould  keep  what  he  had  .drcady  obtained,  and  that  the 
river  Ebro  fhould  be  the  bounds  of  their  refpeclivc  domi- 
nions °.  It  was  by  this  unfortunate  event  that  the  king- 
dom of  Navarre  loft  thofe  fertile  and  great  provinces,  all 
communication  with  the  ocean,  and  that  part  of  Old 
Caftile  which  had  been  hitherto  annexed  to  it.     As  for  the 

*  Jylariana,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  To nniet.  •  P.  Moret. 

infant 


j  a  1 'he  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

Infant  Don  Ramiro,  and  the  infantas  Donna  Urraca, 
Donna  Major,  and  Donna  Ximena,  they  withdrew  into 
Caftile,  and  were  treated  with  all  the  regard  due  to  their 
birth,  and  all  the  kindnefs  their  diftrefled  circumftances 
demanded. 

SECT.      III. 

From   the  Reign  of  Sancho  the  Fifth  to  that  of  Q 
Joanna,  who,  by  Marriage,  united  this  Crown  to  that 
of  France. 

Pan  San-      T"^^^  Sancho  Ramirez,  thus   mounted  the  throne  of 
eho  V.  kinif    U  Navarre  by  the  content  of  the  people,  and  aflumed 
of  Arragon  tne  t;t]e  0f  D0n  Sancho  the  Fifth.     As  we  have  given  the 
and  ha-      hiftory  0f  this  prince  already,  in  fpeaking  of  his  heredi- 
rewns'ijuith  taI7  kingdom,  we  (hall  confine  ourfelves  here  to  fuch  facts 
honour         as  have  a  ilrici   relation  to  Navarre.     He  found  himfelf 
ever  both     frequently  obliged   to  pay  much  higher  refpe£t  to  Don 
kui^ioms.      Alonfo,  king  of  Leon  and  Caftile,  than  hewasby  any  means 
inclined  to  give,  and  that  on  two  accounts  ;  one  becaufe  of 
his  pretenfions  to  Navarre,  which  were  at  leaft  as  good  as 
his  own  ;  and   the   other  becaufe  he  gave  a  protection   in 
his  dominions  to  thofe  who  had  a  better  title  than  cither. 
It  was  this  circumltance  that  engaged  him  to  allift  at  the 
fiegc  of  Toledo,  where,   to  conceal  his  jealoufy  of  that 
monarch's  power,  he  contributed  not  a  little  to  make  him 
much   more  powerful  than  he  was.     On  the  other  hand, 
Don    Alonfo,    not  fatisfied   either  with   thofe    provinces 
which  he  had  torn  from  his  kingdom,  or  with  the  fubmif- 
fions  paid  him  by  Don  Sancho,  fecretly  hated  him  for  the 
acquisition  he  had  made  of  Navarre,  and  for  this  reafon 
protected  the  Moorifli  princes,  their  common  neighbours  ; 
fo  that  during  their  whole  reigns  thefe  monarchs  lived  in 
apparent  amity  and  private  enmity  with  each  other,  till  it 
wrought  the  death  of  one  of  them  p.     In  his  domeftic  go- 
vernment king  Sancho  was  equally  zealous  for  the  welfare 
of  his  fubjects  and  the  glory  of  his  crown  :  he  made  many 
good    laws    that  are    contained  in   a   code   that  bears  his 
name  <J  ;  he  built  the  city  of  Eftella,  or  Stella,  in  a  plea- 
fant  plain,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Erga,  covered  by  a 
ftrong  caflle,  which  is  now  looked  upon  to  be  the  fecond 

P  Mariana,  Ferreras,  Mayerne   Turquet.  1  P.  Moret, 

Zurita  Annal.  Arragon,  Fcrreias,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

place 


Hiftory  of  75 

glace  in  the  kingdom ;  he  made  reftitution  and  did  pc-, 
■  for  having  taken  the  tfeafure  of  the  church  to  fup- 

}>ort  his  wars  again (l  the  Moors,  who  in  the  times  of  pub- 
mfufion  had  found  means  to  feize  feveral  plac- 
the  mountains,  of  which  lie  difpoffeffed  them;  to  prevent; 
which  inconvenience  from  ever  happening  again,  he  gave 
the  countries  of  Sobrarva  and  Ribagorca  to  his  fon  Don 
Pedro,  in  his  life-time  r.  The  lait  great  action  of  tins 
monarch's  life  was  that  which  put  an  end  to  it;  for  ha\ 
invelled  the  city  of  Iluefca,  which  was  defended  again  It  / 

him  by  the  whole  force  of  the  Moors,  not  without  the 
a fli fiance  of  fome  Caflilians  :  he  was  fliot  in  the  body  with 
an  arrow,  under  the  arm,  as  he  extended  it  in  giving 
directions,  of  which  wound,  being  carried  into  his  tent, 
he  fpecdily  expired,  as  fome  fay  on  the  firft,  but  as  others  A.D  109^ 
on  the   4th  of  June,  when  he   had   reigned  in  Navarre  - 

eighteen  years  *. 

J)on  Pedro,  reputed  by  fome  king  of  Sobrarva  feveral  Don  P?- 
vears  before,  fucceeded  his  father  in  all  his  dominions  ;  and  dro'sJ°ur* 
having,  in  eonj unction  with  his  brother  Don  Alonfo,  pro-  r  **' 
mifed  never  to  put  an  end  to  this  war  till  Iluefca  was  re- 
duced, he,  to    fulfil    that  promife,  gave  battle   to  a   nu- 
merous army  of  Moors,  under  the  king  of  Saragolia,  and  A.D.  1096. 
of  Chriftians,    under  the  count  of  Cabra,    in    the  great  — 

plain  of  Alcoraz,  and  by  their  total  defeat  made  way  for 
the  ftirrender  of  that  place.  The  beft  part  of  his  reign 
was  fpent  in  expeditions  againft  tlie  infidels,  from  whom 
he  took  many  ftrong  places,  and  thereby  extended  his  do- 
minions on  every  fide.  Hut  if  he  was  fortunate  in  his 
wars,  he  was  very  far  from  being  fo  in  his  family,  lince 
his  fon  the  infant  Don  Pedro,  and  his  daughter  the  infanta 
Donna  Ifabella,  died  both  on  the  1 8th  of  Auguft,  and  he  A.  D.no*, 

himfelf,  as  fome  fay,  on  the  28th  of  September  following,  

partly  of  a  lingering  difeafe,  and  partly  of  grief  for  his 
children,  when  he  had  governed  the  kingdoms  of  Navarre 
and  Arragon  ten  years  '.  He  was  interred  with  his  chil- 
dren in  the  church  of  the  monailcry  of  St.  Juan  de  la 
.a. 

Don  Alonfo  fucceed  his  brother,  who  died  without  po- 
fterity,  and  became  in  a  very  fliort  fpace  of  time  from  the 
younger  brother  of  a  little  king,  the  moll  powerful  of  the 

r  Zurita.  »Roc1eric  To!<  ran  rlr  Rehns  ITifpaniar  Mar- 

tinez H'ltoria  de  la  Fminciaciuii  y  Anttguida9«  u"e  S  Juan  de  la 
Pena,  Anna!.  Compoftell.   Mayeme  Turqitet,  t  Annal. 

Compollel).  Martinez,  Zjnta,  A!>arca,  Fen  eras. 

Chriaian 


j 6  The  Hijtory  of  Navaree. 

Von  Alon-  Chriflian  monarchs,  which,  fi nee  the  ruir.  of  the  Gothic 
jo  I.  by  kingdom,  had  reigned  in  Spain.  Pie  was  the  firft  of  his 
fomeflyled  name  who  had  reigned  either  in  Arragon  or  Navarre  j  but 
**£[**£?{  after  his  marriage  with  Donna  Urraca,  he  entitled  himfelf 
*<*midthe  Don  Alonfo,  the  Second  of  Leon,  and  Seventh  of  Caltile  ; 
Caintr  of  but  that  he  ever  entitled  himfelf  emperor  is,  if  not  falfe, 
batllti.  0f  verv  doubtful  authority  u.  We  have  faid  fo  much  of 
this  gallant  prince  in  the  hi  (lories  of  Leon,  Caflile,  and 
Arragon,  that  it  is  unneceilary  to  dwell  upon  his  great 
actions  here  We  fhall,  therefore,  only  obferve  th, 
reduced  Saragofia,  Tudcla,  Terrac^ona,  Calatayud,  D>\- 
roca,  and  all  the  country  on  the  fouth  of  the  Lbro,  which 
he  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Arragon  w.  He  was  the  firft 
•who  carried  the  arms  of  the  Chriftians  into  the  fruitful 
province  of  Andalufia  ;  fo  brave  in  his  perfon,  and  fo  for- 
tunate in  his  military  expeditions,  that  he  obtained  the 
firname  of  the  Gainer  oi  ttles.  His  valour  was  no  lefs 
confpicuous  in  France,  where  he  took  Bayonne  ;  and  the 
very  fame  of  his  exploits  drew  to  his  ftandard,  as  the  cuf-. 
torn  of  that  age  was,  the  meft  gallant  knights  from  all  the 
countries  in  Europe  x.  But  this  nob!e,  and  in  the  general 
acceptation  of  thofe  times,  pious  prince,  perfifting  oblli- 
nately  in  the  ficge  of  Fraga,  and  giving  battle  to  a  much 
fuperior  army  of  Moors,  who  advanced  to  the  relief  of  it, 
was  totally  defeated  on  the  17th  of  July.  Having  loll 
upon  the  fpot  mofl  of  the  generous  cavaliers  that  came  to 
him  out  of  foreign  countries,  and  the  flower  of  the  nobi-r 
lity  of  both  his  kingdoms,  he  efcaped  with  difficulty  to  tlie 
monaftcry  of  St.  Juan  delaPcgna,  and  there  died  in  two 
Hays,  of  grief,  as  contemporary  writers  fay  *;  fo  that  there 
is  not  the  leaf!  reafon  to  credit  the  fables  reported  by  fome 
authors  of  his  furviving  this  aclion  feveral  years,  and 
leading  a  retired  life  in  theguife  of  a  hermit  near  Jerufa- 
1cm.  He  died  without  ifTue  ;  and  by  his  will,  which  was, 
made  at  Bayonne,  left  prodigious  legacies  to  the  church, 
and  both  his  kingdoms  to  the  Knights  Templars;  but  his 
fubjec~ls  were  wife  enough  not  to  fuffer  themfelvcs  to  be 
difpofed  of  in  that  manner,  and  therefore  as  foon  as  they 
had  recovered  from  the  great  confternation  they  were  un« 
der^  they  convened  an  ailembly  of  the  Hates  *. 

o  Mariana.  w  Zurita>  Roderic  Toletan  de   Reb. 

Hifpan.   I<«c.   Tudenf.  Chron.  x  Abarca,  Fen  eras, 

y  Anna),  qoropoftell,  z  Ferreras,  torn.  iii.  part.   v„ 

feet-  xii. 


Ybi  Hijlcfy  of  Navarre,  77 

ft  was  of  the  grcatcft  confequence  to  come  to  a  fpccdr  The  fates' 
election,  and  the   greateft  part  of  the  aiTembly  had  calt  of  Navarre 

1  upon  Don  Pedro  Atarcz,  a  man  of  great  virtue  affembtid 
nnd   anility,     defcended    from   Don    Ramir<  <dt,  ^'"^ 

king  of  Arragon.  Againft  this  meafure,  however,  OonGar- 
Don  Pedro  Tizon  de  Cadreita,  and  Don  Peregrin  aa  Rami* 
Calteilezuelo   fet  themfelves  violently,  affirming,  that  he  rex.  their 

a  perfon  of  aultere  man  iters,  and  already  exceflively  ""*• 
proud  ;  fo  that  raifing  him  to  the  throne  would  be  making 
themfelves  and  their  countrymen  miferable  \  Warm  de- 
bates arifing,  the  aflembly  was  transferred  to  Moncon, 
where  it  Quickly  appeared  that  the  only  means  to  prevent 
a  civil  war  confuted  in  the  elevation  of  Don  Ramiro, 
brother  to  the  deceafed  king,  to  the  throne,  though  a 
monk,  and  in  priefl's  orders  b.  The  nobility  of  Navarre 
retired  in  difcontent,  and  aflembling  at  Pampeluna  fud- 
denly,  unanimously  elected  Don  Garcia  Ramirez,  and 
having  fent  for  him  from  Moncon,  declared  him  king* 
All  authors  agree  that  he  was  of  the  royal  family;  but 
many,  and  Mariana  among  the  reft,  will  have  him  to  be 
the  fon  of  Don  Ramiro,  and  the  grandfon  of  Don  San- 
cho,  whom  his  brother  afladinated  :  yet,  upon  a  (trie!:  exa- 
mination of  the  charters,  and  other  authentic  instruments 
of  thofe  days,  it  very  clearly  appears  that  he  was  in  reality 
the  grandfon  of  Don  Ramiro,  the  brother  of  Don  San- 
cho,  who  retired  into  Caftile  during  the  troubles  of  Na- 
varre ;  fo  that  his  new  Subjects  might  be  truly  laid  to  ren- 
der him  that  juftiee  which  they  had  refufed  his  grand- 
father. He  was  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  and  very  ca- 
pable of  that  high  dignity  to  which  he  was  advanced  ;  per- 
sonally brave,  but  politically  cautious  ;  jealous  of  the  ho- 
nour of  his  crown,  but  tender  of  his  people's  fafety:  in  a 
word,  very  able  to  maintain  war  when  forced  to  maintain 
it ;  but  by  no  means  difpofed  to  dilturb  his  neighbours,  or 
to  expefe  thofe  who  had  chofen  him  for  their  protector  to 
gratify  his  ambition* 

He  had  fearce  felt  the  weight  of  a  crown  before   he  Difcultiei 
found  two  princes   equally  defirous  of  eafmg  him  of  his  to  -which 
burthen  :  the    firtl    was  Don   Alolifo  Raymond,  king  of  ,t'Jcu*f 
Leon  and  Caitile,  who  pretended  to  the  Sovereignty  of  J^J^'^f' 
Navarre,  as  being  defcended  from  Don  Saneho  the  Great  mtdiatc'# 
in  a  direct  line  ;    the  other  was   Don    Ramiro,  king  of  onhisac 
Arragon,  who  conceived  that,  as  the  heir  of  his  brother,  "Jfio** 

*  Zurita,    CUcon.  Adefotii   Magni.  *  Mayerne 

T<jrou€t> 

h« 


7  8  2*0*  HJ/lory  of  Navarre. 

he  was  as  much  entitled  to  one  kingdom  as  the  other c, 
Don  Garcia  with  great  addrefs,  extricated  himfelf  out  of 
thefe  difficulties.  He  went  to  pay  his  devoirs  to  Don 
Alonfo,  and  by  this  condefcenfion  concluded  a  treaty  with 
him  much  to  his  own  advantage.  With  the  like  dexterity 
he  infiuuated  to  the  nobility  of  Arragon,  that  a  war  would 
be  fatal  to  both  nations  ;  and  that  though  he  had  jufl  pre- 
tentions, as  the  heir  of  Don  Garcia  de  Najara,  upon.the  fo- 
vereignty  of  Arragon,  yet  he  was  content  to  remit  things 
to  ah  arbitration  :  the  refult  of  which  was,  that  hjs  right 
to  Navarre  was  acknowledged,  the  nobility  of  Arragon 
being  fatisfied  that  Don  Ramiro  would  have  enough  to  do 
A. D.  1 13 5.  to  govern  one  kingdom.  They  infilled  only,  that  in  ic- 
■  ■  verence  to  his  age,  Don  Garcia  fhould  pay  him  a  kind  of 

homage,    which    he    very     readily     performed,    hoping, 
in  cafe  he  furvived  him,  to  be  chofen  his  fucceffor. 
Succejjcr  of      Things  did  not  long  continue  in  this  pacific  fituation  ; 
this  mo-        for  Don  Garcia  having  demanded  the  reftitution   of  the 
narch,  and  provinces  that  had  been  difmembered   from  his  kingdom, 
is  decea/e    ^^  annexed  t0  Caftile,  and  having  received  a  rough  an- 
riousreifn.  fvver  from  the  emperor,  for  fo  Don  Alonfo  was  now  ityl- 
ed,  he  entered  into   an  alliance  with  Don  Alonfo  Henri- 
quez,  prince  of  Portugal,  and  endeavoured  to  obtain  it  by 
force  of  arms  ;  but  failing  in  this  endeavour,  the  difpute 
was  at  length  compromifed.  This  was  fucceeded  by  a  new 
quarrel  with  Don  Raymond  Berenger,  who,  on  the  abdi- 
cation of  Don  Ramiro,  had  affumed  the  title  of  prince  of 
Arragon,  and  was  count  of  Barcelona  in  his  own  right. 
The  emperor  Don  Alonfo  afhfted  his  brother-in-law  Don 
Raymond   in  this  difpute  ;  but  Don  Garcia  managed  the 
war  with  io  much  courage  and  conduct,  that  lie  defeated 
the  prince  of  Arragon,  and  obliged  the  emperor  to  raife 
A.D.H40.  the  fiege  ofPampeluna  ;  and  at  length  the  peers  and  pre- 
.  lates    of  his   realm  interpofing,  the  emperor  concluded  a 

treaty  with  him,  by  which  an  end  was  put  to  all  their  dif- 
ferences, and  for  the  confirmation  of  it  his  fon  Den  San- 
cho  married  the  infanta  Donna  Blanch  of  Navarre  d.  The 
war  with  Arragon  was  (till  continued  ;  in  which  Don 
Garcia  gained  feveral  advantages  ;  but  his  queen  Donna 
Margaret  dying,  lie  thought  fit,  to  promote  his  own  in* 
t  ere  it,  to  marry  Donna  Urraca,  the  natural  daughter  of 
the  emperor  ;  who  compromifed  the  difputes  with  Arra- 
gon, and  engaged  both  princes  to  a  (hit  him  in  his  wars 

c    Martinez,      Chron.     Adefons     Magni,     Zurita,    Ferreras. 
a  Roderic  Toletan,    Luc.  Tudenf.   P.   Moiet. 

againft 


Hiftory  of  Navarre.  79 

[oors,  an    undertaking  which  they  very  ho-  A.D.1147. 
rably  performed,  and  the  emperor,  by  their  affiftance,  ■ 
.it  fuccel  te  of 

,  who,  after  1 
prudently  that  perplexed  (late  in  which  lie 
found  the  affairs  of  his  mo  nd  having  rcftorcd  it 

to  its  ancient  independency,  died  in  peace  at  Pampcluna 

1  it  of  November,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  A.D.  1150. 
church  of  tliat  capital,    equally  regretted  by  his  fubjects  ■■ 

>y  the  princes  his  aUie 
DonSancho,  Grnamedthe  Wife,  fucceeded  his  father,  Don  San- 
and  very  fteadily  purfucd  his  maxims.     He  delivered  his  cho  I'll. 
filter,  who  had  been  married  while  a  child,  and  who  was  or  l'-e 
now  become  a  woman,  r<>  the  infant  Don  Sancho  ;  and  at     •''' 
the  fame  time  his  mother-in-law  Donna  Unaca  returned  to 
her  father's  court  R.    The  war  with  Arragon  being  revived, 
he  carried  it  on  witli  great  fpirit  and  fuccefs,  notwithstand- 
ing the   emperor  aflHted  IJon   Raymond,  and   ar.  length 
obliged  the  Inter  to  terminate  the  difputesthat  had  Iaiic.d 
ib  long  between  the  two  crowns,  by  an  equitable  and  folid 
peace.     After  the  death  of  the  emperor  he  attempted  the 

.cry  of  the  places,  that,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  crown 
of  Navarre,  had  been  annexed  to  Caltile  ;  and  though  he 
failed  in  his  fir  it  attempt,  vet  taking  afterwards  a  more  fa- 
vourable opportunity  he  fucceeded,  and  by  the  like  pru- 
dent management  hindered  the  coalition  of  the  fmall 
Mooriih  principalities,  by  aiufting  the  weaker  againft  the 
ftronger,  by  which  means,  he  kept  their  forces  itill  divid- 
ed, and  at  the  fame  time  employed  in  ruining  each  other  h. 
It  was  from  the  exercife  of  thefe  refined  arts  of  policy, 
as  well  as  from  his  diligence  and  attention  to  domettic  im- 
provements, that  he  obtained  the  firname  of  Wife,  and 
retrieved  and  reftored  the  broken  forces  of  his  monarchy  in 
fuch  a  manner  that  he  begun  to  be  as  much  confidered 
both  by  the  Chriltian  and  Moorilh  princes  as  any  of  his 
predecerTors  had  been  '. 

Wc  mud  allow  the  hiftorians  of  Navarre  to  have  hud  a 
juft  right  to  fct  this  monarch  on  a  level  with  any  of  thofe 
who  nouriflied  in  his  time  :  he  took  pofieifion  of  his  do- 
minions when  they  had  been  harraflcd  by  a  long  war,  and 
curtailed  through  a  ieries  of  ill  fortune.     He  had  fearc  a 

iiron.     Adeforu     Magni,     Ferreras,     Mayerne     Turquet. 
1  Annal.    Toletan.   P.  Morct,    L  Hiltoire    d'j    Roy  aw  me  tie   Na- 
varre, Mariana.  «  Luc.    Tu.icnl.  Chron.  Chion. 
Adefoiu   Magni,                        *  Annal.  Tel:  an.  Gaub.iy,  l'cuc- 
Moret. 

fmgle 


8o  the  Hiftory  of  Navarre, 

fingle  power  that  was  fincerely  allied  to  him,  and  even  ir» 
his  own  territories  fome  inclined  to  the  king  of  Caftile,  and 
Other  in-  more  to  the  king  of  Arragon.  He  kept  at  firfton  thedefen- 
ftancet  of  ^ve »  entered  into  a  league  with  Lewis  the  Seventh  of 
Don  San-  France,  which  fubfifted  during  both  their  reigns,  enlarged 
thospru-  the  privileges  of  mod  of  the  great  towns  ;  built  fome  new 
<knceand  c;tjes>  an<j  fortified  all ;  exempted  the. inhabitants  of  the 
'      *  vallies  .that  were  moil  barren  from  taxes,  by  which  indul- 

gence they  were  always  ready  to  take  arms  as  occafion  re- 
quired k.  His  court  was  the  afylum  of  the  injured  and 
oppreiTed,  whether  Christians  or  Moors ;  fo  that  he  had 
ever  in  his  fervice  men  of  diftinguifhed  courage  and  great 
experience.  He  was,  for  thofc  times,  a  prince  of  learn- 
ing, which  he  encouraged  amongft  his  clergy  and  nobility. 
He  had  a  good  correfpondence  throughout  Europe,  and  fa 
good  intelligence,  that  he  let  flip  no  opportunity  of  reco- 
vering the  places  that  had  been  torn  from  his  predeceflbrs. 
His  alliance  with  Portugal  was  of  great  ufe  to  him  ;  and 
his  induftry  and  activity  in  time  of  peace  enabled  him  to 
make  or  fuftain  war  fooncr  and  Readier  than  any  of  his 
neighbours.  He  loft  fcveral  battles,  and  fome  towns  ;  but 
he  rejected  all  offers  of  peace  till  thefe  were  reftored;  and 
his  abilities  and  experience  furniflied  him  with  fuch  re- 
sources, that,  fooner  or  later,  he  carried  his  point '.  His 
generofity  to  his  prifoners  gained  |him  a  high  reputation, 
and  was  in  other  refpects  very  ufeful  5  his  modefty  and  his 
filence  rendered  his  defigns  impenetrable  ;  and  his  readi- 
nefs  in  forgiving  pail  offences,  brought  back  into  his  do- 
minions moil  of  thofe  who  had  retired  into  Arragon  or 
Caftile.  He  iirft  introduced  the  title  of  count  into  Na- 
varre ;  and  was  fo  ready  to  acknowlege  whatever  fcrvices 
were  rendered  him  by  the  nobility,  and  paid  them  fo  much 
refpett  upon  all  occafions,  that  they  let  flip  no  opportu- 
nity of  exprefling  their  zeal,  or  of  conforming  to  his  willj 
by  which  means  he  wrought  fo  great  a  change  in  the  order: 
and  ceconomy  of  tin*  date,  that  at  the  fame  time  he  raifed 
his  own  revenues,  the  people  in  general  were  much  richer* 
than  before  his  acceiTion  to  the  crown.  His  addrefs  and 
his  experience  might  have  given  him  a  boundlefs  autho- 
rity if  he  had  fought  it ;  but,  except  in  great  emergencies, 
he  did  nothing  but  by  the  advice  of  the  ftatcs,  or  at  leaft 
with  their  confent  •,  and  was  fo  far  from  abridging  the  li- 
berties of  the  people,  that  in  many  inftances  he  extended 

k  P.  Moret,  Mayerne  Torquet,  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Reb  H5- 
fpan.  J  L'Hiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre. 

them 


The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre.  Ci 

them"1.  When  he  found  it  impracticable  to  recover  all  Bif- 
.  he  infinuated  to  the  lords  of  it,  who  were  vaflaU  to 
the  crown  of  Caftile,  that  hoftilities  mi^ht  prove  the  de- 
ftruftion,  but  could  never  turn  to  the  advantage  either  of 
the  Bifcayners  or  the  people  of  Navarre  ;  and  therefore 
he  advifed  them  to  keep  a  tacit  and  perpetual  neutrality 
when  the  two  crowns  were  at  war,  the  advantages  of 
which  were  quickly  fo  apparent,  and  the  lords  of  Bifcay 
became  by  this  conduct  fo  independent,  that  the  monarchs 
of  Caftile  could  never  engage  them  to  break  through  it, 
while  the  kings  of  Navarre  drew  little  lefs  benefit  from 
that  province  than  they  would  have  done  if  it  had  been 
held  of  them  ;  which  benefit,  though  forefeen  by  him, 
was  not  felt  in  its  full  extent  but  by  his  fucceflbrs  n. 

Don  Alonfo  king  of  Arragon,  count  of  Barcelona,  and  A.D.  1175.' 
mafter  of  feveral  eftates  in  France,  could  never  diveft  him-  — _ 
felf  of  the  paffionate  defire  he  had  once  entertained  of  being         5J" 
mafter  of  Navarre.     Finding  the  like  difpofition  in  Don  r^tf  the' 
Alonfo  the  Third  of  Caftile,  he  took  advantage  of  their  confederacy 
having  concluded  a  truce  with  the  Moors,  to  propofe  the  formed  for 
conqueft  of  that  kingdom,  in  order  to  which  a  kind  of  con-  ro»queriag 
vention  was   fettled  between  them;  as  both  princes  had  •      lW 
numerous  armies  on  foot,  and  had  bound   themfelves  by  J^ginima, 
reciprocally  depofiting  certain  fortrefies  for  the  due  per- 
formance of  their  engagement,  Don  Sancho  was  never  in 
fo  great  peril  before.     At  the  time  appointed  the  troops  of 
Arragon  entered  Navarre,  and  took  feveral  places  ;  but 
they  were  lb  well  and  fo  long  defended,  that  by  the  end  of 
the  campaign  the  army  was  much  reduced.     On  the  other 
hand,  the  king  of  Caftile  in  perfon  penetrated  almoft  as 
far  as  Pampeluna,  with  a  fuperior  army,  Don  Sancho  re- 
tiring before  him  all  the  way,  and  fullering  him  to  burn 
and  pillage  the  country  at  his  pleafure  j  but  in  his  retreat 
he  harraired  his  troops  exceedingly,  and  recovered  a  great 
part  of  the  booty  °.     Next  year  the  war  was  carried  on  in 
the  fame  manner  ;  but  while  the  king  of  Arragon  pleafed 
himfelf  with  taking  feveral  fmall  places,  he  was  alarmed 
with  the  news  that  Don  Sancho  had  made  an  irruption 
into  Arragon,  had  taken  Cajuelos,  and  was  preparing  to 
cut  off  his  retreat.  As  for  the  Caftilians,  finding  the  coun- 
try in  the  fame  manner  as  they  left  it,  and  meeting  with 
no  oppofition,  they  were  afraid  of  advancing  too  far,  from 
an  apprehenfion  of  fuiTering  by  that  famine  which  they 

«■  Zurita,  Luc.  Tudenf.  Cbrodu  »  Ferrcras.  •  P.  Mo- 

ret. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  WCW  l\ 


%t  The  Hljiory  of  Navarre. 

had  caufed.     Events  of  the  like  nature  followed  in  feveral 
campaigns,  till  at  length  all  parties  weary  of  a  war  by 
which  none  were  gainers,  contented  to  leave  all  their  dif- 
putes  to  the  arbitration  of  Henry  king  of  England,  to  whofe 
court  each  of  the  princes  fent  ambaffadors,  and  gave  fecu- 
rity  to  fubmit  to  his  decifion  p.     In  the  mean  time  a  ceflfa- 
tion  of  arms  took  place,  which  continued  for  feveral  years. 
The  ufe  Don  Sancho  made  of  this  calm,  was  to  build  in 
the  province  of  Alava  the  beautiful  town  of  Victoria,  to 
cover  his  country  from   irruptions  on  the  fide  of  Caltile. 
He  chofe  the  fituation  fo  happily,  that  in  procefs  of  time 
it  became  a  fine  city,  and  the  capital  of  this  country,  after 
it  fel^  during  the  reign  of  his  fon,  under  the  dominion  of 
the  crown  of  Caflile,  to  which  it  has  been  united  ever 
fJnce. 
Other  me-        The  decifion  of  king  Henry  of  England  was  not  accept- 
morable       ed,  and  yet  the  truce  Hill  continued.     But  the  king  of  Ca- 
aSiy  and     fa\e  reflecting,  that  while  this  mifunderftanding  continued, 
J.at  s°'       it  would  be  always  the  intereft  of  Don  Sancho  to  hinder 
thothe         as  mut"h  as  in  him  lay  the  fuccefs  of  his  expeditions  againft 
Wife.  the  Moors  •,  and  alfo  that  the  campaigns  againft  that  mo- 

narch were  attended  with  great  lofs  of  blood,  and  little  or 
no  profit,  while  the  common  enemy  was  increafing  in 
ftrength,  a  circumftance  which  muft  be  attended  with 
great  ill  confequences  in  procefs  of  time,  he  demanded  an 
interview  with  that  monarch.  On  this  occafion  they  once 
for  all  adjufted  the  difputes  that  had  fo  long  fubfifted, 
fettled  the  frontier  between  both  their  kingdoms,  and  gave 
each  other,  according  to  the  mode  of  thofe  times,  fecurit>f 
for  the  due  performance  of  this  treaty,  which  was  one  of 
the  greateft  and  happieft  events  in  his  reign  i.  The  king 
of  Arragon  alfo,  tired  out  with  unfuccefsful  expeditions, 
and  defirousof  applying  his  attention  to  affairs  of  another 
nature,  took  the  like  method,  and  concluded  a  definitive 
peace.  Thus  Don  Sancho  carried  his  two  great  points, 
and  obliged  both  his  potent  neighbours  to  renounce  thofe 
pretenfions  which  ambition  fuggefted,  and  which,  for 
fuch  a  length  of  time,  had  been  feconded  by  force r. 
Richard  the  Firft,  king  of  England,  having  demanded 
Donna  Berengara,  Don  Sancho's  eldeft  daughter,  in  mar- 
riage, he  readily  contented ;  and  that  princefs  being  deli- 
vered to  queen  Eleanor,  the  king's  mother,  was  by  her 
carried  into  Flanders,  and  from  thence,  on  board  a  fleet,  to 

p  Roger  Hoveden  Anna).  *  Luc.  Tudenf.  Mariana. 

•  Zurita. 

the 


The  Hijlory  of  Navarre.  §3 

■Hand  of  Cyprus,  where  their  nuptials  were  folcmnized 
on  the  12th  of  May,  at   Limiflb  \     The  very  next  year,  A.D.1T9N 
the  Englifh  monarch  being  in   the  Holy  Land,  the  count  ■  ■  » 

de  Touloufe  attacked  1  hal  ID  Gafcony,  fuppofing 

that  he  (hould  obtain  an  eafy  conqucit;  but  the  king  of 
Navarre  being  ac  quainted  with  this  outrage,  fent  the  infant 
Don  Sancho,  with  eiglit  hundred  men  at  arms,  to  the 
alliftance  of  the  fenefchal,  a  reinforcement  which  entirely 
dilconcerted  the  count's  fcheme  r.  This  was  one  of  the 
Jail  great  actions  of  his  life ;  for  the  king  being  feized 
with  a  confumptive  diftemper,  funk  by  a  gradual  decay, 
and  breathed  his  laft  on  the  27th  of  June,  leaving  behind 
him  the  reputation  of  being  the  moil  accomplifhed  monarch  A.  0.1194, 
that  ever  fat  on  the  throne  of  Navarre  u.  — 

Great  hopes  were  conceived  of  Don  Sancho,  who  fuc-  AcerJJion  of 
ceeded  his  father  of  the  fame  name,  and  who,  in  the  for-  Don  San- 
mer  part  of  his  reign  was  iirnamed  the  Strong,  or  the  efj° l'111- 
Brave;  but  towards  the  end,  for  a  reafon  that  will  be  tlieSlr0tt& 
given,  the  Hidden,  or  Inclofed.  He  was  certainly  a  prince 
of  lively  parts,  as  well  as  Heady  courage ;  but  either  he 
did' not  underftand,  or  at  leaft  he  did  not  purfuc  the  ma- 
xims of  Don  Sancho  the  Wife.  Immediately  after  his  ac- 
ceflion  he  promifed  Don  Alonfo,  king  of  Caftile,  to  bring 
him  a  coniidcrable  reinforcement,  in  order  to  enable  him 
to  make  head  againft  the  whole  flrength  of  the  Moors ; 
and  there  is  no  reafon  to  doubt  that  he  would  have  been 
as  good  as  his  word,  as  well  as  the  king  of  Arragon,  who 
had  made  the  fame  promife,  in  cafe  that  monarch  had 
given  them  time  to  accomplifli  their  defign.  But  by  an 
unaccountable  ftroke  of  vain-glory,  and  a  prcpofterous  de- 
fire  of  defrauding  his  allies  of  their  juft  (hare  of  reputation, 
he  advanced  with  the  troops  of  Caltile  againft  a  numerous 
army  of  Moors,  by  which  he  left  the  great  battle  of  Alar- 
cos,  which  might  have  been  fatal  .at  lead  to  his  own  do- 
minions, if  the  infidels  had  profecuted  their  victory.  The 
kings  of  Navarre  and  Arragon  were  fo  much  provoked  at 
this  behaviour,  that  they  ditbanded  their  forces:  on  the 
other  hand  the  king  of  Caftile  took  this  ftep  fo  ill,  that 
having  obtained  a  truce  from  the  Moors,  he  made  an  at- 
tempt upon  their  dominions,  but  with  little  fuccefsw. 
Some  time  after  he  entered  into  an  alliance  with  the  king  of 

•  Roger  Hovcden  Annal.  »  Ferreras.  °  L'Hirroire 

du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Roderic  Toletan.  de  Reb.  Uifpan.  May- 
yerne  Turquet,  P.  Moret,  Fen?ia.«.  w  Luc.  Tudenl.  Chi  on. 

Annal.  Toletan.  Annal.  Compoitell.  P.  Moret. 

G  2  Ami 


$4  ^e  Hiftory  of  Navarre, 

Arragon,  and  promifed  to  affifi  him  in  cafe  he  would  re^ 
Vive  his  old  pretenfions  to  the  crown  of  Navarre    The  king 
of  Morocco,  being  well  informed  of  all  that  had  paffed,  a* 
well  as  the  forces  and  difpofitions  of  thefe  princes,  began 
a  fecret  negociation  with  the  king  of  Navarre ;   by  which 
he  promifed  him  his  daughter,    and  offered,  by  way  of 
portion,  to  give  her  all  the  large  dominions  which  he  held  in 
Spain.  Alarmed  on  the  one  fide,  and  allured  on  the  other, 
Don  Sancho,  whofe  ftrength  lay  rather  in  his  arm  than  in 
his  head,  embraced  this  proportion,  fo  far  at  lead  as  to 
enter  into  conferences  with  the  emiffaries  of  this  potent 
prince  j  but  with  what  view  cannot  be  fo  clearly  deter*- 
mined  x. 
His  voyage       This  intrigue  could  not  be  carried  on  fo  fecretly  as  to 
to  Africa     efcape   the  knowlege   of  other  Chriltian   princes  ;    who 
mndttscon.  tJiereUp0n  attacked  the  character  of  the  king  of  Navarre 
jtfHtnceu     ^th  t]ie  utmofl  marks  of  refentment,  giving  out,  that  he 
intended  to  enter  into  a  clofe  alliance  with  the  Moors,  and 
perhaps  to  abandon  the  Chriftian  religion.     This  report 
induced  him  to  fend  the  bifhop  of  Pampeluna  to  Rome, 
to  affiire  pope  Celeflin  the  Third,  that  thefe  were  down- 
right  calumnies,  and  that  he   intended  nothing  of  that 
kind  ;  and  the  pontiff  thereupon  wrote  him  a  very  tender 
and  obliging  letter,  which  is  ftill  extant r.  Notwithftanding 
thefe  aflurances,  Don  Sancho,  being  perfectly  informed 
that  the  kings  of  Caftile  and  Arragon  were  concluding  a 
peace  with  the  Moors  in  order  to  attack  his  dominions, 
not  only  perfifted  in  his  negotiations  with  the  infidels,  but 
proceeded  at  length  to  quit  his  own  dominions,  and  with 
a  fmall  retinue  to  pafs  over  to  Barbary,  in  hopes  of  ac- 
complifhing  his  marriage  z.     At  his  arrival  in  the  court  of 
Morocco  he  found  the  face  of  affairs  very  unexpectedly 
changed   by   the  death  of  the  king,  and  his  fon's  pofi- 
tive   declaration,  that  he  did  not  intend  to  be  bound  by 
his  father's  agreement,  but  meant  to  preferve  his  Spanifh 
dominions,  and  to  tranfport  a  confiderable  body  of  force* 
A  D.1199.  from  Africa  for  that  purpofe.     Don  Sancho  thus  difap- 
-*————   pointed,  and  knowing  what  unhappy  confequences  mult 
attend  his  abfence,  would  willingly  have  returned  without 
delay  into  his  own  territories,  but  was  quickly  made  fen- 
fible  that  this  was  alfo  impracticable ;  for  the  new  monarch 
of  Morocco  infilled  en  his  going  with  him  in  perfon  againft 

x  Roger  Hoveden,  Ferreras.  y  Ambrofio  Morales,  Cro« 

riica  Generate  de  Hiipana.  *  Roger  de  lioveden,  Luc.  Tu- 


4t.a(>  Chron.  P.  Morst,  Ferreras. 


his 


tfhe  Hi/lory  of  Navarre,  8  c 

his  rebels ;  which  expedition,  not  being  able  to  avoid,  he 
engaged  in  it  with  a  good  grace,  and  acquired  [Meat  repu- 
.  by  his  behaviour. 
In  the  mean  time  the  kings  of  Caftile  and  Arragon  did  Tht  hlngt 
not  let  this  favourable  occaiion  ilip,  but  attaeked  the  king-  °J  Cajltit 
dom  of  Navarre  with  all  their  forces.     In  the  very  firit  anii  *rra- 
campaign  the  king  of  Arragon  made  himfelf  matter  of  fe-  ^ildlmi- 
veral  places,  fome  by   force,  and  ibme   by  compofition ;  nionj  m  his 
but  the  king  of  Caflile,  though  he  had  the  better  army  of  abjtnce, 
the  two,  was  by  no  means  able  to  make  fo  rapid  a  pro-  "nd  matt 
grefs'.     lie  had  made  an  irruption  into   the  province  of  Zrea*con' 
Alava,  and  had  made  himfelf  matter  oi  feveral  inconfider-  ' 

able  places,  and  moft  of  the  open  country ;  but  Victoria, 
which  was  well  fortified]  and  had  a  good  garrifon,  made 
a  long  and  obftinate  refiftance  ;  fo  that  he  was  obliged  to 
leave  the  reduction  of  it  to  Don  Lopez  de  Haro,  lord  of 
Bifcay,  who  brought  it  by  the  beginning  of  the  next  fpring 
into  fuch  a  fituation,  that  the  garrifon  and  the  inhabitants 
defired  leave  to  fend  the  bifliop  of  Pampeluna  into  Bar- 
bary,  to  know  whether  they  had  any  relief  to  expect, 
promifing  to  furrender  upon  his  return.  This  requeft 
was  granted,  and  the  bifliop  went  accordingly ;  and  the 
king  told  him,  that  he  was  obliged  to  his  faithful  fubjects 
for  the  long  and  gallant  refiftance  they  had  made  ;  but 
that  not  having  it  in  his  power  to  bring  them  any  fuccours, 
he  did  not  pretend  to  hinder  them  from  making  the  belt 
terms  they  could  for  themfelves.  Upon  this  intimation 
the  inhabitants  of  Victoria  demanded,  that  the  king  of 
Caftile  fhould  promife  to  maintain  them  in  all  their  pri- 
vileges and  immunities;  and  this  demand  being  granted, 
they  immediately  opened  their  gates.  The  fate  of  Vic- 
toria not  only  drew  after  it  the  lofs  of  the  whole  province, 
but  that  alfo  of  Guipufcoa,  and  of  what  yet  remained  to 
the  crown  of  Navarre  of  Bifcay,  particularly  the  port  of 
St.  Sebaftian  ;  all  which  were  from  this  time  united  to 
the  kingdom  of  Caftile6.  Inftead  of  wondering  that  fo  A.D.no*. 
much  was  torn  from  the  territories  of  Navarre,  we  have  » 

rcafon  to  be  furprifed  that  any  thing  was  left,  confidering 
the  power  of  the  monarchs  who  attacked  it,  the  addrefs 
by  which  the  king  of  Caftile  gradually  detached  the  crown 
of  France,  and  the  reft  of  Don  Sancho's  allies,  and  the 
fupincnefs  of  the  kings  of  Leon  and  Portugal,  who  had 

■  Roderic  Toletan.  <1e  Reb.  Hifpan.  Zurita,  Mariana,  Miyern* 
Turquet.  b  Annal.  Toletan.  Luc,  Tudenf,  Chron,  Rog*r 

JlovcJcn. 


Gj 


»0 


86  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

an  intereft  in  preferving  a  monarchy  by  which  themfelves 
had  been  more  than  once  preferved  ;  and  this  was  To  much 
the   more  aftonifhing,  as   the  alliance   which  had   driven 
Don  Sancho  in  a  manner  to  defpair,  and  the  war  that  had 
deprived  him  of  his  dominions,  were  the  pure  effects  of 
je  doufy  and  ambition,  and  did  not  proceed  from  any  thing 
this  monarch  had  done,  or  a  leaft   he  had  given  no  ade- 
quate offence c:    the  outcry  made   as  to  his  treaty  with 
the  infidels  being  fully  anfwered  by  its  motive,  which  was 
that  ill  ufage  he  received  from  Chriftians,  without  meet- 
ing with  fo  much  as  one  Christian  friend. 
DonSan-         It  muft  appear  ftrange,  that  while  his  fubjecls  were  thus 
eho  returns  oppieffed,  when  two  foreign  armies  were  in  the  bowels  of 
into  his        kjs  countryj  Y)on  Sancho,  who  had  the  reputation  of  be- 
avdeon-  '   niS  ^°  brave  a  prince,  fhoukl  remain  abroad  in  the  fervice 
dudes  a       of  the  Moors,  and  without  attempting  to  afford  them  the 
ptacftuith  leaft  fuccour.     The  writers  of  thofe  times,  however,  own 
the  king  of  that  Don  Sancho  was  not  inexcufable.     He   was  feized, 
^  either  through  fatigue  or  difturbance  of  mind,  with  a  very 

dangerous  lever  in  his  paffage  ;  and  this,  either  through 
the  malignity  of  the  difeafe,  want  of  fkill  in  thofe  who 
treated  it,  or  want  of  patience  in  the  king  himfelf,  fell  into 
his  foot,  and  turned  afterwards  into  a  cancerous  humour 
which  never  could  be  cured.  We  are  alio  told,  that 
though  he  was  in  the  higheft  credit  with  the  monarch  he 
had  icrved,  yet  he  abfolute.lv  refufed  to  make  a  divcrfion 
in  his  favour,  by  attacking  the  kings  of  Caftilc  and  Arra- 
gon,  though  he  might  have  done  it  very  conveniently,  be- 
cause he  had  made  a  truce  for  ten  years,  and  had  fworn  to 
the  clue  observance  of  that  truce.  But  he  fhewed  his  gra- 
titude to  the  king  of  Navarre  another  way  ;  for  on  his 
departure  he  not  only  loaded  him  with  prefents,  but  fur- 
nifhed  him  likewife  with  a  vaft  fum  of  money,  that  he 
might  be  the  better  enabled  to  change  the  face  of  his 
affairs'1.  He  landed  at  Carthagena,  and  took  his  mca- 
fures  fo  well,  that  he  paffed  from  thence  into  his  own  do- 
minions without  being  difcovered.  On  the  news  of  his 
arrival  the  Caltilians  raifed  the  fiege  of  a  place  on  the  very 
point  of  falling  into  their  hands6.  There  happened  foon 
after  an  event  of  much  greater  importance :  Don  Diego 
Lopez,  who  thought  himfelf  ill-treated  by  the  king  of  Ca- 
itile  his  mailer,  revolted,  and  withdrew  with  his   depen- 

«  Roderic  Toletan.  deReb.  Hifpan.  Ferreras.  ''  Roderic 

Toleran.  de  Reb.  Hifpan.  «  L'Hiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Na- 

varre, Mariana,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

dents, 


The  Hijlory  of  Kitvarfe.  87 

dents,  and  3  good  body  of  troops,  into  N  ";om 

whence  he  made  inroads  into  the  very  heart  of  Caitile. 

His  matter,   Don   Alonib  the  Noble,  marched  with  the  a.D.ijji. 

joint  forces  of  Caftileand  Leon  againil  him,  and  at  length  ■■ 

fhut  him  up  in  Eftclla,  where  he  made  fo  good  a  defence, 

that  the  kiu^  found  himfelf  conftrained  to  raife  the  fiege. 

pope  having  received  exact  information  of  the  fitua* 
tion  of  things  in  Spain,  and  the  ill  ufage  the  king  of  Na- 
varre had  met   with,  interpofed  his  good  offices f.     Don 

0  Lopez,  having  made  his  peace  with  his  matter,  re* 
membered  the  obligations  he  was  under  to  Don  Sancho, 
and  concluded  a  treaty  for  him  upon  the  beft  terms  that 
could  be  obtained  s. 

The  king  took  the  opportunity  of  this  interval  of  peace,  lie  proceed 
for  the  war  with  Arragon  was  alio  fufpended,  to  put  his  very  pru- 
country  into  a  pofture  of  defence,  and  to  repair  the  lofTes    entlyjn 
he  had  fuftained,  by  making  better  the  dominions  he  had  vours  to' 
left.     He  was  either  by  nature,  or  in  confequence  of  his  recover  hit 
misfortunes,  extremely  frugal ;  bat  this  difpofition  wasfo  kingdom, 
far  from  being  grievous  to  his  fubjects,  that  it  turned  to 
their  benefit ;  for,  having  his  coffers  full,  he  remitted  fe- 
veral  grievous  impofitions,  proceeding  on  the  true  maxim, 
that  wherever  the  people  were  opprefled  the  prince  muli 
be  poor.     This  conduct  had  a  wonderful  effect  ;  for  his 
fubjects  continually  boafted,  that  the  father  was  thewifeft, 
and   the   fon   the  beft  prince  ever  feated  on  their  throne  : 
and  hence  followed  an  event  that  no  policy  could  forelee  ; 
for  the  inhabitants  of  Bayonne,  and  the  country  adjacent, 
finding  themielves  harraffed  by  the  contiuual  wars  of  the 
princes  their  fovereigns,  and  tbofe  who  pretended  to  be  fo, 
put  themfelves  under  the   protection  of  the  king  of  Na- 
varre.    The  truce  It  ill  fulfilling  with  the  king  of  Caitile,  AD.  no?, 
that  monarch  demanded  an  interview  with  Don  Sancho  at——— 

ialaxara,  where  it  was  renewed  for  five  vears  \  and 

Don  Alonfo  at  the  fame  time  undertook  to  mediate  a  peace 

with  Arragon.     On  his  return  from  this  interview  to  Pam- 

peluna,  there   fell  out  a  difmal  accident ;  for  the  king's 

only  brother,  Don  Ferdinand,   running  at  the  ring,    was 

thrown  by  his  horfe  againtt  a  ftone  pillar,  and  died  upon 

the  fpot h. 

Don  Alonfo  the  Noble,  king  of  Caftile,  perceiving  the  Pence  >wUk 

ten  years  truce  with  the  Moors  drawing  towards  a  clofe,  -A>ragon 

concluded. 

f  Ambrofio  Morales,  Cronica  Generate  de  Hifpana,  Terrerns. 
(  Luc.  Tudenf.  Chron.  *'  Roderic  Tolctan.  dc  Keb.  Hifpan. 

Chronique  de  DonThibaud,  Ferreras, 


e* 


and 


88  %he  Htftory  of  Navarre. 

and  knowing  how  afliduous  they  had  been  in  improving 
the  quarrels  amongfl  the  Chriflian  princes  to  their  own  ad- 
vantage, reprefented  in  very  ftrong  terms  to  Don  Pedro, 
king  of  Arragon,  the  neceflity  of  turning  the  truce  with 
Navarre  into  a  folid  peace,  that  they  might  be  in  a  condi- 
tion to  act  offenfively  againft  the  infidels,  as  the  molt  ef- 
fectual means  to  preferve  their  own  territories  from  be- 
coming the  feat  of  war  h.     Upon  this  remonftrance  an  in- 
terview was  appointed  between  the  three  kings,  at  a  place 
called  Mallen,  where  a  peace  was  concluded  between  Don 
Sancho  of  Navarre,  and  Don  Pedro  of  Arragon,  to  their 
mutual  fatisfaction ;  and  at  the  fame  time  both  kings  pro- 
mifed  Don  Alonfo  to  bring  the  flower  of  their  forces  to 
his  afliftancc  :  but  Don  Pedro  of  Arragon  intimating  that 
his  finances  were  in  great  diforder,  Don  Sancho  of  Navarre 
gencroufly  lent  him  twenty  thoufand  pieces  of  gold,  and 
had  a  certain  number  of  caftles  and  towns  co'nfigncd  to 
A.D.i»09.  him   to  fecure  the  repayment.    Next  year  there  was  an- 
— — —  other  congrefs  held,  and  the  following  was  entirely  fpent 
in  preparations;  and  in  the  fucceeding  fpring,  the  war 
being  commenced,  Don  Sancho,  in  performance  of  his 
promile,  marched  with  a  fine    corps    of  troops   to  join 
the   Chriftian    army       He    not    only    commanded    the 
AD  .Tan.  -right  wing  in  the  decifive  victory  gained  July  the  16th, 
» but  was,  by  the  univerfal  confent  of  all  writers,  the  prin- 
cipal inltruinent  of  providence  in  obtaining  it  ;  for  Don 
Sancho,   with  his  cavalry  breaking  the  iron   chain,   and 
penetrating  into  the  center  of  the  Moorifh  army,  compel- 
led the  miramamolin  to  leek  his  perfdrial  fafety  in  flight; 
Some  authors  fay,  that  the  tent  of  the  Moorilh  monarch 
was  afligned  him  as  a  trophy  of  his  victory.     It  is,  how- 
ever, more  certain,  that  he   returned  with  Don  Alonfo, 
and  made  his  public  entry  with  that  monarch  into  Toledo  ; 
from  whence,  after  a  fhort  flay,  he  returned  home  with 
his  victorious  army,  himfelf  covered  with  glory,  and  his 
troons  laden  with  plunder.     At  his  departure,  Don  Alon- 
fo, an  a  mark   of  his  gratitude,  reftored   to  him  fifteen 
places^  which  had  been  left  to  him  by  the  peace  ;  fid  that 
nothing  could  be  more  honourable  or  advantageous  to  him 
than  this  campaign,  which  rendered  him  as  much  revered 
throughout  all  Spain,  as  he  had  hitherto  been  in  his  own 
dominions1. 

fc  Lucas  Tucknf.  Cliron.  Zurita.  Mariana.  *  Ibid.  Roderic 

Tolttan.  deReb.  Hifyan.  Annal.  Toletan. 

At 


Ihe  FJiJiory  of  Navarre.  8p 

At  his  return  to  Pampeluna,  he  refumed  his  former  dc-  Rtfumtthk 
for  the  benefit  of  his  fubjects.     He  had  already  infti-  defigns  for 
-rdcr  of  knighthood  for  the  fecurity  of  the  roads,  th? f""^1. 
the  protection  of  paflengcrs.     He  now  caufed  a  body  "£#"  J,%/ 
of  laws  to  be  publifhed,  which  had  the  fame  thing  in  view,  ,4,  jfrwriH 
ell  as  the  fupprelling  robberies,  murders,  and  what-  ofhndomt~ 
ever  clfc,  from  the  violence  of  thote   times,  carried  in  it  nions. 
reproach  to  civil  government k.     He  caufed  alfo  fome  con- 
vents to  be  repaired,  and  others   to  be  ere&ed,  having 
chiefly  in  view  the  drawing  people  into  his  dominions,  and 
increafing  the  number  of  towns  and  villages,  which  were 
commonly  the  effects  of  fuch  foundations.     His  liberality 
appeared  fufficiently  upon  thefe  and  other  public  occafions  : 
at  others  he  was  fparing  to  a  great  degree.     The  fortrefs  A.D.HT9. 
of  Viana  he  conitrucled  for  the  fecurity  of  hi3  country,  in  -  ■      .....— 
cafe  the  fpirit  of  ambition  fliould  revive  in  the  court  of 
Cartile.    He  took  his  meafurcs  fo  well,  and  profecuted  his 
defign  with  fuch  vigilance,  that  the  place  was  very  foon  in 
a  pofture  of  defence  ;  and  from  its  happy  fituation  became 
in  a  very  fhort  fpace  of  time  one  of  the  moil  confiderable 
places  in   the  kingdom.     He  alfo  repaired  and  improved 
the  town  of  Tudela,  which  he  made  the  principal  place  of 
his  refidence,  partly  on  account  of  the  excellency  of  its 
air,  ami  partly  from  its  vicinity  to  the  frontiers  of  Caftile  ; 
whence  he  judged  it  absolutely  neceffary  that  it  fliould  be 
rendered  one  of  the  ftrongeft  and  mod  populous  places  in 
his  dominions.     Here,    as  fome    writers  affert,  he   fliut 
himfelf  up  clofely  in  the  caftle,  and  was  feldom  feen  by 
any  but  his  domeftics,  on  account  of  that  cancerous  hu- 
mour, which,  in  procefs  of  time,  extended  itfelf  trom  his 
foot  upwards  ;  and  from  hence  it  is  pretended  that  he  had 
the  firname  of  Hidden  or  Retired  ' :  with  refpett  to  which 
we  pretend  not  to  decide;  only  this  is  certain,  that  he  did 
not  at  all  relax  in  his  care  of  public  affairs,  but  continued 
to  form  and  execute  various  fchemes  for  increafing  the 
number,  and   promoting  the  welfare   of  his  fubje<fts,  in 
which  Providence  blefled  him  with  as  great  fuccefs  as  he 
could  defire.     He  was  alfo  equally  fortunate  in  amafling 
•wealth  by  leading  almoft  a  private  life,  without  offend- 
ing his  people. 

We  come  now  to  thelaft  and  moft  obfeure  point  of  this  DonSanch$ 
prince's  hiftory.      Some  writers,  and  particularly  Maria-  adopts 
na,  fay,  that  being  very  old  and  infirm,  his  fubjedts  be-  3?™ts  tl,Ig 

.    ,.  . .    .  .,...„.,     n  1    »,  heir  of  all 

*■  Moret,  Mariana.  1  L'Hiltoire  au  Royaurae  dc  Navarre,  ^u  jom^ 

Mariana,  Mayernc  Turquet.  mom. 

gan 


9<>  the  Hi/lory  of  Navarre, 

gan  to  flight  Ms  authority,  infomuch  that  there  were  va- 
rious feditions  in  Pampeluna  ;  that  thefe  were  excited  by 
his  nephew  Thibaut,  earl  of  Champagne,  who,  being  his 
next  heir,  was  weary  of  waiting  for  the  crown  till  it  fell 
of  itfelf,  and  was  therefore  defirous  of  fhaking  it  off  the 
old  man's  head.  They  add,  that  Lopez  Diaz  de  Hare, 
Jord  of  Bifcay,  had  invaded  Navarre,  and  committed  great 
outrages  there,  which  he  attributed  to  the  ambition  of  .St. 
Ferdinand.  Upon  thefe  motives,  Don  Sancho  is  faid  to 
have  invited  James  king  of  Arragon  to  Tudela,'  v. 
after  many  conferences,  in  which  he  inveighed  bitterly 
:igainlt  the  want  of  fidelity  and  duty  in  his  nephew,  and 
•the  exorbitant  lufl  of  dominion  in  Don  Ferdinand,  he 
made  an  agreement  with  the  king  of  Arragon,  that  they 
fhould  reciprocally  adopt  each  other,  in  order  that  the  fur- 
vivor,  being  poffet  of  both  kingdoms,  might  have  power 
Sufficient  to  defend  iheir  independency,  and  to  protect 
their  fubjects  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  liberties.  He  alfo 
lent  him  at  this  time  one  hundred  thoufand  crowns,  that 
he  might  be  the  better  able  to  profecute  his  wars  againft 
the  Moors  m.  The  adoption  and  the  loan  are  things  cer- 
tain ;  but  the  other  circumfiances  are  very  improbable  ; 
for  king  James,  the  very  next  year,  and  during  the  life- 
time of  this  prince,  caufed  the  flatcs  of  his  kingdom  to 
fwear  allegiance  to  Ids  fon,  which  would  have  been  a 
wanton  infraction  of  his  treaty  with  the  king  of  Navarre, 
had  it  been  really  made  on  thefe  terms".  It  is  alfo 
probable,  that  what  is  faid  of  the  count  of  Champagne  is 
faid  without  foundation,  fince  it  is  a  fact  out  of  difputc, 
that  this  prince,  to  pleafe  his  uncle,  actually  did  homage 
to  the  king  of  Arragon,  in  prejudice  of  his  own  right, 
which  certainly  he  would  never  have  done  if  lie  had  been 
of  fueh  a  temper  as  is  fuggetlcd,  or  if  he  had  had  fo  ftrong 
a  party  in  Navarre  :  fo  that,  after  all,  the  truth  feems  to 
be,  Don  Sancho  wasfo  univerfaily  beloved  by  his  fubjects, 
that  they  fubmitted  implicitly  to  his  will,  not  becaufe  he 
was  an  abfolute  prince,  but  becaufe  a  long  and  wife  ad- 
minifiration  had  given  them  an  entire  confidence  in  him, 
which  is  true  nbfolute  power;  and  his  nephew  Don  Thi- 
AT>  »*3*.  b-aut  took  this  extraordinary  ftep  of  rclinquifhing  what  he 
■  took  to  be  his  right,  as  well  to  pleafe  the  people,   as  to 

pleafe  his  uncle0,  who,  in  fadt^  had  nothing  clfe  in  view, 
but  to  provide  for  their  future  happinefs  and  perfect  inde- 

w  Mariana,  Mayerne  Tnrquet,  L'J-Jiftoirc  du  Royaume  de  Na- 
varre. r  Zmita.  •  Feneras. 

pendency, 


The  Wijlory  oj  Navarre.  91 

pendency,  by  procuring  them  a  potent  protector  when  he 

!  be  no  more. 
The  generality  of  hiftorians  inform  us,  that  after  this  f),aff,  „f 
.  in,  Don  Sancho  led  a  very   uneafy  and  unfettled  Do- 

:es  inclined  to  embark  his  adopted  ion  the  <-ho  I'M. 
king  uf  rtrragon  in  a  war  withCaftile,  and  at  others  out  of 
humour  with  that  prince,  us  well  a;,  difpleafed  wirh  ins 
own  fubjects  p.  But  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  thefe  facts 
be  true:  it  is  at  halt  certain,  that  thofe  who  reporttthem. 
fall  into  evident  confufion  in  refpeCt  to  dates,  and  intermix 
various  circumfianccs,  as  to  which  the  hiftorians,  who  lived 
in  or  near  thofe  times,  arc  altogether  filent.  There  mav, 
however,  be  good  grounds  to  fuppofef  that  Don  Sancho 
might  be  much  chagrined  at  the  forefight  of  thofe  evils  that 

like  to  come  upon  his  fubjects  by  his  dying  not  only 
childlefs,  but  without  heirs  male  of  the  whole  blood.  His 
eldcft  filler  Berengara  had  married  Richard  king  of  Eng- 
land, who  died  without  iilue.  His  younger  filter  Donna 
Sancha,  who  efpoufed  the  count  of  Champagne  and  Brie, 
had  left  by  him  a  fon,  Don  Thibaut,  who  fucceeded  in 
his  father's  eltates,  and  was  now  upwards  of  thirty-  The 
acccfiion  of  this  prince  to  the  throne  of  Navarre  the  king 
judged  inexpedient  for  himfelf  and  for  the  nation  ;  for  he 
apprehended,  that  if  he  came  into  Navarre,  his  hereditary 
pofleffions  would  fuffer  extremely ;  and  that  on  the  other 
hand,  if  he  paid  only  a  proper  attention  to  his  patrimony, 
it  would  excite  great  dilturbanees  and  factions  in  Navarre. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  king  of  Arragon  was  defeended 
from  the  male  line  of  the  kings  of  Navarre,  his  territories 
had  been  formerly  united  to  that  crown,  the  laws  were 
nearly  the  fame  ;  and  thefe,  with  other  caufes,  had  deter- 
mined the  king  to  act  as  he  did  ;  and  for  a  time  all  parties 
fecmed  to  acquiefce  in  his  plan  i;  but  the  people  of  Navarre 
afterwards  changing  their  minds,  we  may  very  eafily  con- 
ceive how  their  h:ivorians  came  to  impute  to  age,  infirmi- 
ties, and  a  fplenetic  difpofition,  that  project  oi  .ig's, 
■which  in  reality  proceeded  from  his  zeal  for  their  welfare. 
However  this  might  be,  Don  Sancho  ended  his  dfcys  at 
Tudela,  on  the  7th  of  April,  1234.;  and  in  him  expired 
the  male  line  of  Don  Garcia  Iniguez,  alter  they  had  held 
the  kingdom  of  Navarre  near  four  hundred  years.  His 
kody  was  interred  in  the  church  of  the  monailery  of  the 

p  Mariana,  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  MayerncTur- 
quet.  9  Fen-eras, 

canons 


gz  The  Hijtory  of  Navarre. 

canons  regular  of  Roncevaux,  of  which  he  is  faid  to  be 
the  founder  r. 
Th'hntl.         *ne  ckr£7»  nobility,  and  people  of  Navarre,  as  foon 
j»titj>  his  ns  the  king  was  dead,  determined,  notwithstanding  all  that 
mne/t  had  paiTed,  to  call  his  nephew  the  earl  of  Lhampagne  to 

the  fuccefiion,  preferring  as  it  feems  the  independency  of 
their  crown  to  their  own  interests.  That  they  might  pro- 
ceed with  caution  and  fafety,  they  fent  deputies  to  king 
James  of  Arragon,  to  let  him  know  their  rrfolution,  and 
to  defire  that  he  would  relea'e  them  frO  n  the  hoi 
which  ihey  had  fworn  to  Mm  at  the  requcft,  and  purely 
with  a  view  to  gratify  their  deceafed  king,  a  requcft  which 
that  monarch  readily  granted.  This  point  being  once 
fettled,  they  fent  Don  Pedro  Ramirez  de  Pedrola,  bifhop 
of  Pampciuna,  and  other  lords,  to  invite  the  I 

pagneto  come  and  accept  the  crown  ;  which  lie  very  will- 
ingly received,  and  was  with  great  foletnnity  crowned  in 
the  cathedral  of  that  capital  on  the  8th  of  May  following", 
the  pope  alfo  interpofing  vigorouUy,  to  prevent  the  tranf- 
acTion  becoming  the  ground  of  a  war.  The  reafon  of  this 
interpofition  was  the  hopes  the  pontiff  had,  that  the  new 
king  would  take  upon  him  the  crofs,  and  join  in  an  i 
diiion  for  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land,  which,  in  pur- 
A  D  i*??.  ^U3ncc  ot"  a  vow  ni-u'e  by  hia  father,  lie  accordingly  did, 
L  though  at  the  apparent  hazard  of  his  dominions.     Lewis 

IX.  better  ki  the  name  of  St.  Lewis  of  France,  had 

at  this  time  fome  difputes  with  this  new  king,  in  quality 
A.D.H36.  cf  earl  0f  champagne;  but  pope  Gregory  IX.  interceded 
'  fo  effectually,  that  the  king  promifed  to  fufpend  all  Ins 

pretenfions  duiing  the  abfenee  of  that  prince,  who  was 
now  employed  in  railing  forces  in  France  as  well  as  Na- 
A.D.IJJ7'  varre,  in  order  to  fuifii  his  engagement r.     With  the  fame 

■ good  intention  he  addreffed  himfelf  to  the  kings  of  Caflile 

and  Arragon,  and  procured  from  them,  without  any  diffi- 
culty, the  flrongelt  afi'urances  that  they  would  take  no  ad- 
vantage of  the  king  of  Navarre's  abfenee". 
His  erbfdi*      -^on  '-^hibaut  "E*rng  all  things  thus  happily  fettled,  took 
tnn  for  the  his  leave  of  the  nobility,  and  having  fettled  the  govern- 
Tftwfry  p/ment,  went  into  France  to  join  the  army  of  the  Crofles  >v. 
the  Holj      rp]lC  (iukes  0f  Bretagne  and  Burgundy,  the  counts  of  Bar, 
Vcndofme,  and  Montfort,  with  feveral  other  great  lords, 
having  taken  part  in  the  fame  defign,  chofe  himgeneralif- 

*  Annal.  Compoftell.  Kalencbr  Lyrens.        »  Ferreras.         t  Rai- 
nalrl.  "  Anna!.  Toletan.  Zurita  Annal.   Arragon.    Chron. 

,    Anticj.  dc  Rcb.  Arragon.        *  Cbronique  de  Don  Thibaiul. 


hry  of  Navarre,  y* 

fimo  of  this  holy  leagu    x.     Ne;       .  .tr  they  embarked  with 
a  potent  army  at  Marfcilles,  and  other  places  in  its  ac:. 
hood,  for  Syria,  where  they  arrived  without  any  i 
•able  accident.      This  expedition,    however,  though 
begun  with  the  greateft  hopes,  ended  next  year  without 

fmalleft   fuccefs  ;  for  the  princes  quarrelling  amongft  A.D.rj;9. 
themfelves,  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy  making  a  veryuu-  ■- 
advifed  attempt  upon  Gaza,  in  which  he  loft  the  beit  part 
of  his  troops,  their  mifunderltandings  increased  to  fueh  a 
degree,  that  Don  Thibaut  feeing  plainly  there  was  no  good 
done,  a:id  that  the  whole  army  would  be  gradually 
walled,  embarked  fueh   of  the  troops  as  would  obey  his 
command,  and  returned  into  Europe  not  a  little  chagrin-  A.D'.ti4o. 
ed  at  this  misfortune,  which,  however,  did  no  prejudice  ■ 

to  his  reputation,  fince  it  was  on  all  hands  allowed  that 
his  behaviour  was  without  blame  ;  that  the  mifchiefs 
which  had  happened  arofe  from  difobeying  his  orders  ; 
and  that  it  was  owing  to  his  prudence  and  patience  that  fo 
great  a  part  of  the  army  was  preferved  and  brought  home''. 
His  fubjecls  received  him  with  great  iatisfacYion,  and  the 
pofture  of  affairs  in  Spain  left  him  at  full  liberty  to  gratify 
his  natural  inclination  to  improvements  of  all  kinds,  which 
he  purfutd  to  his  own  fatisfaiftion,  and  to  the  no  fmall 
pleafurc  of  his  fubje£is,  by  whom  he  was  generally  aad 
delVrvedly  beloved. 

The  preceding  monarchs  of  Navarre  had  bounded  their  HU  retmrm 
views  by  creeling  fortrefles,  ehurchs,  or  convents  ;    but  to,  ani 
Don  Thibaut  introduced  elegance  and  magnificence,  as  m'^M°" 
well  as  utility.     I  lis  genius,  admirable  in  kfelf,  had  been  tf™"']"*^ 
cultivated  by  an  excellent  education,  and  by  travel,  which  «/<,*,. 
furnifhed  him  with  notions  mucli   fuperior  to  thofe  of 
princes  unafhfled  by  thefe  advantages.  He  brought  with  him 
from  the-  Eall  many  different  kinds  of  rich  fruits  into  his 
territorries  in  France,  and  thefe  he  tranfplanted  again  into 
Navarre,  to  which  conduct  the  people  of  that  country  owe 
their  moil  delicate  wines,   very  little  inferior   to  thofe  of 
France;  and  an  excellent  fort  of  pears,  which,  in  honour  of 
him,  and  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  this  prince,  are  called 
Thibaudines.     He   was  (till  more  careful  with  regard  to 
agriculture,  which  hitherto  his  fubjects  had  pradifed  but 
rudely,  and  in  fueh  a  manner  that  the  foil  and  climate 
weie  unjuflly  reproached  for  what  was  in  truth  owing  to 
their  want  of  fkill  and  application.     He  built  fome  palaces,  A  D.  1147. 

*  Favin  Hjfloire  dc   Navarre.  r  P.  Moret,  Maimbourg 

iiiftoire  des  Goifcs. 

which 


94  ^  Hiflory  of  Navarre. 

which  remain  no  contemptible  monuments  of  his  rafte  ; 
and,  led  by  his  example,  many  of  the  nobility  did  the 
like,  fo  that  in  a  fhort  time  the  court  of  Navarre  became 
one  of  the  mofl  brilliant  in  Spain*  :  but  as  human  happi- 
nefs  is  never  folid  or  fincere,  fo  what  Don  Sancho  had  fore- 
fcen,  in  procefsof  time  came  actually  to  pafs  ;  that  is,  the 
nobility  began  to  form  cabals  againft  him,  which  he  was 
compelled  to  pacify  by  grants  of  offices  and  lands,  to  the 
great  impoverifhment  of  his  treafury,  and  with  fome  di- 
A.D.U48.  minution  of  his  authority.     The  moft  remarkable  of  thefe 

—  difputes  was  that  which  he  had  with  Don  Pedro  Jacobs, 
bifhop  of  Pampeluna,  on  account  of  the  cattle  of  St.  Ste- 
phen, which  belonged  to  that  prelate,  in  right  of  his  fee. 
This  the  king  caufed  to  be  fortified  for  the  benefit  of  his 
fubjedts  ;  for  this  high  offence  the  bifhop,  retiring  in- 
to Arragon,  put  his  diocefe  under  an  interdict,  which 
threw  the  whole  kingdom    into  the  utmolt  confufion  a. 

A.D.  1249.  At  length,  after  a  tedious  flruggle,  the  king  accommo- 

dated   matters  with  the  bifhop,  who  thereupon  removed 

the  excommunication.  Thcie  remained,  however,  fo 
many  doubts  and  fcruples  on  the  minds  of  the  more  igno- 
rant part  of  his  fubjects,  that  he  found  it  abfolutcly  requi- 
fite  to  go  to  Rome,  in  order  to  obtain  a  general  absolution 
from  the  pope,  which  he  obtained  with  fome  difficulty. 

A.D.1253.       After    his  return  things  went  on  quietly;    he    conti- 

. nued  to  govern  and  to  adorn  his  territories,  and  enjoyed  the 

Remainder  ]ove  0f  his  i'ubjects,  and  efteem  of  his  neighbours,  to 
of  his  reign  t|ie  rjme  Q^  j^  ljeccafej  which  happened  on  the  8th  of  Ju- 
ly, when  he  was  very  little  turned  of  fifty.  He  had  a 
graceful  perfon,  was  excellency  fkilled  in  mufic  and  poe- 
try, a  great  lover  of  learning  and  learned  men.  His  re- 
putation for  courage  was  fo  well  caitblifhed,  that  none  of 
his  neighbours  were  willing  to  provoke  him  ;  and  his  am- 
bition lo  regulated  by  his  refpe<fl  to  juitice,  that  he  made 
no  attempts  to  their  prejudice.  He  was  thrice  married  ; 
firfl  to  the  daughter  of  the  count  of  Met/,  from  whom  he 
was  divorced  by  the  pope,  and  by  whom  he  had  no  ifTue  ; 
the  fecond  was  the  daughter  of  the  lord  of  Beaujeu,  by 
whom  he  had  Donna  Blanca,  who  efpoufed  John,  fur- 
named  the  Red,  duke  of  Brctagne  b.  His  laft  confort 
was  Margaret,  daughter  to  the  count  de  Foix,  by  whom 
he  had   three  fons,  Thibaut,  Pedro,  and  Henry,  the  ftVt 

z  L'Hjftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mariana,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  »  p.  Moret,  1'Hiftoiredu  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mayerne 

Turquet.  b  Favin  Hiftoire  de  Navarre. 

,  and 


The  Hi/lory  of  Xavarrc.  9$ 

aid  tad  fucceihvcly  kings  of  Navarre  ;  and  a  dau?riter, 
Dofljpa  Agnes,   whom  others  call  Leonora,  married  ten 
before  her  father's  death   to  Don  Alvaro  Perez  do 
ra,  lord  of  Albaracin.     On  his  death-bed  he  rccom- 
led  tlie  queen  and  her  children  to  the  protection  of 
the  kin;1;  of  Arragon,  with  whom  he  had  always  lived  in 
peace  and  friendihip.     His  corpfe  was  interred  in  the  ca- 
thedral church  of  Pampchma  c. 

The  fame  hiitorians,  who  reprefent  king  James  of  Arra-  Tfobaut  11. 
gon  as  a  difiembler  in  the  cafe  of  his  renunciation,  beftow  fuccttdt  hi$ 
•n  him  the  highelt  praifes,  in  regard  to  that  fpirit  and  f*tfl'r'  **• 
punctuality  with  which  he  executed  his  charge  as  guardian  fj^'^r'" 
to  the  toyal  family  of  Navarre.     They  tell  us  that  he  went  "jamtsking 
in  perfon  to  Pampeluna  ;  contracted  an  alliance  ofTenfive  oj  Arragon. 
and  defenfive  with  the  young  king  again  ft  Caflile ;  treated 
of  a  marriage  between  him  and  his  daughter  ;  and  entered 
into  other  engagements,  which  were  ratified  and  confirm- 
ed by  a  fubfequent  treaty,  after  the  king  of  Navarre  be- 
came of  age  d.     But  perhaps  thofe  come  nearer  the  truth 
who  content  themfelves  with  faying,  the  king  of  Arragon 
difcharged  his  truft  with  fidelity,  by  which  the  two  king- 
doms enjoyed  peace  and  happinefs  ibrfeveral  years.     The  A. 0.1256. 
queen-dowager,  Donna  Margaret,  went  to  make  a  tour  '   - 

into  her  fon's  eftatcs  in  France,  where  ihe  was  feized 
with  a  diftemper  that  very  fcon  conducted  her  to  her 
tomb,  which  fhe  found  in  the  monaftery  of  Clervaux. 
The  death  of  the  queen  his  mother  made  it  requifite  for 
fhe  young  king  to  take  a  journey  into  France,  and  he  was 
on  the  very  point  of  fetting  out,  when  he  underftood  that 
fome  of  his  fubje£ts  had  made  an  inroad  on  the  territories 
of  the  king  of  Arragon.  Upon  this  occafion,  he  gave  that 
king  the  ftrongeft  aflurences,  not  only  of  it's  being  done 
without  its  privity  or  confent,  but  alio  of  his  fincere  in- 
tention to  give  him  adequate  fatisfaclion,  in  cafe  any  of 
the  olTenders  mould  fall  into  his  hands  e,  by  which  decla- 
ration he  prevented  any  mifunderftandings  between  the 
two  crowns,  and  gave  the  worid  a  juft  idea  of  his  own 
character.  He  then  proceeded  in  his  defign  of  vifiting 
his  territories  in  France,  where  his  prefenee  was  very 
acceptable,  and  where,  by  his  mildnefs  and  affable  be- 
haviour, he  eftabliflied  his  reputation  as  a  mod  accom- 
plished prince.     St.  Lewis  invited  him  to  his  court,  and 

«  Fa»in  Hiftoire  de  Navarre.  d  L'Hiftoire  dti  Royaorrte 

de  Navarre,  Mariana,  Mayernc  Turquet..  c  Moret,  Fer- 

rerac. 

propofed 


$6  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

propofed  to  him  a  very  advantageous  alliance,  which  he 

very  willingly  embraced,  as  being  equally  honourable  and 

advantageous. 

lie  goes  into       King  Lewis  confented  to  his  marriage  with  his  daugh- 

f ranee, and  ter  Ifabel,  provided  he  compromifed  the  claim  made  by 

efpoujes  the  j^  ^£r  the  ^uc]ie{s  Gf  Bretagne  upon  parts  of  his  eftates 

frincels  £-.,-,  ...  iirtr  •  r 

lizabeth  or  m  France,  which  was  done  by  the  grant  of  an  annuity  or 
Ifabel,         three  thoufand   livres  per  annum,  which,  as  the  French 
daughter  to  hiftorian  obferves,  fall  but  little  fhort  of  thirty  thoufand 
St.  Lewis,    livres  at  this  day.     This  and  all  other  points  being  ad  jutt- 
ed to  the  mutual  fatisfaclion  of  both  princes,  the  marriage 
was  celebrated  at  Melun,  where  Den  Thibaut  received,  as 
the  portion  of  the  princefs  Elizabeth,  ten  thoufand  livres, 
being  the  fame  fum  that  was  given  to  her  filter  f.     This 
marriage  gave  him  a  great  interefl  at  the  court  of  France, 
which  he  employed  in  favour  of  his  friend  and  guardian 
the  king  of  Arragon.     He  was  very  instrumental  in  mak- 
ing that  treaty  by  which  all  difputes  were  compromifed, 
and  all  claims  regulated  between  the  two  crowns  g.     He 
continued  for  fome  after  in  France,  where  he  conftituted 
his  brother,  the   infant  Don  Pedro,  governor  of  Cham- 
pagne, which  office,  however,  lie  did  not  long  enjoy,  be- 
ing removed  by  death  when  he  was  a  very  young  man  h. 
A.D  1164.  On  his  return  into  Navarre  fome  difputes  arofe  between 

■ him  and  his  nobility,  who  entered  into  a  league  againffc 

him,  and  chofe  one  of  their  number  to  oppofe  all  a£ts  of 

their  fovereign,  which  they  judged  to  be  inconfiltent  with 

their  privileges.     But  the  pope,  having  intelligence  of  this 

confederacy,  directed  the  archbifhop  of  Bourdeaux  to  make 

a  tour  into  Navarre,  and  to  ufe  his  belt  endeavours  to  put 

an  end  to  thefe  heart-burnings  and  jcaloufies;  a  talk  which 

he  performed  very  effectually j.     This  pope  was  Urban  the 

Fourth,  who  died  the  fame  year,  as  appears  by  the  king's 

letters  of  felicitation  to  his  fucceflbr. 

Returns  '£\\c  death  of  his  brother  before  mentioned  made  it  re- 

tlrther         quifite  for  the  king  to  return  again  into  France,  as  well  to 

again,  and  pr0CUre  a  fit  marriage  for  the  infant  Don  Henry,  his  only 

tsgttntr       furviving  brother,  as  to  put  him  in  poffeffion  of  the  go- 

tUltk  St.  b         c    ,-,,      '  111-  r  L       L 

rtV9u  vernment  01  Champagne,  and  other  Vnealures  for  the  be- 
takesthe  nefit  of  his  family.  Pope  Clement  the  Fourth  prevailed 
(i-jj:.  upon  St.  Lewis  of  France  to  afiume  the  crofs,  in  which 

f  Inventoire  des  Chartres,  torn.  ii.  cap.  vi.  N°  97,  Hiftoire  & 
Cliiomqiie  de  St.  Lo'uitde  Fiance,  pai  Sire  de  Joinville,  Senechal 
de  Champagne,    Contemporain   du  dit  Roy,  4.'.  K  Me- 

m»irts  de  du  Fuy,  torn.  ii.  h  Feneras.  *  Rainald, 

Ambrofio  Morales. 

expedition 


The  Ujloiy  of  N<pvsrre*  $f 

was  accompanied  by  his  fons-in-law  Thibaut 
prince  of"  Eogland.    'I  he 

..rations  lequilitc  for  nfiembling  an  army;  and  equip- 
a  ileet,  took  np  a  confiderable  fpacr,  during  which 
king  negociatcd  and  concluded  a  marriage  between  his 
brother  the  infant  Don  Henry,  to  whom  he  committed 
the  regency,  and  the  princefs  Blanch,  daughter  to  Robert 
count  of  Artois,  brother  of  St.  Lewis,  with  whom  he  ob- 
tained the  county  of  Rhcims  k.  On  the  return  of  his  bro-  A.D  itK$i 
ther  into  Navarre,  he  confided  to  queen  Ifabel  the  govern-  l 

ment  of  Champagne,  and  the  reft  of  the  territories  that 
lie  held  in  France  ;  and,  by  the  interpofition  of  St.  Lewis, 
he  renewed  for  five  years  more  a  truce  formerly  conclud- 
ed under  the  fame  mediation  with  the  king  of  England,  in 
refpett  to  the  town  of  Bayonne,  upon  which  he  formed 
fome  pretentions.  In  fine,  all  obftacles  being  removed, 
he  embarked  with  his  troops  in  order  to  follow  his  father- 
in-law,  who  had  already  failed  with  his  fleet  and  forces  to 
Sicily  ' ;  and  with  him  went  many  lords  of  Champagne 
and  Navarre. 

In  the  abfence  cf  the  king  a  civil  war  broke  out  in  Caf-  His  brtthtr 
tile,  and  the  infant  Don  Philip,  who  embarked  therein  Don  &VJ 
againft  his  father,  went   into  Navarre,    to  perfuade  the  Yin'Tm 
regent  to  fupport  him  and  the  reft  of  the  nobility  in  their  nunh  muck 
pretentions ;  but  though  Don  Henry  might  eafily  have  prudence  in 
drawn  them  to  have  made  large  conceffions  in  his  favour,  hisabfenct* 
with  refpeft  to  thofe  provinces  and  their  dependencies, 
which  had  been  detached  from  the  kingdom  of  Navarre, 
with  little  appearance  of  right,  in  former  reigns,  yet  he 
very  wifely  anfwered,  that  though  he  administered  the  go- 
vernment,   he  wanted  regal  authority  in   Navarre,    and 
could  not  therefore,  confident  with  the  truft  repofed  in  him 
by  his  brother,  enter  into  a  meafure  which  muft  involve 
the  nation  in  a  foreign  war  n» 

When  the  king  of  Navarre  arrived   in  Sicily,  with  the  Thtling,\n 
French  lords  who  accompanied  him,  he  was  very  much  his  return 
furprifed  to  find,  in  the  firft  council  of  war  that  was  held,  fr<>mthe 
that  he  had  not  been  admitted  into  the  fecret  of  the  defign,  JleZe0j*  7*" 

St.  Lewis  declaring  it  his  intention  not  to  proceed  to  Syria,  <r\     •  ;„ 

b,  n      ,-»<••  1  ■      •      i  '  ■ ii        ii  i  rap  am  m 

ut  to  the  coalt  ot  Ainca,  where  he  intended  to  beuege  SicOy* 

Tunis.     Thither  Don  1  hibaut  accompanied  him,  and  was 

prefent  when  he  died  of  the  plague,  or  fome  other  conta- 

k  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,    Favin  Hiftoire  de  Na- 
varre, Ferreras.  ngius  in   Geftis  Lodovici,  Mariana, 
iiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mariana,  MayernsTurquet. 

Mod.  V*l.  XIX.  Ji  $ic/u* 


98  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

gious  diftemper,  before  the  place  on  the  25th  of  Auguft, 
as  appears  by  a  letter  of  the  king  of  Navarre's  writing, 
which  is  Hill  extant,  and  in  which  he  gives  a  very  diftindt 
account  ol  the  circumftances  that  attended  it  n.  He  did 
homage  in  the  fame  camp  to  the  new  king  Philip  the  Har- 
dy, for  the  eftates  he  held  in  France;  and,  alter  the  peace 
was  made  with  the  king  of  Tunis,  hereturncd  with  him 
into  Sicily,  where  he  was  fcarce  arrived  before  he  fell  fick 
atTrapani,  and  after  a  ihort  illnefs  deceafed  on  the  5th  of 
September,  1270.  His  queen  Elizabeth,  or  Ifahel,  who 
either  accompanied  or  followed  him,  deceafed  likewife  in 
the  fpring  of  the  fucceeding  year,  at  or  near  Marfcilles,  on 
her  return  to  France.  In  the  fpring  the  body  of  the  king 
was  traufported  into  France,  and  buried  in  the  church  of 
the  convent  of  Cordeliers  at  Brie.  As  he  was  a  monarch 
of  fincere  piety,  endowed  with  many  amiable  qualities, 
and  particularly  remarkable  for  the  fweetnefs  of  his  temper, 
he  was  carcfled  and  admired  by  all  the  princes  his  neigh- 
bours ;  and  by  his  own  irreproachable  character  maintain- 
ed his  dominions  in  peace  during  his  whole  reign. 
Henry  the  Henry,  finv.imed  the  Grofs  or  the  Fat,  was  proclaimed 
'Tai  fuc-  king  at  Pampeluna,  in  the  month  of  March.  He  is  faid 
ceedthis  to  have  beer,  of  a  more  referved  temper  than  his  brother  ; 
brother,       ^ut  jg  auowetl  t0  nave  governed  well  in  his  abfence,  and 

ihereial  ro  nave  f"PPorte^  ms  dignity  after  m8  acceflion  to  the 
dignity  but  throne  with  fpirit,  notwithstanding  the  misfortunes  that 
ajhort  he  met  with  in  his  family,  and  the  oppofition  given  him 
time.  by  the  infant  Don  Pedro  of  Arragon,  who  pretended  to  re- 

vive thofe  pretenfions  which  his  father,  ftill  living,  had 
AD.i*7i.  difclaimed.  This  king  having  married  the  neicc  of  St. 
<  Lewis,  depended  on  the  friendlhip  and  affiftance  of  his 

coufin  king  Philip  ;  and  governed  fo  fteadily  that  though 
his  neighbours  were  willing  enough  to  have  given  him 
diilurbancc,  yet  perceiving  him  always  in  a  condition  to 
defend  his  territories,  they  did  not  think  fit  to  attack  him  °. 
He  Lad  by  his  queen  a  fon,  called  after  his  father  and  bro- 
ther Thibaut,  who  was  nurfed  at  Fftella,  where,  as  forne 
writers  fay,  his  nurfe  let  him  fall  out  of  a  gallery,  by  which 
fall  he  was  killed  upon  the  foot  *\  Others  affirm,  that  it 
happened  through  the  carelefTnefs  of  his  governor,  who,  in  a 
fit  of  defpair,  threw  himfelf  from  the  fame  gallery,  and  pe- 
rifhed  with  him  1.     Befides  this  fon  he  had  a  daughter, 

«  P.  Daniel  Tlifloire  de  France,  torn.  iv.  p.  163.  °  L'Hif. 

"    toire   dti    Royaume   de   Navarre,    Mariana,    Mayerne  Turquer. 
P  Favin  Riftoire  de    Navarre.  1  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume 

de  Navarr*.  «» 

the 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre.  99 

the  infanta  Donna  Joanna,  about  two  years  old  at  the  time 
•itable  accident  happened,  whom  he  immediately 
:d  to  be  acknowleged  heirefs  oij  the  crown  by  the 
aot  long  alter  made  a  treaty  with  Edward  the 
Firit,  king  of  England,  by  which  he  promifed  to  give  this 
princefs  in  marriage  to  one  of  his  fons,  when  (he  mould 
attain  to  a  fit  age.  But  it  is  very  probable  this  circum- 
s  not  made  public,  fince  many  hiftorians  affirm, 
that  James  king  of  Arragon,  in  hopes  of  marrying  her  to 
a  prince  of  his  blood,  concluded  an  alliance  with  king 
Henry,  which  was  of  no  fmall  advantage  to  his  affairs. 
He  did  not,  however,  furvive  long  enough  to  avail  himfelf 
of  thofe  troubles  that  might  have  given  him  an  opportuni- 
ty of  recovering  fome  of  the  provinces  which  he  claimed, 
as  difmembcred  from  his  monarchy  by  the  kings  of  Caf- 
tile ;  for,  as  mod  writers  agree,  he  was  choaked  with  fat 
on  the  22d  of  July,  1274,  leaving  his  daughter  fole  heirefs 
of  his  dominions,  under  the  tutelage  of  the  queen-dowa- 
ger %  whom  fome  hillorians  call  Blanch,  others  Joan  of 
Artois.  He  left  likewife  a  natural  fon,  born,  before  he 
was  married,  of  the  heirefs  of  the  houfe  of  Lacarra,  who 
bore  his  own  name,  and  became  afterwards  marfhal  of  Na- 
varre '.  He  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Pam- 
peluna,  with  great  folemnity  ;  and  in  him  ended  the  male 
line  of  the  counts  of  Champagne,  kings  of  Navarre,  after 
having  poflcfled  that  kingdom  above  forty  years. 

Donna  Joanna  was  fcarce  three  years  old  when  fhe  be-  Donna  Jo- 
came  a  queen.     It  is  faid  that  her  father  directed  by  his  anna,  un- 
will  that  fhe  fhould  not  marry  a  prince  of  Caftile  or  Arra-  dtr  tkc  tu~ 
gon,  but  of  France.     It  is  however,  not  impoflible  that  il^mother 
this  circumftance  might  be  invented  after  fuch  a  marriage  becomes 
took  effect.     Be  that  as  it  will,  the  queen-dowager  called  queen  of 
an  ailembly  of  the  ftates  on  the  27th  of  Auguft  following,  ^avarrg 
in  order  to  make  choice  of  a  perfon  who  might  affift  her  **       0^ 
in  the  adminillration  of  the  government,  when  Don  Pedro 
Sanchez  Montagu  was  chofen  u.     It  was  not  long  before  a 
ftrong  party  was  formed  againft  Don  Pedro ;  at  the  head  of 
which  was  Don  Garcia  de  Almoravides,  who  had  recourfe 
to  the  crown  of  Caftile  for  protection,  which  was  promifed 
him  ;  and  this  circumftance  obliged  Don  Pedro  Sanchez 
de  Montagu  to  apply  himfelf  to  the  king  of  Arragon,  with 
the  like  fuccefs  w.     As  both  thefe  princes  had  in  view  the 

r  P.   Morer.  *  Favin,    Ferreras,    Mayerne  Turquer. 

I  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de   Navarre.  «  Favin,  Feneras, 

May  erne  Turquet.  w  L'Hiitcire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre. 

II  2  marriage 


too 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 


Philip  the 
Hardy  con 
trafts  his 
fon  Philip 
the  Fair  to 
the  young 
queen  of 
Navarre. 


marriage  of  the  heirefs  of  Navarre  into  their  families,  the 
queen,  who  was  equally  averfe  to  either,  refolved  to  fe- 
A.D.  1175.  cure  her  own  fafety,  and  that  of  her  daughter,  by  flying 
—  "■  --'-  into  Francs,  and  demanding  the  protection  of  king  Phi- 
lip, which  die  accordingly  did,  and  was  received  with  all 
the  refpect  due  to  her  dignity,  and  all  the  kindnefs  which 
her  diftreffed  circumftances  required. 

At  this  juncture  Don  Alonfo,  firnamed  the  Wife,  go- 
verned Cafiile  j  but,  as  we  have  fhewn  in  another  place,  his 
adminiftration,  notwithftanding  that  high  title,  was  not 
either  (leady  or  fuccefsful  *.  His  eldeit  fon,  the  infant 
Don  Ferdinand  de  la  Cerda,  was  a  prince  of  parts  and 
fpirit,  but  withal  very  ambitious.  He  had  married  Blanch, 
daughter  of  St.  Lewis,  by  whom  he  had  two  fons,  who 
were  children  at  this  time,  of  whom  he  intended  to  marrr 
the  tldelt  to  the  heirefs  of  Navarre.  Knowing  the  con-' 
fufion  the  kingdom  was  in  would  prevent  any  army  from 
taking  the  field  againfl  him,  he  marched  into  the  country, 
not  doubting  but  that  he  fhould  make  a  cheap  and  fpeedy 
conquelt ;  and  this  once  effected,  or  eVen  in  part  effected, 
the  marriage  he  had  in  view  would  be  efleemed  a  favour  *. 
But  the  policy  of  the  kings  of  Navarre,  who  kept  their 
frontiers  always  well  fortified,  and  their  fubjects  in  exact 
difciplinc,  prevented  the  execution  of  this  fcheme ;  for 
though  he  became  matter  of  fome  fmall  open  places,  yet 
Viana,  the  fir  ft  ilrong  place  he  befieged,  made  fo  good  a 
refittance,  that  after  confiderable  lofs  he  was  obliged  to 
retire  z.  On  the  other  fide,  James  king  of  Arragon  was 
grown  old  and  feeble  in  body  and  in  mind  ;  the  infant 
Don  Pedro,  his  heir  apparent,  fet  up  a  kind  of  claim  to 
Navarre,  but  managed  it  with  a  great  fhew  of  temper  and 
moderation ;  offeied  the  ftates  the  choice  of  either  of  hi:* 
fons  for  the  young  queen,  and  to  leave  him  in  the  entire 
poffeflion  of  the  kingdom,  with  a  promifc  of  fueh  fuccours 
as  fhould  be  neceffary  to  defend  them  againfl  Caftile.  It 
was  this  confideration  that  engaged  Don  Pedro  Sanchez 
de  Montagu,  and  other  noblemen  of  the  firft  houfes  in 
Navarre,  to  lean  to  his  party  ;  fo  that  the  kingdom  in  ge- 
neral, moft  of  the  great  towns  in  particular,  and  the  city 
ofPampcluna  more  efpccially,  flood  divided  into  three 
factions,  the  Caftilian,  the  Arragonian,  and  the  French. 
Philip  the  Hardy  had  received  and  fuccoured  the  queen 


x  Garlbay,  Marians,  Mayerne  Turquet. 
du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon. 
Hiftoire  de  Navarre. 


y  L'Hiftoire 
z  Favin 

with 


The  Wjlory  of  Navarre,  ioi 

ncrofity;  but  he  likcwifc  had  his  views,  and 
urn  more  nearly  interested  than  cither  of  the  other 

ts  ".      The  young  queen  was  heirefs  of  Champagne 
,  in  the  very  heart  of  his  dominions  ;  be  judged, 

;ore,  that  there  could  not  be  a  more  expedient  match 
vaung  princefs  than  one  of  his  fons,  and  he  had. 
three  by  hi&  firft  queen,  Lewis,  Philip,  and  Charles. 
His  own  inclination  was  to  marry  her  to  the  eldeft;  but 
pope  Gregory  the  Tenth,  though  he  had  a  great  kindnefs 
for  the  king,  would  not  hear  ol  this  match  ;  and  a  difpen- 
lation,  according  to  the  mode  of  thofe  times,  being  nccef- 
iary,  he  was  obliged  to  accept  that  favour  in  behalf  of 
Philip,  who  efpoufed,  or  rather  was  contracted  to  that 
princefs  by  the  confent  of  the  queen  her  mother6:  this 
tlifpofition  anfwered  the  king's  purpofe  much  better  than 
his  own  choice  would  have  done;  •,  for  Lewis  being  quickly 
after  poifoned,  Philip  became  his  heir,  and  confequently 
all  the  dominions  and  eltatesof  the  young  queen  were  an- 
nexed to  the  crown. 

As  foon   as  things  were  thus  far  fettled,  the  queen-  Sends  a 
dowager  of  Navarre,  by  the  advice  of  king  Philip,  de*-  ^ce'°y 
clared  Eultace  de  Beaumarchais  feneichal  of  Thouioufc,  "JJlJhan 
viceroy  or    regent    of    Navarre,    and    fent   him    with   a  tfavarre, 
good  corps  of    troops  to  take  poffeffion  of   his  govern-  and  after- 
ment.     He  met  with  greater  fuccefs  than  could  weil  have  ^ardtthe 
been   expected;    for  he    not/  only  penetrated   into    Na- count  ^Af" 
varre,  but  got  pofleflion  alfo  of  part  of  the  city  of  Pampe- 
luna  c.     A  foreigner,  with  the  title  of  regent,  fupported 
by  an  army  of  (hangers,  could  not  be  very  welcome  to  a 
free  people,  who  were  very  jealous  of  their  liberties.     But 
Eultace  was  a  wife  man,  behaved  with  great  moderation 
to  fuch  as  fubmittcd,  and  punifhed  thofe  who,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  fituation  things  were  in,  committed  either 
murders  or  robberies,    with  great  fev€rity,    which  foon 
gained  him   refpeft,  and  in  procefs  of   time  affection  d. 

•ver,  Don  Garcia  Almoravides  held  one  part  of  the 
city,  with  his  faclion,  in  favour  of  Caftile  j  Don  Pedro 
Sanchez  de  Montagu  had  alfo  a  corps  ©f  troops  without, 
and  looking  upon  Euftace  as  one  who  had  deprived  him  of 
his  poll,  patched  up  an  agreement  with  Don  Garcia,  con- 
chained  the  French  viceroy  and  his  gavrifon  to  retire  into 
the  caitie,  and  held  them  there  befieged.     As  foon  as  thia 

»  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaumede  Navarre,  P.  Daniel,  Mayerne  Tur- 
ner. b  P  Moret,  Favin  Hiitoire  de  Navarrt.  •  Zu- 
ma  Anoal.  Ar;agoo.            *  L'Hiitoirc  du  Royaurnc  de  Navarre. 


H3 


circum- 


102  The  Hijtory  of  Navarre* 

circum fiance  was  known  in  France,  an  army  was  afiembled 
for  the  relief  of  Navarre,  and  the  command  of  it  given  to 
the  king's  uncle,  Robert  count  of  Artois,  father  to  the 
queen-dowager  c.     The  malecontents  had  feized   all   the 
pafles  in  Navarre  •,  but  the  count  making  a  feint,  marched 
his  army  through  the  territories  of  Arragon,  and  appeared 
before  Pampclunaon  Chriftmas-eve.     Don  Garcia  de  Al- 
moravides  fufpecling  Don  Pedro  de  Montagu,  caufed  him 
to  be  affaffinated,  and  demanded  very  importunately  the 
aid  of  Caltile  j  upon  which  Don  Alonfo  marched  a  po  . 
ful  army  to  fupport  him  ;  but  underllanding  the  (irength 
of  the  count  de  Artois,  and  how  well  he  was  polled,  fud- 
denly  retired  f.     Don  Garcia,  having  early  intelligence  of 
this  retreat,  pretended  to  receive  news  of  a  very  different 
kind  \  and  cuufing  great  rejoicings  to  be  made  in  that  quar- 
ter of  the  town  which  he  held,  took  an  opportunity  in  the 
night  to  withdraw  with  his  chief  partisans  into  the  domi- 
nions, of  Caflilc.     Hid  faction,  tin  ;it  to  the 
count  of  Artois  to  demand  terms,  who  directed  the  con- 
flable  Imbert  to  fettle  the  capitulation.     Mean  while  fome 
of  the  foldiers  perceiving  that   the  garrifon  had  quitted 
their  pods  fcaled  the  walls,    and  having  admitted  their 
companions,  put  to  the  fword  all   they  met  with,  fo  that 
Idea  were  fcarce  ever  exercifed  than  in  this 
place.     At  length,  thc\iceroy  ifiuing  from  the  caflle  with 
his  garrifon,  put  an  end  to  thefe  diforders,  and  protected 
people  that  were  left.     He  afterwards  recovered  part 
of  the  plunder,  and  by  refloring  it  to  the  right  owners, 
acquired  much  honour  and  eflecm,  from  an  event  that 
mull  othcrwifchave  rendered  the  French  nation  odious  in 
Navarre  to  the  lafl  degree. 
"He  reduces      Count  Robert  of  Artois,  perceiving  how  great  a  terror 
the  rebels,    this  incident  had  {truck  throughout  the  whole  kingdom, 
ewdjeties    and  being  very  finongly  folicited  by  fuch  as  had  firmly  ad- 
taking       hered  to  the  interefts  of  the  two  queens,    followed  his 
ett'r  and      blow,  and  fpeedily  reduced  the  whole  kingdom,  a  few 
quiet.          cailles  on  the  frontiers  only  excepted,  which  being  in  the 
hands  of  the  malecontents,  they  had  time  to  call  in  the 
Caflilians  or  the  Arragonefe  to  their  afBftance  s.     The  war 
being  very  warm  between  the  crowns  of  France  and  Caf- 
tile,  on  account  of  the'fetting  afide  of  the  children  of  the 
infant  Don  Ferdinand  de  la  Cerda,  Don  Alonfo  the  Wife 

e  Favin,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Turquet.  f  Zurita  Anna!. 

Arragon,  P.  Daniel.  ?  Favin,  Mariana,   Mayerne  "Tur- 

quet, 

de  fired 


The  Hiftory  of  Navart'f.  i  $ 

tlefircd  a  conference  with  the  count  of  Artois,  who,  by 
the  permiflion  of  the  king  of  France,  ma4e  a  tour  to  his 
,  and  left  the  command  of  the  army,  us  well  as  the 
tion  of  civil  affairs,  to  the  viceroy  Eultace  Beaumar- 
'I  ins  nobleman  brought  all  tilings  into  good  or- 
der, and  made  the  people  ol  Navarre  very  fenllble  that 
was  the  principal  object  his  care  h.     His  fuc- 
s  followed  his  example  clofely,  which  conduct,  by 
reconciled  the  whole  nation  to  a  match,  which 
at  firlt  appeared  to  them  in  the  light  of  a  great  misfor- 
tune J.     It  may  be,  the  comparifon  of  their  own  circum- 
flames  with  thofe  of  the  fubjects  of  Caitilc  and  Arragon, 
might  contribute  to  keep  up  this  difpofition,  fince  both 
countries  were  at  this  time  perplexed  with  civil  and  fo- 
reign wars,  which  fpread  difcord  anddiftrefs  quite  through 
them,  and  in  a  fhort  fpace  of  time  exhaufted  their  wealth 
and  power. 

When  the  young  queen  Donna  Joanna  entered  into  her  Donna  Jq. 
fifteenth  year,    the  marriage  was  folemniztd  with  great  fl/"»*V 
magnificence  between  her  and  the  French  prince  Philip,  ^Umnlzed 
afterwards  firnamed  le   Bel,  or  the  Fair,  who  was  then  wjtj,  p^. 
about  ftveuteen,  and  who  aiTumcd  the  title  of  Philip  king  Up  It  Bel. 
c(  Navarre,  till  by  the  death  of  his  father  he  added  it  to 
that  of  France.     This  marriage  was  extremely  pleating  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Champagne   and  Brie,    and    not  dif- 
agreeable  to  the  people  of  Navarre,  who  by  the  afliflance 
they  had  received  from  France  had  rendered  themfelves  fo 
formidable    to  the   fubjects  of   Arragon,    that   even  the 
haughty  Don  Pedro  was  glad  to  negociate  a  truce,  which  A. D.  1184. 
they  were  fuffered  to  conclude,  though  the  war  continued  -■  ■ 
as  hot  as  ever  between  that  kingdom  and  France.     Thus 
we  have  conducted  this  hiftory  to  the  end  of  the  period 
prefcribed  to  this  fectioia,  and  to  its  firft  conjunction  with 
that  crown,  to  which  it  Hands  at  prefent  united. 


h  L'Hiftoirc  du  Royaume  dc  Navarre.  '  Zurita  Annal, 

Arragon. 


II  4  SECT. 


i©^  7he  Hi/lory  of  tfavarre. 


SECT.      IV. 


From  the  Union  of  Navarre  with  the  Crown  of  Trance, 
in  the  Perfon  of  Philip,  to  its  Conjunction  with  thofe 
of  An  agon  and  Sicily  * 


HP  HE    difputes   between  Philip  the  Hardy  and    Don 
"■"     Alonfo  the  Sage,  king  of  Caitile,  ran  very  high,  and 


Ihe  war 
continues 

Trance  and  Drought  Dotn  monarchs  fometimes  into  the  field,  but  ne- 
Arragon  to  gociations  generally  intervened ;  and  as  war  was  alike  dif- 
tke death  <f  heult  to  both  parties,  fo,  without  reconciliation  or-friend- 
ioth  kings,  fljjp^  intcreft  drew  them  from  time  to  time  to  conclude 
truce  after  truce  k.  It  France  had  made  war  in  earned, 
the  feat  of  it  mull  have  been  in  Navarre,  which  being  at 
thb  juncture  united  to  France,  fhe  was  inclined  to  fpare. 
But  it  was  far  otherwife  with  regard  to  king  Philip's  quar- 
rel with  the  houfe  of  Arragon,  oh  the  fcorc  of  the  Sici- 
lian Vefpers,  in  which  the  French  having  received  a  na- 
tional injury,  the  king  employed  the  whole  force  of  his 
realm  to  revenge  it,  fupporting  at  that  time  the  thunder 
of  Rome  by  that  of  his  arms1.  King  Philip  of  Navarre 
attended  his  father  in  his  expedition  into  Catalonia :  in 
which,  with  a  prodigious  expence  of  men  and  money,  he 
made  himfclf  mailer  of  Gironne  :  a  conqucft  equally  dear 
to  both  kings  ;  for  Don  Pedro  of  Arragon  foon  after 
breathed  his  laft,  chiefly  through  the  excels  of  fatigue, 
which  he  had  endured  in  the  laft  campaign;  and  king 
Philip  expired  at  Perpignan,  in  his  return  to  his  own  do- 
minions, of  a  difeafe  which  he  had  caught  at  the  fiege. 
Thcfe  wars,  however  ruinous  to  other  countries,  were 
highly  ferviceable  and  beneficial  to  Navarre,  where  the 
viceroys,  though  frequently  changed,  were  all  of  them 
tied  by  their  initru&ions  to  aft  upon  the  fame  plan.  This 
confifted  in  the  improvement  of  the  interior  part  of  the 
the  country,  and  in  finding  employment  for  reftlefs  fpirits 
A.P.  1*85.  on  tne  frontiers,  or  fending  them  to  excrcife  their  valour 
»- in  the  armies  of  France,  where  they  were  always  well  re- 
ceived, and  fome  of  the  nobility  highly  advanced  and 
amply  rewarded. 

Philip  the  Fair,  now  king  of  both  realms,  purfued  the 
war  againft  Arragon    with  vigour,   but  continued   the 

*  Favia  Hiftoire  de  Navarre,  P.  Daniel  Hiftoirede  France,  Fer- 
eera*  J  L'Hitfoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre. 

truce* 


The  Hiflory  of  Navarre.  105 

truces  with  Caililc  to  the  demife  of  king  Sancho,  when  mjlorytf 
the  viceroys  of  Navarre  altered  their  meafurcs,  adjuited  the  tranf- 
tlicir  differences  with  Arragon,  and  endeavoured  to  avail  oQton$  m 
diemfelves  of  thofe  inteftine  troubles,  which  difturbed  the  f0at^rJ/a)k 
kingdom  of  Caltile.  The  apparent  reafon  of  this  altera-  of  Donna 
lion  in  their  conduct,  was  the  conjunction  of  the  two  "Joanna  I. 
crowns,  in  favour  of  Don  Alonfo  de  Cerda,  whom  they 
rid  to  advance  to  the  thrones  of  Caftile  and  Leon; 
but  the  genuine  and  real  plan  upon  which  they  atted, 
was  to  extend  the  territories  of  Navarre  and  Arragon,  at 
the  expence  of  the  young  monarch  of  Caltile,  whofe  af- 
fairs were  adminiftered  by  the  queen-dowager  his  mother  w. 
It  was  to  fave  appearances  in  fome  mealure  that  Alonfo 
de  Roleed,  viceroy  of  Navarre,  and  very  active  in  this 
confederacy,  fent  a  knight  with  a  meffage  to  the  queen- 
regent  of  Caflile,  demanding  reftitution  of  all  the  places 
and  provinces  of  which  their  majefties  predecefibrs  had 
been  defpoiled,  by  the  anceltors  of  the  king  of  Caftile  j 
and  this  claim  went  as  far  as  Atapuerca,  at  no  great  di- 
ftance  from  Burgos.  The  queen  gave  a  mild  anfwer ; 
and  the  viceroy,  having  obtained  his  matter's  confent,  ac- 
knowleged  Don  Alonfo  de  la  Cerda  for  king  of  Caftile, 
by  which  means,  all  the  country  as  far  as  the  river  Oia 
was  yielded  to  Navarre  n.  But  king  Philip,  being  engag- 
ed in  the  war  of  Flanders,  could  not  aflift  the  confede- 
rates fo  powerfully  as  to  enable  Don  Alonfo  to  comply 
with  his  agreement.  While  this  war  was  carried  on 
flowly,  and  with  little  fuccefs,  Donna  Joanna,  queen  of 
Navarre,  died  on  the  4th  of  April,  1305,  when  ihe  had 
borne  that  title  thirty-one  years.  The  mod  memorable 
action  of  her  life  was  the  building  the  college  of  Navarre 
at  Paris,  for  promoting  ufeful  literature,  and  which  (lie 
liberally  endowed  with  lands  in  her  own  county  of  Cham- 
pagne. She  had  by  her  hufband  the  following  children, 
Lewis,  Philip,  and  Charles,  fucceflively  kings  of  France, 
Robert  who  died  young,  Margaret,  Ifabella,  who  ef- 
poufed  Edward  II.  of  England,  in  whofe  right  Edward 
III.  her  fon,  claimed  the  French  crown,  and  Blanch 
who  died  young.  This  queen  is  much  blamed  for  her 
hatred  to  the  Flemings. 

Lewis  Hutin,  that  is  the  ^uarrelfome,  aflumed  the  title 
of  king  of  Navarre,  on  his  mother's  death,  being  then 
about  fifteen  years  old  ;  and  efpoufed  Margaret,  daughter 

m  Zurita,  Tavin,  Ferrerai.  "  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume 

d*  Navarre,  P.  Daniel. 

to 


toG  The  Wjlory  of  Navarre. 

The  reign  of  to  Robert  duke  of  Burgundy,  by  Agnes,  daughter  of  St, 
Lewis,  jur-  Lewis  °.  The  death  of  the  queen  was  no  fconer  known 
named  Hu-  jn  ]ier  dominions  than  the  ftatcs  of  Navarre  fent  a  depu- 
Itaiirre  tat^on  t0  tne  court  of  France,  defiling  that  their  young 
in  whom  k'ng  might  be  fent  inta  his  own  dominions;  which  demand 
ettm./zneio  they  fupportcd  by  fo  many  reafons,  that  both  die  kings 
line  to  the  admitted  them  to  be  juft,  and  promised  to  comply  with 
Jmcftjion.  t]ierru  The  circumf  tames  of  their  affairs,  however,  were 
fuch,  that  it  was  two  years  before  he  went  thither  ;  and 
A.D.T307.  on  bis  arrival  at  Pampeluna  he  was  folemnly  crowned  in  the 
■  cathedral,  with  the  acclamations  of  all  his  fubjects  p.     lie 

did  not  continue  to  refide  there  long  ;  and  even  during  his 
ih'.y  there  happened  fome  difputes,  occafioned  by  his  im- 
prifouing  two  noblemen  of  Navarre,  who  had  oppofed  the 
French  viceroys,  and  whom  he  carried  with  him  at  his. 
return  into  France.  He  was  likewife  attended  by  two  hun- 
dred young  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  all  of  whom  he  pro- 
vided for,  and  thereby  attached  fo  many  families  to  his 
perfon  and  government,  as  rendered  his  adminiflration 
quieter  than  otherwife  it  would  have  been.  The  quarrels 
on  the  frontiers  of  Arragon  were  about  this  time  renew- 
ed, a  circumflance  which  James  then  king  of  that  coun- 
try fo  much  rcfentcd,  that  he  fent  an  army  to  invade  Na- 
varre, which  was  defeated,  and  the  royal  standard  of  Ar- 
ragon was  taken  by  the  militia  of  the  town  of  Sangucfla  ; 
for  which  reafon,  by  a  grant  from  Lewis  Hutin,  they  have 
borne  it  ever  fince  in  their  arms.  The  king  of  Navarre 
being  at  Lyons,  to  pacify  fome  troubles  that  had  arifen 
there,  a  flrangc  misfortune  befel  him  and  all  the  royal  fa- 
mily;  Margaret,  queen  of  Navarre,  Jane,  wife  to  his  bro- 
ther Philip,  and  Blanch  of  Burgundy,  who  had  efpoufed 
prince  Charles,  were  all  charged  with  adultery.  The  firft 
and  laft  of  thefe  princeiies  were  on  a  Uriel  trial  found 
guilty,  and  imprifoncd  in  the  caftle  of  Galliard,  where 
not  iong  after  the  queen  of  Navarre  was  ftrangled  by  her 
hufband  s  orders,  now  become  king  of  France  by  his  fa- 
ther's death.  Ke  then  married  the  princefs  Clemence  of 
Hungary,  and  died  after  a  very  fhort  and  troublefome 
reign,  the  5  th  of  June  1 3 1 6,  at  the  cattle  of  Vinccnnes, 
as  is  faid  of  poifon.  At  his  deceafe  he  left  one  daughter, 
Donna  Joanna,  by  his  firft  queen,  and  his  new-married 
princefs  big  with  child,  a  circumttance  which  threw  the 

0  Favin,  P.  Daniel,  IVhyerne  Tnrquet.  p  L'Hiftoire  tlu 

/  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mariana,  Ferreras.    P.  Daniel  tiiftoire  de 

Fiance. 

affairs 


Tht  Wijlory  of  Nov  i  107 

both  kingdoms  into  fomc  confufion '.    A 
r.ed  the  Ijong,  brother  to  the  deceal 

.n<l  Navarre,  rill  the  ki 
ife  the  queen  {hould  be  delivered  of  a  I  icd 

I  actually  a  m 

c  name  of  John;  hut  as  he  lived  only  a  w 
never  inferted  in  the  lids,  either  of  the  ki 
rre,  though  he  had  an  unquclUor.uble 
title  to  both,  and  one  would  have  thought  mould  i 
been  p  "claimed  upon  his  birth  r. 

Philip  the  Long)  fo  called  from  his  extraordinary  ftn-  f/;e  r 
fcurC)  ailumtd  the  regal  title  immediately  upon  the  death  ofPht.tf  II. 
of  his  nephew,  and   made    all  the  hafte  he  could  to  be  ojSavarrt. 
crowned.     But    notwithflanding    this  expedition,  Fudes 
duke  of  Burgundy,  uncle  to  Donna  Joanna,  the  daughter  of 
Lewis Hutin,  declared  publicly  that  her  righttoNavanewas 
incontcftable,  and  that  he  held    her  claim  to  tlie  crown 
of  France  to  be  as  good  s.      In   this  particularly  he  was 
fup ported  by  the  count  of  Nevers,  the  dauphin  of  Vien- 
nois,  and,  which  is  very  extraordinary,  by  Charles   the 
Fair,  the  king's  only  brother.     Their  intrigues  did   not 
hinder  his  coronation,  and   his  right  was  afterwards  fo- 
lemnly  confirmed  by  an  aflembly  of  the  nobility  and  cler- 
gy1.    However,  to  appeafe  the  malcontents  he  gave  his 
elded  filter  in  marriage  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  with 
the  county  of  the  fame  title;  another  filler  lie  bellowed 
on   the   dauphin,  and   conferred   various   favours  on  the 
reft,  which  had  fo  good  an  effect  that  he  afl'umed  the  title 
alfo  of  king  of  Navarre,  to  the  apparent  prejudice  of  his 
niece,  but  without  the  leait  contradiction  from  the  duke 
of  Burgundy.     He  did  not  long  enjoy  the  regal  dignity. 
As  to  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  he  added  to  the  viceroy 
a  royal  council,  that  his  power  might   be  the  more  rc- 
ilraincd,  and  that  a  greater  number  of  ears  might  be  open 
to  juftice.     His  only  fon  Lewis  died  in  his  cradle;  and  he 
himfelf  cleceafed  on  the  3d  of  January,  1 J22. 

Charles  the  Fair  fucceeded  his  brother,  and   afiumed  CharUs  tht 
the  title  of  Navarre  as  well  as  France,  though  the  young  t"'raf- 

tiucen  was  already  married  to  Philip  count  de  Evereux,  ^^J-r 
r  t  j     t-  11  t,,  ...      ,     „   .'  title  of  kmr 

ion  to  Lewis  count  de  Fvereux,  brotner  to  Philip  le  Bel,  0f  xa. 

who  efpoufed  the  queen  of  Navarre;  but  in  truth  fne  was  varre,  it 

{till  a  child,  and  therefore  it  was  faid    that  Charles  only  the  preju- 
dice oj  his 

s  Mezeray  Hiftoire  de  France,    Favin.  •  P.  Daniel.  n,ectm 

•  L'Hiftohe  du  Royaume  tic  Navarre,  Meaeray,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  *  P.  Daniel, 

aflumed 


jcS  Tbt  Hijtory  of  Navarre. 

aflumed  the  title,  as  his  brother  had  done,  in  quality  of 
.guardian  to  his  niece",     lie  had  as  little  inclination  as  his 
predecciTor  to  vilit  that  country,  where  the  nobility  on  the 
frontiers  took  great  liberties,  and  made  frequent  excui  lions 
into  the  territories  of  Caitile  and  Arragon.  Thefe  provoked 
their  neighbours  to  make  reprifals,  for  which  in  return 
the  people  of  Navarre   were  not  at  all  ilow  in  taking  re- 
venge.    In  one  of  thele  expeditions  they  received  a  fevers 
check  at  Baltibar,  wherein  the  belt  part  of  their  troops 
were  cut  off  by  the  inhabitants  of  Guipufcoa  w.     On  the 
fide  of  Arragon  they  were  more  fuccefsful,  infomuch  that 
the  king  of  that  country  complained  to    king  Charles  ia 
France,  who  promifed  redrefs,  and  fent  orders  lor  that 
purpole  into  Navarre,  which  were  but  indifferently  obey- 
ed.    It  feems  the  nobility  hail  no  great  opinion  of  the  up* 
rightnefsof  his  intention;  for  when  Alonfo  Robora,  his 
viceroy,  demanded  an  oath  of  allegiance,  they  absolutely 
refuted  it,  infilting  that  in  Navarre,  though  they  obeyed 
their  princes  wherever  they  were,  yet  they  never  (wore 
to  any  but  in  their  prefencc.      The  diforders  that   had 
broke  out  in  the  former  rtign,  increafed  extremely  under 
tUs;  infomuch  that  all  things  had  a  ftrong  tendency  to 
anarchy  and   confulion,   at  the  time  of  this    monarch's 
h,  which  happened  the  lit  of  February,  1-328,  when 
he  had  jufl  entered  the  feventh  year  of  reign  x.     At  the 
time  of  his  demife  he  left  his  queen,  the  filler  of  ihe  count 
t:e  Fvereux,  big  with  child,   upon  which  Philip  de  Valois, 
fon  of  Charles  de  Valois,  and  grandfon  of  Philip  the  Har- 
dy, in  quality  of  firlt  prince  of  the  blood,  was  declared 
regent  of  France,  not  without  lbme  diftade  to  the  relt,  of 
whom  there  were  about  thirty. 
Dotna  Jo-      The  death  of  king  Charles  was  no  fooner  known  in  Na- 
a!T  il)  }    varrc»  tnan  l^e  common  people  laid  hold  of  this  as  a  fa- 
tAtflates  >  vourable  occafion  to  wreak  their  fplecn  on  a  race  of  men 
qieen  of      whom  they  hated  beyond  meafure,  and  who  it  is  not  im- 
Ma'-jjrrt,    propable  might  have  given  too  much  caufe  for  their  hate. 
mJrtgtHjj  Thele  were  the  Jews,  of  whom  vaft  numbers  were  fettled 
?*%""      m  Navarre,  fince  it  fell  under  the  dominion  of  France, 
fafnf^         and  more  efpecially  after  their  expulfion  out  of  that  king- 
dom, towards  the  elofe  of  the   reign  of  Philip  the  Long. 
Thele  the  commons  of  Navarre  aceufed  of  opprcihon  and 
extortion;  and  falling  lirlt  upon  thofe  of  infamous  charac- 
ters, extended  their  infoleneeand  rapine  by  degrees,  tillthcy 

u  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Tur» 
quct,  w  Fav::i.  *  Mczeray,  P,  Daniel. 

plundered 


the  Hijtoy  of  Njz\;     .  109 

plundered  and  murdered,  as  fome  hiftorians  relate,  not 
11  ten  thoufand*.  In  order  to  appeafe  thefe  tu- 
mults, the  viceroy  and  his  council  fummoned  the  clergy 
and  nobility  to  aftemble  at  Pont  a  la  Royne,  where  they 
took  oidcr  indeed  for  fuppreihng  thefe  difturbanccs  ;  but 
tnftead  of  putting  an  end  to  their  feffions,  the  ftatcs  ad- 
journed to  Pampeluna,  where  they  undertook  to  examine 
and  decide  the  difputes  that  had  arifen  about  the  iuccef- 
fion  of  the  crown*.     The  daughters  of  Philip  the  Long,  A. D.131L 

and  Charles  the  Fair,  put  in  their  claims,  on  account  of - 

their  father's  dying,  as  they  -affirmed,  pofleffed  of  the 
crown  of  Navarre,  a  plea  which  was  but  little  regarded. 
But  Edward  III.  of  England  had  a  ftrong  party.  His  pre- 
tenfions  arofe  from  his  being  the  fon  of  Ifabcl,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Philip  the  Fair,  by  Joanna  queen  of  Navarre.  At 
length,  after  much  debate  and  mature  deliberation,  the 
ftates  took  upon  them  to  declare  that  the  right  was  in 
Joanna,  daughter  to  Lewis  Hutin,  the  fon  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  by  Joanna  queen  of  Navarre  b.  Philip  de  Valois, 
in  the  fame  aflembly,  which  decided  in  favour  of  his  right 
againft  Edward  III.  disclaimed  all  pretenfions  to  Navarre, 
which  he  acknowlcged  to  belong  to  Philip  count  of  Ev- 
reux,  his  brother-in-law,  in  right  of  his  confort0.  But 
the  ftatcs  of  Navarre  proclaimed  her  queen  immediately, 
appointing  Don  Juan  Corboran  de  Lehet,  and  Don  Juan 
Martinez  de  Medrano,  lord  of  Arroniz,  to  adminifter 
public  affairs  in  her  name,  with  the  title  of  regents.  A 
folcmn  embnfly  was  alfo  fent  to  Rome,  in  the  name  of 
the  queen,  which  was  extremely  well  received.  As  for 
the  counties  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  both  the  French 
and  Spanifh  hiftorians  fay,  that  Philip  dc  Valois  gave  his 
brother-in-law,  Philip  de  Evreux,  Angouleme,  Molafn, 
and  Longuevillc  for  them  d. 

The  Mates  of  Navarre,  in  purfuance  of  what  they  had  al-  The  king 
ready  done,  fent  to  invite  their  fovereign  queen  Joanna  and  and  queen 
her  confort  Philip  de  Evreux  to  Pampeluna,  which  invita-  °^a- 
tion,  with  the  confent  of  the  French  king,  they  accepted,  ^T^' 
and  upon  their  arrival  were  received  with  all  poffible  marks  own  doml* 
of  joy,  as  well  as  refpecr. f.     When  thefe  tranfports  were  nions,aud 
a  little  over,  the  ftates  acquainted  Philip  III.  and  Joanna  a'e 
II.  fo  they  were  now  ilyled,  that  it  was  with  unfeigned  cre'u"'t^ 

*  Perreras.  ■  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  N*?arre,  Ma- 

riana. >>  Mayerne  Tiirq-itt-  c  P.  Daniel  Hiltoire  tie 

France.  <*  Favin  Hiiloire  de  Navarre.  i  Favin,  Ma- 

rima,  Mayerne  Turouet. 

fleafurc 


no  The  Hifiory  of  Navarre. 

pleafure  and  fatisfatlion  they  beheld  their  lawful  fove- 
reigns  in  the  capital  of  their  dominions  -,  but  that  it  was  fit 
they  ihould  be  informed,  that  as  for  many  years  pad  there 
hail  been  fcarce  any  face  of  government,  by  which  their 
fubjects  were  not  only  grievous  fufferers,  but  alio  the  form, 
and  even  the  eflence  of  their  ancient  constitution  in  dan- 
ger of  being  loft,  they  took  it  therefore  to  be  for  then  ho- 
nour and  interest,  as  they  were  fure  it  was  their  duty  to 
reftore  both  ;  that  they  had  fufficicntly  (hewn  a  fpirit  of 
juftice   and  loyalty  in  afferting  their  righrs,  and  bringing 
them  to  the  peaceable  policlhon  of  their  dignity  ;  but  hav- 
ing done  this,  they  were  now  bound   to  difcharge  their 
trull,   to  the  people,  which  they  could  no  otherwife  per- 
form than  by  presenting  them  a  bill  of  rights,  to  the  due 
obfervance  of  which  they  were  to  fwear  at  the  time  of  their 
inauguration,  befceching  them   to  believe,  that  as  their 
.lorn  confined  in  living  according  to  the  known  laws 
of  Navarre,  fo  the  prerogative  and  fucceflibn  of  the  crown 
ig  defcribed  and  ascertained  by  thofe  laws,  they  were 
y  to  fupport  and  defend  both  *.     The  king  and  queen 
epted  this  paper  very  gracioufly;  and  having  signified 
ir  approbation  of  it,  were  folemnly  crowned  in  the  ca- 
A.D.i-,29.  thcdral  of  Pampeluna,  on  the  5th  of  March,  with  the  uni- 

verial  applaufe  of  their  faithful  fubjc£l.sr. 

Uttkikj}  King  Philip  being  invited  by  his  brother-in-law  to  ac- 

returns  into  company  him  in  his  -  Flanders,  left  the  queen  at 

i 'ranee,       Pampeluna  ;  and  great  proofs  of  valour  in  the 

't^f/S",     famous  battle  of  v.  .  1  :o  his  own  dominions  '. 

joint  lime  '  . 

got s  back  He  had  not  been  long  at  home  before  he  clearly  perceived 
utio  at*-  that  the  power  of  Don  Alonfo  of  Caftile  was  fo  great,  that 
varre.  ot  be  undertaken  againft  him  with  any  proba- 

bility of  fuccefs ;  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  dilorder- 
cd  ftate  of  their  own  dominions  required  fuch  regulations, 
I  .hi  Id  never  be  carried  into  execution  but  in  time  of  pro- 
found peace.  Thefe  reafons  determined  the  king  and 
queen  first  to  complete  the  one,  and  then  to  attempt  the 
other,  which  refolution  of  their's,  as  it  was  wifely  taken,  fo 
it  was  worthily  performed.  Their  ambafladors  acquaint- 
ed the  king  of  Caftile,  that  as  their  dominions  had  not  for 
many  years  enjoyed  the  pretence  of  a  fovereign,  they  were 
not  unacquainted  that  fome  extravagancies  had  been  com- 
mitted, more  efpecially  by  their  youth,  upon  the  frontiers; 
that  being  now  in  Navarre,  they  determined  to  put  an  end 

c  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre.        b  Ferrera*.        l  Favin, 
P.  Daniel,  Ferrera*. 


lory  of  N  m 

ich  practices,  to  live  in  ilrict  friendihip  with  .ill  their 
md  to  refpect,  in  a  puti.wlar  degree,  the  king 

ftiJe.      Hon  Alonfo  knew  the  motives  and  the  l'cope 
bally,  which  fell  exactly  in  with  his  views. 
,  therefore,  that  he  rejoiced  ftnecrely  to  fee  the 
lawful  fovcreigns  of  Navarre  in  quiet  polleffton  of  their 
dominions;  that  he  was  well  p leafed  to  find  they  enter- 
ions  fo  juil  of  their  own  affairs  ;  that  he  accept- 
ed their  kind  oilers,  and  would  maintain  the  peace  between 

wociowns  with  the  utmolt  punctuality  k.     This  great  A.D.f;-r. 
aiiair  being  thus  adjoftcd,  their  majeflics  made  a  thorough  — — — — 

.n  throughout  their  dominions  ;  placed  natives  in  all 
polls  of  honour  and  profit,  civil  and  military  ;  and  eitab- 
lifhed  a  new  parliament  to  redrefs  grievances,  and  to  ren- 
der juftice  in  all  caufes,  and  to  all  perfons'. 

It  was  not  long  after  this  tranfacfion  that  either  the  af-  Br  tleim- 
fairs  or  the  inclinations  of  the  king  and  queen  led  them  ^fcrtt'mm 
back  to  the  court  of  France,  leaving  Henry  de  Solibert,  °f '^'•victm 
or  as  he  is  more,  generally  called  Henry  de  Solis,  their  rJ/s.f*r* 
viceroy  in  Navarre,  but  with  a  power  more  limited  than  there  hah- 
that  of  former  viceroys.     He  judged  the  mofl  effectual  ptnswwar 
method  of  extending  this,  was  to  fall  in  with  the  paffions  bettvee* 
of  the  nation.     It  was  with  this  view  that  he  fet  on  foot  a  $llt  ?nJ 
ncgociation  for  the  marriage  of  the  infanta  Joanna  of  Na-  >re* 

varre,  with  the  infant  Don  Pedro  of  Arragon,  in  order, 
with  the  affiftance  of  that  crown,  to  fall  upon  the  domi- 
nions of  Caftile,  where  he  had  long  had  a  clofe  corre- 
fponder.ee  with  the  malcontents.  In  the  courfe  pf  this 
negociation  Don  Pedro  altered  his  mind,  and  made  choice 
of  the  younger  filter  Donna  Maria,  a  match  which  was 
foon  after  concluded,  and  ratified  by  an  aflembly  of  the 
Hates.  This  alliance  had  no  fooner  taken  effect  than  the  A.D.i^e. 
viceroy  and  his  new  ally  began  to  aflemble  an  army,  for  ■ 

the  invafion  of  Caftile.  Don  Alonfo  endeavoured  to  pre- 
vent this,  by  informing  Henry  de  Solis,  that  if  his  fub- 
jefts  had  done  any  wrong  to  thofe  of  Navarre,  he  was 
ready  to  make  fatisfaSion.  The  viceroy  was  fo  bent  up- 
on the  war,  that  he  knew  not  what  would  content  him  ; 
and  befides,  he  thought  he  had  taken  his  mcafures  fo  well, 
that  victory  and  couqueit  muft  of  neceflity  attend  his 
arms.  In  conjunction,  therefore,  with  the  troops  of  Ar- 
ragon, he  made  an  irruption  into  Caftile,  where,  chiefly- 
through  his  own  temerity  and  indifcretion,  he  was  defeat- 

*  L'Hiftoirc  du  Royiume  He  Navarre,  Ferreraj,  Mayerne  Ttir- 
<juct.  i  Favin  Hiiioire  de  Navarre,     « 

ed, 


tiz  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

ed,  as  we  have   fliewn  in  the  hiftory  of  that  kingdoms 
however,  Gallon  count  de  Foix,  embarking  in  this  quar- 
rel, the  fortune  of  war  might  have  changed,  if  the  court 
of  France  had  not  interfered  ;  fiift,  in  obliging  the  count 
de  Foix  to  return  into  his  own  dominions  ;  and  next,  in 
prevailing  on  the  king  of  Navarre  to  confent  to  a  negocia- 
tion  m.     The  reafon  of  this  moderate  and  jult  behaviour  in 
the  French  monarch,  was  the  diltrefs  of  his  affairs  through 
the  war  with  England.     By  this  interpofition,  therefore,  a 
kind  of  congrefs  was  elrablilhed  atPampeluna,  under  the 
mediation  of  the  archbiihop  of  Rheims  ;  their  majelties 
of  Navarre  having  alfo  fent  a  new  viceroy,  Salazin  dc 
Anglera,  with  full  powers  to  conclude  a  peace,  which 
was  foon  after  ligned,  upon  terms  very  honourable   for 
them. 
t>on  Philip       ^n  fome  time  after,  the  peace  was  concluded  between 
111.  diet  »f  Arragon  and  Caitile,  Don    Pedro,  now   feated  on    the 
an  indif-      throne  of  the  firlt  mentioned  kingdom,  confummated  the 
pfitton,        marriageconcluded  fome  years  before  with  the  infanta  Ma- 
't/ie^/.'ece  of  r'n  °^  Navarro     As  foon  as  the  affairs  of  France  permit- 
jggtxtra      ted  him  to  retire  with  decency,  king  Philip  refolvtd  to  re- 
in  indalu-  turn  into  his  own  dominions,  together  with  the  queen  his 
**•  confort,  where   their  prefence  was  become  highly  necef- 

fary  n.  Thefe  diforders  were  fcarce  redrcfTed  before  the 
news  of  the  ficgc  of  Algezira,  carried  on  by  Don  Alonfo 
of  CafHle  ngainft  the  Moors,  alarmed  in  a  manner  all 
Chriftemlom.  We  have  defcribed  it  particularly  elfe- 
where,  and  (hall  therefore  fay  nothing  of  it  here,  but  what 
is  ltriclly  connected  with  our  fubjecl.  The  king  of  Na- 
varre piqued  himfclf  lb  much  on  the  character  of  an  ac- 
complilhcd  Chrittian  knight,  that  he  refolved  to  prefent 
himfelf  before  the  walls  of  Algezira.  He  fent  provi- 
fions  and  his  equipage  by  fea  ;  and  with  a  fmall  corps 
of  choice  troops,  marched  by  land  into  Andalufia.  He 
had  all  the  honours  paid  him  in  his  pafiage  that  would 
have  been  paid  to  Don  Alonfo  himfelf;  and  on  his  arrival 
in  the  camp,  was  treated  with  all  pofiiblc  marks  of  re- 
fpc£t  °.  His  conduct  and  his  valour  are  highly  commend- 
ed by  Spanilh  hillorians  ;  but  through  fome  irregularity  in 
his  diet,  he  was  feized  with  a  malignant  fever,  which  ob- 
liged him  to  retire  ;  and  his  malady  increafing,  he  died  at 
Xeres,  in  his  return  home,  on  the  26th  of  September,  1343, 

m  L'Hiftoire  do  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  n  Ibid.  Mariana,  Ferrera*.  •  Favin  Hiftoire  dc 

France. 

in 


fofy  cf  t  H5 

in  the  fixteenth  year  of  his  reign.  His  body  was  carried  to 
Pampeluna  by  liis  troops,  having  all  pofTiole  honours 
(hewn  it  in  its  pafiage,  and  was  thcic  interred  in  1  man- 
ner (likable  to  his  rank  P.  His  memory  was  highly  re- 
vered in  Spain. 

The  queen  Donna  Joanna  governed  the  kingdom  of  Na-  Dtat/iof 
varre,  after  her  hufband's  deceafe,  with  equal  dignity  and  1uten  J°* 
discretion.     She  made  choice  of  the  wifefl  and  ableft  0fa''"aI  • 
her  fubjedts,  to  wliom  fhe  gave  places  in  her  council,  and 
regulated  all  her  adtions  by  their  advice,     llcr  affection  to  A.D.1^46; 

France  induced  her  to  lend  a  body  of  good  troops  to  the — 

aililtancc  of  king  Philip,  in  whofe  fervice  they  acquired 
great  reputation  1.  The  martial  fpirit  of  the  nation,  how- 
ever, gave  her  fome  trouble ;  for  the  inhabitants  of  Tu- 
dela  and  Corella  having  made  an  inroad  into  Caftile,  on 
account  of  fome  differences  they  had  with  the  people  of 
Alfaro,  the  inhabitants  of  the  marches  of  Caftile  affembled 
to  revenge  this  breach  of  the  peace  $  but  the  king  Don  A.D.  r^t. 
Alonfo,  out  of  pure  regard  to  the  queen,  retrained  them,  '' 

and  took  upon  himfelf  to  make  them  fatisfadtion :  but 
what  happened  once  on  the  fide  of  Caftile  fell  out  often  on 
that  of  Arragon,  and  yet  Don  Pedro  feldom  troubled  her 
with  complaints.  He  knew  that  it  was  againft  the  queen's 
intentions,  and  that  fhe  had  done  all  ihe  could  to  prevent 
it ;  and  he  knew  that  a  war  would  only  increafe  the  evil, 
which,  by  ftrengthening  his  frontiers,  and  fuch  other  me- 
thods as  prudence  directed,  he  laboured  to  remove  :  be- 
fnles,  he  knew  the  queen  had  a  great  influence  in  the  court 
of  France,  which  fhe  was  always  ready  to  exert  on  his  be- 
half. The  death  of  Bona  of  Luxemburgh,  the  wife  of 
John  duke  of  Normandy,  eldeft  Ion  to  the  French  king, 
gave  that  monarch  an  opportunity  of  (hewing  his  high  re- 
fpect  for  this  princefs,  u nee  he  immediately  thought  of  a 
marriage  between  her  daughter  Donna  Blanca,  or  Blanch, 
and  the  heir  apparent  of  his  crown.  At  his  requeft,  there •» 
fore,  the  queen  conducted  her  to  court,  where  the  king, 
who  was  but  lately  become  a  widower,  was  fo  much  (truck 
with  her  beauty  and  merit,  that  he  married  her  himfelf, 
notwhhftanding  the  inequality  of  their  age.  The  queen 
of  Navarre  did  not  long  enjoy  this  felicity,  for  the  mar- 
riage was  folemnized  in  the  month  of  Auguft,  and  Donna 
Joanna  died  at  Conflans  on  the  6th  of  October  following, 

p  L'Hiftoirc  du  Royaume  df  Navarre,  Mariana,  Ferreras,  May- 
erne  Turquet,  Favin  Hiftoirede  Nuvarie.  *  Baluz  in  Vir. 
Clemen.  VI. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  J 


I  i  4  The  H'tjlory  of  Navarre, 

in  the  twenty-third  year  ofher  reign,  and  was  buried  in  the 
monaftery  of  St.  Dennis,  near  the  body  of  king  Lewis  Hu- 
tin  her-father,  of  whom  fhe  looked  on  herfelf  as  the  fole 
heirefs. 
Charles  the      Charles  le  INIeauvais,  or,  as  the  Spanilh  writers  ftyle 
Witked  af  him,  Don  Carlos  the  Wicked,  fucceeded  his  mother  •,  and 
tends  the     having  attended  her  into  France,  in  order  to  be  prefent  at 
.,        J     his  filter's  marriage,  received  there  the  deputies  of  the 
his  char ac  nates,  who  carne  to  invite  him  home.      1  his  young  prince 
terand       was  then   in  the  eighteenth  year  of  his  age,  had   been 
tonduttat    brought  up  chiefly  in  the  court  of  France,  and  was  one  of 
tiatjunc-    tjie  mo[{.   accomplished  perfons  of  his   time r.     He  was 
courteous,    well-bred,    eloquent    in  a    fupreme    degree, 
eafy  in  his  addrefs,  popular  without  lofing  his  dignity ; 
qualities  which  attracted  the  admiration  of  all  Europe  be- 
fore he   afcended  the   throne  ;  and  which  he  afterwards 
abufed  in  filch  a  manner,  as  to  be  the  object  of  their  de- 
testation \     He  received  the  addrefles  of  his  fubjedls  very 
graciouflv,  and  promifed,  that  as  foon  as  he  had  adjnfted 
iome  affairs  of  great  eonfequence  to  his  family  in  France, 
he  would  return  to  Navarre.      He  did  fo ;  and  after  mak- 
ing the  ufualconceilions,  and  taking  the  accuilomed  oaths, 
he  was  crowned  with  great  folemnity   in,  the  cathedral 
A  I). 1 350.  church  of  Pampeluna,    on  the   27th   of  June  l.     There 
■  broke  out,  not  long  alter,  a  rebellion,  under  pretence  of  a 

violation  of  privileges  ;  in  which  it  is  faid  the  king  was 
not  at  all  to  blame  ;  but  having  diffipatcd  thefe  mutineers, 
he  punifhed  many  of  them  with  fuch  feverity  on  the  Pont 
<-e,  which  is  lefs  than  a  mile  from  Pampeluna, 
that  it  alarmed  his  ful>jecr.s,  and  gave  them  an  ill  impref- 
fion  of  a  reign,  the  hrit  page  in  the  annals  of  which  was 
marked  with  blood  u.  But  the  king  troubled  his  head  little 
with  what  was  faid  :  he  followed  on  alloccafions  his  own 
opinion  ;  and  though  he  changed  this  very  often,  yet  it 
was  commonly  without  rcafon,  and  always  without  ad- 
vice. 
Treats  Don  Pedro  the   Cruel  had  juft  mounted  ths  throne  of 

nvitJiDoH  Caftile.  In  point  of  age  there  was  no  great  inequality, 
r'dJ°/  *  /anc*  m  Ponn  of  temper  thefe  princes  were  but  too  like 
Jntr-  tvcn  olher.  Don  Carlos,  who  was  really  a  politician,  be- 
•wardj  lieved  it  to  be  for  his  intereft  to  have  a  perfonal  acquaint- 
toitk  Don  ance  with  the  princes  who  were  his  neighbours:  he  took 
Pedro  of 

jtrraiton,         T  p  floret,  Mezeray,  P.  Daniel.  *  Mezeray,  Garibay, 

and  has  jviayerne  Turqust.  '  I/Hiltoire  du  Royaumc  de  Navarre,  Fer- 
mtcr-vtews  u  p    ■    Hiftoirc  deNavane. 

with  hat/u 

therefore 


The  Hijlory  of  tfavarre,  it$ 

therefore  the  firtt  fair  occafion  of  making  a  tour  to  Burgos ; 
the  Spaniih  writers  fay,  that  there  never  wai  any  in- 
jure magnificent,  or  better  conducted w.     The 
two  kings  were  as  yet  unftained  in  their  characters-,  youngs 
gay,  and  fplendid  in  tlieir  courts  ;  extremcJy  well  pleated, 
perfectly  complaifant  one  to  the  other,  lb  that  the  al- 
liances between  the  two  courts  was  fpeedily  concluded  : 
and  they  parted,  as  they  met,  with  equal  fatisfuction  on 
both  fides.     This  interview  did  not  at  all  pleafe  Don  Pe- 
dro, king  of  An  agon,  who  hated  Don  Pedro  of  Cailile, 
and  was  jealous  of  Don  Carlos.     He  fent,  therefore,  two 
lords  of  great  diftinction   to  the  court  of  Pampcluna,  to 
r  the  treaty  between  the  crowns  of  Arragon  and  Na- 
>  ofl'er  him  a  princefs  of  the  houfe  of  Sicily  ;  to 
delire.him  to  hinder  the  marriage  of  the  king  of  Catlile 
with  queen  Blanch  ;  and  to  requeft  an  interview.     Don 
Carlos  renewed  the  treaty;  excufed  himfelfon  rue  fubject 
of  the  marriage,  as  being  defirous  to  match  in  France  ; 
a  flu  red  him,  that  his  fears  as  to  his  fifter  were  ill  ground- 
ed, fince  the  dowagers  of  that  crown  did  not  contract  ie- 
cond  marriages ;  and  confented  to  the  interview,  which 
took  place  about  Midfummcr  at  Monblane,  where,  after 
feveral  conferences,  the  menarchs  parted  with  mutual  dif- 
guft x.     He  fpent  the  autumn  in  Languedoc,  wlicre  he 
had  the  title  of  his  lieutenant  from  the  French  king  John, 
and  where  he  acted  with  almoft  abfolute  authority''. 

It  was  now  time  for  him  to  make  his  appearance  at  the  A«-D.  1353. 
French  court,  where  he  had  great  views.     He  began  with  - 

demanding  the  counties  of  Champagne  and   Brie,   and  [Ie  i0e,,ot 
r  j  r  ir  111  ,-  t>  1       tienench 

lormett  pretentions  alio   upon  the    duchy  ot  Burgundy.  {0urt  tr 

The  king  was  not  mucii  inclined  to  give  him  fatisiattion  ;  poufatht 
but  to  Iboth  and  foftcn  him,  if  poflible,  he  gave  him  his  P*t*ctfi 
filter  the  princefs  Joanna  z.     As  this  was  one  of  the  points  ^oa.n?a* 
Don  Carlos  had  in  view,  the  match  was  very  acceptable  ;  (fm     " 
but  it  was  fe.irce  celebrated  before  he  fet  up  new  demands;  luithftanti- 
for  the  truce  being  expired  with  England,  he  thought  king  tug,  a  mat- 
John  durft  deny  him  nothing.     He  complained  that  An-  conuau 
gouleme  had  Coffered  fo  much  during  the  war,  that  he 
drew  nothing  from  it.     King  John  thereupon  gave  him 
the  towns  of  Maine  and  Meu'.an  in  exchange,  .with  which 
he  was  very  well  pleafed,  as  it  (lengthened  his  intereft  in 
Norman y,  where  he  was  defirous  of  making  himfelf  con- 

*  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon.  *  Carioav,  Zurita  Ann.il.  Arra- 

gon. Favin  Hiftoire  de  Navarre.  y  ililluwe  de  Langucdafe, 

*  P.  D*nicl,  Fcrreiai. 

I  Z  fiderablc ; 


ti6 


A  formal, 
but  in/m- 
etre rtcort' 
t  Mat  ion 
bet-ween 
the  two 
kings, 
through 
the  media- 
tion of  the 
io'tuagePs. 


fie  Hiftojy  of  Navarri 

fidcrable  :  but  it  happened  unluckily,  that  the  king 
flowed  the  county  of  Angouleme  upon  the  c 
Charles  of  Spain,  who  was  his  favourite.  This  Charles 
was  the  fon  of  Don  Alonfo  de  la  Cerda,  ai:d  the  li  ig  of 
Navarre  hated  him  mortally.  This  gift  of  a  county  that 
had  been  his,  inflamed  him  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  hearing 
the  conftable,  who  fufpefted  nothing,  was  at  Aiglt  in  Nor- 
mandy, he  went  thither  with  his  brother  Philip,  and  a 
fmall  retinue  of  determined  men,  fur  rounded  the  inn 
where  the  conftable  was,  and  caufed  him  to  be  murdered 
in  his  bed.  In  order  to  avoid  the  punifhment  due  for  this 
murther,  his  next  aim  was  to  raife  a  rebellion.  He  forti- 
fied fcveral  places  in  Normandy  ;  wrote  circular  letters  to 
juflify  what  he  had  done  to  moft  of  the  great  cities  in 
France;  and  entered  into  a  correfpondence  with  John  of 
Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancafter,  fon  to  Edward  III.  King 
John  found  himfelf  at  this  time  in  great  perplexity;  his 
dignity  and  his  difpofition  inclined  him  to  feverity ;  but 
he  found  it  equally  dangerous  to  declare  his  refentments, 
or  to  diflemble  them  :  yet,  upon  mature  deliberation,  the 
laft  feemed  molt  expedient;  the  two  queens-dowagers  of 
France,  one  the  aunt,  and  the  other  the  filter  of  the  king 
of  Navarre,  interpofmg  powerfully  on  his  behalf  \ 

A  negociation  being  fet  on  foot,  the  king  of  Navarre 
made  very  high  demands  in  fatisfaction  for  his  pretention* 
to  Champagne  and  Brie  ;  and  king  John,  who  had  already 
taken  his  refolution  to  content  him  if  poflible,  after  a  little 
altercation,  confented  to  them  all,  provided  the  king  of 
Navarre  came  and  demanded  pardon  in  perfon  for  his  of- 
fence ;  to  which  condition  lie  yielded  :  but  on  the  other 
hand  he  infilled  upon  having  the  king's  fon,  the  duke  of 
Anjou,  as  a  hoftage  for  his  fafetyb.  Things  being  thus 
fettled,  the  king  held  his  folemn  bed  of  juftice,  where  the 
king  of  Navarre  appeared,  excufed  himfelf  for  the  death 
of  the  conftable,  which  he  acknowleged  to  have  been  done 
by  his  orders,  but  upon  jufl  motives,  as  at  a  proper  time 
he  promifed  to  fhew ;  he  expreiTed  great  forrow  for  the  of- 
fence given  to  the  king  ;  and  defired  that  he  would  be 
graciouily  pkafed  to  pardon  him.  King  John  ordered  the 
conftable  of  Bourbon  to  arrefthim,  and  carry  him  prifoner 
out  of  the  court.  The  two  dowageis,  his  aunt  and  fifter, 
then  threw  themfelves  at  the  king's  feet,  to  implore  his 
grace :  after  fome  time  the  conftable  was  ordered  to  pro- 

>  Favin  Hiftoire  de  Navarre,    P.  Daniel,   Mayerac  Turquct. 
fc  JL/Hiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mezeray. 

duce 


Uiftoiy  of  Nav.nre.  1 1 J 

duce  his  prifuncr  ;  and   the  king  having  granted  him  his 
pardon,  ac<  i  rding  to  what  hail  been  llipulatcd,  he  was  fet 
•,  but,  as  the  reader  will  eafily  believe,  the  two 
!  were  far  from  being  reconciled.     CI  irlcs  retired  in- 
rormandy,  where  he  fortified  moll:  of  the  town-,  in  his 
poffefhon,  and  put  llrong  garrifons  into  fuch  as  were  cap- 
able of  making  the  belt  defence.     He  then  went  fecrctly  a.D.iijv 
to  Avignon,  where  conferences  were  held  for  a  peace  be-  ■  . 

i  the  crowns  of  France  and  England  ;  and  having 
had  leveral  private  interviews  with  the  duke  of  Lancafter, 
lie  withdrew  with  all  pofOble  fecrefy  into  Navarre,  with  a 
rcfolution  to  carry  into  execution,  in  a  proper  feafou,  the 
meafures  he  had  concerted. 

Thefe  proceedings  being  made  known  to  king  John,  he  H'  con' 
marched  immediately  with  a  confiderable  army  into  Nor-  'TVv'i  */'t* 
mandy,  and  feized  the  beft  part  of  the  citatcs  which  ^^  tht'trt'm - 
king  of  Navarre  held  in  that  country  •,  butKvreux,  Pont-  dice  of  king 
;:u-demer,  Cherbourg,   Avranches,  Mortain,  and  Gavre,  John,  and 
were  too  ftrong,  and  their  garrifons  loo  numerous  to  be  re-/eeiuca  *M 
duced.     The  king  of  Navarre  demanded  a  fafe-conduct,^"  ['/■ 
and  offered  to  clear  himfelf  of  all  that  was  laid  to  his  charge.  jrom  fot 
King  John  granted  it ;  but,  in  (lead  of  coming  in  the  man-  duty, 
ner  he  expected,  he  landed  at  Cherbourg  in  the  month  of 
Auguft,  with  a  body  of  troops.    However,  he  entered  into  a 
new  ncgociation  ;  and  upon  the  promife  of  a  hundred  thou- 
sand crowns,  profefied  that  he  was  fully  fatisfied,  and  that 
he  meant  not  to  fet  up  any  farther  claim  or  pretence  c.     In  A.D.ij5.<. 
the  month  of  September,  he  went  to  Paris,  faw  the  king,  .. 

and  gave  him  in  perfon  the  fame  affurances,  which  he  either 
believed,  or  feemed  to  believe,  fo  that  they  parted  in  all 
appearance  good  friends.  But,  in  the  beginning  of  the 
next  year,  the  king  of  Navarre  acled  a  new  part ;  and 
fctting  up  for  a  patriot,  endeavoured  to  hinder  the  king 
from  levying  taxes  and  impofitions,  though  by  authority 
of  the  dates  of  France.  This  prefumption  offended  the 
king  but  very  (lightly,  in  companion  of  an  intrigue  which 
lie  had  been  fome  time  carrying  on,  and  which  was  now 
discovered.  He  had  fed uced  the  dauphin  Charles,  then 
about  eighteen  j  and  by  that  peftilent  eloquence,  of  which 
he  was  mafter,  perfuaded  him  that  he  was  extremely  ill 
ufed  in  not  having  a  government.  He  advifed  him,  there- 
fore, to  retire  to  the  court  of  his  uncle  the  emperor 
Charles  IV.  promifed  to  accompany  him  thither ;  and  laid, 

t  favin,  P.  Danifl.  4  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarrt, 

Fcrrciai,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

I  3  down. 


«8  The  Wijiory  of  Navarre. 

down  a  method  of  proceeding,  by  which  the  king's  perfon 
was  to  be  leized ;  after  which,  he  was  to  be  dealt  with  as 
thev  thought  expedient.     The  king  pardoned  his  fon,  and 
gave  him  the  duchy  of  Normandy;  upon  which  he  gave 
a  hint  to  the  king  of  Navarre,  that  they  were  fufpecied, 
and  all  things  were   buried   in  oblivion  for  the  prcfent, 
thai  is,  in  appearance ;  for  the  dauphin  feemed  to  be  de- 
terred from  adding  by  the  king's  fufpicions,  but  to  perfift 
in  his  fentiments  °. 
The  dau-         This  young  prince,  to  make  feme  amends  for  his  offence, 
fhit  bt        or  nuher  in  confluence  of  that  difpofition  which  led  lym 
tra,)Sjh;mr     mto  'f>  contrived,  in  c  n  with  his  father,  to  feize 

Cher's      a   ^e  ';in£  °^  Navarre,  with  whom  he  Hill  lived  in  all  pof- 
hands.'who  fible  intimacy.     That  the  blow  might  be  the  more  efr'ec- 
pttni/tki his  tually  ftruck,  they  would  precipitate  nothing.     At  length 
cwfedt-       tilc  dauphin  invited  the  king  of  Navarre,  and  forne  of  the 
TftmhT     P^acjpal  perfons  of  his  party  to  dine  with  him,  on  the  5th 
kini>'cfNa    of  April,  in  the  caftle  of  Rouen,  where  they  were  fur- 
fuarre  tn      prifed,  jaft  as    they  were  fitting  down  to  table,  by  the 
frlfki         trine  Hi  perfon,  having  with  him  his  brother  the  duke  of 
Orfeans,  his  fon  the  count  de  Anjou,  fome  other  great 
]ords,  and  a  handful   cf  rcfolute  men  f.     The  king  caufed 
the  count  de  Harcourt,  the  lords  of  Gravel!-:  and  Maubue, 
and  Oliver  Doublet,  to  be  beheaded  in  a  field  adjacent  : 
the  nc::t  day  the  king  of  Navarre  was  carried  prifoner  to 
the  caftle  of  Gaiilard.  and  transferred  from  thence  to  the 
chatelet  at  Paris.     His  fchemes,  however,  were   i'o  well 
contrived,  that  what  king  John  hoped  would  have  put  an 
.'to  them  ail,  ferved    rather  to  promote  them8.     His 
Philip  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the  troops;  Jef- 
rcourt  vaifed  a   great  party  in  Normandy,  to  re- 
■  he  death   of  his  brother ;  the  duke  cf  Lancafter 
kly  landed  with  a  reinforcement  from  England  ;  and 
rfs,  the    king  of  Navarre's  third  brother,  went    into 
t  kingdom  to  take  the  bed  meafures  he  could  to  fpread 
FufkMl  on  all  fides,  and,  if  poffible,  to  engage  the  king 
gon  to  break  with  France,  and  to  make  an  irrup- 
tion into  the  provinces  adjacent  to  his  dominions.     It  is 
true  that  a  part  of  thefe  fchemes  failed  ;  but  it  is  alfo  true, 
that  the  grearefr.  part  of  them  took  effect:,  infomuch  that 
Don  Carlos  was  more  at  eafe  in  his  priibn,  notwithftand- 

e  Ml  Proces  du  Roy  de  Nivarre.  *  Favin,  Hiftorique  & 

Cnromqne  dc  Jenn  Froiliart,  cap.  c!vi.  Mezeray.  c  Mariana, 

L'Hittoirc   du   Royaume  dc  Navarre,  Feirerat,    Mayeme  Tur- 


in 

•  was  thr  m  for  rrca- 

bt'- 

:(h. 
rre  had  been  rcmo\  I  be  Ultifcapt 

Iromtlte 

prifoner,  and  all  France  in  j?/ful 

her  Don  Philip  r  ::<c  fome  tntn 

mpt  for  fettinc  him  at  liberty.  ritw  Paris, 

ericUrtiz,  Don  Corbaran Lehet,  Don  Ferdinand  ptaannkk 

I   irlos  d'Articda,  four  valiant  knights,  '*'/' 

aceo:  by  a  few  refolute  men,  and  conducted  by  ' 

John  the   brother  of  >  de   Pequ  to  whole 

cuftody  he  was  committed,  went  to  the  fort  re  fs  in  thedif- 

guife  of  colliers,  fcaled  the   walls,  and  carried  him    to 

Amiens,  though  not  without  fufpiciOn  of  collufion  in  tlie 

r.ior.     He  was  there  met  by  his  brother  Philip,  and 

began  to  raife  forces.     In  the  mean  time  the  people 

Of  Paris,  having  differed  with  the  dauphin,  who  had  af- 

fumed    the  government   of  the  kingdom,  with   the   title 

utenant,  invited  the  king  of  Navarre  thither,  and 

:d  him  with  great  relpecr.     It  was  upon  thisoccafion 

his   famous  harangue  to    about   ten    thoufand 

ms  of  all  ranks  in  an  open  fquire.     He  chofe  for 

his  text  thefc  words,  fit  ft  us  Dominus  et  ju/iit  tit ; 

i.  t.   "  The  Lord  is  jnlt,  and  in  juftice  is  .his  delight." 

He    began    with   the    zeal    and    affection    which    every 

ought   to    have    for    his    country    and   the   public 

good  :  he  glanced  on  the  fierccnefs  and  haughtinefs  of  the 

s   temper,    mentioned   the    iniquitous   death   of  the 

t  d'Eu,  conftablc  of  France,  beheaded  on  {.dfe  fufpi- 

by   the  artifice  of  Juan  de  la  Cerda,  who  was  re- 

ith  his  place;  jufttfied  the  manner  in  which  he 

d  that  man  to  be  pi::  to  death ;  exclaimed  againft  the 

■  es  that  had  been  laid  upon  the  infilled 

'lis  greateft  a  '  tvOuring  to  prevent  them  ; 

the  mifchiefs  aiiling  from  a  dilputed  title  ;  hint- 

at  his  own  was  better  than  either  of  the  competitors, ; 

1  on  the  fuiTerings  he  had  gone  through  in  eigh- 

months  confinemcn.  ;  and   concluded  with  alluring 

'.,  that  they  were  pleafant  to  him  in  comparifon  of  his 

forrow  for  the  diftrefles  of  France  h.     The  people  wept  all 

the  ti  peaking  ;    and  his  party  grew  fo  flrong, 

that  the  dauphin  was  obliged  to  promife  him  full  fatisiac- 

h  Hiftoirr  &  Chronique  de  Jean  FroilTart,  Contin-  Nangii,  An- 
nalcs  de  1  ;ance. 

I  4  tion. 


no  The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

tion.  He  gave  upon  this  occafion  a  new  fpecimen  of  his 
art  :  he  did  not  fet  his  demand  very  high  ;  but  he  infilled, 
that  the  memory  of  tbofe  who  had  fullered  when  he  was 
taken  prifoner  fhould  be  reftored,  their  families  reinftated, 
and  a  general  amneily  granted  to  all  who  had  affifted  him 
before  or  fince \  After  public  teftimonies  of  reconciliation 
with  the  dauphin,  he  left  Paris,  and  went  to  Rouen; 
AD.1357,  w]ierej  upon  Innocent's  day,  he  went  accompanied  by  the 
""  clergy,  nobility,  and  people,  and  (landing  on  foot  under 
the  gibbet,  caufed  the  bodies  of  his  three  friends  to  be 
taken  down,  and  interred  with  the  utmo(l  folemnity  ;  and 
not  only  a  (lifted  himfelf  at  the  ceremony,  but  made  a  fu- 
neral oration  in  their  praife,  which  was  often  interrupted 
by  the  feeming  violence  of  his  grief lc.  This  had  all  the 
cfFc£l  he  could  dcfiie  upon  the  Normans,  who  attached 
themfelves  to  him  as  if  they  had  been  his  fubjecls. 
frinv  The  conditions  with  the  king  of  Navarre,  as  they  were 

■*  h    made  by  force,    were  but  indifferently  performed  •,    the 
,tm~         places  that  were  to  have  been  yielded  to  him  in  Normandy 
the  brink  of  rcfufed  to  open  their  gates  in  obedience  to  the  dauphin's 
ruin,  and    orders,  their  governors  pretending  they  were  placed  there 
men  is  con-  by  the  king  '.    The  war  upon  this  refufal  broke  out  afiefh. 
unttofavt  fjavjng  obtained  fomc  alliilance  from  the  Englifh,  he  be- 
'iiuci.         £an  t0  v-'au^e  tnc  country  on   one  fide,  which   his  brother 
Don  Philip  did  the  like  on  the  other.     At  this  time  the 
dauphin  was  at  Paris,  where  he  had  called  an  ailembly  of 
the  dates;   but  having  fome  way  difobliged  the  people, 
they  invited  the  king  of  Navarre   thither,  and  turned  the 
dauphin  out.     But  his    carrying   with  him  fome  of  his 
Englifh  auxiliaries  gave  colour  for  a  rumour,  that  he  in- 
tended to  put  the  capital  into  their  hands  ;  upon  which  the; 
people  In  his  turn  forced  him  out,  and  recalled  the  dau- 
phin ;  an  affront  which  provoked  him  to  fuch  a  degree  that 
he  declared,  he  would  never  acknowlege  the  princes  of  the 
houfe  of  Valois ;  that  he  looked  upon  himfelf  to  have  a 
better  title  to  the  crown  than  they,  and  would  make  his 
claim  good  by  force  of  arms.     When  he  publifbed  this 
delign,  he  made  no  queftion  of  recovering  Paris,  by  the 
help  of  Stephen  Marcel,  provoft  of  the  merchants,  and 
pthers  of  his  adherents-,  but  at  the  time  they  were  open- 
ing the  gates,  they  were  attacked  and  fldin;  neverthelefs 
he  continued  the  war.     He  paid  his  troops  fo  liberally,  be- 

1  L'Hiftoire    du    Royaume    de    Navarre,    Mayerne    Turquet. 
*  Contin.  Nangii,  Annates  de   France,  Mezeray.  J  Jean 

I:  zoilTartc 

havedl 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre,  I2i 

1  towards  them  fo  courtcoufly,  and  gave  them  in  all 
refpe&s  fo  great  encouragement,  that  he  had  foon  a  very 
numerous  army,  with  which  he  blocked  up  the  dauphin 

1  ris,  and  brought  him  to  inch  diflrcfs  as  forced  him 

fer  any  terms.  The  French  hilloiians  acknowledge, 
that  upon  this  occ  king  of  Navarre  behaved  with 

I  generofity.     When  their  refpe&ive  plenipotentiaries 
on  the  point  of  breaking  off  the  conferences,  he  de- 
fired  an  interview  with  the  dauphin  at  Pontoife,  where  lie  a.D  i?e« 

told  him  in  few  words,  that  the  kingdom  muft  he  undone —. 

by  the  continuance  of  the  war,  and  that  by  rendering  him 
tar.ee  in  Normandy  the  peace  fliould  be  made. 

brother  Don  Philip  was  fo  much  offended  at  this  offer, 
that  he  retired  to  the  Englifh  ;  but  the  king  adhered  to 
his  promife,  railed  the  blockade,  and  appeared  fincerely 
reconciled  m. 

lie  left  his  only  fon  Don  Carlos,  who  was  born  at  Man-  Hat  an  in- 
tes,  to  be  educated  by  his  filler,  who  was  queen-dowager  tervierv 
of  France,  and  returned  into  his  own  hereditary  dominions  W//A  Don 
pf  Navarre,  where  he  found  all  things  in  very  good  order,     *aro.  ie 
through  the  care  of  his  brother  Don  Lewis,  who,  with  the  c"fliU 
title  of  lieutenant-general  of  the  realm,  had  managed  pub-  -who  forces 
lie  affairs  with  great  mildnefs  and  moderation".     Don  him  into  a 
Pedro  of  Cailile  font  his  ambafladors  to  compliment  his  w«r««M 
brother  of  Navarre,  to  allure  him  of  his  friendfhip,  and  to  ArraZon* 
defire  an  interview  with  him,  which  was  very  acceptable 
to  Charles,  who  had  now  frefh  fchemes  in  his  head  ;  the 
death  of  the   young  duke  of  Burgundy  having  opened  a 
pafljge  for  him  to  that  valuable  fucceffion,  and  to  which 
he  had  in  truth  a  very  plaufible  title,  in  fupport  of  which 
the  friendfhip  of  the  king  of  Caftile  might  be  of  fome  con- 
fequence.     In  the  fpring  he  went  to  Soria,  to  that  confe- 
rence which  Don   Pedro  had  fo  eameftly  prefledj   and 
there,  after  he  had  been  magnificently  entertained,  Don 
Pedro  informed  him  of  his  defign  to  enter  Arragon  by  fur- 
prize,    and   demanded    his  affiftance.      Don  Carlos  was 
i  ha^rined  at  this  propofition,  which  he  did  not  expect ;     ■ 
but  he  was  too  well  acquainted  with  the  character  of  Don 
Pedro  to  make  any  fcruple  of  promifing  all  that  he  de- 
manded, fo  that  they  parted  good  friends ;  and  Don  Car- 
los did  the  next  year  appear  on  the  fromtiers  of  Arragon 
with  an  army,  that  he  might  feem  to  perform  this  pro- 

m  Jean  Froiflarr,  Mezeray,  P.  Daniel-  «  Chronica  del 

JUy   Dpn  Pedro,    Ptdro  Lopez    de   Ayala,   Fen-eras,    Mayerne 
Tuirjuet, 

mife. 


122  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

A  D.J36:*.  mlfe.     But  though  he  took  the  caftles  of  Sos  and  Salvater- 
. ra,  and  threatened  Jacca  with  a  fiege,  it  is  very  poffible 

the  king  of  Arrngon  had  reafon  to  believe  that  he  had  not 

much  to  fear  from  him. 
Enters  inia      -^on  P^ro  king  of  Arrngon,  perceiving  clearly  that  the 
meonftdf    fafety  of  his  dominion::  mu.lt  depend  on  his  withdrawing 
rmey  ivuh     tne  Wmg  of  Navarre  from  the  parly  of  Caili'c, 
Do*  Pedro  interview,    which  the  other  accepted,  but  witl 
m«»  ' and     ^ca*  °^  Caution*  ns  remembering  the  hazard  he  had  ra 
HtM-y  year  before.     In  this  interview  it  was  agreed,  that  the 

rfmnt  of       of  Arragon  fhould  fupport  the  monarch  < 
Traftema*    prar)CC  ;   a  point  which  with  all  his*art  he  had  nev 

frm^eJrit    ^CCVl  Z^C  t0  3a*n  :    lt  "U""S  :!'^°  ^ett'ecU    '•' 

MLaAtlt.     Juan  °f  Arragon  fnould  efpoufe  the  infanta   Do- 
na, filter  to  the  king  rre  :  hut  the  g 
all  was  the  dethroning  Don  Pedro,  and  the  dividii 
dominions  between  the  new  confedrates,  which,  as  far  as 
it  could  be  done  in   a  conference,  was  alfo  concluded  °. 
jt  was,  however,  found  neccfiary  to  have  another  m 
ing,  to  which  Henry  count  of  Traftemara,  brother  to  Don 
Pedro,  was  to  be  admitted  ;  and  I  agreed  upon 
for  this  pu'rpofc  was  the  caftle  of  Sos  ;  but  the  count  would 
have  it  put  into  the  hands  of  Don  Juan  Ramirez,  before 
would  confent  to  truft  his  pcrfon  there. 
JJeem-            King  John  being  1               England,  and  his  fori  Charles 
elude*  a       feutcd  on  the  throne  of  France,  the  king  of  Navarre,  not- 
*e*u  ftace  ^ifj|(|an<lifjg  the  great  defign  he  had  entered  into  nearer 
IprHncr  ex-  home,  refolvcd  to  renew  the  war,  which  he  did,  as  well 
ecuteshs     by  an  open  declaration,  as  by  fending  ciders  to  the  troops 
/  eatywitA  oi"  Navarre  in  Normandy  to  begin   hoftilities  without  de- 
Arragtn,     jav  p.     The  new  king  had  annexed  to  his  crown  Btrrgun- 
end ' /*c.      ^      tQ  w^jcjj  Charles  of  Navarre  '                >od  or  better 
title.     Not  fatisued  with  this  acceffion,  he  had  HI; 
united  to  his  domain  the  counties  of  Champagne  and  Brie, 
without  troubling  himfeif  about  the  pretentions  of  the  king 
of  Navarre.     Charles  fent  Bertram!  du  Guefelin  to  c'< 
mand  his  forces  in  Normandy;  and  the  king  of  Navarre 
fent  thither  John  de  Graiili  captal,  that  is  lord  of  Biich, 
with  a  reinforcement,  to  command  his  troops;  but  he 
defeated  at  the  Cocherel,  on  the  io'th  of  May,  and  taken 
prifoner.     The  king,  notwithstanding  this  cheek,  fent  his 
brother   Don   Lewis  with   a   new   army  into    Auvcrgne, 
where  he  committed  terrible  diforders,  and  gave  out  that 

o  Pedro  Loprz  He  Ayala,    Zurita  Annal.    Arragon,    IVrreras. 
»  L'Hiitoirc  liuRoyaurne  de  Navarre,  Jean  Froifiart,  Mezeray, 


Tit  Hijlory  of  Navarre.  123 

he  \rould  unite  himfelf  again  more  clofely  with  the  Eng- 
,  in  order  to  be  revenged  for  the  injuries  he 
! ;  for  Don  Carlos  in  lifted  that  fome  places 
taken  from  him  by  furprize  before  he  declared  war; 
that  fovcral  adhered  to  him  during  the  troubles  at  Paris, 
Contrary  to  the  nmnelty  that  had  been  granted  them ;  and 
his  faults  were,  this  prince  was  remarkably  firm 
to  fuch  as  had  rilked  their  fafety  in  his  caufe.  The  captal 
tch,  who  was  extremely  well  treated  by  the  French 
court,  difcovered  that  there  was  a  fecret  negociation  on 
the  carpet  with  the  king  of  Arrngon  ;  of  which  Don  Car- 
los having  notice,  he  was  fo  much  alarmed  that  he  fent 
the  queen  of  Navarre,  though  big  with  child,  to  Paris,  to 
conclude,  by  the  advice  of  the  captal  de  Buch,  a  folid 
peace  with  her  brother  j  and  after  much  altercation  it  was 
accordingly  concluded  and  figned  on  the  6th  of  March  r. 
By  this  treaty  the  fafety  of  his  friends,  and  the  releafe  of  A.D.1365. 
the  captal  de  Bueh,  were  firft  ftipulated  •,  in  the  next  ' 
place  the  county  of  Evreux,  and  all  that  he  ftill  held  in 
Normandy,  were  confirmed  to  him  ;  and  in  full  fatisfac- 
tion  of  his  pretentions,  as  well  on  the  duchy  of  Burgundy 
as  the  counties  of  Champagne  and  Brie,  he  had  Montpel- 
lier  with  its  dependencies.  He  not  only  ratified  this  trea- 
ty, but  likewife  fent  the  French  monarch  a  heart  curioufly 
wrought  in  gold,  as  a  teftimony  of  the  cordiality  of  their 
reconciliation  '.  The  peace  was  proclaimed  at  Paris  on 
the  20th  of  June,  which  made  way  for  the  expedition  of 
the  difbanded  troops  that  opprefled  France,  under  the 
command  of  Bertrand  du  Gucfclin  againft  Don  Pedro  of 
Caililc,  in  which  the  crowns  of  France,  Arragon,  and 
Navarre  concurred,  and  as  he  was  deferted  by  his  own 
fubjects,  it  was  without  difficulty  executed  c. 

The  revolution  in  favour  of  Henry  of  Traltemara  was  in  Enters  int$ 
various  refpects  favourable  to  the  king  of  Navarre  j  for  the  contrary 
court  of  France,  taking  a  great  fhare  in  its  fuccefs,  exe-  enZaZem 
cuted  their  promiles  with  unufual  punctuality,  fo  that  the  m,"i!s  "wufl 
town  of  Montpellier  was  delivered  to  the  captal  de  Buch,  k'n^Don 
for  the  ufe  of  this  monarch.     The  queen,  lately  delivered  ?<jroand 
at  Evreux  of  the  infant  Don  Pedro,  was  fent  home  with  Don  Henry, 
rich  prefents,  and  carried  with  her  her  eldeft  fon.     The  **"  "' '~uU 
fubfidies  for  pruvifions  were  exa£Hy  paid  :  and  be  fides  all  I?f£,f;J 
thele,  various  reititutions  were  to  be  made".     But  Don  from  boh. 

<f  Jean  Froirfart,  Contio.  Nangii,  Mezeray.  »  L'Hiftoire 

dti  Koyauine  tic  Navarre.  •  Hiltoire  de   C.  du    G 

*  Pedro   Lopez,    de  Ayah,    Ferreras.  u    L'Hiltouc  ou 

Koyaume  dc  Navanc,  P.  Daniel,  Ferreras. 

Pedro 


1 24  The  Hiftoiy  of  Na-zuim:. 

Pedro  the  Cruel,  having  obtained  the  protection  of  LiU 
ward  the  Black  Prince,  threatened  to  avenge  by  the  fword 
the  wrongs  he  had  received.     This  circurrrftance  alarmed 
the  king  in  poffefiion,    who,    difcerning  clearly  that  his 
fafety  depended  on  the  conduct  or  tlie  king  of  Navarre, 
A-T>.  1367.  invited  him  to  a  conference,  where  a  treaty  was  concluded 
**— — —  between  them,  in  which  Henry  promifed  to  make  a  cef- 
fion  of  Logrogno,  and  paid  him,  as  a  great  hiflorian  fays, 
fixty  thoufand  pifloles  in  gold  ",  upon  the  king  of  Na- 
varre>s  undertaking  to  defend  the  pafies  into  his  country. 
The  archbilhops  of  Toledo  and  Saragoffa,  with  the  count 
of  Ribagorca,    and   feveral   other  perfons  of  diitindtion, 
were  witneffes  to  this  treaty  x.     Don  Pedro  and  the  prince 
of  Wales  were  no  fooncr  acquainted  with  it  than  they  like- 
wife  entered  into  a  negociation  with  the  king  of  Navarre, 
and  promifed  him  not  only  Logrogno  but  Victoria  •,  upon 
which  he  concluded  a  treaty  with  them.     All  the  world 
imagined  that  he  could  execute  but  one  of  thefe  two  trea- 
ties •,  but  the  monarch  of  Navarre  flattered  himfelf,  not- 
withstanding the  engagements  were  contradictory,  that  he 
ihould  be  able  to  execute  both.      With  this  view,  when  he 
heaid  the  army  of  the  prince  of  Wales  had  begun  their 
march,  he  fent  for  Oliver  de  Mauny,  thecoufin  of  Ber- 
trand  du  Guefclin,  for  whom  he  held  the  fortreis  of  Bor- 
ja  ;  and  having  promifed  him  the  government  of  Cher- 
bourg  in   Normandy,    and    the  furn    of  three    thoufand 
franks,  if  he  managed  thedciign  dextroufiy,  directed  him 
to  lie  in  wait  with  a  fmall  party,  and   to  take  him  pri- 
ibner  as  he  rode  a  hunting,  a  fervice  which  Oliver  per- 
formed.    While  the  king  was  thus  prifoner  at  Borja,  Don 
Pedro  and   the  prince   of  Wales  palled  through  Navarre 
with  their  army,  and  were  well  fupplied  with  provifions. 
After  the  battle  of  Najara,  in  which  Henry  was  defeated, 
and  by  which  Don  Pedro  was  reftored,  the  king,  whofc 
purpofe  was  now  anfwercd,  de  fired  Oliver  de  A4auny  to 
let  him  at  liberty ;  to  which  requeft  he  anfwercd,  with 
all  his  heart,  provided  he  had  a  large  ranfom  paid  him  in 
ready  money.     To  this  condition,  without  feeming  at  all 
offended,  the  king  yielded  ;  and  leaving  his  fon  the  infant 
Don  Pedro  with  the  garrifon,  carried  Oliver  and  his  bro- 
ther with  him  to  Tudela,  where  they  were  to  be  paid  the 
money  ;  but  they  were  no  fooncr  within  the  place  than  he 
commanded  the  gates  to  be  fecured,  and  ordered  them,  if 

•  Zurifa  Annal.   Arragon.  *  VHJftoire  du  fcoyaume 

d€  Navsure,  Mariana,  Fen era$. 

they 


Hiflory  oj  Navarre*  1 25 

they  valued  their  lives,  to  fend  for  his  fon.  Oliver  fub- 
mitted  ;  but  his  brother,  making  forfaC  refilt.uicc,  was 
killed.  However,  the  garrifon  of  Borja  absolutely  rcfuf- 
Cd  to  deliver  the  child  ;  but  the  king  of  Navarre,  having 
demanded  the  afliftance  of  the  king  of  Arragon,  on  the 
frontiers  of  whofe  dominions  it  lay,  he,  to  prcferve  a  good 
trftanding  with  a  neighbour,  who,  in  this  perilous 
j unci ure,  was  able  to  do  him  much  good  or  much  hurt, 
forced  the  garrifon  of  Bona  to  part  with  the  child  ;  fo  that 
in  this  bafe  and  artificial  contrivance  he  very  crfec/tually 
carried  his  point  Y. 

The  French  were  fo  much  difpleafed  with  the  king  of  After  Dom 
Navarre's  conduct,    that  they  feized  upon  the   town  of  Henry  re- 
Montpellier  and  its  dependencies.     Henry  count  of  Traf-  "veredthe 
temara  was  to  the  full  as  eager  to  make  a  new  attempt  as  tallica 
his  competitor  had  been  :  and  as  it  was  evident  that  things  war  breaks 
would  be  again  left  to  the  dtxifion  of  the  fword,  new  ne-  out  between 
gociations  were  fet  on  foot,  and  the  kings  of  Arragon  and  /l,m  and'^e 
Navarre  treated  with  both  the  kings  of  Caltile  at  once,  and  ^fr°e     * 
made  pretty  near  the  lame  demands  upon  each :  thofe  of 
the  king  of  Navarre  were,  that  the  prince  for  whom  he 
I  mould  make  an  abfolute  cefiion  to  him  of  the  pro- 
vinces of  Guipufcoa  and  Alava,  with  all  their  fortrefles 
and  dependencies;  Alfaro,  Tifero,  Tudegen,  Calahorra, 
Navarettc,    Logrogno,    Trifino,    Najera,    Briones,  Haro, 
and  in  a  word  all  Pvioja,  as  far  as  the  mountains  of  Oca. 
The  count  Don  Henry  made  his  paffage  into  Caltile  through 
the  kingdom  of  Arragon,  and  was  well  received  wherever 
he  came.      Victoria,    Salvaterra,    Logrogno,    and  other 
places,  were  equally  prefled  by  the  troops  of  Don  Henry 
on  the  one  Gdc,  and  thofe  of  the  king  of  Navarre  on  the 
other.     Don  Pedro  fent  the  inhabitants  orders  to  furren- 
der  rather  to  the  count  of  Traftemara  than  to  the  king  of 
Navarre  ;  which  directions,  however,  they  did  not  think 
it  expedient  to  obey  ;  but  to  free  themfelves  from  danger, 
received  the  king  of  Navarre's  garrifons  z.     Don  Henry  ^.D.  it6&. 
was  fcarce  feated  on  the  throne  of  Caftile  before  he  dif-  . 

covered  plainly  that  he  meant  not  to  comply  with  the  trea- 
ties he  had  made  with  Arragon,  and  that  he  was  difpofed 
to  take  a  fevere  revenge  upon  the  king  of  Navarre  ;  in  both 
which  defigns  he  was  vicrorouHy  fupported  if  not  excited 
by  France  '.     For  this  rcalon,  therefore,  the  kings  of  Na- 

y  L'Hilioire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Frrrer3S,  Pedro  de  Lopez 
d<:  Ayala.  *    U*Hj(ioic«   du  Royaume  de   Navarre,  Pedro 

Lopez  de  Ayala,  Mariana.  a  Hiltoire  dc  C.  de  Guefciin, 

Jean  Froifliut. 

varre 


125 


treaty  bt- 
t-wten  Ed 
nvard  11U 
as  king  of 
England 
and 
France, 
•with  Don 
Carlos  of 
Navarre> 


T/:e  Hijiory  of  Navarre. 

varre  and  Arragon  entered  into  a  defenfive  alliance  ;  and 
the  former  continued  his  negociation  with  the  Englifh,  in 
breach,  fay  fome  writers,  of  this  alliance  with  France,  in 
revenge  fay  others,  for  the  lofs  of  Montpellier. 

Through  the  prudent  or  artificial  conduct  of  Charles  the 
Fifth,  France  had  in  a  great  meafure,  though  not  totally, 
recovered  the  miferies  of  that  long  war,  by  which  (lie  had 
been  opprefled ;  and  now  he  began  to  undermine  the 
power  of  his  neighbours.  By  his  alliance  with  the  new 
king  of  Cailile,  he  availed  himfelf  of  the  great  naval 
power  of  that  crown  againft  the  Englifh,  and  of  his  nume- 
rous and  victorious  armies  againft  the  kings  of  Arragon  and 
Navarre.  At  the  fame  time  he  encouraged  the  great  lords, 
who  were  feudatories  to  the  prince  of  Wales  in  Aquitaine, 
to  (land  upon  their  privileges,  and  to  oppofe  him  in  every 
thing,  while  the  nobility  in  Normandy  (hewed  a  like  fpi- 
rit  from  the  like  hopes  of  fupport.  The  king  of  Navarre 
faw  through  thefe  defigns  perfectly  ;  and,  by  the  advice  of 
Euftace  d'Auberticour,  a  knight  of  great  reputation,  re- 
folved  to  unite  himfelf  more  clofely  than  ever  to  Edward 
the  Third  of  England,  as  the  only  prince  whofe  alliance 
could  defend  him  from  the  mi/chiefs  that  he  feared.  In 
confequenee  of  this  refolution  he  went  in  pcrfon  to  the 
court  of  king  Edward,  though  with  great  fecrefy,  and  there 
laid  the  plan  of  a  definitive  treaty,  which  was  afterwards 
figncd  at  Clarendon,  and  ratified  at  London.  By  this 
treaty  the  two  kings  were  to  act,  not  only  againft  thofe  of 
Caftile  and  France,  but  alfo,  if  neceffary,  againft  the  king 
of  Arragon,  who  it  was  known  had  begun  to  negociatc 
with  thefe  princes*  On  the  part  of  Edward,  it  was  ftipu- 
1  tied,  that  as  foon  as  it  was  in  his  power  he  fliould  put  the 
king  of  Navarre  in  poflefnon  of  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  ; 
of  the  counties  of  Brie,  Champagne,  Mante-Meulan,  and 
Longueviile  ;  of  the  town  and  barony  of  Montpellier;  of 
the  county  of  Mans  ;  and  of  other  places  upon  which  he 
had  juft  pretenfions.'  Edward  farther  agreed,  that,  in  con- 
sideration of  the  loffes  he  might  fuftain  from  the  fuperior 
power  of  the  king,  of  Caftiie,  he  would  yield  him  Saveuc- 
le-Vicomte  in  Normandy ;  and  alfo  Briquebec  and  Cou- 
tances,  as  foon  as  they  fhould  be  taken.  He  farther  agreed 
to  give  him  the  vifcounty  of  Limoges,  and  all  its  depen- 
dencies, together  with  the  county  of  Angouieme;  and  to 
advance  him  four  hundred  thoufand  crowns  in  fpecie  to 
begin  the  war.  On  the  other  hand,  the  king  of  Navarre 
undertook  to  do  homage  to  Edward  as  king  of  England, 
for  all  the  places  yielded  to  him  within  the  principality  of 
Guiehne  >    and  to  do  him  like  wife  homage  as  king  of 

France, 


Hi?. ory  of  Navarre.  127 

ice„  for  the  counties  of  Brie  and  Champagne  j  and  lie 
to  put  into  king  Edward's  h  .gent-lc- 

ourt,    Anct,    and   Ivri.     In  conference  of  A.D.1370. 
,  and  indeed  before  the  treaty  was  eon-  ■  - 

(1'ed  into  Normandy,  with  a  view  to 
it  into  execution  ;    but  he  did  not  find  either  the 
money  that  he  expected,  fo  that  he  was  un- 
serving a  kind  of  neutrality  b. 
vas  thus  employed,  Don  Henry  of  Caf-  Hit  trem* 
tile,  in  confluence  of  .his  engagements  with  the  crown  of  *****  d'f 
France,  and  with  a  view  of  recovering  the  places  the  king  £***  * 
during  the  late  troubles,  made  an  m\lei%  mn. 
irruption  into  his  dominions,   took  feveral  places  of  left  <frr  ikewm 
coni  .  and  befieged  Logrogno  and  Vidoria,  to  de-  A*"on«f 

liver  which  the  queen-regent,  Donna  Joanna,  by  the  ^^Lrr 
terpofition  of  the  pope's  legate,  entered  into  an  agreement  \Jt^  tk'e 
with  that  king  to  put  the  two  places  into  the  hands  of  a  cr<nun*f 
nobleman,  who  '.vas  to  hold  them  in  the  name  and  on  the  Fra»«. 

If  of  the  pope,  till  the  dlfputes  between  the  two 
crowns  mould  be  terminated  by  a  negociation  c.  On  the 
other  hand,  tl  informed  of  this 

agreement,  and  perceiving  tint  the  advantages  he  expect- 
ed from  his  alliance  with  England  very  doubtful,  he  con- 
1  to  an  interview  that  was  propofed  with  the  French 
monarch  at  Vernon,  where,  after  feveral  conferences,  in 
which  the  two  kings  behaved  towards  each  other  with  all 
appa:  j  of  friendship  and  good  will,  a  peace  was 

concluded,  by  which  lYIotpellicr  was  reltored  to  the  king 
of  Navarre,  who,  having  now  nothing  farther  to  do  in 
Normandy,  made  a  tour  to  Paris  j  and  leaving  there  the  AD  t^n 
two  young  princes  his  fons  to  be  educated,  returned  by  ■ 
way  of  Avignon  into  his  hereditary  dominions  d.  The 
h  hiltorians  charge  the  king  of  Navarre  with  perfe- 
vering  in  his  intrigues,  notwithftanding  the  peace e;  but 
it  appears,  from  very  authentic  evidence,  that  the  caufes 
of  thele  mifunderitandings  were  the  proceedings  of  the 
French  court,  who,  on  the  dee'enfion  of  the  Englifh 
power,  began  to  queftion  Don  Carlos's  right  to  the  barony 
and  town  of  Montpellier.  Thefe  new  differences  were 
left  to  the  arbitration  of  pope  Gregory  the  Eleventh,  who 
adjudged  the  pofieflion  to  the  king  Don  Carlos  for  four 

*  Jean  Froifiart,  Annates  de  France,  Hiftoire  de  C.  du  Guef- 
clin.  c  L'Hiftorie  du  Roy  a  nine  de  N.varre,  Chronique  de 

Navarre,  Ferreras.         d  P.  Daniel,  L'Hilt.du  Royaume  de  Nnvarre, 
Miyetne  Turquet.  e  Du  Tillst  Chrcniques  des  Rois  de 

Fran.ce,  Mezeray. 

years; 


12  8  The  Hi/lory  of  Navarre. 

years  ;  at  the  end  of  which  fpace  he  was  to  accept  an  equi- 
valent, and  the  feigniory  was  from  thence  forward  to  be 
united  to  the  crown  of  France  :  in  confequence  of  which 
arbitration  the  king  of  Navarre  went  thither  in  perfon, 
made  his  public  entry  on  the  20th  of  March,  confirmed 
the  people's  privileges,  received  their  oaths  of  homage  and 
fealty,  and  let  out  from  thence  on  the  2 2d  of  July  f,  for 
Pampeluna,  where  he  was  received  by  his  fubjec~ts  with 
great  joy,  as  hoping  he  would   redrefs  many  grievances, 
under  which  they  had  laboured,  during  his  abfence,  from 
the  bifhop  of  Pampeluna  and  the  dean  of  Tudela,  in.whofe 
hands  he  intruded  the  government,  and  whom  he  called 
A  D.1371.  to  a  fevere  account.     The  bifhop  indeed  fled  to  Avignon  ; 
■  ■  but  the  dean  was  arrefted,  and  all  his  effects  were  con- 
fifcated. 
A.D.1375.      The  king  of  Caflile,  notwithflnnding  the  treaty  of  paci- 
■    ■  fication  made  with  the  queen  of  Navarre,  having  compro- 

Henry  of  m\[ec\  his  difputes  with  Arragon  and  Portugal,  marched 
•ad  Na-  all  his  forces  to  the  frontiers  of  Navarre,  and  demanded 
varre-  Victoria  and  Logrogno  to  be  furrendcred.  Don  Carlos, 
Den  Carlos  who  had  not  either  troops  to  defend,  or  allies  to  fupport 
(oncUJis  a  him>  defired  the  affair  might  be  left  to  the  arbitration  of 
peace  ivith  cartjjnai  Guy,  the  pope's  legate,  to  which  propofition  the 
g'ndeawurs  king  of  Caflile  affented,  defiring  the  cardinal  might  repair 
to  draw  to  ins  camp,  which  he  accordingly  did,  and  the  king  of 
him  into  his  Navarre  with  him  «.  There  the  two  kings  and  the  legate 
party,  and  eat  at  t^c  ramc  x^\t .  ancj  after  feveral  conferences  peace 

tiawttwiik  u'as  mat*c  uPon  ^c^e  tcrms  :  tnat  tne  towns  mould  be  de- 
England.  livercd  to  the  king  of  Caflile,  but  that  lie  mould  pay  a  con- 
fiderable  fum  of  money  to  the  king  of  Navarre  for  the  ex- 
pence  he  had  been  at  in  fortifying  them  ;  and  to  put  an 
end  once  for  all  to  the  differences  between  the  two  crowns, 
the  infant  Don  Carlos  of  Navarre,  when  of  age,  (hould 
tfpoufe  the  infanta  Donna  Leonora  of  Caflile,  and  receive 
with  her  a  very  large  portion  in  ready  money.  The  two 
king',  having  figned  the  treaty,  and  given  reciprocal  fe- 
curity  to  each  other  for  the  due  performance  of  it,  fepa- 
rated  \  but  the  cardinal  legate,  being  fick,  remained  and 
died  there ;  upon  which  a  rumour  prevailed  that  he  was 
poifoned  by  the  king  of  Navarre's  order  ;  into  which  report 
the  pope,  having  caufed  a  very  flri£l  enquiry  to  be  made, 
declared  it  to  be  abfolutely  falfe,  and  void  of  all  founda- 

f  Hiftoire  de  Languedoc,  Clironique  de  Navarre,  Ferrerai. 
t  L'lliltoire  du  R<  yaunic  de  Navarre,  Pedno  Loptz  de  Ayala, 
Felicias. 

tion. 


HiP.ory  of  Navdtrc.  1 29 

Hie  que<  trrc  had  been  fent  by  the  king, 

in  tin-  month  of  March,  to  iA-  upon  her  the  government 
of  his  French  dominions.  She  redded  all  the  fummcr  at 
Montpcllier;  and  departing   from   thence  in  September, 

to  Evreux  in  Normandy,  where  fhe  died  on  the  3d 
of  November  ;  and  her  body,  being  tranfportcd  to  Paris, 
was  interred  near  that  of  her  father,  in  the  monaflery  of 
Sr.  Dennis  '.     About  the  time  of  the  queen's  death  Don 

s  made  a  journey  to  Madrid,  where  he  reprefented 
to  the  king  of  Callile  all  the  injuries  that  he  had  received 
from  France,  and  the  jufl  reafons  he  >had  to  fear  they 
Would  allow  him  to  keep  nothing  they  could  take  from  him. 
At  the  fame  time  lie  magnified  the  power  of  England,  and 
the  wifdom  and  courage  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan- 
caiter,  whofe  claim  to  Caflilc,  in  right  of  his  wife  Donna 
Philippa,  he  fuggefted  to  Don  Henry,  might  be  com- 
promifed  for  a  fum  of  money,  provided  he  ebtcred  into 
the  general  alliance  againft  France,  which  would  deter- 
mine the  king  of  Arragon  to  the  fame  meafure.  Don 
Henry  anfwercd,  that  he  owed  his  crown  to  the  affiflance 
of  France,  and  would  not  therefore  enter  into  any  alliance 
to  her  prejudice  ;  but  in  regard  to  compounding  with  the 
i!u!;o  of  Lancafter  for  his  pretenfions,  it  was  a  ftep  to 
which  he  was  by  no  means  averfe.  He  is  alfo  faid  to  have 
explained  his  fyilem  to  Don  Carlos,  and  preffed  him  ex- 

■gly  to  clofe  with  France  k. 
.\  peace  being  at  length  concluded  between  the  kings  of  The  infant 
Callile  and  Arragon,  the  former  having  appointed  Soria,  Don  Car  lot 
or.  the  frontiers  oi  Callile,  for  the  place  where  the  cere-  of  Navarre 
mony  was  to  be  performed  of  the  marriage  of  his  heir-  ft '  ,  1 '' 
apparent  to  the  princefs  of  Arragon,  fummoned  the  king  Cncra  of 

Navarre  to  the  performance  of  his  contract,  on  behalf  CaJlUe. 
of  the  infant  Don  Carlos,  who  came  accordingly  the  firlt 
to  the  propofed  interview,  where  he  was  treated  with  all 
poffrMe  refpc<ft  and  kindnefs  ;  and,  having  received  five 
thoufand  pifloles  as  a  marriage  portion  with  the  infanta, 
king  Henry  paid  at  the  fame  time  twenty  thoufand  more, 
in  full  fatisfaclion  for  the  repairs  mad;  to  the  places  which 

been  rendered  to  him  by  the  hit  treaty'.     Next  year  A.D.ij7j. 
Don  Carlos,  king  of  Navarre,  caufed  Don  Rodrigo  Urriz,  — — — — 

of  the  principal  lords  of  his  court,  to  be  arrefted,  up- 
on an  information  that  he  had  embarked  in  a  defign  of  he- 
ft Riinald.  '  Mayerne  Tnrquet.  k  L'Hiftoire 
du  Royaumc  de  Navarre,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Turquct.  '  Zu- 
tita  Anna!.  Arragon,  Cluoiuqucdc  Navane. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  K  traying 


130  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

traying  Tudela  and  Caparrofo  to   the   king  of   CafUIc 
Upon  enquiry,  it  appeared  that  this  nobleman  was  about 
to  marry  and  retire  into  the  dominions  of  that  prince  ; 
and  on  this,  and  other  circumttances,  he  was  fecretly  put 
to  death  m.     Some  writers  have  condemned,  and  others 
juftified,  the  conduct  of  the  king  of  Navarre. 
*tht  king  of.     At  the  time  of  the  queen  of  Navarre's  death,  the  infant 
Navarre  tj  j)on  petiro  anfi  tne  infanta  Donna  Maria  were  left  in  Nor- 
Bccu/edof    man(jy   whither  they  had  accompanied  their  mother.  The 
poifon  the     king  °f  Navarre  lent  his  eldelt  Ion  to  retch  them,  and 
krench        withal  to  pay  his  duty  to  his  uncle  at  Paris,  and  to  ac- 
king,  and    quaint  him  with  his  marriage.     There  was,  however,  a 
his  efiates    fecret  meaning   in   this  journey,  which  regarded  a  treaty 
■'"      '        he  had  made  with  the  king  of  England,  in  relation  to  his 
dominions  and  his  pretenfions  in  France.     The  king  of 
Caflile  was,  it  fecms,  acquainted  with  the  whole  affair, 
which  he  oppofed  •,  but  though  Don  Carlos  frequently  al- 
tered his  refolutions,  yet  he  did  it  rarely  by  the  advice  of 
A. D. 1377.  his  friends.     The  young  prince  of  Navarre,  amongft  other 
"■'■  perfons  of  diftinclion,  carried  with  him  James  dc  la  Rue, 

his  father's  chamberlain;  Peter  du  Tertre,  his  fecretary; 
and  the  baron  Ortubias.  Thefe,  in  their  pafiage  through 
France,  were  arrefled  j  and  the  prince  complaining  of  this 
jnfult,  and  defiring  an  audience  of  his  uncle,  was  like- 
wife  feized  n.  The  chamberlain  being  put  to  the  torture, 
confefTed  that  the  king  of  Navarre  had  a  project  of  caufing 
the  king  to  be  poifoned,  and  with  this  view  had  corrupted 
one  of  his  phyficians.  Peter  du  Tertre,  being  alfo  tortur- 
ed, discovered  the  treaty  with  the  king  of  England,  which 
feems  to  have  been  no  other  than  that  before  mentioned  ; 
but  he  positively  denied  having  any  knowlege  of  the  defign 
laid  to  poifon  the  king  °.  Upon  the  reading  their  confef- 
fions  in  parliament,  the  chamberlain  was  condemned  to  be 
hanged,  and  broke  upon  the  wheel,  a  fentence  which  was 
executed  ;  the  fecretary  was  alfo  condemned  to  be  be- 
Iveaded,  and.  as  fome  fay,  fufrered;  but  others  afTert, 
that  after  a  year's  imprifonment  he  was  fet  at  liberty  p. 
A  D.i -78.  'f ne  French  king  immediately  fent  a  great  body  of  forces 
,  into  Normandy,  under  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  Bour- 

bon, and  the  conftable,  where  they  reduced,  without  dif- 
ficulty, all  the  places  belonging  to  the  king  of  Navarre, 

»  Favin,  Ayala,  MayerneTurquet.  n  L'Hiftoiredu  Roy- 

aume  de  Navarre,  Chronique  de  Navarre,  Chronique  de  St.  Den- 
nis. °  P.  Daniel,  Proces  MS.  du  Roy  de  Navarre.  r  Fer- 
reras,  May  erne  Turquet. 

Cherbourg, 


The  IJiJlory  of  Navarre,  131 

Cherbourg  only  accepted  ;  and  thefe  fortrefTes  were  dif- 
tlcd  as  loon  as  they  were  taken.  The  infant  Don 
Pedro,  and  the  infanta  Donna  Maria,  were  alfo  made  pri- 
foncrs ;  and  the  town  of  Montpellier,  with  its  dependen- 
cies, was  likewifc  reduced ;  fo  that  Don  Carlos  was  com- 
pletely flripped  of  his  eftates  in  France,  and  this  too  in  a 
manner  that  left  him  no  hopes  of  feeing  them  reftored. 

The  king  of  Navarre  avowed  his  having  made  a  treaty  Some 
with  the  crown  of  England,  by  which  he  gave  up  all  his  deubttJ* 
pofleflions  in  Normandy  for  equivalents  in  Guienne,  which  ^h^luilt 
lying  nearer  his  own  dominions,  were  more  convenient,  of  the  king 
and  like  to  be  more  eafdy  kept.     It  may  be  alfo  obferved,  of  Na- 
that  if  he  had  corrupted  one  of  the  French  king's  phyfi-  varre>  *"' 
cians,  it  was  a  it  range  ftep  to  fend  his  eldeft  fon  and  his  ^w^jl 
principal  minifters  into  France,  where  they  might  have  hit  landi. 
been   probably   facrificed   if   his  plot  had  taken  effect. 
There  was  another  circumftance  ftill  ftranger,  which  was, 
that  the  governors  of  the  principal  places  in  Normandy 
likewifc  accompanied  the  prince,  were  taken  with  him, 
and  it  was  by  this  expedient  thofe  places  fell  fo  eafily  into 
the  hands  of  the  French.     It  is  certain,  and  inconteiiible, 
that  they  were  great  gainers  by  thefe  events,  and  that 
there  are  many  circumftances  very  inconfiftent  in  their 
own  relations  of  this  matter,  which  are  perfectly  well  cal- 
culated to  blaft  the  character  of  the  king  of  Navarre,  and 
to  cover  this  extraordinary  proceeding  of  depriving  him  of 
his  children  and  dominions  at  once  *>.     We  muft  alfo  ob- 
fcrve,  that  the  French  writers  pofitively  ailert  the  king  of 
Navarre  had  caufed  their  monarch  to  be  poifoned,  while 
he  bore  only  the  title  of  dauphin.;  that  the  emperor's  phy- 
fician  faved  his  life  by  opening,  or  rather  keeping  open,  a 
fiftula  in  his  arm  ;  and  that  after  confuming  for  twenty 
years,  by  the  effects  of  this  venomous  drugv  he  died  of  it 
at  laitr.     Stories  of  this  kind  were  more  eafily  believed  in 
thofe  days  than  thty  have  been  fince.     Whether  true  or 
falfe,  they  had  a  great  efiTecl:  in  rendering  the  king  of  Na- 
varre odious,  and  in  qualifying  the  violent  proceedings  by 
which  he  was  deprived  of  great  countries,  to  which  he  had 
very  plaufible  titles.     Indeed,  he  had  a  fpecious  title  to 
the  crown  itfelf,  the  declaration  of  which  was  the  prin- 
cipal caufc  of  all  his  misfortunes,  fince  it  hindered  the 
Englifh  monarch  from  fupporting  him  powerfully,  becaule 
he  made  the  like  claim,  and  left  the  kings  of  the  houfe  of 

1  L'Hiftoirc  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Chroniqne  de  Navarre, 
Ferrcras.  *  Chronique  dc  St.  Dennis,  Mexeray,  P.Daniel. 

K  2  Valoit 


132  The  Hlfioty  of  Navarre, 

Valois  no  other  way  of  maintaining  their  own  pofTeflioiT, 
than  by  depriving  him  of  all  means  to  maintain  a  claim, 
which,  in  the  perfon  of  his  mother,  fome  of  the  peers  of 
that   kingdom  had  judged   to  be   better  than  their  own. 
Such  was  his  principal  crime,  and  fuch  the  punifhment 
attending  it. 
Anew  war       Thefe  extremities  did  not  force  the  king  of  Navarre  to 
betiunn       an  abfolutt  fubmillion.    .  On  the  contrary,  he  renewed  his 
Ca/iiUaVj  treaty  w'rn  Richard  II.  and  procured,  through  the  friend- 
Navarrt,    fhip  of  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lancafter,  a  confiderable 
which,         body  of  Enghfh  troops,  who  ferved  him  very  gallantly  in 
however,     jjj,   war  agamft  Caitile  :  but,  notwithstanding  this  afiihS 
*t***MU<L  ance>  nc  f°ur'd  himfelf  utterly    incapable  of  fupporting 
that  war,  and  therefore  applied  by  his  minilters  to  Don 
Henry,  in  order  to  know  upon  what  terms  he  might 
A.D.1379.  pe£t  peace.     Thefe  miniflers  were  well  received  ;  and  it 
"'  was  intimated  to  rhem,  that  notwithflanding  the  great  ad- 

vantages gained  by  the  arms  of  Caftile,  the  king  defired 
jiothing  more  than  that  he  would  detach  himfelf  entirely 
from  the  Englifti,  anil  fequefler  fome  of  his  principal  foit- 
rcfies  by  way  of  fecurity,  for  Lis  performing  duly  what 
fhoald  be  flipulatcd  in  the  intended  treaty.  The  king  of 
Navarre  rer  that   in   the  dillrclled  circumflances 

of  his  affairs'  he  was  willing  to  accept  of  thefe  terms,  and 
to  quit  allies  to  whom  lie  could  now  be  of  no  ufe,  znd 
vvh  lit  of  very  little  ufe  to  him  ;  but  there  was  one 

obflaclc  lie  knew  not  how  to  get  over,  which  was,  that 
he  was  indebted  to  the  Englifti  troops  a  large  fum,  which 
it  was  absolutely  out  of  his  power  to  pay.  The  king  of 
Callile,  defirous  of  completing  his  own  feheme,  or  touch- 
ed with  compadion  for  this  unfortunate  prince,  promifed 
to  advance  him  twenty  thoufaml  piftoles  as  foon  as  the 
peace  was  {igned,  a  promtfe  which  he  accordingly  per- 
formed ;  and  the  Englifti  flavours  returned  into  Guienne  '. 
After  the  conclufion  and  ratification  of  this  treaty,  the  king 
of  Caflile  invited  his  brother  of  Navarre  to  his  head- 
quarters, for  at  the  time  of  this  tranfaction  he  was  in  the 
field  with  a  numerous  army.  Dqu  Carlos  accepted  the  in- 
vitation, and  was  received  by  the  Caflilian  monarch  with 
all  poilible  marks  of  kindnefs  and  efteem,  a  circuraftance 
which  furely  agrees  not  over  well  with  the  ftory  of  his  at- 
tempt on  the  perfon  of  Charles  V.  of  France  c.  Thefe 
kings,  after  remaining  fome  time  together,  parted  in  great 

'  Ayala,  L'Hiftoire  du  Roy3unie  de  Navarre,  Chronique  de  Na- 
varre. *  Favin,  Ayala,  .Mayei ne  Turquet. 

friend- 


The  Hijlory  of  Navarre.  133 

Iftup  ;  and  immediately  after  Don  Henry  died,  with 

ifpicion  ot'poifcn.     it  fc-ll  our  very  happily  for  the 

Navarre  that  it  was  faid  to  be  difcoverea.     This 

.is  perpetrated  by  the  orders  of  the  king  of 

;  for  otherwise,  in  all  probability,  it  would  have 

placed  to  !.i->  account,  notwithstanding  it  was  viiibly 

lit  his  intereft,  as  he  had  now  all  things  to  hope,  and 

;ng  to  fear  oa  the  part  of  that  powerful  prince.     His 

;ul  fucceffbr  Dun  Juan,  as  foon  as  decency  would  per- 

notified  to  him  his  accellion,  allured  him  ofhis  friend* 

,  andpromifed  to  give  him  marks  of  it,  by  intcrpoling 

his  good   offices  with   tlie   court  of  France,   where   king 

les  V.  his  old  antagonift,  was  alfo  dead  ;  and  in  the 

minority  of  his  fon  tilings  were  exceedingly  altered ". 

In  confequence  of  that  long  feries  of  misfortunes  to  An  infur- 
which  this  prince  had  been  expofed,  and  of  the  temper  reSiiuniup- 
alio  of  the  times,  fome  of  his  nobility  began  to  take  great  P'iff"*- 
liberties  with  him,  and  aimed  at  mending  their  own  for- 
tunes at  his  expence,  and  that  of  the  public.  With  fome- 
thing  of  this  kind,  and  even  with  fome  intention  againft 
the  king's  perfon,  the  baron  of  Agramont  charged  the  ba- 
ron of  Afhan,  who  denied  it,  and  challenger!  the  other  to 
G.ngle  combat,  according  to  the  received  dodrine  of  thofe 
>,  that  private  men,  as  well  as  princes,  might  appeal 
to  God  by  arms  :  but  as  this  nobleman  was  allied  to  the  ' 
bed  families  in  Navarre,  they  interpofed  with  the  king, 
and  defired  that  fome  other  end  might  be  put  to  this  mat- 
ter, according  to  his  clifcretion  ;  upon  which  the  king  com- 
mitted the  baron  of  Afffan  to  the  calUe  of  Tafalla,  and 
the  baron  of  Agramont  prifoner  to  St.  Jean  Pie  de 
Fort,  lill  either  this  matter  could  be  thoroughly  looked  in- 
to, or  their  private  quarrels  fome  way  adjulted.  The  gar- 
nfon  of  Tafalla  were  Picards,  whom  the  baron  de  Ailian 
won  fo  much  to  his  fervice,  that  they  not  only  fethim  at 
y,  but  revolted,  and  put  him  in  poiTettion  of  the 
place.  In  all  probability,  they  had  ilattered  themfelves 
with  the  hopes  either  of  a  general  revolt,  or  of  a  foreign 
affiflance  :  but  their  expectations  were  difappointed  ;  lor 
the  inhabitants  of  the  adjacent  country  immediately  in- 
d  the  place,  and  the  king  refufing  to  liften  to  any 
terms,  caufed  the  place  to  be  carried  by  ftorm,  and  the 
garrifon  to  be  put  to  the  fword,  except  the  baron  de  Af- 
fian,  who  was  taken  and  beheaded.     The  baron  dc  Agra- 

u  L'Hiftoire  da  Royaumede  Navarre,  Mariana,  P.  Daniel,  Fer- 
reras,  Mtzeray,  Mayerne  Tuiquet. 


K3 


moot 


134  fke  Hijtory  of  Navarre. 

A  D.  13S1.  mont  wasfoon  after  fet  nt  liberty  w.  There  is  fomething  of 
L  feverity,  but  nothing  of  inj  uftice  in  this  proceeding,  which 

alfo  fhews  that  the  king  was  in  the  main  refpecled  and 
obeyed  by  hisfubjetts.  Indeed  the  hiflorians  of  Navarrefay, 
that  being  a  great  patron  of  learning  and  learned  men,  he 
had  the  clergy  much  at  his  devotion  5  and  yet,  whatever  his 
own  vices  were,  he  would  fuffer  none  in  them,  that  the 
dignity  of  their  order  might  not  be  leffened  in  the  eyes  of 
the  people.  In  this  particular,  no  doubt,  he  acted  dif- 
creetly;  for  a  vicious,  and  confequently  a  contemptible 
clergy,  could  have  been  of  no  ufe. 
Tf'f  inrcnt  About  this  time  the  young  king  of  France  was  fo  kind  to 
Dm  Carlos  the  infant  Don  Carlos  of  Navarre,  that  he  rcflored  to  him 
vekajtJ.  tjie  lordfhip  of  Montptlicr,  and  allowed  him  to  receive  the 
revenues  of  all  his  father's  effaces  in  France  ;  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  infant,  with  the  confent  of  the  duke  of  Berry, 
the  king's  unele,  took  poffeflion  of  Montpellier  on  the  ift 
of  November  ;  but  it  is  a!fo  as  certain,  that  before  the  year 
came  about  again,  this  barony  was  leized  into  the  king's 
hards,  and  annexed  to  the  crown  ;  but  upon  what  mo- 
tives this  ftep  was  taken,  does  not  fo  clearly  appear31. 
The  Spanifh  hiflorians,  and  thofe  of  Navarre,  agree  that 
Don  Juan,  king  of  Caftiic,  being  extremely  prefled  by  the 
king  of  Navarre,  and  by  his  own  filler  Donna  Leonora,  to 
intercede  with  Charles  VI.  for  the  difcharge  of  the  infant 
Don  Carlos,  he  accordingly  interpofed  by  his  ambafladors, 
and  at  length  obtained  it  ;  upon  which  the  infant  and  his 
confort,  after  his  return  home,  went  into  Caftile  to  vifit 
the  king  their  brother,  and  to  teilify  the  juft  fenfe  they  had 
of  this  interpofition  on  the  behalf  of  Don  Carlos y. 
K'mgof  The  French  hiflorians  relate,  though  not  very  conGftent- 

Navarre     ]yy  that  the  king  of  Navarre,  being  extremely   irritated 
/"a?*  ■  A  "?amft  ^c  French  court,  had  recourfe  to  his  old  art;  and 
forming'     nncun£>  as  ^e  apprehended,  an  inflrument  very  fit  for  his 
d'fiiis         purpofe,  difpatched  him  by  the  way  of  Bayonnc  to  Paris, 
dgoinfltkt    with  inftruclions  to  poifon  not  only  the  king,  but  alfo  his 
hves  of  the  brother  Lewis,  count  of  Valois,  afterwards  duke  of  Or- 
kin^and     ^cans  '  tne  (m^es  or"  Berry,  Burgundy,  Bourbon,  and  fe- 
t. is  uncles,    veral  other  great  lords.     1  his  man,  having  furnifhed  him- 
felf  with  a  fufficient  quantity  of  arfenic  at  Bayonne,  came 
to  the  French  court  with  a  full  refolution  of  executing  the 
orders  he  h^d  received  in  their  utmoft  extent ;  but  being 
happily  detected,  he  was  put  into   prifon,  and,  having 

w  Chronique  de  Navarre.  x  Hiftoire  de   Languedoc 

y  Garibay,  Fcrscras,  Mayerne  Torquet. 

continued 


The  Hiflory  of  Navarre.  1 35 

continued  there  upwards  of  a  year,  was  convicted  and 
publicly  executed,  as  he  well  delervcd  *.  Upon  this  de* 
tectum,  a  profecution  was  commenced  againlt  the  Icing  of 
ure,  as  count  of  Evieux,  before  the  parliament ;  and 
after  being  fummoned  to  appear,  he  was,  for  contumacy, 
and  for  v.irious  enormous  crimes  committed  againlt  the 
king,  but  lor  the  honour  of  the  family,  without  any  fpe- 
cilic  declaration  of  thofe  crimes,  declared  attainted,  and 
convicted  of  high  trcafon  :  but  though  this  charge  is  fo 
particularly  (ct  forth,  and  that  from  the  very  procefs,  yet 
it  is  fubject  to  various  objections,  which  are  not  eafily  to 
be  folved  ;  and  it  is  very  probably  owing  to  this  circum- 
ftance,  that  in  fome  ancient,  and  in  fome  modern  hifto- 
ries,  the  whole  affair,  though  of  fo  remarkable  a  nature, 
is  buried  in  oblivion  •. 
The  king  Don  Juan  of  Caftile  having  very  Qrong  pre-  A.D.  1384, 

tenlions  upon  Portugal,  in  right  of  his  contort,  the  only ;■ 

daughter  and  heirefs  of  the  deceafed  king,  and  oeing  dc-  T**"1/**' 
termined  to  fupport  thofe  pretenGons  by   force  of  arms,  goesutht* 
his  brother-in-law,  the  infant  Don  Carlos  of  Navarre,  out  aff,Jlanct  of 
of  gratitude  as  well  as  affection,  thought  himfelf  obliged  ku  brother' 
to  march  to  his  afliftance  with  a  confiderable  body  of '" law,  *** 
forces.  He  joined  the  army  of  Caftile  at  the  fiege  of  Lifbon,  q"^ 
and  was  received  with  all  poflible  teilimonies  of  efteem  by 
the  king,  and  of  joy  and  fatisfaction  by  the  whole  army. 
Next  year  he  made  an  inroad   into  Portugal,  under  that 
monarch's  orders,  but  was  not  in  the  fatal  battle  of  Al- 
jubarrota;  fo  that  he  had  an  opportunity  of  faving  feveral 
fmall   corps  of  the  Caftilian  army,  who  in  their  efcape 
from  that  difafter  would  otherwife  have  been  furrounded 
and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  Portugnefe  b.     He  went  after-  A'D.ijlj. 
wards  to  Seville,   to  confole  that  prince  under  his  misfor-  •■■ 

tunes  ;  and  having  accompanied  him  to  Valladolid,  where 
he  held  an  aflembly  of  the  ftates,  the  infant  Don  Carlos 
returned  from  thence  into  his  father's  dominions  c.  About 
this  time  his  filter  Donna  Joanna  efpoufed  John  de  Mont- 
fort,  duke  of  Brittany,  which  was  an  alliance,  in  all  ref- 
ffc£ts,  very  favourable  to  the  family,  and  contributed  not  a 
little  to  its  fupport.  The  news  of  the  duke  of  Lancaster's 
failing  to  Portugal,  with  a  numerous  fleet,  and  a  power- 
ful army  on  board,  with  a  view  not  only  to  fupport  the 

■  P.  Diniel,  Proces  MS.  du  Hoy  de  Nsvane.  »  Du  Tillet 

Chroniq'ie*  de«  Rois  dc  France,  Nouville  Hiftoire  de  France,  par 
M.  le  Gtndrc  Mezeray.  *  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaunie  de  Navarre, 
Ayala.        «  Garibay,  Mariana,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

K  4  mailer 


J36 


Death  of 
the  ki-  g  of 
Havarrc. 


St<-a>:%e 
Jhriei  t/2- 

njented 
about  it. 


The  Hijlory  of  Navarre: 

matter  of  Avis,  who  had  now  taken  the  title  of  king  of 
Portugal,  but  to  afiert  his  own  rigtit  to  Caitile,  fo  much 
alarmed  the  king  Don  Juan,  that  he  applied  ro  the  pope, 
to  Charles  the  Sixth  of  France,  and  his  other  allies,  tor 
aflinance  ;  upon  which  the  infant  Don  Carlos  of  Navarre 
put  himfelf  once  more  at  the  head  of  his  father's  forces, 
inarched  to  the  relief  of  his  brother-in-law,  and  remained 
with  the  king  of  Gaulle  all  this  year. 

AVe  aie  a  flu  red  by  the  hillorians  of  Navarre,  that  the 
king  Don  Carlos  was  become  miferably  infirm  through  a 
leprofy,  or  fotne  other  grievous  diuemper,  brought  upon 
him  by  his  debauches,  which  difabled  him  from  appearing 
in  public,  and  inclined  him  to  bend  all  his  thoughts 
towards  preparing  himfelf  for  his  lilt  hour  •,  for  notwith- 
standing the  deteltable  character  given  him  by  the  French 
writers,  he^certaiuly  aficclcd  to  be  thought  religious,  and 
did  every  thing  that  might  contribute  to  impofe  upon  the 
world  in  that  particular  d.  "While  the  king  was  thus  in 
fome  meafure  confined,  one  Andrew  de  Torellas,  a  per- 
fon  of  mean  rank,  excited  afeditionin  Pampeluha,  under 
colour  thar  the  city  was  not  fufiicicntly  fupplied  with  corn, 
and  the  public  revenue  but  indifferently  managed  :  but  the 
king,  feeble  and  infirm  as  lie  was,  exerted  himfelf  in  fuch 
n  manner,  that  the  tumult  was  quickly  fupprefled,  An- 
drew Torellas  apprehended  and  hanged,  and  i  his 
principal  nflbciates  were  feverely  punifhed  e.  This  waa 
the  laft  effort  of  his  authority  ;  for  foou  after  he  fell  into 
a  low  and  languifhing  ftatc,  and  having  prepared  hinifelf. 
for  death,  with  all  the  exterior  marks  of  a  fmccre  repen- 
tance, breathed  his  lait  on  the  firlt  day  of  the  new  year, 
in  the  fifty-fixth  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  thirty-eighth 
of  his  reign,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  church  of 
Pampeluna,  with  the  ufual  ceremonies. 

Hillorians  are  as  much  divided  about  the  manner  of  his 
death,  as  in  regard  to  the  principal  events  of  his  life. 
The  common  flory  which  we  find  ufually  inferted  in  the 
French  chronicles  is  this:  the  king,  having  in  a  gr^at 
meafure  dhTipated  and  extinpuilhed  the  natural  heat  of  his 
body,  by  the  vices  to  which  he  was  addicled,  was  wont  to 
he  wrapped  up  in  large  fheets,  or  fear-cloths,  dipped  in 
aqua  vita;,  and  powdered  all  over  with  fulphur,  in  which 
being  fewed  up  as  ufual,  one  of  his  pages,  inftead  of  cut- 
ting the  thread  with  a  pair  of  fciflars,  went  to  burn  it  with 

•1  Frneras.  *  L'Hifteire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre, 

C'luonitme  dc  Navarre*  MayerneTurciuef, 

a  wax* 


The  Hijlory  of  Navarre.  1  -7 

a  wax-candle,  by  which  the  wrapper's  about  the  king's 
v  took   fire,  and  before  it   could   be  ektinguifhed  his 
Is  were  fo  burnt,  that,  after  lying  three  days  in  ex- 
torment,  he  expired  f.  In  a  very  ancient  hiflory, 
compofed  when  thefe  things  were  frefh   in  memory,   tl 
ifenred  a  letter  from  the  bifhopof  Acqs,  who  \>  as  prime 
Iter  to  this  prince,  written  to  his  fiftcr  queen  , 

dowager  of  Philip  de  Valoisj  in  whieh  lie  acquaints  Iur, 
that  the  king  his  maflcr  died  of  a  molt  painful  and  tor- 
menting difcafe,  in  which  he  gave  the  flrongeft  marl, 
fincerc  penitence,  and  fupported  the  mifery  he  endured 
with  invincible  patience,  and  the  moll  perfect  reGgnai 
to  the  will  of  God  &. 

Don  Carlos  the  Third,  at   the  time  of  his  father's  de-  /.-crf^  0f 
mife,  was  with  the  queen  his  confort  and  their  children  at  Den  Cwius 

ifiel  in  Caftile,  with  her  brother  the  king  Don  Juan.  UUth* 
He  immediately  prepared  for  his  departure  to  his  own  do-  AoWr. 
minions,  where  his  pre  fence  was  abfolutely  necelTary. 
Caflilian  monarch,  to  fhew  how  grateful  a  fenfe  he 
had  of  the  friendfhip  (hewn,  and  affiftance  given  him  by 
this  prince,  not  only  remitted  the  caftles  and  fortrefies 
which  had  been  fequettcred  for  the  debt  due  to  his  father, 
but  alfo  forgave  that  debt,  and  the  aim  of  two  thoufand 
pounds  ftcrhng,  which  he  had  engaged  himfclf  to  pay,  as 
a  ranfom  for  an  Englifh  nobleman,  who  was  prifoncr  in 
Caftile.  He  was  received  on  his  arrival  at  Pampeluna 
with  all  poffible  marks  of  joy  and  fatisfa£tion,  and  with 
much  folemnity  proclaimed  on  the  28th  of  January  ;  but 
for  various  reafonshis  coronation  was  deferred  h.  lie  was 
at  this  time  about  twenty-five  years  of  age,  pofleffing,  as 
the  Spanifh  writers  fay,  all  the  great  qualities  of  his  fa- 
ther ;  and  as  the  French  writers  own,  without  any  tincture 
of  his  defects.  In  a  word,  if  we  may  depend  upon  any 
thing  in  the  hiftories  of  thofe  times,  we  may  conclude 
that  this  young  king  was  a  moft  accomplished  prince;  as 
the  ftrongeft  proof  of  whieh  we  may  allege  that  he  was 
ftyled  Charles  the  Noble  by  his  neighbours,  and  Don 
Carlos  the  Liberal  by  his  own  fubjects.  The  firft  public 
a£t  of  his  reign  was  acknowledging  Clement  the  .Seventh, 
who  refided  at  Avignon,  for  the  true  pope,  notwithstand- 
ing the  claim  of  Urban  the  Sixth,  who  had  fixed  his  refi- 
dence  at  Rome  '.  This  was  contrary  to  his  father's  maxim, 

f  Annates  de  France.  r  Chrwnique  de  St.  Dennis. 

J>  L*HilU>ire  duRoyaumed:  Navarre,  Mar. ana,  Ferreias,        '  (Ja- 
ribay,  Mayerne  Turquet. 

who, 


I3S  The  Hijioiy  of  Portugal. 

who,  though  he  had  always  fhewn  a  great  refpccl  for  the 
church,  kept  an  exact  neutrality,  and  would  acknowlege 
neither,  alleging  very  prudently  that  it  did  not  become  a 
layman,  though  a  king,  to  decide  who  was  the  fucceffor  of 
St.  Peter  ;  but  till  ttlis  could  be  determined  by  a  proper 
authority,  he  affirmed  the  fupremacy  in  all  caufes  to  be  in 
him-  Kis  fon,  indeed,  did  it  with  this  refraction,  that 
his  acknowlegement  was  fubjeet  to  the  decitlon  of  a  ge- 
neral council.  This,  however,  was  a  very  ftrong  mea- 
fure,  as  it  plainly  proved  to  the  world,  that  he  had  embra- 
ced a  new  fyflem,  and  was  gone  over  to  the  French  fide, 
rincethc  Engird)  and  their  allies  were  zealous  partisans  of 
pope  Urban. 

a:  ,— .  <„      He  took  enre  to  notify  his  acceffion,  and  to  fend  ambaf- 

Hu  care  to  .  .      .      .  ■>  .  ' 

Uvtcn%ood  fadors  to  the  principal  powers  in  JLurope,  particularly  to 

ttrms  nvitk  thofe  of  France  and  England  k.  He  demanded  from  the 
hi  nd>>k-  former  the  reftitution  of  the  cftates  belonging  to  his  fami- 
bours,  and  .  |  t  •  jjj  j  modeft  terms,  fo  as  to  (hew  at  once 
tocombro-      {  »   ,  ,  ,  .  r  ....  . 

mifeami-     that  he  was  determined  not  to  depart  from  his  claims,  and 

tsblyr.U  that  he  was  by  no  means  averfe  to  the  receiving  a  fuitable 
dijputi.  fatisfaction.  He  represented  to  the  latter,  that  feveral 
places  in  Normandy  belonged  to  him,  and  that  he  made  no 
doubt  of  their  being  reftored.  He  had  a  conference  with 
Don  Juan  king  of  Arragon,  in  reference  to  a  marriage 
between  their  families,  and. the  maintenance  of  a  ftri£c 
correfpondence  between  the  two  crowns,  as  the  fureft 
means  of  fupporting  the  fplcndor  and  independency  of 
both  '.  He  regulated  the  march  of  the  French  fuccours, 
under  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  to  Logrogno,  where  they  re- 
ceived the  fubfidies  that  had  been  itipulated,  and  the  or- 
ders of  the  king  of  Caftile  to  advance  no  farther.  He 
contributed  not  a  little  to  the  treaty  of  pacification  be- 
tween that  monarch  and  John  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  Lan- 
cafter  ;  and  when  it  was  in  fome  degree  fettled  he  had  an 
A.D.  1 3S?.  interview  with  his  brother-in-law,  to  regulate  with  him 
— — —  the  meafures  that  in  fo  critical  a  conjuncture  were  fitteft 
to  be  taken.  While  his  mind  was  thus  intent  on  thefe 
great  objects  of  government,  he  was  alarmed  by  the  in- 
difpofition  of  the  queen,  and  the  more  fo  when  fhe  inti- 
mated to  him  that  fhe  had  no  hopes  of  recovery  but  from 
returning  to  and  remaining  fome  time  in  her  native  coun- 
try. He  refolved  to  comply  with  her  defires;  and  having 
conducted  her  and  the  princefTes  his  daughters  to  Navarete, 

*  Favin,  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ferreras-       J  Zu- 
ritiAnnal.  Arrs^on,  Mayerne  Tuiquet, 

'  where 


The  Hljlory  of  Navarre.  159 

re  he  had  another  conference  with  the  king  of  Caftile, 
he  left  them  behind  and  returned  to  his  own  capital  of 
iduna  m. 
The  fituation  of  affairs  in  Europe  was  at  this  time  fo  FruiiUfi 
cmbar railed,  that  Don  Carlos  faw  plainly  his  endeavours  endeavours 
to  obtain  the  reflitution  of  his  cftates  ought  to  be  referved  to  prevail 
for  a  more  favourable  opportunity.  He  applied  himfclf,  jr^^"* 
therefore,  with  great  induftry  to  rectify  whatever  might  t0  return 
be  amifs  in  the  civil  ccconomy  of  his  own  dominions.  He  out  of 
reviewed  the  grants  of  his  anceftors  ;  he  examined  into  CaftiU» 
the  (late  of  the  principal  cities  and  great  towns  ;  he  had 
an  eye  on  the  affairs  of  the  church  :  but  he  a£r.ed  with 
fitch  moderation  in  all  things,  and  (hewed  fo  ftrong  an 
inclination  to  render  all  ranks  of  people  eafy,  that  the  re- 
formation which  would  have  been  attended  with  murmurs 
at  leaft,  if  not  with  an  infurre&ion,  under  any  other  prince, 
not  only  paffed  quietly  under  him,  but  even  rendered  him 
more  beloved.  However,  the  clergy  and  nobility  preffed 
him  very  much  on  the  head  of  his  coronation,  which  they 
would  not  have  fuffercd  another  king  to  have  delayed  fo 
long,  becaufe  hitherto  he  had  taken  no  oath  to  maintain 
the  immunities  of  the  church,  the  privileges  of  the  nobi- 
lity, and  the  liberties  of  the  people  n.  The  king  fent  his 
ambafladors  to  the  court  of  Caftile  to  defire  his  confort 
might  return,  that  they  might  be  crowned  together.  Don- 
na Leonora  would  by  no  means  confent  to  this  propofal  ; 
fhe  infilled  upon  her  brother's  protection  ;  complained 
that  fhe  was  very  ill  ufed  in  Navarre,  where  the  people 
were  wanting  in  their  refpects  to  her,  or  at  leaft  to  her 
attendants  ;  that  the  revenue  affigned  her  was  ill  paid  ; 
and  that  her  diftemper  was  owing  to  certain  dangerous 
drugs  given  her  by  a  Jew  phyfician,  whom  the  king  had 
refufed  to  difgrace.  Don  Carlos,  being  informed  of  this 
charge,  acquainted  the  king  of  Caftile,  that  his  fubje£ts 
indeed  were  not  accuftomed  to  act:  fo  fubmiffively  towards 
their  fovereigns  as  in  Caftile;  that  his  dominions  were  very 
much  impoverifhed  during  his  father's  reign,  but  that  his 
finances  were  now  in  good  order  ;  and  that  as  to  the  affair 
of  the  Jew  phyfician,  he  was  willing  to  fubmit  the  exa- 
mination of  it  to  fuch  as  the  king  of  Caftile  fhould  ap- 
point ;  when  it  would  appear,  as  indeed  it  did,  that  the 
queen  and  not  the  dodlor  was  to  blame,  who  prescribed 
what  was  proper  enough  for  the  queen's  indifpofition,  if 

mGaribny.  "L'Hiftoiie  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Giro- 

nique  de  Navarre,  Mayerne  Turquct. 

it 


140  Ihe  Iliflory  of  Navarre. 

it  had  been  fucli  as  fhe  gave  out ;  but  it  was  only  a  fiction, 
fhe  had  only  herfelf  to  blame".     The  truth  of  the   matter 
was,  the  queen  was  mightily  pleafccl  with  the  honours  paid 
her  in  Caitile,  and  with  the  fpiendor  of  that  court  j  and 
therefore  in  lifted  that  her  hufband  mould  engage  the  | 
and  the  king  of  France,  to  guaranty  her  being  well  ufed  : 
Don  Carlos  anfwered,  that  the  French  king  fhould  never 
interfere  in  his  affairs  ;  and   having  fent  for  his  two  cldcit 
daughters,  he  proceeded  to  the  ceremony  of  his  corona- 
lion,  which    was    performed  with  great  folemnity  in  the 
A.D.1590.  cathedral  at  Pampelttna  on  the  75th  of  July. 
Obiatm  the       The  death  of  king  John  of  Catlile,  and  the  acccfTion  of 
reflituiion     his  fon  Don  Henry,  a  minor,  created  a  great  change  in  the 
cj  Cher-       face  Qf  af(a;fS  at  that  court,  where  Donna  Leonora,  queen 
tkeEnpiifb   °^  Navarre,    in   quality  of  aunt  to  the   reigning  prince, 
but  fails    '  entered  deeply  into  ftate  intrigues  j  and,  as  we  have  (hewn 
;» vis  ap-     in    its  proper   place,   contributed  greatly  to   pacify  thofe 
fixation  to  factious  heats  that  would  other  thrown  all  tl 

/  t  court  of  jntQ  confufjon.     it  was  in  vain,  therefore,  that  the 

Don  Carlos  folicitcd  her  return,  and  reprefented  toiler 
how  injurious  her  abfence  was  to  him,  how  difpleafing 
to  his  fubjecls,  and  how  deflruclivc  to  their  family.  But 
Donna  Leonora  loved  pomp  and  power ;  and,  while  her 
faction  prevailed,  was  fure  of  preferving  both;  whereas, 
in  Navarre,  the  king  lived  in  grcr.t  familiarity  with  his 
nobility,  and  adminiflcred  public  affairs  by  the  fole  advice 
of  his  council  p.  His  eyes  were  continually  turned  on 
the  vaft  pofieffions  which  had  been  torn  from  his  family 
in  France  ;  and,  in  order  to  make  fome  effort  for  their  re- 
covery, he  fent  Don  Carlos  de  Beaumont,  flandard-bearer 
of  Navarre,  and  Don  Martin  Henriquez  de  J  acarra,  his 
ambafiadors,  to  Richard  the  Second  of  England,  in  order, 
to  obtain  the  reftitution  of  Cherbourg,  and  fome  other 
places  which  the  king  held  by  no  other  title  than  that  of 
his  grandfather's  troops  being  admitted  into  them,  as  the 
auxiliaries  of  the  deceafed  king  of  Navarre.  This  point 
being  ftrenuoufly  infilled  upon  by  the  ambaffadc 
al  great  lords  of  the  court  of  England  kno> 
thing  to  be  really  as  they  ftated  it,  a  refolution  w 
taken  to  do  him  that  juftice  which  he  required  ;  and  ac- 
cordingly Cherbourg  and  the  reft  of  the  places  were  ae- 
A.D.  1393.  tually  rellored  i.     Upon  this,  he  renewed  his  application 

0  Garibsy,  Mariana.  p  Favin,    Clironiqtie  de  Nivarre, 

verneTurqutt,  f<J'»  Kjvaume  de  Navarre, 

Mariana. 

to 


7h  Hi [lory  of  Navarre.  14  r 

Vench  court,  representing,  that  it  would 
vat  a  prince  of  the  blood  royal  worfc  than  ftrart- 
but  the  difordersirt  France  were  fo  great, 

•  in  power  were  fo   little  plcafed  at  feeing  Don 
^qucz    de  Lacarra  ellablimcd  in  the  govern- 
rbourg,  that   he    found    himfelf  obliged  to 
poftpone  his  expectations  on  that  fide,  till  the  Hate  of  their 
irs  fhould  wear  another  afpedl:. 
I  \t  Was  more  fuccefaful  in  his  negociation  with  the  king  Donna  Le- 
of  Arragon,  who  amicably  regulated  the  frontiers  of  their  onora 
rcfpe&ive  dominions,  and  entered  into  all  his  views  with  r****"  t9 
regard  to  a  perpetual  defenlive  alliance  between  the  two 
crowns.     But  his  applications  to  perfuade  Ins  queen  to  re- 
turn were  as  ineffectual  as  ever  ;  neither  could  (lie  be  per- 
fuaded  to  fend  her  two  younger  daughters  back  into  Na- 
varre, though  her  nephew  king,  Henry  III.  joined  his  Solici- 
tations to  thofe  of  the  king  her  huiband ;  for,  upon  his  taking 
the  government  into  his  own  hands,  he  found  it  requifite 
all  fome,  and  to  reduce   all  the  penfions  that  were 
paid  out  of  the  public  revenue-,  and  as  his  aunt's  was  not 
excepted,  this  affair  had  created  a  mifunderilanding  be- 

n  them.  By  degrees  thefe  differences  rofe  higher; 
for  the  queen,  taking  part  with  the  malecontents,  .and 
prefuming  fo  far  as  to  refufe  the  king  entrance  into  Roa, 
which  was  one  of  the  places  affignedfor  her  fubfiftence,  he 
came  before  it  with  a  bodyof  troops :  upon  which  the  inhabi- 
tants, who  had  no  fhare  at  a!!  in  the  quarrel,  opened  their 

.  ;  the  queen  was  conftrained  to  Submit ;  and,  though 
received  with  much  feeming  favour  and  complaifance,  yet 
the  king  told  her  plainly,  that  as  Don  Carlos  had  offered 
all  that  (lie  could  poffibly  demand,  (he  muff  absolutely 
think  of  returning  with  the  princeffes  her  daughters,  and 
content  herfelf  with  acting  the  queen  in  her  own  domi- 
nions. Yet  that  every  thing  might  be  trail  fa  died  in  a  man- 
ner fuitable  to  the  rank  of  the  parties  concerned,  the  king 
with  his  whole  court  attended  the  queen  to  Alfaro  ;  and 
Don  Carlos,  having  fent  the  archbifhop  of  Saragofla,  with 
the  principal  lords  of  his  kingdom,  to  Tudela  to  receive 
her,  (he  was  accordingly  conducted  thither,  and  foon  after 
met  by  the  king  himfelf,  who  received*  her  with  all  poffible 
demonstrations  of  joy  and  Satisfaction,  which,  with  the 
improved  (late  of  the  country,  reconciled  her  entirely  to 

rrc  ;  and  the  fenfe  (lie  had  that  a  new  retreat  into 
Callile  was  impracticable,  made  her  fo  affable  and  obliging 
to  her  Subjects,  that  the  met  with  every  tcftimony  of  rel- 

.      pea 


I4«  Ybe  Hijiory.of  Navarre. 

A.D.  1396.  pe&  and  fubmiflion  (he  could  defire  r,    Next  year  the  king 

held  an  aflembly  of  the  fl,ates  at  Pampeluna,  in  which  the 

fucceffion  to  the  crown   was  regulated  in  favour  of  his 
daughters,  in   the  order  of  their  refpeclive    births,    to 
prevent  any  difputes  if  the  king  mould  die  without  male 
iflue  \ 
j,        ,  The  cathedral  at  Pampeluna,  had,  for  fome  years,  lain 

a  journey     in  fuins,  with  the  fight  of  which  the  citizens,  and  indeed 
into  all  the  inhabitants  of  Navarre,  were  very  deeply  afFedled  ; 

frana.  but  the  expence  of  rebuilding  it  was  fo  high,  that  however 
well^inclined,  their  circumflances  rendered  them  unable 
to  undertake  it.  The  king,  after  mature  deliberation, 
afligned  the  fortieth  part  of  his  revenues  for  this  fervice, 
which  agreeably  furprifed  the  people,  and  rendered  them 
lefs  uneaiy  at  his  departure  for  France,  upon  the  very  eve 
of  which  he  did  this  pious  and  generous  action  '.  The 
queen  was  not  long  after  delivered  of  a  fon,  who  at  his 
baptifm  received  his  father's  name  •,  and  this  was  another 
very  acceptable  event.  But  in  France  the  king  found  his 
ambafladors  had  reprefented  things  to  him  very  truly  ; 
for  though  Charles  the  Sixth  had  fome  lucid  intervals,  yet 
being  then  entirely  in  the  hands  of  his  minifters,  who  re- 
prefented his  affairs  to  him  in  what  light  they  plcafed,  the 
king  of  Navane  chofe  to  return  home  without  doing  any 
thing,  rather  than  make  any  bargain  with  thofe  who  held 
their  authority  by  fo  uncertain  a  tenure,  as  the  will  of  a 
diftra&ed  prince  u.  After  he  came  back  to  Pampeluna, 
he  obliged  the  clergy,  nobility,  and  people,  to  take  an 
oath  of  fidelity  to  his  fon  Don  Carlos,  as  heir-apparent 
to  the  kingdom,  though  he  was  at  that  time  fcarce  a  year 
A.D- 1399.  old.     Next  year  he   renewed  the  treaties  fubfilling  with 

— the  crc.wn  of  Arragon,  upon  the  acceffion  of  Don  Martin; 

and  interpofed  his  good  offices  for  compofing  the  difputes 
fubfifting  between  that  monarch  and  Archambaud  de 
Grailli,  count  de  Foix,  an  aim  which  was  at  length  ef- 
fected, much  to  the  fatisfatlion  of  both  parties  w.  This 
negociation  produced  ano'.her  of  yet  greater  confequence  ; 
for  the  king  married  his  elded  daughter  Donna  Joanna  to 
A.D.  i4«2.  John  de  Grailli,  fon  of  the  count  of  Foix.  In  a  (hort 
'— — — —  time  after  he  married  his  third  daughter,  the  princefs 
Blanch,  lo  Don  Martin  king  of  Sicily,  fon  to  the  king  of 

*  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Mariana,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  s  Ferreras,  Fa vin.Chroniquede  Navane.  '  L'H'tftoire 
du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Chronique  de  Navarre,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  u  P. Daniel,  Ferreras.  w  Zurita  Annal. 

Arragon. 

Arragon  ; 


The  Hiftory  of  Navarre.  143 

Arrigon  ;  but  very  foon  after  this  marriage  took  effect, 
the  infant  Don  Carlos  died,  as  alfo  his  youngdt  brother 
Don  Louis;  upon  which  Donna  Joanna  was  aeknowlegcd 
presumptive  heir  of  Navarre. 

The  king,  defirous  of  having  his  claims  fettled  in  France,  c,oti  thl- 
and  being  invited  thither  by  the  princes  of  the  blood,  re-  ther  afe~ 
Solved  to  make  another  tour  into  that  kingdom.     He  de-  consume, 
clared  the  queen  regent  in  his   abfence,  and  at  the  fame  anf:  *°}"P* 
time    made   his    teiiament,  that  as   far  as  in  him  lay  he  ciaimsfor 
might  remove  all  fourccs  of  Inteitine  troubles,  in  cafe  he  afiender 
ihould  not  live  to  return.    On  his  arrival  at  Paris  he  found  equivalent, 
things  in  great  diforder,  the  king's  health  rather  more  un- 
fettled  than   ever,  and  a  war  with  England  in  a  manner 
inevitable.     This  difmal  profpedt  induced  him  to  ufe  all 
his  intereit,  in  order  to  conclude  a  treaty  without  lofs  of 
time,  which  was  accordingly  figned  on  the  4th  of  June,  A.D.  1404; 
and  to  which  his  brother  Don  Pedro,  count  of  Mortain,  ■     '  ■ 
acceded.     By  this  agreement  he  relinquished  all  his  pre- 
tenfions   to    the  counties  of  Champagne,  Brie,  and  Ev- 
reux,  as  alfo  to  the  rell  of  the  places  which  his  ancestors 
had  hel.l  in  Normandy ;    and  alfo  gave   up     Cherbourg, 
in  consideration  of  the   town  and  diftrict   of  Nemours, 
which  was  ere&ed    into  a  duchy  in  his  favour,  together 
with  an  annual  penfion  of  twelve  thoufand  Ifvrcs,  and  the 
farther  fum  of  two  hundred  thoufand  crowns,  by  way  of 
indemnification  for  the  revenues  of  which  he  had  been 
deprived  x.     This  was  a  poor  compenfation  for  fuch    vaft 
eftates  ;  but  there   is  great  reafon  to  doubt  whether,  in 
the  Situation  of  their  affairs,  he  could  have  obtained  even 
thefe  from  the  princes  who  governed   France,  if  he  had 
not   rendered   Services   to   fome,    and  made  prefents  to 
others,  that  fome  end  might  be  made  of  a  controverfy  that 
had  fubfifted  fo  long,  and  had  coil  both  parties  fo  dear  T, 
troubles  which  broke  out  on  the  death  of  Philip  the 
Hardy,  duke  of  Burgundy,    obliged  him   to   remain  in 
France  longer  than  he  intended ;  and  it  was  in  virtue  of 
his  decree,  in  conjunction  with  the  king  of  Sicily  his  fon- 
in-law,  and  the   dukes  of  Berry  and  Bourbon,  dated  the  A,D.  140 j. 
17th  of  October,  that  the  pacification  took  place  between  ■ 

the  dukes  of  Orleans  and  Burgundy.  At  length,  having 
contributed  all  in  his  power  to  reftore  the  public  peace, 
and  having  concluded  a  marriage  for  his  fourth  by  birth, 

*  P.  Daniel,  Cbronique  de  Navarre,  Ferreras.  r  L'Hif- 

toiredu  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Du  Tillet  Chroniques  des  Rois  de 
Prance,  Mariana. 

but 


return. 


!4f  The  Wfiory  of  Navarre. 

but  his  third  furviving  daughter,  with  Jacques  de  Bour- 
bon, count  de  la  Marche,  one  of  the  moft  accomplifhed 
princes  of  that  age,  he  fet  out  on  his  return  into  his  own 
dominions  z,  leaving  an  high  opinion  of  him  in  the  French 
court. 
Fnrfues  his  -At  the  requeft  of  Don  Martin,  king  of  Arragon,  Don 
true  inter-  Carlos  paffed  through  Catalonia,  and  was  received  by  him 
tds  at  Ins  at  J.crida,  with  all  polliblc  marks  of  affection  and  reipect. 
From  thence  the  two  monarch s  went  together  to  Saragofla, 
and  after  a  fhort  Hay  there,  they  parted  perfectly  well  fa- 
tisiicd  \\  ith  each  other,  and  Don  Carlos  returned  to  Pam- 
peluna,  where  his  fubjedts  received  him  with  the  moft  fin- 
ce:e  tranfports  of  joy  and  affection.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  month  of  September  arrived  Jacques  de  Bourbon, 
.  of  Marche  ami  of  Caftro,  attended  by  a  great  train  of 
ami  gentlemen  j  and  there  his  marriage  with 
,ia  Ceatrix  of  Navarre  was  celebrated  wirh  the  utmoft 
ma:  '.      As  Don  Carlos  brought  with  him  a  great 

j  y   from  France,  lie  began  to  confidcr  with 

courfe  was  belt  lor  him  to  take,  in  order  to 
ribute  it  amongft  his  ful  .d,  after  mature  deli- 

beration, he  determined  to  build  two  palaces,  one  at  Olita, 
ami  .  r  at  Tafalia,  each  in  a  very  pleafant  fituation, 

and  at  no  more  than  a  league's  diftance.  By  this  project 
the  money  was  very  fpecdiiy  clifperfed  into  the  hands  of 
die  indaftrious,  and  artifts  oi  every  kind  were  encouraged 
ami  I  " ;  for  wirh  all   the  qualities  of  a  hero  and 

u  ftatefman,  Don  Carlos  had  iii.ewife  the  talents  and  the 
of  a  fplendid  and  magnificent  prince,  corrected  by  a 
due  regard  to  (Economy,  and  directed,  as  all  his  meafures 
were,  to  the  general  welfare  of  his  fubjects.  Pampeluna 
liad  been  more  than  once  on  the  very  brink  of  deftruclion, 
from  its  being  divided  into  thiee  parts,  each  under  a  dif- 
tinei  government ;  from  whence,  tor  the  moft  part,  there 
:  in  this  city  three  factions,  hating  and  thwarting  each 
other  as  much  as  lay  in  their  power.  Former  monarchs 
luul  fcen  and  deplored  this  evil  ;  but  durft  not  attempt  the 
removal  :c>f  it,  for  fearbf  uniting  againft  themfelves  thofe 
who  never  could  agree  in  any  other  meafure.  Don  Carlos 
propofed  and  accomplifhed  it  at  once,  in  confequence  of 
Li.;  never  having  (hewn  the  leaft  partiality  for  any  of  them, 
and  by  his  pfferingto  tlieir  acceptance  a  new  conftitution, 
favourable  to  them  all.     He  knew  that  fadtion  was  the  bane 

v  Mayerne  Turquet.  a  Chronique  de  Navarre.  L'Hiftoire 

du  Ivoyaumc  d  cNavarre, Ferreras.         *>  Favin,  Mayerue  T*uquet. 

of 


The  Hijhry  of  Navarre.  14$ 

I  governments,  and  therefore  removed  all  fup- 
.    it  to  the  utmult  of  his  pou 

i  between  the  crown  of  Caflile  and  the  Moors  Ohl\>ti  t§ 
m.ul.i  gave   the  king  of  Navarre  an  opportunity  of  make  a 

it  accomplifhed  knights  in  his  court  jf*J|  our  § 
afliftanccj  of  hib  neighbour,  Under  the  command  of 
tint  IV  la  Marche,  hisfon-in-law,  who  carried  with 
him  inio  Andalufia  a  c  ho  fen  corps  of  illuftrious  cavaliers. 
It  is  not  likely  that  Don  Carlos  ever   thought  of  making 
another  journey  into  France  ;  but  the  barbarous  aflaffina- 
tion  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  by  the  order  of  John  duke  of 
Burgundv,  excited  fuch  convulfiotis  in  the  court  and  king- 
.  that  the  queen  and  the  reft  of  the  princes  of  the 
blood  lent  a  preiling  invitation  to  the  king  of  Navarre  to 
come  and  aitift  them  with  his  advice,  as  well  as  to  add 
;)t  to  their  authority  by  his  prefence.     He  could  not 
well  refufe  this  requeit ;  and  therefore,  leaving  the  quecii 
again  regent,  lie  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was  received 
with  the  utmoft  kindnefsarjd  refpec~t,and  where  he  exerted 
Jus  utmoft  abilities  in  fupporr  of  the  unfortunate  Charles 
the  Sixth,  and  liis  family.     He  was  very  inftrumental  in 
bringing  about  the  two  pacifications  of  Chartres  and  Bi- 
nd in  this  la(l,  when  it  was  flipulated  that  all  the 
princes  of  the  blood  fliould  remain  at  a  proper  diftance 
from  the  court,  his   brother  Peter,  count  Mortain,  was 
excepted  c.     One  reafpn,  probably,  why  fuch  refpect  was 
paid  to  Don  Cailos  and  Don  Fedro  in  France,  might  be 
from  their  elofe  alliance  with  England,  where  Henry  the 
Fourth  had  married  Doxtaa  Joanna,  duchefs-dowager  of 
Britanny,  their  filter;  yet  they  did  not  avail  thcmfelvea 
at  all  of  that  alliance,  otherwise  tharuto  promote  the  peace 
and  fafety  of  the  kingdom.     At  length  Don  Carlos,  un- 
derstanding that  bis  daughter  Donna  Blanch,  queen  of 
Sicily,  was  befieged  by  iomc  feditiotfs  barorts  in  a  caftle 
in  that  kingdom,  he  returned  fpecdily  into  his  own  domi- 
nions, but  fo  as  to  take  Barcelona  in  his  way;  where  he 
found  an  ailembly  of  the  (tatcs  fitting,  who  paid  him  great 
honours,  and  promifed  to  exert  themfelvcs  powerfully  on 
the  behalf  of  his  daughter  i.     He  conferred  alfo  with  Don 
Martin  king  of  Arrugon,  their  fovereign,  who  even  then 
was  apprehenfive  of  troubles  in  his  dominions,  and  to 
\\  horn  he  promifed  powerful  fuccours  if  ever  they  fhould 
be  demanded,  which  promife  he  very  honourably  perform- 

i  ContiH.  Nnngii,  P.  Daniel,  Le  Gendre.  <J  L'Hiftoire  d* 

Royaume  d*  Navarre,  Zurtta  Anna).  Arragon,  Ferrrras. 

\!<tc.  Vol.  XIX.  U  ed, 


1^6  The  Hlftcry  of  Navarre. 

ed.  After  his  return  to  Pampeluna,  the  duke  of  Beria- 
vente,  who  had  been  long  a  Mate  prifoner  in  Caftile,  made 
his  efcape,  and  took  (helter  in  his  dominions,  where  the 
king  caufed  him  to  be  arretted  ;  but  directed  that  he  mould 
be  treated  at  the  fame  time  with  great  lenity  and  refpect. 
This  great  man  had  been  of  queen  Leonora's  faction,  a 
circumflance  which  might  induce  him  to  hope  the  coun- 
tenance of  the  court  of  Navarre;  but  Don  Carlos,  well 
acquainted  with  his  turbulent  behaviour,  would  not  trou- 
ble the  peace  of  his  dominions  for  the  fake  of  fuch  a  per- 
fone.  He  promifed,  therefore,  that  Don  Frederic,  duke 
of  Bcnavente,  mould  be  forthcoming,  and  delivered  up 
to  the  king  of  Caitile  j  which  promife,  however,  was  not 
performed  till  three  years  afterwards,  and  then  upon  cer- 
tain afTurances  that  he  (hould  not  be  harihly  ufed,  or  quef- 
tioned  for  this  efcape. 
The  death  It  was  in  a  great  meafure  owing  to  his  care  that  the 
of  queen  neighbouring  kingdom  of  Arragon  was  preferved  in  fome 
Leonora,  tolerable  degree  quiet  during  the  interregnum,  which  hap- 
pened on  the  death  of  the  king  Don  Martin  ;  and  it  was 
due  to  his  friendly  afliilance,  that  the  infant  Don  Ferdi- 
nand of  Caftile,  came  fo  peaceably  as  he  did  to  the  crown. 
Indeed,  the  attention  and  refpecr,  of  Don  Carlos  was  fo 
great,  not  only  to  the  affairs  of  his  own  country,  but  to 
thofe  of  all  the  kingdoms  round  him  ;  and  his  jultice  and 
moderation  were  fo  apparent,  that  though  he  interfered  in 
many,  if  not  moll  of  their  quarrels,  yet  he  took  part  in 
none,  but,  by  his  good  ofBces  and  authority,  compofed 
them  all f.  The  long  peace  he  had  procured  to  Navarre, 
and  the  many  amiable  qualities  of  this  prince,  had  fo  en- 
riched, improved,  and  peopled  his  dominions,  that  he 
was  far  more  powerful,  and  had  a  much  more  extenfive 
influence  than  any  of  his  predecefTors.  One  great  and 
lingular  inftance  of  his  excellent  temper  was  the  harmony 
in  which  he  lived  with  queen  Leonora,  notwith Handing 
the  reluctance  (he  had  fhcw.n  in  returning  to  him  from  the 
court  of  Caftile;  and  this  happy  union  continued  to  the 
time  of  her  death,  which  fell  out  on  the  27th  of  February, 
in  141 5,  at  the  new  palace  of  Olita,  from  whence  her 
corpfe  was  carried  to  Pampeluna,  and  there  interred  in 
the  jchoir  of  the  cathedral  with  all  poflible  demonftrations 
of  forrow  in  the  king  and  the  nation  in  general  s.     Many 

e  Mariana,  Mayerne  Turquet.  f  Fayin>  L'Hiftoire  du 

Royaume  de  Navarre,  Cbronique  dc  Navarre.  t  Mariana, 

Fcrreras. 

expected^ 


The  Hi /lory  of  Navarre.  ltf 

led,  as  he  had  no  fons,  the  king  would  not  hare  conti- 
nued long  a  widower ;  but  he  was  (o  good  a  father,  and 
thought  the  fiicceflion  fo  well  fettled,  that  it  does  not  ap- 
pear he  thought  of  a  fecond  marriage. 

John  de  Grailli,  count  de  Foix,  who  had  married  the  Rtlirvts'.hi 
eldell  daughter  of  the  king  Don  Carlos,  was  at  this  time  count  dt 
a  widower,  and  without  ifluc  ;  a  circumftance  which  ren-  *e'*' 

1  him  very  defirous  of  marrying  her  filler  Donna 
Blanch,  queen-dowager  of  Sicily.  It  might  poflibly  be  with 
this  view,  that  in  making  his  pilgrimage  to  Compoftella, 
he  took  Olita  in  his  way,  and  fpent  fome  time  there  with 
the  king  of  Navarre,  with  whom  he  judged  this  bufinef* 
of  the  marriage  to  be  fo  far  advanced,  that  he  had  procured 
a  difpenfation  from  the  pope;  but  while  he  was  intent  on 
his  devotions  at  the  tomb  of  St.  James,  his  neighbour,  the 
count  de  Armagnac  invaded  his  dominions,  and  laid  them 
wafle  with  fire  and  fword  b.  He  no  fooner  received  ad- 
vice of  this  outrage  than  he  returned  with  all  fpeed  into 
Navarre,  and  folicited  the  king  for  his  afliftance,  who  ge- 
neroufly  afTembled  a  body  of  forces,  which,  under  the 
command  of  his  natural  fon,  Godfrey  count  de  Cortes,  he 
fent  to  the  relief  of  the  count.  Having  afterwards  drawn 
together  a  fuperior  army,  he  marched  inperfon  to  join  the 
count  de  Foix,  and  with  him  marched  into  the  county  of 
Armagnac,  where,  by  way  of  rcprifals,  they  committed 
great  devaluation:. 5.  One  great  reafon  of  this  meafure  was 
to  prevent  excuriions  of  this  kind  in  the  neighbourhood 
bTnfs  dominions;  and  indeed  the  readinefs  with  which 
he  afforded  fuccours  to  his  allies,  and  the  efficacy  of  thole 
fuccours  when  afforded,  contributed  not  a  little  to  his 
fpending  the  beft  part  of  his  reign  in  peace.  In  the  pre-  AD.  141*; 
fent  cafe,  this  correction  had  fo  good  an  effect,  that  John  « 

count  of  Armagnac  entered  immediately  into  a  negocia- 
tion,  and  fome  years  after  married  Donna  Ifabella,  one  of 
the  king  of  Navarre's  daughters,  with  whom  he  had  a 
Fortune  of  one  hundred  thoufand  crowns,  which  in  thofe 
days  was  looked  upon  as  an  immenfe  fum. 

In  all  dilputes  between  the  king  Don  Juan  of  Caftile,  Donna 
and  the  king  and  infants  of  Arragon,who  were  alfo  princes  Btanc^ 
of  his  own  Loufe,  the  king  of  Navarre  obferved  an  exact  j)onjttgff 
neutrality,  and  interpofed  no  otherwife  than  by  his  good  0j  Cajtils, 
offices.     He  acted  with  the  like  circumfpection  when  the 
emperor  Sigifmund  made  a  tour  to  Perpignan,  fending 

*  L'Hiftoiredu  Royaume  <le  Navarre,  Mariana,  Chronique  de 
Naraxrt.  »  Ferret  is,  Mayerne  Turqutt. 

h  Z  tkiihej* 


*4&  thi  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

thither  hii>  fon  Godfrey,  count  of  Cortes  to  compliment 
him  ;  but  would  not  enter  into  his  fcheme  of  fettling  the 
papacy  farther  than  as  it  mould  prove  confident  with  the 
decree  of  a  general  council,  being  very  attentive  to  pre- 
vent, as  far  as  poflible,  any  ecclefiaftical  or  civil  difputes 
from  arifing  amongfl  his  fubjecls.  It  was  with  this  view 
that  he  acted  writh  fo  great  caution  in  the  marriage  of  the 
queen  of  Sicily,  who  was  to  be  his  heirefs ;  and  whom  he 
difpofed  of  at  length  to  the  infant  Don  Juan  of  Arragon, 
the  fon  of  Don  Ferdinand,  and  the  brother  of  Don  Alonfo, 
kings  of  Arragon.  By  the  contract  of  marriage  this 
princefs  had  four  hundred  and  twenty  thoufand  crowns  by 
way  of  dowry ;  and  it  was  farther  ilipulated,  that  in  cafe 
her  hufband  furvived  her,  he  Pnould  enjoy  the  crown  dur- 
ing his  life.  Thefe  points  being  fettled,  and  a  difpenfa- 
tion  obtained  from  pope  Martin  the  Fifth,  the  infant  Don 
Juan  fent  Don  Diego  Gomez  de  Sandoval,  and  thebifhop 
of  Calahorra,  with  his  full  powers  to  conclude  the  mar- 
riage ;  which  was  accordingly  celebrated  at  Olita,  on  the 
A.D.14.19.  5th  of  November,  to  the  entire  fatisfa&ioa  of  the  courts 

' of  Caftile,  Arragon,  and  Navarre  k. 

The  death        This  great  affair  being  difcufTed,  Don  Carlos  began  to 
cf  Don        indulge  the.  natural  bent  of  his  inclination  to  magnificence, 
.arUt.the    anfj  tjje  cu]t|vation  0f  thc  arts  of  peace  ;  in  which  he  fuc- 
ceeded  fo  much  thc  better,  as  all  the  kingdoms  round  him 
were  in  a  ftateof  confufion  ;  fo  that  men  of  abilities  in  all 
proftfiions  retired  into  Navarre,   and  became  the  orna- 
ments of  a  court  where  politenefs  may  be  faid  to  reign. 
On  thc  29th  of  May  the  queen  Donna  Blanch,  was  deli-* 
vered  at  Arevalo  of  a  fon,  who  was  named  Carlos  in  ho- 
nour of  his  grandfather,  and  whofe  fponfors  wcie    Don 
Juan  king  of  CalHle,  and  at  his  requeit  Don  Alvaro  de 
Luna ',  who  was  fo  intoxicated  with  this  honour,    that 
he  was  unacquainted  with   moderation  ever   after.     As 
foon  as  the  young  prince  was  wenned,  the  good  old  mo- 
narch  fent   for   him  to  court.     Having  erected  that  feig- 
niory  into  a  principality,  he  declared  him  prince  of  Viana, 
and  heir  of  Navarre,  with  great  folemnity,  and  by  a  law 
pub'ifiied   the  20th  of  January,  inverted  the  heir  appa- 
A.D.i4i^  rent  of  the  crown  of  Navarre  with  that  title,  and  with  the 
1  lands  annexed  to  it  for  ever  m.     About  five  months  after 

he  obliged  the   flares  of  the  kingdom  to  acknowlege   thc 

k  L'Hiftoire  d»  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ziirita  Annal.  Arragon, 
Fernan  Perez  de  Guzman,  Mariana,  Mayerne  Turquet.  1  Cbto- 
fiique  de  Navarre.  *  P.  Moret. 

young. 


The  Wiftory  of  Navarre.  %^g 

young  Don  Carlos  in   tint  quality.     He  had  the  fatisfac- 

oh  the  9th  of  June,  in  the  year  following,  to  fee  his 

daughter  delivered  of  the  infanta  Donna  Blanch  -,  but  he 

not  fo  fortunate  as  he  expected  in  his  endeavours  to 
prevent  a  rupture  between   the  crowns  of  Arragon  and 
inch   did   not  hinder  him  from  purfuing,  with 
indefatigable  diligence,  fo  good  a  defign.     On  Saturday 
Bth  o(  September,  14.25,  he  was  feized  with  a  faint- 
tit,  in  his  palace    at    Olita,  which   was  followed  by 
rvoplexy    that  removed    him  from    this  life  n.      His 
iiter  Donna  i^ianch  was  then  with  him,  and  caufed 
his  body  to  be  buried  in  the   cathedral  church  of  Pampe- 
i.ie  folemnity  °.     He  was,  fays  Ferreras, 
a  prince  equally  illuitrious  by  the  noblencfs  of  his  fenti- 
ments  and  of  his  actions,  and  enjoyed  the  true  felicity  of 
a  great  king,  that  of  being  tenderly  beloved  by  his   fub» 
jefts.     He  died  in  the   fi.\cy-fourth  year  of  his  age,   and 
the  thirty-ninrh  or   his  reign  •,  and   by  his  own  order  his 
body  was  interred  by  that  of  his  deceafed  queen  Leonora. 
His   daughter,  the  queen  Donna  Blanch,  after  three  days 
: aiing,  fent  the  royal  Itandard  of  Navarre  to  the  camp 
of  the  king  of  Arragon,  where  it  was  difplayed  for  the  in* 
fant  Don  Juan  her  huiband. 


SECT.      V. 

From  the  Acceffion  of  Don  Juan  and  Donna  Blanch  of 
Navarre  and  Arragon*  to  the  Union  of  the  Crozvns  of 
Frame  and  Navarre,  in  the  Perjbn  of  henry  of 
Bourbon. 

THE  very  beginning  of  the  new  reign  was  difturbed  Aeeeffionof 
with  fufpicions.     The  nobility  and  clergy  were  not  Donna 
well  pleafed  with  lending  the  royal  ftandard  out  of  the  Blanch  and 
kingdom,  or  with  being  conftrained  to  acknowlcge  a  fo-  D™  J**n 
reign  prince  for  their   fovereign,  before  he  had  fwom  to  ,ot'^^' 
refpeci  their  privileges,  and  to  maintain  the  liberties  of  jom  0ffla. 
the  people,  who  fpeedily  caught  the  fame  fpirit  of  uneafi-  warn. 
nefs;  and  when  a  nation   is  once  generally  indifpofed, 
they  are  feldom,    and   with   great   difficulty,  recovered. 
Queen   Blanch   quickly   perceived   this  difcontent,    and 

n  L'Hiftoiredu  Royaumede  Navarre,  Faviu,  Mayerne  Turquet» 
9  £urita  .innal.  Arragon.  Cluonique  de  Navarre. 

L  3  therct 


15®  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

therefore  preffed  the  king,  as  foon  as  the  peace  was  mjJc 
with  Cadile,  to  make  a  tour  to  Navarre,  which  he  did  ; 
but  he  neither  (laid  long,  nor  took  much  pains  to  render 
himfelf  agreeable  ?.  He  had  great  eftates  in  Cadile, 
where  he  himfelf  and  his  brother  enjoyed  vail  power  •,  and, 
in  confequence  of  their  cabals,  held  the  king  as  it  were  in 
leading-firings.  In  Arragon  he  met  with  the  fame  kind- 
of  refpe6t,  being  the  brother  and  prefumptive  heir  of  one 
of  the  mod  generous  kings  that  ever  reigned,  himfelf  very- 
brave,  much  attached  to  his  countrymen,  and  procuring 
them  great  eftablifhments  in  Cadile,  fometimes  by  in- 
tered,  and  fometimes  by  forced.  He  went,  therefore, 
but  by  darts  into  Navarre,  where,  finding  himfelf  more 
redrained,  and  his  authority  bounded  by  limits  which  he 
would  not  give  himfelf  the  trouble  to  unde.rftand,  he  con- 
ceived a  notion  that  he  was  great  as  a  prince  and  little  as 
a  king,  a  confideration  which  rendered  him  fo  cool  and 
inattentive  to  their  concerns,  that  it  was  near  four  ] 
before  he  was  crowned.  At  length  this  ceremony  was 
/VJ>.  1419.  performed  on  the  15th  of  M.iv,  at  Pampeluna,  when  he 

* and  his  confort  took  the  ufual  oaths  •,  and,  according  to  a 

cudom  that  had  prevailed   from    the  time  of  the  Goths, 
the  king  and  queen  were  cxpofed  to  the  public  view  of 
their  fubje&s,  each  of  them  feated  on  a  buckler,  fupport- 
ed  by  the  deputies  from  the  principal  towns  in  their  do- 
minions r. 
Tpie  dtath        The  king  of  Arragon  and  his  brother,  in  conjunction 
$fthf  queen  with  the  malecontents  of   Cidile,    having  renewed  the 
Donna         war  againd  the  monarch  of  that  country,  he  in   revenge 
platen,       commanded  the  people  of  Bifcay,  and  the  adjacent  pro- 
vinces, to  make    irruptions   into  Navarre,    where    they 
committed  terrible  devadations.    He  likewife  declared  the 
king  of  Navarre,  his  brother  the  infant  Don  Henry,  and 
their  adherents,  rebels  ;  confiscated  all  their  edates ;  and, 
,  as  the  fured  way  to  reduce  them,  didributed  thole  edates 

r.mongd  the  mod  potent  of  the  nobility  in  Cadile,  a  mea- 
fure  which  had  its  effect,  and  at  the  fame  time  mortified 
the  people  of  Navarre  extremely  *.  The  conventions  and 
treaties  made  from  time  to  time  between  the  princes  of 
Arragon  and  Don  Juan  of  Cadile,  fubfided  no  longer 
than  either  their  own  or  the  intcreits  of  their  refpedlive 

v  Zunta  Annal.  Arragon,  Garibay,  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de 
TCavarre.  q  Favin,  C»  onique  de  Navarre,   MaytincTur- 

cjutt,  Zurita.  r  F'Hiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarie,  Fev* 

yfraj,  »  Ftraan.  Pcrex  de  Guzman,  Mariana. 

favouritei 


The  Hijiory  of  Navarre,  15 1 

favourites  directed.     It  was  in  purfuance  of  tins  maxim 
that  the  king  of  Navarre  contracted  his  younger  daughter  ad  i43?. 
Donna  Leonora  to  Gallon  cle  Foix ;  and  we  have  an  in-   ■ 
dubitable  mark  of  the  declenfion  of  this  kingdom,  in  the 
fortune  he  gave  her,  which  was  fifty  thoufand  crowns. 

defire  of  aggrandizing  his  family  induced  the  king  A.D.143S. 

of  Navarre  to  accompany  his  brother  into  Italy,  where ""** 

he  was  taken  prifoner  in  an  engagement  at  fea,  to  the 
great  grief  of  the  queen  his  contort,  and  the  aftonilh- 
mcr.t  of  his  fubjecb  l.  He  was  releafcd  either  at  the  clof« 
of  that,  or  the  beginning  of  the  next  year,  when  he  rer 
turned  into  Spain,  with  his  head  filled  with  new  projects; 
in  feeking  to  execute  which,  he  exhaultcd  the  forces  and 
the  treafure  of  Navarre  and  Arragon,  The  hopes  of  his 
fubjec~ts  in  the  firlt  mentioned  kingdom  relied  entirely  on 
his  fon  Don  Carlos,  prince  of  Viana  ;  and  it  was  to  gra- 
tify their  defires  that  he  negotiated  and  concluded  a  mar-  A.D.  1439. 
ri.ige  for  him  with  the  princefs  Anne,  daughter  to  the  ■ 

duke  of  Cleves,  and  niece  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy u. 
He  had  before  engaged  his  eldeft  daughter  Donna  Blanch 
to  Don  Henry,  prince  of  Afturias;  and  being  fummoned 
to  complete  this  marriage,  he  carried  her  with  the  queen 
his  confort,  and  the  grcatefl  part  of  the  nobility,  to  Valla- 
dolid,  where,  on  the  15th  of  September,  flic  was  married, 
to  the  infant  Don  Henry  w,  with  fuch  pomp  and  rejoic- 
ings as  till  then  had  not  been  feen  in  Spain ;  notwith- 
flanding  which,  this  alliance  began  and  ended  in  forrow, 
Don  Henry  proving  impotent,  a  circumftance  which  the 
Uriel  honour  and  modefty  of  that  princefs  induced  her  to 
conceal,  till  his  own  folly  and  fury  expofed  it.  The  ce- 
remony was  fcarce  over,  befcre,  through  the  intrigues 
of  the  king  of  Navarre,  the  prince  put  himfelf  at  the  head 
pf  a  party  againft  his  father ;  and  the  fenfe  of  thefe  mil- 
fortunes,  joined  to  the  forefight  of  the  tonfequences  that 
were  like  to  attend  them,  broke  the  heart  of  queen  Blanch, 
who  had  remained  in  Caflile  from  the  time  of  the  marri? 
age,  and  who  left  all  to  her  fon  Don  Carlos ;  but  with 
an  exprefs  command  not  to  affume  the  title  of  king,  with- 
out the  leave  of  his  father.  She  deceafed  at  Santa  Maria  de 
Nieva,  April  the  3d,  144 1,  in  the  fixteenth  year  of  her 
reign,  leaving  her  fon  about  the  age  of  twenty  -one,  and 
her-  daughter  Donna  BJanch  about  feventeen x. 

*  Chronique  de  Navarre,  Ferreras,  Mayerne  Turquct*  ■  Fa- 

yin,  L'Hittoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Zurita.  w  Fernan. 

fereide  Guzman,  *  Alonfo  de  Palencia, 

L  4  Th« 


X52  The  Hijhry  of  Navarre. 

The  death        The  king,  after  the  deceafe  of  his  confort,  though  ho 
oftheprin-  retained  that  title,  yet  left  the  affairs  of  Navarre  to  be 
tffs  °f         adminiftered  by  the  prince  01  Yiana,  who  was  very  juitiy 
ia"q'         confidered    as    the   moft   amiable  perfon   of  his  rank   in 
that  age.      He  had  a   fine   peifon,  excellent   parts,  and 
having  been  educated  by  thole  great  men,  whom  the  vir- 
tues of  hjs  grandfather  had  invited  to  his  court,  he  had  a 
thorough  tindture  of  all  polite  literature.     He  disapprov- 
ed his  father's   meafures   in   fomenting  the  troubles   of 
Caftile,  more    efpecially  after  his  marriage  with  Donna 
Joanna,  daughter  of  Don  Frederic    Enriquez,  conllable 
of  Caftile,  purely  with  a  view   to  unite  him  and  the  relt 
of  the  malecontent  lords  more  clofeiy  to  his  party.     Ho 
alfo  difliked  the  feducing  the  prince  of  Afturias.,  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, from   the  duty  he  owed  to  the  king  his  fa- 
ther; and  it  was  upon  thefe  principles  that  when  the  king 
Don  Juan  of  Navarre  had  cauful  fome  inroads  to  be  made. 
^.D.  144S.  on  the  fide  of  Navarre  into  Caftile,  chiefly  by  the  Gaf- 
*   .< " '         cons  in  his  pay,  by  whom  fome  places  were  taken,  the 
prince  Don  Carlos  caufed  them  immediately  to  bereftor- 
ed.     He  oppofed,  from  the  fame  motive,  though  lie  had 
a  lingular  regard  for  the  governor,  his  father's  marching 
to  the  relief  of  the  caftle  of  Mauleon  de  ':>oule,  in  which 
he  a£ted  as  an  auxiliary  to  the  crown  of  England  againil 
the   French,  being  defirous,  if  it  h?,d  been   poihble,  to 
maintain  a  ftrict  tranquility  in   Navarre,  which  he  per- 
ceived to  be  tlie  fepret  his  grandfather  ufed  to  render  his: 
dominions  rich  and  fiourifhing,  while  a  contrary  conduct 
weakened  and  impovcrifhed  thofe  of  his  neighbours.    The 
king  his  father  did  not  relifh  his  advice;  but  on  the  con- 
trary, inftigated  by  his  mother-in-law,  began  to  look  with 
an  eye  of  fufpicion  on   all  his  actions.     About  this  time, 
fhat  is  on  the  6th  of  April,  died  his  contort  the  princefs 
Anne  of  Cleves,  at  the  caltle  of  Olita,  fiom  whence  her 
corpfe  was  transferred  to  Pampeluna,  and  buried  in  the 
cathedral  with   all    fuitable  ceremony,     the  king  being 
prefent  ^. 
jpifpu^s  X}ie  king  of  Navarre,  partly  from  his  own  averfion  to 

*"™k)en  the  king  of  Caftile,  and  partly  through  the  inftigation  of 
'mndhisfon.  n's  queen,  continued  to  pvattife  every  method  poffibie  to, 
diiturb  the  peace  of  that  country,  e;nd  to.  augment  the 
mifunderftandings  in  the  royal  family,  which  in  the  end, 
^urned  every  way  to  his  own  difadvantage.  His  filters, 
the  queen-dowager  of  Portugal  and  the  reigning  queer* 

y  favin,  Zurita,  Chronicpae  de  Navarre,  Fcrrcras, 


Tie  Hiftoy  of  Navarre.  jej 

of  Caftile,  were  removed  by  poifon,  his  brother  Don 
Henry  was  flain  in  the  field,  himfelf  defeated  after  being 
-am  u  fed  with  a  fallacious  treaty :  his  fon-in-law,"  the 
prince  of  Afturias,  was  taken  entirely  out  of  his  hands, 
and  reconciled  to  the  king  his  father  by  the  conftable  Don 
Alvaro  de  Luna,  who  fo  far  merited  his  matter's  fr.vour, 
as  that  by  thefe  expedients  he  delivered  him  from  his 
<lifiiculties,  and  put  it  in  his  power  to  revenge  the  injuries 
he  had  received  from  the  king  of  Navarre,  by  fending  his 
ion  the  prince  of  Afturias  to  invade  his  dominions,  and 
following  him  with  a  fuperior  army.  Mariana  and  other 
Spanifh  hiftorians  fuggeft  that  this  war  was  undertaken 
by  the  crown  of  Caftile,  in  fupport  of  Don  Carlos,  prince 
of  Viana,  againft  his  father:  whereas,  in  truth,  their 
differences  were  fo  far  from  eaufing  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  that  they  fprang  only  out  of  the  conclufion 
of  it.  The  prince  of  Alturias  inclined  at  firlt  to  befiege 
Viana-,  but  rinding  that  place  well  provided,  he  amufed. 
himfelf  with  taking  fome  towns  of  lef3  importance,  till,  up- 
on joining  his  father,  they  concluded  to  inveft  Eftella.  If 
the  prince  of  Viana  had  been  a  wicked  man,  and  a  thorough 
politician,  he  would  certainly  have  remained  quiet  at 
Pampeluna;  more  efpecially  if  he  had  maintained  any  in- 
telligence with  the  Caftiliaqs,  fince  the  queen  his  mother- 
in-hw  was  in  the  place,  and  if  taken  mu(t  have  fallen  in- 
to their  hands:  but  he,  as  foon  as  the  news  reached' 
them,  demanded  a  fafe-condudt,  went  to  the  camp  of 
the  king  of  Caftile,  and  having  concluded  with  him  a 
treaty  of  neutrality  for  Navarre,  engaged  him  and  the 
prince  his  fon  to  raife  the  fiege,  and  to  retire  into  their 
own  dominions.  The  king  of  Navarre's  refuting  to  ratify 
this  treaty,  and  with  a  body  of  troops  from  Arragon  com- 
mitting on  the  fide  of  Navarre  holtilities  againft  Caftile, 
occafioned  the  breach  between  them,  the  prince  of  Viana 
thinking  himfelf  obliged  to  adhere  to  that  treaty  which  his 
father  difapproved  2. 

But  the  great  fource  of  the  war  Was  the  ftate  of  the  king-  Thetrinct 
dom  itfelf.     Wealth,  eafe,  and  luxury  had  revived  and  dijtattd 
nourifhed  that  fpirit  of  faction  always  too  common  in  that  ond taken 
(country.     The  Beaumonts,  at  the  head  of  whom  was  the  Prif<"ltr* 
conftable  of  Navarre,  adhered  to  Don  Carlos  :  they  per- 
fuaded  him  that  he  had  an  immediate  right  to  the  king- 
dom; that  it  was  his  duty  to  maintain  and  exercifc  this 
right  for  the  prefervation  of  his  fubjecls,  fince  the  activi- 


f  Mariana,  Zurita,  Mayerne  Tunjuet. 


% 


A.D.  1452. 


154.  T01  Hi/!oty  of  Navarre. 

tj  and  Intrigues  of  his  father  would  other  wife  exhauft  and 
ruin  it.  The  Gramonts,  on  the  other  hand,  who  had  at 
their  head  the  marquis  de  Cortes,  a  baftard  of  the  royal 
blood,  made  their  court, to  the  king,  by  alluring  him  that 
he  had  a  clear  right  to  the  crown  during  his  natural  life ; 
that  his  meafures  were  perfectly  prudent,  and  would  cer- 
tainly be  attended  with  fuccefs,  if  not  counteracted  by  his 
fon  ;  and  that  the  people  of  Navarre  in  gen  ;ral  were  very 
,  defirous  of  efpoufing  his  quarrel  ag.sinil  Caitile.  Don  Ju- 
an and  Don  Carlos  were  both  princes  of  good  qualities 
and  fhining  abilities,  and  yet  both  impofed  upon  and  mif- 
Jed  by  the  infinuations  of  perfons  much  inferior  to  them 
in  all  refpecls.  This  mifunder  Handing  brought-on  a  bat- 
tie,  in  wnich  the  king's  life  was  in  the  urmoft  danger ; 
and  at  the  clefe  of  which  the  prince  of  Viana  was  taken 
prifoncrby  the  king's  natural  fon  Don  Alonfo*,  who,  not- 
withstanding, reat  affection  for  him  ;  and  Maria- 
na allures  us  the  prince  was  fo  fenfible  of  it,  r  ->d  fo  much 
afraid  of  his  mother-in-law's  finiiler  defigns,  that  he 
would  take  no  food  during  the  time  of  his  confinement 
but  from  his  brother b,  which  precaution,  well  cr  ill 
founded,  rendered  her  univerfally  detefted. 

The  king  Don  Juan  took  great  pains  to  fecure  the  per- 
foii  of  his  fon,  fending  him  firft  to  the  caftle  of  Taialla, 
then  to  the  fortrefs  of  Mallen,  and  from  thence  to  that  of 
Monroy  c.  Thefe  precautions  ferved  only  to  heighten  fuf- 
picions,  and  to  incrcafc  the  jealoufies  of  his  fubjetls. 
The  ftates  of  Navarre  were  the  open  partizans  of  the  prince : 
his  uncle  the  king  of  Arragon  interpofed  in  his  behalf; 
and  the  ftates  of  that  kingdom  interceded  for  him  with 
great  warmth  d.  In  Caftile  the  prince  of  Afturias,  who 
had  long  maltreated  his  wife,  the  king  of  Navarre's  daugh- 
ter, now  to  fhew  his  hatred  of  him,  procured  a  divorce, 
and  fenthome  the  princefs  Blanch,  who  being  as  ill  treat- 
ed by  her  mother-in-law  as  the  prince  Don  Carlos,  ferved 
to  heighten  the  ill  opinion  the  world  entertained  of  that 
queen,  which  was  but  too  ftrong  before.  At  length  I 
A.D.  1453.  Juan,  to  fatisfy  the  defires  of  all  Spain,  admitted  pi  a 
»  treaty,  by  which  his  own  revenues  were  to  be  reftored  tQ 

Don  Carlos,  thofe  of  the  kingdom  to  be  divided  between 
them,  and  the  prince  reftored  to  his  liberty  •,  which  lait 
article  was  executed  after  many  delays,  and  with  fuch  re- 


Rfl/afecf, 
tut  >tver 
truly  recon 

aled. 


a  L'Hiftoiredu  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon, 
Chronique  de  Navarre.  b  Hiftorie  Generate  de  Hifpana. 

'  Mayerne  Turque*.  *  2urita  Annal.  Arragon. 

lu&ancy 


Tie  Hijlory  of  Navarre.  15$ 

incy  as  fhewed  that  the  peace  would  not  continue  1> 
It  would  require  fome  time  and  fpaee  to  point  out  the  pre- 

1  which  the  troubles  of  Navan 
It  is  fufficient   for  our  purpofe  to  f;iy,  that  they  were  no 
,  than  pr  j  and  that  the  ieverity  of  the  father 

on  one  fide,  the  ambition  of  the  fon  on  the  other,  and  the 
determined  opinion  of  both  that  they  were  in  the  right, 
the  real  motives  which  frultrated  all  ncgociations  for 
a  folid  peace,  and  rendered  them  after  every  conference 
difpofed  to  a  reconciliation  than  they  were  before  it. 
Bsfides,  the  prince  Don  Carlos  relied  upon  the  affections 
of  the  people,  who  were  in  reality  much  attached  to  him, 
upon  the  good-will  of  the  king  of  Caltile,  though  in  truth 
that  proceeded  only  from  hatred  to  his  father,  and  the 
hopes  that  the  ftatcs  of  Arragon  and  Catalonia  would  in- 
terpole  in  his  favour.  On  the  other  hand,  the  king  Don  A.D.  145*. 
Juan  piqued  himfelf  upon  his  authority  and  experience  ;  — — — 
his  military  fkill,  as  indeed  he  was  a  great  captain;  and 
his  ability  in  managing  political  intrigues,  in  which  he  al- 
ways took,  and  often  followed  the  advice  of  his  queen,  who 
was  a  princefs  of  great  addrefs. 

At  length  the  civil  war  broke  out  again  in  Navarre,  Progrtfs  of 
where  it  had  never  been  thoroughly  compofed.  Thofe  of  tfiele  dlf" 
the  prince's  party  began  it  by  furprifing  St.  Jean  de  Pie  de  '"  "* 
Port,  the  king  being  then  at  a  difl?nce,  a  circumflance 
which  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  fubduing  the  beft  part 
of  Navarre,  the  princefs  Blanch  giving  her  brother  all  the 
affiftancc  (lie  could  c.  Thefe  hoftilities  provoked  Don 
Juan  to  fuch  a  degree,  that,  lofing  all  fenfe  of  paternal 
tendernefs,  he  eftablifhed  fuch  a  commiihon  as  declared^, 
upon  the  evidence  he  produced  to  them,  that  both  the 
prince  Don  Carlos  and  the  infanta  Donna  Blanch  were 
guilty  of  high-treafon,  and  incapable  of  fucceeding.  This 
itep  once  taken,  he  difinherited  both  in  the  moft  folemn 
manner ;  and  declared  his  younger  daughter,  and  in  her 
right  the  count  de  Foix,  to  whom  fhe  was  married,  his 
heirs,  appointing  him  general  of  his  forces,  and  directing 
him  to  reduce  Navarre  f.  To  fecure  fuccefs  to  this  plan, 
he  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  French  king  Charles  the 
Seventh,  and  procured  his  approbation  of  his  conduct:  to- 
wards his  fon,  which,  perhaps,  he  might  r.ot  have  done 
if  Charles  had  not  been  at  this  time  upon  very  bad  terms 

e  L'Hiftoire  chi  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Aharca,  MayerneTur- 
ljuet.  \  Zurita,  Chronique  de  Navarre. 

With 


|5$  The  Hijlo-ry  of  Navarre, 

with  the  dauphin,  his  heir  apparent  g.  Next  fpring  the 
count  tie  Foix,  having  joined  a  corps  of  French  and  Arra- 
gonefe  troops  to  his  own,  entered  Navarre,  and  by  dint 
of  fuperior  force,  defeated  and  dithpatcd  the  troops  of 
Don  Carlos;  fo  that  having  put  fuificicnt  garriibns  into 
Pampeluna,  and  other  fomdlcs,  which  he  committed  to 
the  principal  lords  of  his  party*  and  having  recommended 
them  to  the  protection  of  the  king  of  Cailile,  he  rcfolved 
to  make  a  tour  himfclf  into  France,  and  pais  from  th 
into  Italy,  It  is  fomewjut  uncertain  whether  he  had  an 
audience  of  Charles  the  Seventh  or  not ;  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  he  continued  his  journey  to  Rome,  where  he 
was  treated  with  great  kindnefs  and  refpect  hy  the  pope  ; 
from  whence  he  proceeded  to  Naples,  in  order  to  pay  hia 
reCpe&s  to  his  uncle  h.  While  he  was  thus  employed,  the 
ting  his  father  fummoned  the  deputies  of  all  the  towns  lie 
held  in  Navarre  to  meet  at  Efleila,  where  they  confirmed 
the  diipofition  the  king  had  made,  and  declared  hi*  daugh- 
ter Donna  Leonora  heirefs  of  the  kingdom  '.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  inhabitants  of  Pampeluna,  and  the  other 
places  in  the  interefl  of  Don  Carlos,  proclaimed  him  king;, 
which  mcafure  he  did  not  at  all  approve,  as  not  having  force 
A  I>.H57  t0  fuPPort  »r-  I"  this  flate  of  things,  Don  Alonfo  king  of 
y, ,  Arra^on  intcrpofed,  and  prevented  the  count  de  Foix  from 

fubduing  the  kingdom,  by  engaging  Don  Juan  to  leave  his 
concerns  to  the  determination  of  his  brother,  as  the  prince 
of  Vianahad  already  done ;  on  which  Don  Alonfo  declar- 
ed all  the  proceedings  againfl  the  prince  and  the  infanta 
null  and  void  k.  It  is  very  probable  that  through  the.  pru- 
dence and  probity  of  this  monarch  thefe  difputes  might 
have  been  compofed  \  but  before  he  was  able  to  efjecl:  this 
aim,  Don  Alonfo  bimfelf  died,  not  in  the  moll  per  feel- 
terms  of  friendthip  with  his  nephew,  on  account  of  the 
offers  that  had  been  made  him  of  the  crown  of  Naples,  by 
forne  maleeontcnt  lords,  to  the  prejudice  of  his  natural  fon 
Don  Ferdinand,  for  whom  he  had  the  higheft  teu4ernefs. 
On  this  account  it  was  that  he  intimated  to  his  nephew, 
that  it  would  be  prudent  for  him  to  retire  into  Sicily, 
where  he  remained  ibrne  time,  much  to  the  mortification 
of  his  father,  to  whom  that  kingdom  devolved,  with  the 
reft  of  the  dominions  of  Arragon,  from  an  apprchenfion 

s  P.  Daniel,  Mexeray,  Ferreras.  h  L'Hiftoire  Hn  Roy- 

anme  c!e  Navarre,    Garibay,    Mayerne  Turquet.  ■  Zun;a 

,  Ann».  Arragon.  k  Abarca, 

that 


Th  Uiflory  of  Nuvarrf.  t$f 

he  would  fuze  it  as  an  equivalent  for  Navarre,  of 
h  he  had  declared  Donna  Leonora,  counl  oil, 

queen,  to  the  no  fmall  dMl'atisfaclion  of  his  fubjects. 
But  the  prince  freed  him  from  thefe  perplexities,  by  allur- 
ing him  that  he  was  ready  to  go  into  any  part  of  his  domi- 
nions he  pleafed,  raid  refide  there  as  a  private  pcrfon  for 
the  future.  A  refolutkm  that  would  have  been  highly  ad- 
vantageous to  both  parties  could  cither  have  been  (inrcre. 

Wc  have  related  clfe  where  the  manner  and  motives  oi'The<3ffh^ 
Ills  return  into  his  father's  dominions, and  the  tranfaclions  r*d*4e*** 
that  followed  thereupon;  the  two  negotiations  for  his '  r^u<t 
marriage  with  a  princefs  of  Portugal,  and  the  infanta 
Donna  Ifabella  of  Caftilc  ;  his  being  arretted,  after  all  the 
exterior  marks  of  a  thorough  reconciliation  with  his  father 
at  Lcrida ;  his  bcin^  reft d red  to  his  liberty  by  the  infur- 
mi  of  the  Catalans  in  his  favour;  the  ceilion  of  that 
principality,  which  his  father  was  obliged  to  make;  and 
liis  death  within  a  fhort  fpaco  after,  on  the  23d, of  De- 
cember, in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1461,  and  in  the  forty- 
fiiit  vear  of  his  age,  whether  of  melancholy  or  of  poifon 
is  very  uncertain.  He  left  behind  him  three  natural  chil- 
dren, two  fons  and  a  daughter  ;  the  elded,  Don  Philip, 
applied  hirnfelf  to  arms,  and.  was  preferred  and  carefTed 
by  his  uncle  Don  Ferdinand,  afterwards  furnamed  the  Ca- 
tholic; the  younger,  Don  Juan  Alonfo,  became  an  ec- 
clefiaftic.  As  for  the  daughter,  Donna  -Agnes  de  Na- 
varre, fhc  clpoufcd  the  duke  de  Medina  Cceh,  who  in  her 
right  would  have  laid  claim  to  the  kingdom  of  Navarre, 
pretending  that  the  deceafed  prince  had  efpoufed  her  mo- 
ther ;  an  ailertion  which,  however,  is  not  at  all  pro- 
bable, fince  it  is  very  certain  the  prince  by  his  laft  teila- 
ment  called  to  the  iucceflion  of  Navarre  his  Gftcr  Donna 
Blanch,  to  whom  of  right  it  belonged  '.  His  death  was 
far  from  extinguiihing  the  difturbances  that  had  been  raif- 
ed  on  his  account.  In  Catalonia  the  people  feemed  dif- 
pofed  to  obey  any  fovereign  but  their  own  in  Navarre. 
TheCnCtilians,  under  pretence  of  revenging  the  death  of 
Don  Carlos,  committed  horrid  devastations;  and  the  count 
de  Foix,  and  his  Gafcons,  who  pretended  to  be  in  arms 
for  Don  Juan,  did  as  much  mifchief  as  they  could  to  all 
xvhom  they  flyled  rebels.  Thus  the  country  was  depopu- 
lated and  deliroyed  on  every  fide;  fo  that  mod  of  the  im- 
provements made  by  Don  Carlos  the  Noble  were  buried 

«  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Zurita  Annal-  Arragon, 

AbifCA. 

in 


158  The  Hijlory  of  Navarre. 

in  their  own  ruins.  Don  Juan,  who  had  received  thla 
crown  in  its  greateft  lultre,  and  when  the  territories  be-* 
longing  to  it  were  in  the  mod  flourifhing  State,  faw  it  now 
in  the  mod  low  and  languishing  condition.  He  had  even 
the  mortification  to  hear  his  fubjects  almoil  univerfally 
aicribe  his  misfortunes  and  their  own  to  his  ambitious  and 
unquiet  difpofition ;  to  the  unjuft  treatment  his  fbn  had 
met  with;  and  above  all,  to  the  intrigues  of  his  queen, 
who  was  faid  to  have  poifoned  her  fon -in-law ;  to  have 
been  (truck  with  a  cancer  as  a  judgment  from  heaven  ; 
and  to  have  confefled  this  crime  upon  her  death-bed,  at 
which  the  king  was  fo  much  (hocked  that  he  inStantly 
quitted  the  room,  and  could  never  be  prevailed  upon  to 
vifit  her  afterwards  m. 
JndofhU  But  Don  Carlos  w,"-.  not  the  only  victim  of  thefe  in- 
Jj/ier Donna  trigucs.  The  king  Don  Juan,  finding  himfelf  fo  embar- 
Manch.  .jailed  on  all  fides,  refolvcd  to  deliver  up  the  unfortunate 
Donna  Blanch,  his  elded  daughter,  into  the  power  of  her 
younger  filler;  and  under  pretence  of  marrying  her  to 
Charles  duke  of  Berry,  he  carried  her  by  force  over  the 
Pyrenees.  In  her  paflage  (he  wrote  a  pathetic  letter  to  Don 
Henry,  king  of  Caftile  1.  She  afterwards  made  a  folemn 
prqtclt,  that  in  cafe  fhe  ihould  be  obliged  to  renounce  her 
ju(t  right  to  the  fuccetfion  in  favour  of  her  fitter,  or  of  her 
brother  Don  Ferdinand,  fuch  renunciation  ihould  be  null 
and  void,  as  being  directly  oppoGte  to  her  intention,  and 
A.D.  1462.  extorted  from  her  by  violence.  Some  few  days  after  fhe 
.    .  made  a  full  and  a  free  cefllon  of  all  her  rights  to  the  king- 

dom of  Navarre,  in  favour  of  Henry  king  of  Caftile,  and 
his  heirs,  in  confidcration  of  that  constant  protection 
which  he  had  at  all  times  afforded  to  her  deceafed  brother 
and  herfclf.  After  fhe  was  delivered  up  fhe  was  fent  to 
the  caille  of  Orthes  in  Beam,  and  there  kept  in  clofe  cuf- 
tody  23  a  prifoner  of  ftate  by  thofe  who  ought  to  have 
confklered  her  as  their  fovereign.  This  wicked  proceed- 
ing being  attended  with  the  molt  difagreeable  events,  the 
king,  either  forced  by  the  exigency  of  his  affairs,  or  be- 
ginning to  have  a  true  fenfe  of  the  cruel  ufage  of  his 
daughter,  concluded  a  new  treaty  with  the  Beaumonts, 
who  had  always  adhered  to  her  and  her  brother's  intereft. 
He  reflored  them  to  their  eflates  and  dignities,  arfd  under- 
took that  his  daughter  Donna  Blanch  fhould  return  into 
Navarre,  and  that  the  whole  affair  of  the  fucceffion  Should 

»  Chroniqiie  de  Navarre,  Mayerne  Turquer,  Zurita.      n  L'Hif- 
toiie  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Alonfo  de  Palencia,  Mariana. 

be 


Eiflory  of  Navarre.  159 

be  regulated  in  an  aflembly  of  the  dates,  to.  which  fettle- 
count  of  Foix  was  to  give  his  confent.     Hut  to 
nt  the  effects  of  tin's  treaty,  the  countefs  of  Foix 
cauled  her  filter  to  be  poifoned  in  the  place  of  her  con- 
finement, *rhere  fhe  expired  December  the  2d,  1464. 

this  melancholy  event  the  treaty  before  mentioned  A',<w  trou- 
entirely  defeated,  and  things  (till  remained  in  a  very  btuin  Na» 
unfettled  condition  in  this  kingdom,  while  the  reft  of  the  varrt. 
dominions  of  Don  Juan  laboured  under  all  the  miferies 
bf  a  civil  war.     However,  Don  Juan    ilill  kept  the  title, 
and  in  fome  meafurc  the  pofictlion.     At  length  the  count 
dc  Foix,  with  the  afliitance   of  the  Beaumonts,  endea- 
voured to  make  himfelf  mafter  of  Navarre  by  force  of 
arms  ;  but  the  Gramonts  taking  up  arms  on  the  behalf  of 
the  king,  and  receiving   feafonable   fuccours   from   him, 
foon  brought  the  count  to  liften   to  an  accommodation". 
His  fon  Don  Gallon  de   Foix,  for  whofe  fake  aJ,J   thefe 
druggies  were  made,  and  who  had  married  the  princefs 
Magdalen,  filter  to  the  king  of  France,  went  about  this 
time  to  Bourdeaux,  in  order  to  affift  at  the  manage  of  the 
duke  of  Berry,  where,  in  a  tournament,  the  fplinter  of  a 
lance  ftruck  him  in  the  eye,  of  which  accident  he  quickly 
died p.     He  left  behind  him  a  fon,  Francis  Phoebus,  and 
a  daughter  whofe  name  was  Catherine.     The  fame  year  ^j).  I46« 
Donna  Leonora,  countefs  of  Foix,  held  an  aflembly  of  ______ 

the  dates  at  Tafalla,  where  a  quarrel  arofe  between  the 
condable  of  Navarre  and  the  bifliop  of  Pampeluna,  whofe 
great  familiarity  with  the  countefs  had  excited  fome  inde- 
cent reports.  The  bifhop,  to  prevent  things  from  com- 
ing to  extremity,  retired  to  a  convent ;  but  the  countefs, 
importuning  him  to  make  her  a  vifit,  and  fending  fome 
perl-  ns  of  diftin£tion  to  accompany  him,  he  was  fo  im- 
prudent as  to  venture  out  of  his  retreat,  and  was  by  the 
condable  killed  in  his  paflagc,  an  ailaflination  which  threw 
the  whole  kingdom  into  diforder,  notwithdanding  the  au- 
thor of  this  murder  retired  immediately  into  Arragon  ' ; 
from  whence,  however,  it  was  not  long  before  he  returned 
again  in  triumph. 

The  countefs  Leonora  had  a  very  high  fpirit,  and  would  jyeatf,  9e 
willingly  have  (hewn  it  by  punifhing  fevercly  fuch  as  had  the  count 
contemned  her  authority.     Finding  it  impracticable  to  dt  Foix. 
■execute  her  defires  by  force,  (he  prefiTed  the  king  her  fa- 
ther to  put  an  end  to  thefe  diforders,  by  contenting  that 

•  Alvirca,  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaumerfe  Navarre,  Garibay.      p  A- 
ItfO&dcPaleacia,  Fen  eras.  i  Maycrnc  Turquet. 


*£o  Tfo  Hljlory  of  Navarre. 

the  government  fhould  be  entirely  regulated  at  the  will  of 
the  ftates,  fuppofing  that  if  fhe  was  once  inveftcd  witlfl 
the  executive  power,  her  defigns  might  be  eafily  accom- 
plifhed.  King  Juan,  who  was  exceedingly  embarrafled 
at  this  time  by  the  Catalans,  fupported  by  the  French,  ac- 
cepted readily  of  this  expedient ;  and  the  ftates  being  af- 
fembled  at  Olita,  a  regulation  was  fettled,  which  con- 
fided of  thirteen  articles;  the  title  and  the  admini- 
ftration,  when  prefeut,  being  referved  to  the  old  king, 
and  in  his  abfence  inverted  in  the  countefs  Leonora,  who 
is  ftyled  heirefs  of  Navarre,  and  infanta  of  Arragon  and 
•Sicily  r.  Provifion  was  likewife  made  for  the  pacification 
and  gradual  extinction  of  thofe  feuds  which  had  fo  long 
diftraded  the  kingdom.  By  degrees  things  might  have 
been  reduced  into  good  Order,  but  the  countefs  Leonora  was 
too  much  in  hafte  ;  and  hiving  drawn  the  marfhal  of  Na- 
varre to  her  party,  (lie  attempted  to  furprife  Pampeluna, 
which  had  been  always  in  the  hands  of  the  Beaumonts,  but 
in  which  the  marfhal  of  Navarre  had  fome  correfpondcncc. 
The  fcheme  fucceeded  fo  far,  that  the  marfhal  found  ad- 
mittance with  fifty  or  fixty  young  gentlemen  of  family, 
but  they  difcovered  themfehes  too  foort,  and  the  inhabi- 
tants taking  arms,  they  were  reduced  in  the  place  to 
which  thev  fled  for  flicker,  and,  contrary  to  the  capitula- 
tion they  had  made,  were  maiTacred  to  a  man  \  This 
incident  added  frefh  fuel  to  the  countefs's  rcfentment,  who 
began  to  raife  forces  with  great  diligence  ;  and  prefling 
her  hufband  to  come  and  afiume  the  command,  he  pafTed 
the  Pyrenees  with  a  confidernble  force;  biit  what  the 
event  of  this  irruption  might  have  been  we  cannot  fay, 
iincc  the  count  died  of  a  fever  before  he  undertook  any 
thing,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Orthes  in  Beam, 
in  the  month  of  Auguft,  14.72'.  The  unexpected  death 
of  her  hufband  fo  much  disturbed  Donna  Leonora's  pro- 
jects, that  fhe  was  unable  to  do  any  thing  this  year,  a  cir- 
cumftancc  which  gave  the  faction  of  the  Beaumonts  time 
to  fortify  all  the  places  that  were  in  their  harfds  ;  and  this 
opportunity  they  took  care  not  to  lofe. 
Jmto/tht  The  countefs,  (till  bent  on  eftablifhing  her  authority* 
king  Dan  amj  panning  thofe  who  had  lad  offended  her,  turned 
Juan'  herfelf  on  every  fide,  and  folicited  fuccours  from  every 
quarter;  but  this  manner  of  proceeding,  inftead  of  quiet- 

T  Garibay,  Ferreras,  Zurita.  •  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  dc 

Navarre,  Chroruque  de  Navarre,  Mayerne  Turquet»  <  Ma- 

riana. 

ing 


The  Hiflon  of  Navarre.  l$t 

increased  the  diflraclions  of  Navarre,  and  made  the 
of  the  government  flill  more  apparent  At 
•h,  when  flic  had  few  places  remaining,  when  all  h<  r 
r  depended  upon  a  military  force,  which  {lie  was 
unable  to  pay,  and  which  had  fo  walled  the  country 
that  it  could  not  pay  herfelf,  and  that  litr  revenue 
was  come  to  nothing,  (lie  applied  to  her  father  king 
John  of  Arragon,  and  her  brother  Don  Ferdinand  of  Ca- 
ftilc,  who  interpofed  to  no  great  purpofe  •,  but  who  at 
length  had  a  meeting  with  her  at  Vittoria,  on  purpofe  to 
difcufa  thefe  matters  thoroughly.  There  Don  Ferdinand 
infilled,  that  the  only  pofltble  method  of  putting  an  ends 
to  thefe  quarrels  was  to  reconcile  the  parties,  and  grant 
an  indemnity  to  all,  which  had  always  been  the  opinion  of 
his  father,  and  which  at  length  prevailed.  The  countefs 
Donna  Leonora  was  very  little  fatisfied  with  this  inter- 
view, notwithflanding  her  own  adminiltration  was  fup- 
portcd,  and  the  fucceflion  of  her  children  fecured  u*  She 
knew  the  count  de  Lerin  had  married  Donna  Leonora  of 
Arragon,  her  natural  fifter.  She  apprehended  that  the 
Beaumonts  had  demanded  and  obtained  the  protection  of 
Don  Ferdinand ;  and  that,  in  confequence  of  this  pacifi- 
cation, her  views  would  be  for  ever  defeated,  her  favou- 
rites remain  unrewarded,  and  thofe  who  had  oppofed  her 
unpunifhed,  which  was  a  reflection  fhe  could  not  bear. 
The  violence  of  her  temper,  and  her  inability  to  conc«al  it, 
as  it  caufed,fo  it  increafed  her  misfortunes;  for  the  diftafle 
ihe  fhewed  to  her  brother  hindered  her  receiving  any  longer 
the  penfion  paid  her  from  the  treafury  of  Caflile,  fo  that 
fhe  was  obliged  to  fell  part  of  her  jewels  to  fubfift  the 
houfhold,  rather  than  the  court,  fhe  kept  in  the  caflle  of 
Tafalh.  In  this  fituation  her  affairs  flood,  when  her  fa- 
ther, worn  out  with  years  and  infirmities,  breathed  his 
lafl  at  Barcelona,  on  Tuefday  the  19th  of  January,  1479 w. 
His  circumftances  were  yet  worfe  than  her's,  fince  the  very 
moveables  of  his  palace  were  fold  to  difcharge  the  ex- 
pences  of  his  funeral,  which  were  far  from  being  confidcr- 
able.  In  the  micHl  of  this  poverty  he  directed  many  foun- 
dations, and  other  works  of  coft,  by  his  will,  which  were 
punctually  performed  by  his  Ion  Don  Ferdinand  the  Ca- 
tholic, to  whom  he  left  all  the  reft  of  his  dominions,  ex- 
cept the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  which  indeed  was  not  his 

■  L'HiSoite  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Herr.aidode  Pulgar,  Ga« 
ribay,  Mariana,  Mayerne  Turquet.  *  Zuiita  Annal.  Ar- 

ragon. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  M  t» 


162  The  Hifiory  of  Navarre. 

to  leave,  and  which  had  f uttered  more  under  his  reign 
than  under  thcfeebleft  of  its  monarchs. 
Short  rei^n      Leonora,  countefs  of  Foix,  was  immediately  proclaimed 
ef  queen       queen,  on  the  certain  advice  of  her  father's  death.     It  was 
LioHora.      an  event  Q,e  ha(j  jong  an<j  ea,nciHy  expected,  and  which 
(he  flattered  herfelf  would  have  put  an  end  to  all  the  incon- 
veniences to  which  (he  had  been  for   fo  many  years  cx- 
pofed.     13ut  it  came  too  late;  for  chagrin  had  made  fo 
great  an  impreffion,  that  this  pompous  title  produced  no 
effect.     She  had  fearce  time  to  know  (he  was  a  queen  be- 
fore that  difeafe  which  her  grief  had  produced,  removed 
A.D.1479.  her  out  of  this  life  after  a  reign  of  twenty-two  days  ".  She 
expired  on  the  10th  of  February,  and  by  her  will  recom- 
mended the  care  of  her  grand-children  to  their  father's  re- 
lations •,  that  is,  in  efFecl:,  to  the  crown  of  France,  with- 
out mentioning  her  brother  Don  Ferdinand.  This  prineefs 
had  a  numerous  poftcrity.  of  whom  it  is  neceflary  to  fpeak, 
as  it  will  throw  light  on  various  parts  of  our  hillory.     Of 
thefe  there  were  four  fons  and  five  daughters.   Don  Gaflon 
bore  the  title  of  prince  of  Viana,flain  at  a  tournament,  as  we 
have  before  mentioned,  as  fome  fay  by  the  hand  of  Charles 
duke  of  Berry,  in  honour  of  whofe  marriage  it  was  cele- 
brated.    John  de  Foix,  lord  of  Narbonne,  which  his  fa- 
ther piircnafed  for  him.     He  left   two  children,  the  fa- 
mous Gallon  de  F'oix,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Ra- 
venna, where  he  wasgeneraliffimo  of  the  army  of  Lewis 
the  Twelfth  ;    and  Germana  de  Foix,  who  became  the 
confort  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,     lector  de  Foix,  the 
third  ion  of  this  prineefs,  was  an  ccclefiaftic,  and  honour- 
ed by  pope  Sixtus  the  Fourth  with   the  purple.     James, 
the  yonngeft,  bore  the   title  of  count  de  Cortes,  dillin- 
guiihed  himfelf  in  the  profeffion  of  arms,  and  was  eftcem- 
cd  one  of  the  braveft  men,  and  one  of  the  grcafcft  captains 
of  his  age      The  prineefs  Mary  efpoufed  William  marquis 
of  Montferrat.    Joanna  married  John  count  of  Armagnac. 
Margaret  became  the  confort  of  Francis  the  Second,  duke 
of  Bretagne,  bv  whom  fhe  had  two  daughters,  Anne  and 
Ifabel ;  the  former  fhared  the  bed  of  Charles  the  Eighth  and 
Lewis  tin-  Twelfth,  kings  of  France.     The  prineefs  Ca- 
therine  married   Gafton  de   Foix,  count  of  Candale,  by 
whom  (he  had  two  fons  and  a  daughter,  Anne,  who  mar- 
ried Ladiflaus,  king  of  Hungary  ;   the  yonngeft,  Leonora, 
who  was  promiied  to  the  duke  de  Medina  Ccelr,  but  died 

*  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon,  Garibrw,  Abarca,  Chroniquc  de  Na- 
72  :  ana; 

\  unmarried. 


The  Ififiory  of  Navarre.  \  6  $ 

unmarried.  It  has  been  remarked,  that  there  were  four 
t  tliis  houfe,  coufiu-germans  to  each  other,  liv- 
;  viz.  Catherine  of  Navarre,  Germana  of 
Caftile  and  Arragon,  Anne  of  France,  and  Anne  of  Bo- 
hemia and  Hungary  ;  but  this  at  a  juncture  when  it  was 
far  from  being  happy. 

,  i  Phoebus,  count  of  Foix,  lord  of  Beam,  and  of  Francis 
various  other  places,  was  immediately  acknowleged  fove-  Pftoebtn 
or  Navarre,  upon  the  deceafe  of  his  grandmother  *.  *'"£•/ 
He  had  jufl  enured  into  the  twelfth  year  of  his  age;  and 
as  he  had  received  the  name  of  Phoebus  from  his  exquifite 
beauty,  fo  he  might  be  faid  to  deferve  it  no  lefs  for  the 
qualities  of  his  mind,  fince  all  writers  agree  that  he  was 
the  moll  capable  and  bed:  educated  prince  of  that  age,  his 
mother  the  princefs  Magdalen  of  France  having  been  ex- 
tremely attentive  to  whatever  concerned  his  health,  and 
his  uncle  the  cardinal  having  caufed  him  to  be  conftantly 
inilructed  in  his  prefence  •,  but  notwithllanding  the  clear- 
ness of  his  right,  and  the  luftre  of  his  biith,  as  being  ne- 
phew to  the  monarch  of  France,  and  grand-nephew  to 
the  king  of  Callile  and  Arragon,  he  had  nothing  more 
than  the  title  of  king  of  Navarre,  the  Beaumonts  and  the 
Gramonts  being  in  full  poifelhon  of  all  the  places  of  any 
ftrength  or  confequence  in  that  country,  except  thofe  in 
the  hands  of  king  Ferdinand,  who  held  them  by  no  better 
title.  But  this  monarch  coming  to  Saragofia,  in  order  to 
receive  the  homage  of  his  hereditary  fubje£ts,  the  cardinal 
of  Foix  and  his  brother  prince  James  went  thither  to 
confer  with  him,  and  to  intreat  his  interpolation  for 
calming  thofe  troubles  that  had  fo  long  diftra&ed  a  king- 
dom in  which  lie  had  fo  great  an  intereft.  The  king  re- 
ceived them  with  great  civility,  and  treated  them  with 
much  candour.  He  obferved,  that  feverity  could  only 
render  things  worfe  •,  that  where  all  were  equally  to  blame, 
and  none  could  well  be  punilhed,  a  general  pardon  was 
the  fa  felt  and  the  fpeedielt  means  of  reducing  things  to  or- 
der ;  that,  having  publifhed  this,  they  would  do  well  to 
go  into  Navarre,  and  try  to  the  utmoft  what  fair  means 
would  do,  promifing  to  give  them  all  the  countenance  he 
could,  and  if  this  failed,  to  aflift  them  with  his  forces*. 
They  went  accordingly  into  Navarre,  and  held  an  aflem- 
bly  of  the  dates,  where  they  met  with  a  better  reception 
than  they  expected.     The  deputies  from  the  cities  and 

y  L'Hiftoire  de  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Garibay,  Mayerne  Tur- 
quet.  •  Hernando  dePulgar,  Zurita,  Abarca. 

M  2  towng 


164  $be  Hijlory  of  Navarre, 

towns  told  them  plainly,  that  the  fource  of  their  misfor- 
tunes was  the  abfence  of  their  fovereigns,  which  rendered 
fome  men  very  confiderable,  who  were  otherwife  of  no 
great  account ;  that  even  now  the  friends  of  mutiny  and 
faction  were  but  few •,  and  that  though  the  great  lords 
with-held  the  cities  from  each  other,  yet  none  of  them 
could  with-hold  them  from  the  king,  as  to  whofe  title 
there  was  no  queftion.  Upon  this  declaration  the  two 
princes  returned,  and  demanded  once  more  the  fentiments 
of  Don  Ferdinand,  who  approved  entirely  the  advice 
given  them  by  the  ftates,  adding,  the  young  king  ought 
to  bring  with  him  a  good  force  to  act  with  fpirit,  but  to 
fpeak  with  mildnefs.  All  things  were  quickly  regulated 
after  their  return  to  Beam-,  from  whence  the  young  king, 
in  company  with  his  mother,  his  uncles,  and  a  fmall  but 
well  appointed  army,  entered  his  hereditary  dominions. 
It  is  laid,  and  very  probably  with  truih,  that  the  count  de 
Leriu  was  far  from  being  well  plcafed  at  his  arrival ;  how- 
ever he  went  to  meet  him,  and  found  him  fo  well  accom- 
panied, that  he  held  it  expedient  to  deliver  up  Pampeluna, 
A.D.j+Vi.  which  he  did  with  great  expreflions  of  loyalty;  and  the 

king  having  made  his  public  entry  into  it  on  the  3d,  was 

crowned  on  the  6th  of  November,  with  the  univerfal  ac- 
clamation of  all  his  fubjects  a. 
Hatty  and       fa  foon  as  fa^  ceremony  was  performed,  he  vifited  all 
Mtwdat    the  confiderable  places  in  the  kingdom,  accompanied   by 
fIOHt  fitch  a  force  as  hindered  any  difficulty  of  his  obtaining  pof- 

feflion.  He  likewife  made  a  Uriel  enquiry  into  the  go- 
vernment, and  how  the  laws  were  carried  into  execution : 
all  which  offices  lie  performed  with  a  gravity  fo  much  fu- 
pcrior  to  his  age,  that  the  great  lords  were  altonifhed,  and 
people  received  h  1  king  fent  from  heaven.     This 

con  very  unufualina  minority,  the  king  adding  in 

pa  Jon,  while  all  the  grants  and  other  inftruments  ran  in 
the  name  of  his  mother,  who  llyled  herfelf  Magdalen, 
fiiter  and  daughter  of  France,  princef*  of  Viana,  and 
tutorefs  to  her  well-beloved  Ion  Francis  Phoebus,  by  the 
grace  of  God  king  of  Navarre.  This  bright  fcene  was 
but  of  Inert  duration.  ,  This  excellent  young  monarch  was 
or  the  eye  of  two  of  the  moil  artful  and  fubtle  mo- 
narchs  that  perhaps  ever  reigned,  Lewis  the  Eleventh  of 
France  and  Don  Ferdinand  the  Catholic.  Family  and' 
inclination  bound  his  mother  blindly  to  the  former; 
whereas  his  intereft,  and  consequently  her's,  fliould  have 

a  Z'jriw,  Aanal.  ArragOn,  Mariana,  Ferreras. 

fwayed 


The  H:Jiory  of  Navarre.  1 6$ 

fwaycd  them  to  the  latter.     Don  Ferdinand  propofed  to 
him,  or  rather  to  his  mother,  the  marriage  of  Donna  Jo- 
anna, who  was  afterwards  the  heirefs  of  all  his  do-minions, 
at  the  fame  time  propofed  to  contract  the  princefs  Ca- 
fon  the  infant  Don  Juan.     If  this  hid  taken 
•  would  have  been  abfolutelv  fecure,  and  the 
young  king  might  have  availed  himfelf  or  the  wifdom  and 
power  of  their  catholic  majeities,  and  of  the  profperity 
which  they  derived  from  both.     On  the  other  hand,  the 
ch  monarch  propofed  a  match  with  the  unfortunate 
•,  daughter  to  Henry  the  Impotent,  king  of 
Caftile,  then  in  Portugal,  which  muft  have  been  attended 
with  a  long  war,  to  which  the  force  of  Navarre  was  by  no 
means  equal ;    though   the   young  king,    by  threatening 
death  to   any  who  attempted  to  revive  the    factions  of 
Beaumont  and  Gramonr,  and  the  like  punifhment  for  the 
founding  a  trumpet,  or  exciting  a  tumult,  had  brought 
his  dominions  into  a  furprifing  degree  of  order  and  obe- 
dience b. 

The  principal  nobility  of  Navarre,  and  more  efpccially  Sudden  and 
the%  count  de  Lerin,  who  it  was  found  absolutely  neceflary  fulptSltd 
to  confirm  in  the  office  of  conftable,  which  he  had  taken  death% 
upon  himfelf,  prefled  the  marriage  with  great  warmth, 
probably  from  a  motive  of  intereft ;  but,  from  whatever 
motive  it  was,  they  offered  unanswerable  reafons  in  its  fa- 
vour. On  the  other  hand,  the  French  ambaflador,  and 
all  of  his  faction,  amufed  the  princefs-regent  with  the  vr- 
fionary  hopes  of  raifing  her  fon  to  the  throne  of  Caftile, 
by  a  confederacy  then  upon  the  carpet  between  Lewis  the 
Eleventh  of  France,  the  king  of  Portugal,  and  other 
princes.  To  rid  herfelf  therefore,  of  thefe  importunities, 
or  perhaps  that  fhe  might  have  the  young  king  and  his 
fifter  more  immediately  in  her  power,  ihe  relblved  to 
carry  them  hack  into  Beam,  though  ditiuaded  from  this 
ftcp  by  all  the  old  and  wife  counfellors  of  Navarre.     Im-  A.D.1483. 

mediately  after  their  return  to  Pau,  the  ufual  refidence  of 

the  court,  the  king  began  to  decline ;  and,  on  the  30th, 
of  January,  1483,  breathed  his  laft,  and  was  buried  in 
the  cathedral  church  of  Lefcar.  All  hiftorians  agree,  that 
there  were  very  ftrong  fufpicions  of  poifon  ;  and  fome  re- 
late, that  being  much  addicted  to  mufic,  the  young  king 
complained,  that  be  was  never  well  after  putting  a  new 
flute  to  his  mouth  ;  yet  the  phyficians  could  determine  no- 

b  Hernando  de  Pulgnr,  Chronique    de   Navarre,  l'Hiftoire  du 
Royaume  de  Navarre,  Garibay.  Zurita,  Abarca. 

M  3  thing 


1 66  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

tiling  as  to  his  clifeafe,  which  confifted  altogether  in  an 
inward  wafting,  without  any  exterior  fymptoms  •,  but  what 
contributed  moil  to  the  report  was.  that  he  faid  often  to 
thofe  about  him,  "  My  kingdom  is  not  of  this  world."    He 
was  fincerely  regretted  by  his  fubjedts,  and  with   great 
reafon  j  for  as  they  had  the   moft   pleafing  expectations 
from  his  genius,  capacity,  and  flrong  fenfe  of  juilice,  fo 
they  fore  law  very  clearly  that  by  his  death  their  former 
troubles  would  be   revived  ;    in   which  expectation  they 
were  far  from  being  mi  (taken  ;  for  the  count  de  Lerin  had 
no  fooner  informed  their  catholic  majefties  of  this  melan- 
choly event,  than  Don  Juan  de  Ribeyra  was  fent  with  a 
flrong  corps  of  troops  to  fupport  the  count,  who  had  re- 
pofTeffcd  hirnfelf  of  Pampeluna  and  other  places0. 
Catharine        Donna   Catharine  de   Foix  was   immediately   declared 
queen  of      queen  of  Navarre,  upon  the  deceafe  of  her  brother  ;  but 
Favarre.    the  princefs  Magdalen  her  mother  quickly  found  that  the 
perplexities  which  fhe  before  thought  intolerable  were  now 
increafed.       Doctor  Maldenado  was  fent  from  their  ca- 
tholic majefties  to  condole  with   her  on  the  death  of  her 
fon,  and  to  prefs  the  marriage  of  her  daughter  with  the 
infant  Don  Juan,  heir-apparent  of  their  catholic  majefties, 
as  the  only  means  to  cxtinguifh  the  factions  which  were 
again  revived  in  Navarre;  and  to  protect  the  young  queen 
againlt  the  vifcount  de  Narbonne,  who  pretended  to  be 
the  heir  male  of  the  family  of  Foix  d.     The  princefs,  dc-r 
termined  to  fupport  the  iutcrefts  of  France  at  the  cxpence 
of  her  daughter  as  well  as  her  fon  ;  after  profeffing  a  deep 
fenfe  of  the  honour  done  her,  told  him  that  Navarre  was 
a  country  which  muflbe  governed  by  men  ;  that  this  con- 
fideration  compelled  her  to  think  of  marrying  her  daughT 
ter  without  delay,  and  would  not  fuller  her  to  have  any 
thoughts  of  their  catholic  majefties  heir,  who  was  but  an. 
infant.     The  Spanilh  minuter,  who  was  both  an  able  and 
an  honeft  man,  told  her  plainly  what  he  thought  of  her 
meafures,  and  of  her  reafoning;  remarked  the  change  of 
affairs  in  Fiance  by  the   death  of  her  brother  ;  the  cer- 
tainty of  keeping  all  things  quiet  till  the  prince  of  Aftu- 
rias  was  of  age,  if  fhe  corifented  to  the  marriage  ;  and  the 
great  rifle  fhe  muft  run   in    difpofing  of  the   queen  her 
daughter  without  the   confent  of  the  (tates  of  Navarre, 
purely  to  gratify  the  court  of  France,  who,  though  they 

e  Zurita   Annal.   Arragon,    Garibay,   Mariana,    L'Hiftoire    du 
"Royaume  de  Navarre.  <<  £Jernando  dePulgar,  Mayerne 

Turquet. 


Hiftory  \Sy 

lit  promife,  would  find  it  difficult  to  grant  her  fuffi- 

foning  ha  :i  the  pri  ig-  "Jeand'Al- 

•;,  any  more  than   the  vifcount  of  Narbonne' 
ing  n  \  of  Foix,  of  which  he 

reared  part.  It  only  taught  her  to  fee  the  neceffity 
of  marrying  the  young  queen  without  dcl.iy,  <i  notion 
whir  bcr  lb  ftrongly,  that,  at  the  inftance 

oftL  nice,  (he  concluded  a  marriage  for  that 

young  princefs  in  the  month  of  January,  with  Jean  d'Al- 

to  Alan  d'Albert,  count  cle  Perigord,  Limoj 
Dreux,  &c.    and,  notwithftanding   the  town  of  Tu> 

red  they  would  put  themfelves  under  the  protection 
of  their  catholic  majeuies,  in  cafe  (lie  marrieil  her  daugh- 
ter without  the  confent  of  the  ftates,  it  was  celebrated  at 
Orthes  on  the  14th  of  June  following0,  and  the  lord  of  A.D.  1484. 
Abenas,  uncle  to  the  new  married  prince,  was  declared 
viceroy  of  Navarre,  where  the  faction  of  the  Gramonts 
profefled  themfelves  extremely  loyal  to  their  queen.  By 
their  alTiftance  he  governed  fo  much  of  that  country  as 
ackm  jueen's  authority,  with  much  prudence 

and  moderation  :  the  reft  the  count  de  Lerin  governed 
with  almoft  as  great  authority  as  if  he  had  been  king, 
under  the  protection  of  their  catholic  majefties,  who  juf- 
tified  this  behaviour  chiefly  from  political  motives,  alleg- 
ing that  Navarre  was  the  gate  of  Spain;  and  that  in  com- 

prudence  they  were  hound  to  keep  it  fhut  againft  the 
French,  who  with -held  from  them  the  county  of  Roufil- 
lon,  and  were  difpofed  to  let  no  opportunity  flip  of  giving 
them  trouble  f.  It  was  not  long  before  Jean  d'Albert  and 
his  con  fort  found  themfelves  under  a  neceffity  of  feeking 
the  friendship  of  Don  Ferdinand.  Their  affairs  on  both 
fi des  the  Pyrenees  were  fo  miferably  diftrefl'cd,  and  dur- 
ing the  nonage  of  Charles  VIII.  the  government  was  fo 
little  difpofed  in  their  favour,  or  rather  fhewed  fuch  a  vi- 
fible  partiality  i  ule  line  of  the  houfe  of  Foix,  that, 

how  unv.  foever,  they  were  conlhained  to  apply 

themfelves  to  the  catholic  king,  who  might  have  found 
many  s,  cither  to  complete  the  conqueft:  of  their 

kingdom,  or  have  abandoned  it  to  the  ambition  of  a  few 
great  lords  ;  who,  dividing  it  as  their  influence  and  alli- 
ance directed,  would  have  held  it  under  his  protection. 

e  Zurita  Anna).  Arragon,  I.'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre, 
iay.  f  Hernando  de  Pulgar,  Chronique  de  Navarre, 

£1ariaaa. 

M  4  Don 


1 63  The  H/Jloiy  of  Navarre. 

Don  Ferdinand  received  thefe  applications  very  civilly,  and 
kindly  aflured  them  he  was  by  no  means  defirous  of  giv- 
ing any  countenance  to  their  enemies,  or  of  depriving 
them  of  their  dominions;  that,  on  the  contrary,  he  would 
do  for  them  whatever  they  could    reafonably    defire.  as 
having  nothing  more  at  heart  than  to  fee  them  peaceably 
in  poiTeffion  of  their  hereditary  dominions,  and  freed  from 
all  the  difficulties  to  which  their  family  had  been  lb  long 
expofed.     In   a  fmall  time   after  they  renewed  their  ad-* 
drcfies,  by  Alan  d' Albert,  father-in-law  to  the  queen,  who 
was  at  this  time   in    arms   againfl    the  French  king,  and 
who  came  to  Valencia  to  demand  fuccours  for  himfelf  and 
his  confederates,  the  duke  of  Bretagne  and  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  and  protection   for  his    ion.      Don    Ferdinand 
told  him,  that  he  was    about   to  undertake   the  war  of 
Granada,  which  hindered  him  from  cluing  all  he  afked  ; 
but  that  he  was  ready  to  aflift  him  to  the  utmoft  of  his 
AD. t+>s.  power.     To  fhew  he  was  in  earned,  he  directed  a  fqua- 
»"'  dron  to  be  fitted  out   in   Bifcay  for  his  fervice;  ordered 

Don  Juan  de  Ribeyra  to  re  (lore  all  the  places  he  had  taken 
in  Navarre,  and  at  the  fame  time   declared  that  kingdom 
under  his  protection8;  a  declaration  which  was  of  very 
great  confequence  at  this  juncture. 
Differences      The  kingdom  of  Navarre,  though  fecured  from  foreign 
•with  Den    invafions  by  this  compromifc  with  Caflile,  was  not  entirely 
Ferdinand,  free  from  domedic  difcord ;  the  factions  that  had  torn  it 
fo  long  raging  ftill,  though  not  with  fo  great  violence  as 
in  times  pad.     At  length  the  queen  and  her  con  fort  were 
prevailed  upon,  by  the  earned  follicitation  of  the  dates, 
to  pafs  the  mountains  and   fix   their   refidence  at  Pampc- 
luna,  where  they  were  received  with  great  pomp,  pro- 
claimed, and,  after  taking  the  ufual  oaths,  crowned  king 
A-D.I494*  and  queen   of  Navarre,  on  the   loth   of  January,  in  the 
-  prefence  of  many  prelates  and  great  lords,  and  of  Don 

Juan  and  Don  Pedro  de  Silva,  their  catholic  majedies 
ambafiadors h.  In  the  month  of  April  they  font  the  baron 
de  Lautrec,  and  other  deputies,  to  renew  the  alliance 
made  with  the  king  of  Cailile  ;  by  which  the  king  ar,d 
queen  of  Navarre  promifed  to  keep  the  entrances  of  Na- 
varre in  fuch  a  manner  that  no  troops  fhould  be  able  to 
pals,  and  not  to  give  any  aflldance  whatever  to  the  ene-r 
mies  of  his  catholic  majedy.  On  the  other  hand,  Don 
Ferdinand  took  them  for  his  true  friends  and  allies,  and 

K  Garibray,     Zurita    Annnles     Arragon,    Mayeme    Turquet. 
►  JJHiltoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Ferreras. 

(wore, 


The  HIJiory  of  Navarre.  16  9 

(wore,  in  the  pre  fence  of  the  ambafladors,  that  no  injury 
(hould  \k  irfubje&s,  cither  in  the  kingdom  of 

rreor  lordili;_)  of  Beam1.  Next  year  the  war  breaking 
out  between  the  crowns  of  France  ami  Caflile,  the  queen  of 
Navarre  went  to  Alfaroon  the  frontiers,  where  {he  had 
interview  with  their  catholicmajefties, where  thefe  promifes 
■were  on  both  fides  renewed.  In  virtue  of  this  agreement, 
the  kingdom  of  Navarre  did  not  fuller  in  the  Icaft  during 
the  courfe  of  that  war;  and  after  the  peace  the  harmony 
between  the  crowns  fecmed  to  fubfift  in  the  fame  cordial 
manner k  :  however,  fome  perfons  having  fuggefted  to  the 
king  and  queen,  that  this  neutrality  had  been  of  fo  great 
conlequence  to  their  catholic  majellies  that  they  had  rea- 
fon  to  expert  fome  ample  gratification,  they  were  prevail- 
ed upon  to  fend  two  eccleliaftics  ambafTadors  into  Caflile, 
to  demand  all  the  lordfhips  and  eflates  that  had  been  pof- 
fciicd  by  the  king  Don  Juan,  as  infant  of  Caflile,  fhould. 
be  reflored  to  them.  Don  Fernand  heard  this  demand 
very  calmly,  and  returned  them  for  anfwer,  that  thofe 
eflates  had  been  juitly  forfeited,  and  long  ago  united  to 
the  crown  ',  and  afterwards  granted  to  other  fubjefts,  fo 
that  the  restitution  was  impofhble  ;  but  that  if  it  had  been 
otherwife,  he  himfelf  and  not  they  was  intitled  to  all 
the  eflates  in  Caflile  belonging  to  that  prince.  This  rafh 
meafure,  and  their  forcing  the  count  de  Lerinto  quit  Na- 
varre, occafioned  fuch  a  mifunderflanding,  as  induced  the 
king  Jean  d'Albcrt,  who  perceived  he  had  pufhed  this 
matter  too  far,  to  make  a  ftep  on  the  other  fide,  which 
was  flill  more  extraordinary;  for  he  went  in  perfon  to 
Seville,  to  aflure  Don  Ferdinand  that  notwithstanding  his 
reconciliation  to  the  French  court,  his  intentions  were  en- 
tirely upright  with  regard  to  the  crown  of  Caflile.  The 
catholic  king  treated  him  with  great  magnificence111;  en- 
deavoured to  reconcile  him  to  his  brother-in-law  the  count 
de  Lerin,  or,  in  cafe  that  was  impracticable,  offered  to 
give  that  nobleman,  whom  he  had  created  marquis  of 
Huefca,  an  equivalent  for  his  lands  in  Andalufia,  and  a 
large  fum  to  the  king  of  Navarre  to  confent  to  this  bar- 
gain. At  his  firfl  arrival  this  prince  had  lodgings  afligned 
him  in  the  royal  palace ;  and,  to  prevent  giving  him  um- 
brage, the  count  de  Lerin  was  forbid  to  enter  it;  yet 

I  Hernando  de  Pulgar,    Chronique  de  Navarre.  k  Gari- 

hay,    Mariana.  '  I/Hjltoire  dn  Royaume  de  Navarrr, 

U,    Mayerne  Turquer.  »  Gaiibiay,    Hernando    de 

Vulgar, 

knowing 


i;o  The  Hiftory  of  Fori 

knowing  him  to  be  a  very  wife  man,  the  king  of  Na- 
varre upon  this  proportion  dcfired  lie  might  take  his  ad- 
vice. At  this  interview  the  conftab'c  cqunt  de  Lerin  told 
him,  that  lands  and  fortrcfles  could  have  no  price  ;  for 
that  whatever  fum  he  received  would  in  time  be  fpent, 
while  the  places  remaining  to  the  crown  of  Callile  would 
A.D.  1500.  prove  a  perpetual  curb  to  him  and  his  fucceffors.  The 
■  king  not  only  took  his  advice,  but  received  him  into  fa- 

vour;  invited  him  to  return  into  Navarre,  which  invi- 
tation not  long  after  he  accepted  of,  the  peace  being  re- 
newed n :  but  their  broils  broke  out  again,  and  emieil, 
as  might  have  been  eafily  forefeen,  in  the  ruin  of  both 
parties. 
Renewed  About  four  years  after  this  tranfaclion,  the  king  and 
unjeajon-  qlieen  0f  Navarre  fent  the  governor  of  Pampeluna  into 
Xmafli'.  ^-"^ilc,  t0  renew  their  pretenfions  to  the  eilates  of  their 
varre.  "  anccftor,  as  having  been  fettled  by  the  marriage-contract 
wiih  queen  Blanch,  on  the  iflue  of  that  marriage.  Don 
Ferdinand  gave  them  a  general  anfwer  ;  and,  as  a  proof  of 
his  regard  for  their  inteietl,  offered  them  his  grand-daugh- 
ter Donna  Ifabella  for  their  fon  Henry,  prince  of  Viana, 
an  offer  which  they  accepted  with  joy  j  but  from  which 
they  afterwards  difengaged  themfelves0.  When  the  arch- 
duke Philip  took  the  title  of  king  of  Caftile,  the  king  of 
Navarre  entered  into  an  alliance  with  him,  and  upon  his 
demife  oppofed  to  the  utmoft  the  recalling  Don  Ferdinand 
to  the  regency.  When  he  difcovered  this  effort  to  be  in- 
effectual, he  foiicitcd  the  emperor  Maximilian  to  bring 
Don  Carlos  into  Spain,  and  offered  him  a  paffage  with  his 
army  through  his  dominions'*.  To  (hew  how  much  he 
was  in  came  ft,  and  to  render  himfelf  entirely  matter  at 
home,  he  raifed  an  army;  and,  after  a  brifk  war,  having 
difpoffeffed  the  count  de  Lerin  cf  every  fortrefs  he  had  in 
the  kingdom,  he  drove  him  to  take  fhelter  in  Arragon. 
After  this  fuccefs,  he  began  to  fortify  his  frontiers,  to  in- 
creafc  the  number  of  his  forces,  and  to  enter  into  negocia- 
tions  with  Lewis  XII.  of  France,  that  he  might  not  only 
be  in  a  condition  to  defend  himfelf,  but  alfo  become  formi- 
dable to  his  neighbours,  believing  that  the  fatigues  and  in- 
firmities of  Don  Ferdinand,  and  the  many  arduous  affairs 
he  had  upon  his  hands,  would  hinder  his  giving  him  any 
diiiurbance.     He    was  the  more  confirmed  in  this  opi- 

»  Mariana,  Clironiqtie  de  Navarre.  °  ?urita  Anna!.  Ar- 

.)i.,  IVnerns.  p  Garibay,  L'Hiftoire  du  Koyaume  de  KfcU 

fane,  M;irjana. 

nion. 


The  llijlory  of  Navarre.  171 

old  antagonift  Lewiadc  Beau  mo 
ble  of  the  kingdom,  was  dead  :a 

.401!,  .niil  liis   countefs  alio,  who  was   filler  to  Don 
d  not  confider  ihal  1  of  the 

able,  and    many  other  perfons  of  diftinction,   who 
adhered  to  th<  n  of  the  Beaumonts,  were  received 

and  carrefled  by  the  catholic  king  He  alio  promifed 
elf  much  from  that  affability  and  familiarity  with 
lived,  in  refpecl  to  the  nobility  and  perfons  of 
dtllinction  at  Pampeluna,  which  produced  indeed,  fo  long 
as  fortune  feemed  to  favour  him,  an  appearance  of  gene- 
ral and  deep  affection  ;  but  in  reality,  as  his  queen  told 
him,  lefiened  him  fo  much  in  their  opinion,  that  they 
looked  upon  him  rather  as  plain  Jean  d'Albcrt,  than  as 
king  of  Navarre. 

The  fuccefs  of  Don  Ferdinand's  arms  in  Italy,  his  alii-  Who  is  by 
ance  with    England,  and  the  obligation  he  had  thereby  him  difpof- 
laid  himfelf  under  of  transferring  the  war  into  France,  all  •J'*t. '"/   " 
pointed  to  the  great  deiign  which  he  had  been  long  medi-  -n  tf,efbace 
tating,  of  conquering,  or  in  plain  terms,  ufurping    the  of  a  few 
kingdom  of  Navarre,  for  which  he  made  all  the  neceffary  day*- 
preparations,  ahnoft  without  fufpicion.     As  foon  as  this 
was  accomplifhed,  he   acquainted  the   king    of  Navarre, 
that,  intending   to   pafs  through  his   dominions  with  an 
army  into  France,  he  expected  that  Eftella,  St.  Jean  Pie 
de  Port,  and   fomc  other  places,  mould  be  put  into  his 
hands  r ;  which  proportion  the  king  rejected,  but  endea- 
voured feveral  times  to  enter  into  a  negociation  on  milder 
terms,  in  which  Don  Ferdinand  foothed  him  till  his  gene- 
ral Don  Frederic  de  Toledo,  duke  of  Alba,  in  the  month 
of  July,  entered  his  dominions  with  a  numerous  army,  a.D.isi*. 
well  provided  with  all  things,  advancing  directly  towards  .  ■ 

Pampeluna.  The  king  being  informed  that  Lewis  de 
Beaumont,  fon  to  the  old  conftable,  commanded  the  van- 
guard, and  perceiving  that  he  had  a  flrong  party  among  the 
inhabitants,  altered  the  resolution  he  had  formed  of  de- 
fending that  place  to  the  laft  extremity,  determining  to 
quit  Navarre,  and  retire  into  France,  with  which  fcheme, 
though  very  unwillingly,  queen  Catharine  was  forced  to 
comply'.  Pampeluna,  and  feveral  other  ftrong  places, 
ppencd  their  gates  ;  and,  upon  a  promife  that  their  privi- 
leges fhould  be  preferved,  fubmitted.  The  king  being  in- 
formed of  this  event,  fent  to  the  duke  of  Alba  to  demand 

<i  P.  Daniel,  Mezeray,  Mayerne  Turquer.  r  Garibay,  Ma- 

riana.        »  Zurita  Annal.  Arragon,  P.  Daniel,  Mezeray. 

con- 


kmg  John. 


I71  The  Hifiory  of  Navarre. 

conditions.  His  anfwer  was,  that  upon  delivering  up  Ins 
kingdom  till  Don  Ferdinand  fhould  think  fit  to  reitore  it, 
and  fending  the  prince  of  Viana  as  a  holiage,  lie  might 
make  his  peace.  The  king  rejected  the  terms,  in  which, 
he  was  certainly  right  ;  but  Don  Ferdinand  lending  a  mi- 
jr  to  confer  with  him,  he  arretted  and  delivered  him 
up  to  the  French,  a  ftep  which  was  apparently  wrong  :  he 
quickly  faw  it,  and  procured  him  to  oe  fetat  liberty  ;  but 
then  it  was  too  late,  and  Don  Ferdinand  took  cccafion 
from  thence  to  refufe  to  treat  with  him  at  all r.  His 
queen  is  alfo  faid  to  have  told  him,  that  if  (he  had  been 
John,  and  he  Catharine,  they  would  have  lived  and 
king  and  queen  of  Navarre  :  the  unfortunate  are  ai 
upbraided  ! 
/tjrvr.'ac-  On  the  other  hand,  the  French,  amazed  at  this  Gulden 
etisfuiat.  conquefl,  fufpetted,  or  pretended  to  fufpect,  that  the 
*^\*kll  king  of  Navarre  acted  in  concert  with  the  Spaniards,  and 
had  betrayed  his  country  in  (lead  of  lofing  it  •,  a  fufpicion 
which  obliged  that  unfortunate  king  to  go  to  Paris,  where, 
having  convinced  king  Lewis  that  his  only  crime  confided 
in  his  confidence  in  the  juftice  of  his  catholic  majelly,  and 
the  loyalty  of  his  own  fubjects,  the  French  army  that  was 
then  aflimibling  on  the  frontiers  was  ordered  to  proceed, 
and  the  dukede  Valois,  afterwards  king  Francis  I.  was  di- 
rected to  place  king  John  again  upon  his  throne  ".  That 
monarch  himfelf,  with  a  body  of  fix  thoufand  of  his  own 
troops,  forced  a  paffagc  through  the  vallies,  and  entered 
Navarre,  where  a  great  part  of  the  country  revolted  in 
his  favour,  and  he  actually  laid  Gege  to  Pampeluna, 
though  at  length  he  was  conftrained  to  raife  it  w.  The  ad- 
vanced feafon  of  the  year,  want  of  provifions,  the  fuperior 
capacity  of  the  duke  of  Alba,  the  mifunderllandings  be- 
n  the  dukes  of  Bourbon  and  Longueville,  and  king 
Ferdinand's  fending  a  frefh  army  into  Navarre,  under  the 
command  of  the  duke  dc  Najara,  were  the  caufesthat  ob- 
liged king  John  to  retreat,  and  not  any  want  either  of 
courage  or  capacity  in  him,  for  he  gave  great  marks  of 
both  in  the  courfe  of  this  campaign.  Next  year  he  was 
in  a  great  meafure  left  to  himfelf,  the  French  finding  it 
requifite  for  their  affairs  to  make  a  truce :  as  a  mark  of 
their  punctuality  and  good  faith,  they  ordered  the  forces 
that  king  John  had  railed  in  their  territories  to  difband, 

t  Pet.  Martyr  Angler.  Antonio  At  Nebrixa.         n  L'Hiftoire  du. 
Royaumede  Navarre,  P.Daniel,  Mezeray.  w  Zurita  Annal. 

Arragon,  Garibay,  Mariana. 

by 


Tbt  HjJIory  of  Navarre:  I?  J 

be   loft  the  fortrtfs  of  Moya,  the  only 
hat  held  out  for   him  in   his   domi- 
ith  of  Lewis  XII.  which  happened  on  the 
f  the  next  year,  hindered  him  from  being  able 
ny  considerable  effort :  yet  he  made  the  bctt  prc- 
for  it  in  his  power.     He  held  fome  correfpon- 
i  Navarre,  tliough  the  far  greater  part  of  the  no- 
bility had  been  Battered,  or  forced  to  yield  obedience  to 
Don  Ferdinand  die  Catholic,  and  his  daughter  Donna  Jo- 
anna, upon  promiic  that  the  rights  of  the  kingdom  mould 
be  fecured,  and  their  particular  privileges  preferved. 

One  of  the  lalk  actions  of  the  catholic  monarch's  life  Thganmx* 
was,  to  engage  the  ltates  of  Caltilc  to  annex  or  incorpo-  '"frr/^ 
rate  Navarre,  fo  as  to  remain  forever  indivihble  from  their  Ca&tk. 
crown,  without  the  fpecificarion  of  any,  fave  the  ancient 
rights.  He  pretended,  however,  various  titles,  and  ap- 
plied them  varioufly  as  hi>  occafions  required.  Some- 
times he  derived  his  title  from  his  wife  Germanade  Foix, 
which  title  muft  have  been  of  very  quick  growth,  fince  it 
arofefrom  the  death  of  her  brother  Gallon  de  Foix,  duke 
of  Nemours,  (lain  in  the  month  of  April,  the  invafiou  be- 
ing made  in  die  month  of  July.  But  the  truth  was,  that 
Catharine  queen  of  Navarre  had  very  large  eilates  in  Ca- 
talonia ;  thefe  king  Ferdinand  feized,  and  gave  to  his  wife 
Germana,  who,  as  he  faid,  was  the  fole  heirefs  of  the 
lioufe  of  Foix  ;  but  if  it  was  true  thatfhe  could  be  heirefs 
to  her  brother  Don  Gallon,  then  that  rule  would  hold  with 
refpeel  to  the  queen  of  Navarre;  and  her  brother  Fran- 
cis Phcebus,  and  Catharine,  fole  heirefs  of  the  houfe  of 
Foix,  upon  Ferdinand's  own  (hewing.  Sometimes  the 
pope's  Sentence  x,  by  which  John  and  Catharine  were  de- 
prived of  their  dominions,  was  pleaded  for  a  juft  ground 
of  conqueft ;  but  then  this  bull  of  deprivation  was  never 
,  and  if  it  ever  exilled,  was  granted  after  the  conqueft: 
nade  ;  but  the  truth  is,  that  Ferdinand  had  two  irre* 
{jftable  titles,  a  long  head,  and  a  long  fword;  and  if  juf- 
cice  will  not  admit  of  thefe,  then  the  feizing  and  keeping 
the  kingdom  of  Navarre  is  a  plain  and  flagrant  ufurpa- 
tion ;  and  indeed  in  that  light  it  has  been  generally  and 
juftly  confidered. 

After  the  death  of  Don  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  the  Death  «f 
unfortunate  king  of  Navarre  made  another  attempt ;  but  tf!ek,mZ 
the  marflial  of  Navarre,  who  was  at  the  head  of  it,  was  "Ml*"* 
furprifed,  and  feveral  other  perfons  of  diftinc~lion  were 

*  Antonio  Nebtixa,  Garibay,  Zurita,  Mariana. 

taken 


174  The  Hiftory  of  Navarre. 

taken  prifoners ;  and  this  defeat  is  faid  to  have  afflicted 
the  king  fo  much,  that  he  died  chiefly  of  chagrin,  in  the 
munch  of  June,  1516 y.  His  queen  furvived  him  about 
eight  months  ;  but  the  exact  time  of  her  death  does  not 
appear.  They  had  in  all  fourteen  children,  of  which  it 
will  be  ncceffary  only  to  mention  four.  Henry  fueceeded 
them  in  ail  their  claims,  as  well  as  in  their  eltates  ;  Charles 
died  in  Italy,  :i  youth  ;  Anne  elpoufed  the  count  of  Can- 
dale  ;  and  Iiabcl  became  the  contort  of  the  count  de  Ro- 
han, in  Bretagne.  Both  directed  that  their  bodies  mould 
be  depofited  only  in  the  cathedral  of  Lefcar,  in  order  to 
their  being  afterwards  removed  to  Pampeluna,  when  it 
ihould  bo  rec  «y  thefrpofterity,  to  ^hom,  notwith- 

flanding  their  misior<:une>,  they  lek  a  great  patrimony, 
compoied  of  the  eftates  belonging  to  the  two  ancient  fa- 
milies  of  V  Albert,  what  was  kit  of  the  equiva- 

lents given  for  the  counties  of  Champagne  and  Brie,   and 
fome  fragments  of  the  realm  of  Na 
Henry  U.         Henry  II.  king  of  Navarre,  as  he  is  ft y led,  was   about 
king  of        fourteen,  when,  upon  the   death   of  his  mother,  he    af- 
Navarre.    fumcd  that  title,  under  the  protection  of  Francis  I;  who, 
by  the  concluhon  of  the  treaty  of  Nojon  with   the  arch- 
duke Charles,  apprehended  he  had  laid  a  good  foundation 
for  the  reititutioji  of  that  realm  to  the  houfe  of  Albert  ; 
but  after   Charles   became  king  of  Spain,  and    was   fo- 
lieited  to  the  pci  of  it  by  a  folemn  embafly  from 

king  Francis,  he  returned  only  general  anfwers,  which 
ferved  to  keep  the  French  in  fufpence,  and  himfelf  in  fe- 
curity  a.  We  have  (hewn  in  the  hiftory  of  that  regency, 
which  took  place  on  the  death  of  Don  Ferdinand,  what 
method  was  taken  for  the  preservation  of  Navarre,  and 
upon  what  motives  all  the  famous  fortreiies  in  that  king- 
dom were  difmantled  and  demolished,  excepting  Pampe- 
luna,  and  one  or  two  more.  This  was  certainly  a  very 
wife  courfe  for  preventing  insurrections  in  a  country  where 
every  town,  and  almoft  every  village,  was  divided  into 
factions;  but  it  laid  the  kingdom  open  to  foreign  inva- 
lions,  more  efpecially  in  the  Situation  things  were  in  ;  and 
they  had  a  prince  at  the  back  of  the  Pyrenees,  who,  in 
the  opinion  of  all  the  world,  had  a  juft  claim  to  the; 
crown.  When,  therefore,  the  kingdoms  of  Caftile  ami 
Arragon  were  perplexed  by  the  infurrection  of  the  com- 
mons, Andrew  de  Foix,  lord  of  Efparre,    having  made 

- 

t  Pet.  Martyr  Angler.    Prudencio  de  Sandoval.        *  L'Hiftoirt 

du  Koyauiae  de  Navarre.        -1  P.  Darnel,  Mtzeiay. 

himfelf 


IHJlory  of  Navarre.  175 

himfclf  matter  of  St.  Jean  de  Pie  de  Port,  entered  Na- 

v.irrc  with  a  French  army.     Finding  the  people  well  af- 

rds  their  natural   fovereign,  he  advanced  di- 

Pampeluna,  which  opened  its  gates,  and  in  the 

.  d.iy;;  the  belt  part  of  the  kingdom  was 

vercd,  and  the  army  of  the  lord  de  Efparre  augment- 
ed in  fuch  a  maimer,  that  he  ventured  to  invefl  Logrog- 
no  b.  But  the  duke  of  Najara,  the  Spanifli  viceroy,  hav- 
ing by  thio  time  received  reinforcements  of  old  troops  from 
different  parts  of  the  kingdom,  obliged  the  French  to  raife 
the  fiege.  They  continued  their  retreat  into  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Pampcluna,  where,  upon  fome  intelligence 
of  a  diforder  in  the  Spanifh  army,  the  French  general 
took  a  refolution  to  fight ;  and  though  he  behaved  with 
neat  courage,  and  was  well  feconded  by  his  troops,  yet  A.D.  1521. 

the  fuperiority  of  numbers  carried  it,  and  his  army  being  • 

entirely  defeated,  and  himfelf,  as  fome  writers  fay,  taken 
prifoner,  PampelUna,  and  the   reft  of  Navarre  was  rcco- 

1  in  as  fhort  a  time  as  it  was  loft,  and  the  hopes  of 
king  Henry  were  entirely  difappointed  c.  He  attended 
king  Francis  into  Italy,  and  was  taken  prifoner  with  him 
at  the  battle  of  Pa  via,  but  found  means  to  make  his  ef- 
cape d.     He  efpoufed  the  year  following  the  princefs  Mar- 

:,  widow  of  Charles  count  of  Alencon,  only  lifter  of 
Francis  I.  by  whom  he  became  the  father  of  the  princefs 
Jo4nna,  who  in  his  life-time  efpoufed  Anthony  Bourbon, 
duke  of  Vendofme.  King  Henry  furvived  to  the  year 
t 555,  and  then  deceafed  in  his  palace  of  Pau,  in  Beam, 
in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his  age.  The  emperor  Charles 
V.  had  tried  every  method  to  obtain  from  him  a  religna- 
tion  of  his  title  to  Navarre,  but  without  effect,  though 
he  did  him  the  juflice  to  own  he  merited  that  title  as  well 
as  any  prince  of  that  age. 

Joanna  d' Albert,    and  in  her  right  Anthony  duke  of  Joanna 
Vendofme,  aflumed  the  titles  of  king  and  queen  of  Na-  1"een  °f 
varre.     As  for  the  king  he  was  efteemed  a  gentle  and  a  Navarrt' 
good  prince  ;  and  the  queen  was  juftly  admired  for  her 
ftrong  parts  and  mafculine  underftanding,  as  well  as  for 
her  fteadinefs  in  fupport  of  the  Proreftant  religion.     The 
king  was  wounded  at  the  fiege  of  Rouen,  and  died  at  An- 
dely  on  the  Seine,  in  his  way  to  Paris,  November  the  17th, 
1562,  in  the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  age  e.     The  queen  fur- 

b  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  Du  Tillet,  Le  Gendre. 
c  L'Hiftoire  du  Royaume  de  Navarre,  P.  Daniel,  Pet.  Martyr 
Angler,  Prudeucio  de  Sandoval,  Pet.  Mexia.  •'  Oclioa,  Ulloa, 

Sandoval,  Duplcix.  e  P.  Daniel,  Maycrne  Turquet. 

vived 


17^  &&  H/jliny  of  Navarre, 

vived  him  almoft  ten  years ;  and  is  generally  fuppofed  ttf 
have  been  poifoned  by  the  artifice  of  the  queen-mother  of 
France,  at  the  marriage  of  her  fon,  June  the  9th,  1572, 
in  the  forty-fourth  year  of  her  age  f.  They  had  five  chil- 
dren, three  fons  and  two  daughters  ;  but  of  thefe  only 
two  furvived,  Henry  and  Catharine,  which  laft:  became 
duchefs  of  Lorrain,  often  foliated  to  become  a  Catholic,- 
which  it  is  faid  fhc  fomctimes  promifed  j  but  died  a  zea- 
lous Protectant  at  laft  (B). 

Henry 
f  Dupleix,  Mezeray. 


(B)  Anthony,  duke  of  Vert- 
,  was  the  heir-general  of 
the    houfe    of  Bourbon,    and 
eftates  of  his  own, 
ht  probably  c< 
bi'te  to  the  fir  ft  umbrage1  taken 
rr.     The   French   king, 
Henry  the  Second,  was  very 
unwilling,  on  the  death  of  his 
father-in-law,    to   permit    him 
to  go  to  Beam.     He  thought 
there  ought  not  to  be  two  love- 
in  one  country  ;  and  pro- 
posed, therefore,  the  exchange 
of  all  that  he  had  acquired  by 
his  marriage  with  the   heirefs 
of  Navarre,  fur  other  lands  in 
France  ;   and   when  he  could 
not  fuecccd  in^his  fchemc,  he 
mewed  his  rcfentment  by  Se- 
parating Langucdoc  from  the 
government  of  Guienne,  which 
his  hither  Henry  d*  Albert  had 
enjoyed  (1).      'J  his  Anthony 
of  Bourbon  was  of  fo  amorous 
mpkxion,  that  it  occafion- 
cd  many  quarrels,  between  him 
and   his   queen,    from   whom, 
notwithstanding,  he  would  nc- 
he  divorced  (2).     Jean  of 
Albert  was   in   all    refpeers  a 
very     extraordinary     woman. 


Her  father  would  have  married 
her  to   Philip  the   Second,  in 
the  life-time    of  the  emperor 
Charles  the  Fifth  ;    but  .the 
French  monarch,  Francis  the 
Firlr,    her   uncle,    would   not 
fatter  it  :  on  the  contrary,  he 
actually  contracted,  and  even 
celebrated  the   marriage,  July 
15th,    1540,   between  her  and 
tm  duke  of  Cleves,  whom 
the  emperor  Charles  the  Fifth 
had  deprived  of  his  dominions, 
and  with  whom  he  made   his 
peace,    by  delating  this  prin- 
cefs.     Upon  this  Francis  mar- 
ried her  to  the  duke  of  Ven- 
dofme,  full  prince  of  the  blood 
of  France  (3 J.      She   was  at 
firit  averfe  to  what  was  called 
the  new  doctrines;  but  became 
afterwards  a  moil  zealous  Pro- 
teflant.      After   the   death    of 
her  hufband,  and  of  his  queen 
Elizabeth,    Philip  the  Second 
renewed    his    propositions    of 
marriage  ;    to  which  the  queen 
prudently  anfwered,   that  flic 
thought  herfclf  fufliciently  ho- 
noured by  his  efteem.     With 
all  her  good  qualities  (lie  had 
one  great  defect,   for  (lie  was 


(1)  Capet  Chronoiogique  Navennaire.  (2)  Davila  Hif- 

toria  cfltlla  Guerra  Civiii.  (3)  Hiftoire  des  derniers  Trou- 

bles d-   Fiance  fous  les  Regnes  d'Henry  III.  &  Henry  IV.  par 
Pierre  Matthieu. 

infup- 


Tlr  Hlfiory  of  Navarre.  177 

nry  the  Third  of  Navarre,  was  born  at  Pau,  Decern-  Henry  ill. 
ber  the  13th,   1 55.-J-     He  was  ftylcd  in  hi*  mother's  life-  $J Na 
time  the  prince  ot "Beam.     Heefpoufed  the  princefs  Mar-  *frJJ% 

:,  filter  to  Charle*  the  Ninth,  and  Henry  the  Third, 
iucceilively  kings  of  France  j  and  by  the  demife  of  the 
tluke  of  Anjou  became  prefumptive  heir  to  the  crown  of 
France  ;  to  which  he  fuccceded  on  the  murder  of  the  lad 
mentioned  prince,  on  the  2d  of  Auguft,  1589,  and  united 
'>y  the  titles  of  France  and  Navarre. 
Before  we  conclude  this  fc£tion  it  may  not  be  amifs  to  Preftnt 
make  a  few  remarks,  which  we  flatter  ourfelves  will  notflate°fttlti 
be  difagreeable  to  our  readers.  Charles  the  Fifth,  as  we  tas  m' 
before  obferved,  engaged  by  treaty  to  reftore  this  king- 
dom, and  was  fo  little  pleafed  with  his  title,  that  amonglt 
other  hardflnps  put  upon  the  French  monarch  Francis  the 
Ftrft,  one  was,  that  he  (hould  oblige  his  brother-in-law 
Henry,  to  renounce  in  favour  of  Charles.  That  device 
failing,  he  rccommeded  it  to  Philip  the  Second  to  marry 
if  pollible  the  princefs  Joan,  or  to  reftorc  the  kingdom; 
rmt  Philip  the  Second  having,  as  he  faid,  been  fo  occu- 
pied during  his  whole  reign  as  not  to  have  time  to  examine 
this  queftion  maturely,  devolved  that  care  upon  Philip  the 
Third,  who,  it  may  be,  thought  his  anceftors  pofieffing  it, 
fufficient  right.  In  procefs  of  time  this  has  been  fettled 
by  a  fuperior  power,  fince  not  only  Navarre  but  all  the 
dominions  of  Spain  are  at  this  day  in  the  pofleflion  of  a 
defcendant  from  the  houfe  of  Albert.  But  with  refpect 
to  the  people  of  Navarre,  it  is  extremely  worthy  of  notice, 
that  they  have  preferved  their  laws  and  liberties  entire  ; 
though  the  king  of  Spain  fends  a  viceroy,  while  the 
French  king  keeps  the  title,  yet  they  are  alike  benefited 
m  point  of  revenue,  not  a  {ingle  crown  pafling  out  of  Na- 
Tarre,  except  it  may  be  what  a  viceroy  can  fave,  whofe 
falary  is  but  fix  thoufand  pieces  of  eight;  and  the  whole 
revenue  amounts  but  to  forty  thoufand,  which  is  about  a 
piece  of  eight  for  every  family. 

infupportably  haughty;  and  to  that  is  a  fad!  positively  denied 

this  rhc  hatred  of  queen  Mary  by     authors.      She    was    the 

tie  Meiicis  has  been  attributed  feventh   hcirefs  and  queen  of 

by  fuch  as  allege  (he  was  poi-  Navarre  in  her  own  right. 
ibued  by  her  direction,  though 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  N  C II  A  P. 


i;8  The  Wiflory  of  France, 


CHAP.     LXVIII. 

The  Hiftory  of  France*  from  the  Reign  ofClovis 
to  that  of  Lewis  the  Fifteenth, 

SECT.     I. 

The  firjl  or  Merovingian  Race  of  Kings  to  their  Ex- 
tintlion. 

Connexion  ^'  t  ^  H  E  rife  or  origin  of  all  nations  is  naturally  ob- 
oj  this  X     feu  re  ;   that   of  the   Franks   is  particularly  fo  :  all 

nvith  the  that  can  be  faid  of  it  is  founded  chiefly  in  conjecture  a. 
former  part  \yhat  can  De  faij  WOrth  confidering,  upon  this  peiplexed 
ivo'k  and  fubjccl,  tne  reader  has  feen  in  the  former  part  of  this 
the  ktflory  work.  There,  likewife,  may  be  found  what  has  been 
of  tht  tranfmitted  to  poflcrity,  concerning  their  four  full  kings, 

fr-Hiks  to  uiu|cr  whom  they  contctted  the  dominion  of  Gaul  with  the 
ovu'  Romans,  who  were  then  poflefled  of  it,  viz.  Pharamond, 
Clodio,  Mxrovius,  and  Childeric.  It  is  very  doubtful, 
whether  the  third  of  thefe  princes  was  not  of  quite  another 
family  from  his  predeceflbr.  The  frill  line  of  the  kings 
of  the  Franks  in  Gallia  were  from  him  flyled  Merovingi- 
an, a  circumflance  which  looks  as  if  he  was  the  founder 
of  a  new  family  at  leaft,  if  not  of  the  monarchy.  This 
honour  indeed  has,  by  fome  learned  men,  been  bellowed 
on  his  fun,  while  other  learned  critics  afcribe  it  wholly 
to  Clovis.  It  is  for  this  reafon,  that  the  reign  of  Clovif 
is  alfo  to  be  found  in  the  former  part  of  this  work ;  fo 
that  we  might  enter  on  this  feclion  with  the  divifion  of 
his  dominions  amongfl  his  four  fons ;  but  as  we  muft  be 
frequently  referring  to  what  prafled  under  the  reign  of 
their  father,  we  are  perfuaded  it  will  be  more  for  the 
reader's  eafe,  to  enter  upon  our  talk  by  a  very  fuccincl  re- 
capitulation of  his  hiftory. 

Clodoveus,  as  he  is  called  by  Gregory  of  Tours,  Clo- 
vis, as  he  is  ufually  flyled,  or  Louis,  for  it  is  the  fame 
name  differently  written,  fucceeded  his  father  Childeric, 

'  »  Preface  Pere  Daniel  fur  I'Hiftorique  de  France.  Hirtoire  & 
Geographic  ancienne  &  modeme,  par  M.  D'Audiffier,  torn,  ii, 
p.  .3.  Isouvelle  Hiftoire  dc  France,  par  M.  Louis  le  Gendre, 
P-  4.  5- 

at 


The  Hiftory  of  France.  1 79 

at  the  age  of  fifteen.  The  firfl  five  years  of  his  govern-  chvis  Jt~ 
meat,  for  any  thing  we  know,  were  fpent  in  peace  i  but,  ftati  Sya- 
at  the  expiration   of  that  time,  he  had  perfected  all  his  gr»">putt 

nations  for  attacking  the  Romans  in  Gaul.     They  atg'hiKo. 
were  then  governed  by  Syagrius,  whom  the  Franks,  at  manpoiu- 
Je.dr,  ftyled  their  king,  and  he  had  fixed  his  refidence  at  tr  ;n  Caul, 
Soiffons.      Sigibert,    one  of  the  chiefs  or  kings  of  the  andfubfii- 
Franks,  made  himl'elf  maftcr  of  Cologne,  where  it  is  pro-  tuUs  " 
bable  that  Clovis  parted  the  Rhine,  and,  through  the  fo- 
rett  of  Ardennes,  marched  directly  towards  Soiflbns.    Sy-  A.  D  4.86. 
r»grius,    having  a  numerous  army  under  his  command,  ■* 

him  battle,  in  which  Chararic,  one  of  the  chiefs  of 
the  Franks,  nearly  related  to  Clovis,  is  find  to  have  kept 
his  troops  entire,  till  he  faw  the  Romans  begin  to  break, 
then  he  charged  them  with  great  vivacity  in  their  retreat ; 
fo  that  being  totally  defeated  and  difperfed,  Syagrius  fled 
to  Touloufe,  and  put  himfelf  under  the  protection  of 
Alaric,  king  of  the  Vifigoths  b ;  who,  apprehenfive  of  the 
fpirit  and  fucccf*  of  Clovis,  forrje  time  after  delivered  him 
up  ;  and  the  monarch  of  the  Franks,  keeping  him  fome 
time  in  prifon,  where,  by  giving  him  falfe  hope",  he 
wrought  upon  him  to  facilitate  his  conqueft,  when  he  was 
of  no  farther  ufc  in  that  refpect,  caufed  him  to  be  pri- 
vately beheaded  c.  This  event  was  followed  by  the  entire 
reduction  of  his  dominions,  which  put  an  end  to  the 
power  of  the  Romans  in  Gaul,  and  left  the  Franks  in  full 
pofleflion  of  all  the  countries  between  the  Rhine  and  the 
Loire.  The  power  which  Clovis  had  gained  by  the  fword, 
he  laboured  to  eflablifh  by  a  mild  and  equitable  govern- 
ment, in  which  his  fubjects  of  all  nations  might  find  their 
account;  and,  at  this  time,  as  fome  very  able  judges  be-  A.  D.  489. 
lieve,  he  caufed  the  falique  law  to  be  made  public*1  (A).  s 

While 

*>  Grejjor.  Turon.lib.  ii.  c.  27.  «  Fredegarii  Scholaftici 

Epitome  &  Chronicon,  lib.  ii.  *  Hadriani  Valcfti  Gcita 

Francorum,  lib.  iii. 

(A)  The  Franks,  before  .the  fame  name.  The  Franks 
their  irruption  into  Gaul,  in-  werccompofedof  feveral  tribes, 
habited  a  part  of  Germany,  each  having  its  particular  chief, 
which,  in  the  old  geographical  Thus,  at  the  lame  time  that 
tables,  is  from  thence  denomi-  Clovis  was  king  of  the  Saltans, 
natcd  Francia ;  and,  by  fome  Sigebert  reigned  in  the  fame 
authors,  is  called  Old  France,  quality  over  the  Ripuarians, 
and,  by  others,  the  Germanic  and  other  princes  over  other 
France,  to  dtfliflguHh  it  from  tribes.  Each  of  thefe  tribei 
the  country  which  now  bears    had  their  particilar  cuftoms, 

N  z  TfiiUbi 


i  So  fhe  Hi/lory  of  France, 

A.  D.  4oz.  While  Clovis  was  thus  employed,  Bafin,  king  of  Thurin-* 
,  ,.„    ■■  -  gia,  attacked  the  country  of  the  Franks  on  the  other  fide 

the 


which  being  collected  and  re- 
duced to  writing,  formed  the 
code  of  their  laws  ;  and  hence 
it  is  mcil  probable,  that  what 
is  fty'ed   the  Salique   Law  re- 

i  that  nunc  from  being 
the  code  of  the  curtains  that 
prevailed  ammgft  the  Salians. 
What  we  have  now  is  not 
ftrictly  fpeaking  the  Salique 
Law,  becaull-  it  is  not  the  en- 
tire code,  but  an  abftract  of  ir. 
There  me  two  editions;  the 
fii  ft  printed  from  a  manufcript 
in  the  abbey  of  Fulde,  by  the 
care  or"  John  Baiil,  herald,  in 
I ;  ^  7 ;  and  the  other  later,  as 
comprehending  the  alterations 
and  additions  made  by  feveral 
kings  ;  but  they  agree  very 
well  in  the  main,  and  fhew 
very  clearly,  that  they  were 
the  cudoms  which  prevailed 
ainohglt  a  barbarous  and  war- 
like people,  in  order  to  keep 
fome  kind  of  interior  order, 
and  to  prevent  their  turning 
their  fwords,  at  every  turn, 
againft  each  other.  This  ab- 
ftract  is  divided  into  feventy- 
one  titles,  heads,  or  articles, 
penaoa  in  alterable  Latin, 
full  of  barbarous  words,  bor- 
rowed from  different  lan- 
guages. They  prescribed  pu- 
nifhment  for  murder,  thett, 
injuries,  and  all  the  various 
kinds  of  violence,  to  which 
fierce  and   rude  nations 

ommonly  addicted.  There 
16  not  lb  much  as  a  (ingle  word 
of  prieflo,  facrifices,  or  any 
thing  that  refpec~ta  religion,  ti- 
ther  Chriftian  or  Pagan.  It  is 
not  eafy,  or  rather  it  is  im- 
apoflible,    to  fix  their  origin  : 


fome  attribute  them  to  Pha« 
ramond,  others  believe  them 
ftill  more  ancient ;  however, 
it  feems  to  be  generally  agreed, 
that  Clovis  publifhed  them  in 
the  ftate  they  now  ftand  in,  or 
rather  gave  his  fancTion  to  that 
code  from  which  this  abrtracl 
is  made.  They  are  become 
chiefly  famous  from  a  few  lines 
in  the  fixty-fecond  title,  which 
we  will  give  the  reader  as  they 
ftand  there  :  "  De  Terra  vero 
Salica  nulla  portio  hajreditatis 
tranlit  in  mulierem,  fed  hoc 
virilis  fexus  acquirit  boc  eft 
filii  in  ipfa  haereditate  fucce- 
dunt."  i.  e.  "  In  refpect  to 
Salic  Lands,  no  part  of  it  lhall 
ever  be  inherited  by  a  woman, 
but  being  acquired  by  the 
males,  males  only  fliall  be  ca- 
pable of  the  fucceffion".  It  has. 
been  urged,  that  this  law  dif- 
abled  the  daughters  from  in- 
heriting the  crown  of  France  ; 
in  which,  if  there  be  any  truth, 
it  mull  be  by  conftrufticn.  The 
Saiians,  as  we  before  obferved, 
were  only  one  tribe  or  clan  of 
the  Frank0.  When  they  were 
fixed  in  their  conquefts,  the 
king  rewarded  eminent  ierviccs 
by  a  grant  of  lands,  fubjeft  to 
military  bids.  Thefe  lands 
thus  granted,  were  the  lands 
mentioned  in  the  law,  and  fuch 
an  eftate  was  flyled,  Terra  Sa- 
lica, Terre  Salitjuc.  or  land  held 
according  to  the  Salic  cuftom  : 
thefe  eftates  were  oppofed  to 
another  kind  of  eftates,  which 
were  fly  led  allodial,  and  might 
be  acquired  by  defcent,  by 
marriage,  or  by  purchafe.  Jt 
is  to  thefe  eftates  that  the  arti- 
cle 


TI:e  Hijlory  of  Fur  j3j 

pie  with 
10  fooncr  informed  than  lie  march- 
It  him   with  a  great  !  •      ,    d  ifeated  his  army, 
:ed  his  fubjedlsS  to  fubmit  to  become  his  tribute- 
- e. 

The  fituati  in  of  his  dominions,  and  the  circumftances  FfpiuTfs 
of  h  him  to  have  an  ai  r  almoit  CktiUu, 

v  in  the  court  of  Gondebaud,  king  of  Burgundy  ;  b"om"  a 
and  tins  cuftom  brought  to  his  fcnowlege  the  lame  ol   his  re(ttvet 

,   in  point  of  beauty,  virtue*,  and  other  aecom-  thttnjigni 
;  ,  was  elteemed  the  mod  illultrious  princefs  of  o/ma- 

,    whom,    not   without  difficulty,  he  obtained  f.  &iflrap>» 
t*  Tours   names  her  Chrotildis,  but  by  mo-   /'     e"i. 
(he  is  called  Clotilde,  or  Clotildis,  and  was  r\c% 
Chriftian.     Her  endeavours  to  conveit  the  king 

•irft  very  fuccefsful ;  on  the  contrary,  the  A.  D.  491. 

her  elded  fon  Ingomer,  foon  after  he  was  bap-  

tized,  made  an  untoward  impreffion  on  the  mind  of  Clo- 

vis,  which  was  heightened   by  the  dangerous  ficknefs  of 

Clodomir  his  fecond   fon,  loon  after  he  was  initiated  into 

the  Chriftian  faith,  from  which   however  he  recovered  '. 

The  AUe roans,  a  numerous    ad  potent  nation,  pafling  the 

Rhine,  (uddenly  waited   the   country  abo.it  Cologne  in  a 

moff.  barbarous  manner.    Sigibert  demanded  the  afiutance 

of  Clovis,  who  marched  with  a  great  army  to  his  relief, 

and,  as  foon  as  he  had  joined  his  forces,  gave  the  enemy 

battle  at   a  place   called  Tolbiac,  where,  Clovis  made  a 

vow,    thar,    if  Providence  granted   him   the    victory,  he 

would  become  a  Chriftian.     His  prayers  being  heard,  the  A,  D.  496, 

king  caufed  himfelf  to  be  inftruct'd  in  the  faith,  and  was,  ■■ 

•  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  ii.  cap.  17.  f  Hincmar  in  Vit    S.  Remig. 

«  Gregor.  Tur.  lib,  ii.  cap.  18.     Du  Bos  Hiltoire  Critique,  p.  365. 

cle  which  we  have  juft  cited  the  males,  and  then  comes  the 

rrly   belongs,     as  appears  fixth  paragraph  by  w ay  of  ex- 

Jt  ception.     "  But  in  re  1  peel  to 

,    or  of  Allodiah.     This  Salic  land,   no  parr  of  it  fliall 

law  confifti  of  fix  fliort  para-  ever  be  inherited  by  a  woman, 

'   which  regard  but    being    acquired    by    the 

the  tu  to  fuch  cftites,  males,  males  only  (hall  be  ca- 

them  the  females  are  to  pable  of  the  luccelfion"  (1). 
the  full  as  much  favoured  as 

(1)  Diftertation  fur  I'Ofisine  des  Loix  Saliques,  par  Vert  or. 
Hiltoire  critique  de  1'Etabhn'mcat  dc  la  Monarchic  Francaifc.  par 
J'AbbeDuJJcs. 

N  3  at 


S3*  The  Hijiory  of  "France, 

at  lengih,  baptized  by  St.  Remy,  bifliop  of  Rheims,  si 
circumftance  which  gave  great  fatisfa&iou  to  the  Gauls, 
and  at  Rome,  as  molt  of  the  princes  in  Europe  were  at 
that  time  Arians  h.  As  for  the  miracles  faid  to  have  at- 
tended this  ceremony,  we  find  no  hints  of  them  in  the 
lucre  ancient  authors  (B).  Some  time  after,  Ciovis  re- 
duced Armorica,  or  Britanny,  and  afterwards  made  war 
againft  the  Burgundians,  in  which  he  had  for  his  aily 
A,  IX  sec.  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Oftrogoths  * ;   1  ing  urn- 

— — — —  brage  at  the  great  power  of  Ciovis,  and  finding  a  difpofi- 
tion  in  his  own  fubjecls,  who  were  Catholics,  to  revolt  to 
him,  engaged  in  a  war,  the  fate  of  which  was  decided  by 
a  general  battle  in  the  plains  of  Vouille,  near  Poitiers, 
where  his  forces  were  totally  defeated,  and  himfelf  killed 
.A.  D.  509.  in  the  field  k.     Hi;;  ambition  led  Ciovis  to  puih  his  fuccefs 

*Z ' —  a  little  too  far ;  in  confequence  of  which  the  Franks  were 

defeated  before  Aries,  by  the  forces  of  Theodoric ;  foon 
after  which  event  a  general  peace  was  made,  in  which 
the  Burgundians  and  the  Vifigoths  were  included. 

The  fame  of  Ciovis,  having  penetrated  as  far  as  Con-» 
ftantinople,  the  emperor  Anaitafius  fent  him  a  diadem 

l>  Gefta  Francorum,  cap.  xv.  1  Fredegarii  Scbolaftici 

Epitome  &  Chromcon,  cap,  xxv.  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  ii.  cap.  33. 
*  ifidor.  Chron.     Greg.  Tur.  lib.  ii.  cap.  37. 

(B)  We  have  a  very  circum-  the  holy  prelate  not  finding 
ftantial  account  of  the  baptiz  the  oil  when  he  was  to  ulb 
ing  of  Ciovis,  by  St.  Gregory  it,  had  recourfe  to  heaven, 
of  Tours,  who  lived  near  his  begging,  with  a  fhort  but  fer- 
tile ;  we  have  a  letter  written  vent  prayer,  that  the  want  of 
to  him  by  the  bifliop  of  Vienne,  what  was  nccefTary  to  accom- 
to  felicitate  him  upon  his  con-  plifli  the  ceremony,  might,  by 
verlion  ;  and  we  have  another  lbme  means  or  other,  be  fup- 
long  letter  of  a  bifliop,  con-  plied.  He  had  fcarcc  done, 
coming  the  miracles  wrought  when  a  dove,  exceeding  the 
by  St.  Remy,  or  Remigius,  bi-  fnow  in  whitenefs,  was  ieen 
fhop  of  Rheims;  in*all  which  carrying  a  phial  filled  with  oil, 
there  is  not  one  fyllablcof  the  which  thebifhop  hadnofooner 
holy  vial  ( 1 ).  The  liory.was  received  than  the  dove  difap- 
flrft  broached,  by  Hinemar,  peared,  and  was  never  after- 
archbifliop  of  Rheims,  who  wards  feen.  With  this  oil 
Ijved  in  the  ninth  century,  and  Remigius  anointed  the  king, 
wrote  the  life  of  St.  Remy  or  and  the  odour  it  fpread  was 
Remigius,  bifnop  of  Rheims.  fweet  beyond  imagination  or 
Tiie  archbifhop   relates,    that  expreffion. 

(j)  Remigii  ap.Du  Cbefne,  torn.  i.  p.  5*4. 

ml 


The  Hiflory  of  France.  l8j 

and  "obc,  with  the  title  of  Patrician,  Conful,  or  //;,  amii„ 

I   very   kindly  accepted,  Mid   the   king  th* 
mfclf  to  be  invefled  with  ihefe  pompous  orna-  /■'"»/'' 
cry  folemn  manner:  it  may  be  both  princes  T    a[l  ' 
vs,  and  that  thefe  were  very  different*      Hit  //„/,///, 
ht  propole  prefervtng  a   title  to  the  Gauls,  kint^s  a*d 
;  loit,  by  the  conferring;,   and  the  t^ufiamt 
acceptance  of  thefe  honours  ;  whereas  the  monarch  of  the  jyj^, 
ronfider  this  as  an  affociation  in  the  empire, 
(hould  be  fo  contidered  by  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  conquered  countries.     When  he  perceived  that  A.  D.  510. 
this  fcheme   had  taken  eirect,  he  refolved  to  undermine  — ■  ■ 

the  chiefs  of  other  tribes,  that  he  might  leave  a:l  the 
Franks  poflVffed  to  his  own  pofterity.  He  began  with  Si- 
gibert,  king  of  Cologne,  by  hinting  to  his  fon  Chlode- 
ric,  that  he  fpuh  the  thread  of  his  life  a  little  too  long  ; 
upon  which  Chioderic  caufed  him  to  be  put  to  death ;  but 
as  he  was  bufy  in  taking  pofi'cffion  of  his  treafures,  he  was 
ftabbed  by  one  of  his  own  retinue,  and  Clovis  appearing 
immediately  after  with  an  army,  left  no  room  to  doubt 
that  he  directed  the  laft  murder,  and  was  not  ignorant  of 
the  firft  '.  He  fcized  by  treachery  Ghararic,  king  of  Cam- 
bray,  and  his  fon,  caufed  thtm  both  to  be  fhaved,  the  old 
man  to  be  ordained  a  prieft,'  and  the  young  one  a  deacon. 
This  is  the  firft  inftance  of  rendering  a  prince  incapable 
of  w-  crown   by  taking  off  his  hair  ;  and  the  fon 

having  intimated  to  his  father  that  it  would  grow  again, 
and  then  they  might  take  their  revenge,  Clovis  to  pre- 
vent that  opportunity,  ordered  that  they  mould  lofe  their 
heads.  He  engaged,  by  great  promifes,  the  minifters  and 
captains  of  Ragnacharius  to  deliver  both  him  and  his  bro- 
ther Richarius  into  his  hands;  and  after  reproaching  them 
for  fuffering  themfelves  to  be  chained,  he  difpatched  them 
with  his  battle-axe.  Thofe  who  had  betrayed  them  com- 
plaining, that  the  money  or  prefents  he  gave  them  were 
only  copper  gilt,  he  told  them,  that  he  always  paid  trai- 
tors in  that  coin. 

He  removed  the  feat  of  his  government  firft  from  Tour-  his  Math 
nay  to  Soiflbns,  and  from  thence  to  Paris,  which  he  made  and t ha* 
the  feat  of  his  empire.     He  held  a  council  at  Orleans,  at  r^tr* 
which  feveral  bilhops  were  prcfent ;  and  a  letter  written 

'  Aimoini  Monaohi  inclyti  Coertobii  S.  Germani  libri  miinque  » 

de  Gclti*  Francorura,  cap.  xwij.  xviii.  Hadriani  Valefii  G=iU 
franco:  ui», 

N  4  br 


*$4  £$*  Nifiary  of  Franc:. 

by  them  to  the  king,  on  that  occafion,  is  ftill  extant**. 
He  founded  feveral  monafterics,  and  built  fome  chinches ; 
for  thefe  reafons,  and  becaufe  he  proft  Ged  the  Catholic 
religion,  the  prelates  were  ftrongly  attached  to  him,  which 
was  one  great  caufc  of  his  fuccefs.  Pie  deceafed  in  the 
month  of  November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  51;,  and 
was  interred  in  the  church  of  St.  Peter  and  Paul  at  Paris, 
which  now  beais  the  name  of  St.  Genevieve,  where  his 
tomb  is  ftill  to  be  feen  n.  He  lived  forty-fne,  and  r« 
ed  thirty  years.  Authors  are  much  divided  as  to  his  cha- 
racter: fome  admire  him  as  a  great  captain  ;  others  com- 
mend him  as  a  confummate  politician  ;  and  fome  have 
been  fo  complaifant  as  to  ftyle  him  a  faint  °.  His  cou- 
rage and  his  abilities,  no  doubt,  were  very  remarkable, 
and  his  good  fortune  rather  more  confpicuousj  but  his 
morals  were  certainly  deteltable,  Kis  boundlefs  ambi- 
tion, and  the  defire  of  fecuring  to  his  own  family  the  fo- 
vereignty  of  the  Franks,  which  hitherto  had  been  fhared 
with  the  chiefs  of  their  feveral  ti ;i|  the  fource  of 

thofe  vices  which  tarnifh  his  character,  and  leave  other 
nations  no  great  reafon  to  regret  the  glory  feme  writers 
would  affiimc,  from  having  this  prince  for  the  founder 
of  their  empire. 

The  fons  of  Clovis  were  four,  amongft  whom  were  di- 
vided all  the  dominions  which  their  father  had  acquired. 
The  eldefr,  Thieri,  or  Theodoric,  was  about  twenty-fix 
years  ol  age,  born  before  his  father's  marriage  with  Clo- 
tildis ;  whence  fome  modern  writers  ftyle  him  a  baftard  : 
he  had  the  eaitern  part  of  his  father's  dominions  for  his 
fhare,  and,  becaufe  that  was  his  capital,  took  the  title 
of  king  of  Metz.  Clodomir,  the  tldeit  fon  of  CJovis  by 
his  queen,  was  about  fixteen,  and  he  had  the  kingdom  of 
Orleans.  Childebert  and  Clotaire  were  infants ;  the  former 
had  the  kingdom  of  Paris,  and  the  latter  that  of  Soiffons, 
under  the  tutelage  of  their  mother.  But  though  Gregory 
of  Tours  fays  this  was  a  very  equal  divifion,  yet  it  is  not 
eafy  to  affign  the  manner  in  which  it  was  made,  or  the 
iA.  D.  en.  provinces  of  which  each  of  their  fhaies  confifted  p.      The 

>— authority  of  Clotildis,  founded  chiefly  in   her  prudence, 

preicrved  the  dominions  of  the  Franks  in  peace  for  the 
firft  feven  years  after  the  death  of  Clovis,  if  we  except  a 
fmall  difpute  between  Theodoric  king  of  the  Oftrogoths, 

m  Sirmond  Concil.  Gall,  tom.i.  "  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  ii. 

Cap.  41.  °  De  la  Saintete  dn  lloi  Clovis,  avec  les  Preuvcs 

&  Its  Autorites,  &  un  Abrege  de  la  Vie,  par  Jean  Savaron,  Lieu- 
tenant general  de  Clermont.  Paris,  fol.  1621.  p  AgathJse 
Scholaftici  de  Jmpsratojris  Juftiniani  Rebus  libri  y,  lib,  i. 

and. 


The  four 
fans  of 
Cicvis 
fhare  his 

dominions. 


T  t  U-ftory  of  Franc?.  1 1$ 

andThieri  k::  tz,  which  was  compromtfed  upon 

is  to  the  latter. 
numerou  ,    vilh  a  potent  army  of  Danes  on  A  D/tniJi 

mouth  of  the  Meufe,  and  their 
landed  his  forces,  began  to  walk-  all  the  T"J/\"'  . 

■     r  i  i  i  •    '  tatfdi  and 

country  wnn  fire  and  1  word  j  upon  which  I  men  , 

fent  an  army  again  li  him,  under  the  command  of  his  foil  rtduced 
.lohert,  who  had  likewife  the  direction  of  a  fleet  that  u.-.Jtr  the 
tinted  to  z8  againft  the  D-ines.     In  this  ex-  ao»">>:"> 
pedition  he  acquitted  himfelf  with  great  reputation,  de-  jrci'  ma  ' 
feated  thefe  cruel  invaders  on  fhore,  worfted  their  navy  at 
fea,  killed  their  king,   compelled  them    to   difmifs   their 
piifoners,  and  to   retire   with  the    utmofl   precipitation'. 

..ither  engaged  foon  after  in   a  war   Ids  honourable,  A.  D.  $rp. 

and,  though   attended    with    fuccefs,    lefs  advantageous  :  — • 

Hcrmanfroi,  king  of  Thuringia,  had,  by  the  perfuafion  of 
his  wife  Amalberga,  deftroyed  his  brother  Berthaire,  and 
feized  his  part  of  their  father's  territories,  and  by  her  per- 
fuafion he  meditated  the  like  treatment  towards  Balderic, 
his  only  furviving  brother,  who  was  apprized  of  his  in- 
tentions, and  kept  upon  his  guard.  Hcrmanfroi,  there- 
upon, applied  himfelf  to  the  king  of  Metz,  and  offered 
him  half  his  brother's  dominions,  if  he  would  join  in  this 
eutcrprize.  He  confented  to  this  propofal,  and,  in  con- 
junction with  his  new  ally,  gave  battle  to  Balderic,  whofe 
army  being  defeated,  and  himfelf  killed  on  the  fpot,  his  A.  D.  521. 
brother  feized  all,  and   left  Thieri  no  other  recompence  * 

than  the  confeioufnefs  of  having  embarked  in  fo  foul  an 
action.  A  prince  of  his  fpirit  and  temper  could  not  help 
ng  and  refenting  this  ufage  ;  but  perceiving  Herman- 
froi  in  full  pofieffion  of  Thuringia,  whereas  he  had  only 
a  part  of  his  father's  kingdoms,  he  ftifled  his  indignation, 
till  an  opportunity  fhould  olier  of  indulging  it  in  its  full 
extent s. 

Gondebaud,    king  of  Burgundy,    who  had   murdered  ^  cfl**~ 
Chilperic  his  brother,  and  the   father  of  queen  Clotildis,  £/'"•/# 
being  dead,   left  his  dominions  to  his  ions  Sigilmund  and  u-oaJetht 
mar,  againft  whom,  her  fons  being   now  grown  up,  kingdom  of 
the  widow  of  Clevis  engaged  them  to  make  %      '.        The  B*f*4t 
difpute  was  very  unequal,  and  the  forces  of  Sigifmund  aKiitakt 

f  ,  ,  .      y.-r,      3, ,        i_       ,        .  1  ,       tindnurdir 

quickly  routed.      1  he  r ranks  plundering  the  country  with-  Sipifmumd 
vv.:  mercy,  the  people  partly  out  of  fpitc  to  the  author  of  its  **r 

arch, 

*  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  iii.  cap.  3.  Gefta  Rep.  Francorum,  cap.  19. 
•  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  iii-  c.ip.  iv.  Authorc  Vila- Tlieod.  Abb.  Kho 
penf,  (  Gdta  Keg-  Francoruiri,  cap.  zo. 

their 


i86 


AD.  52.] 


Thitrl, 

k:n%  of 
Mttz.  re» 
duces  the 
country  of 
Thurinvia, 
an  J  co.ufs 
tier: 

frui  to  be 
mtkdtrtd* 


The  Hlfiory  of  Franc?. 

their  misfortunes,  and  partly  in  hopes  of  pacifying  the 
victors,  feized  upon  the  unfortunate  Sigifmund,  who  had 
cut  off  his  long  hair,  and  put  on  the  drefs  of  a  hermit, 
and  delivered  him,  together  with  his  queen,  and  the  two 
princes  his  ions,  into  the  hands  of  Clodomir.  He,  after 
detaining  them  fome  time  in  prifon  at  Orleans,  upon  the 
report  of  Godemar's  being  proclaimed  king  of  the  Bur- 
gun:lians,  resolved  to  put  them  to  death  \  Avitus,  ab- 
bot of  Mid,  interpofed  in  their  behalf,  and  went  fo  far  as 
to  promife  the  king  victory,  if  he  fpared  thefe  miferable 
creatures  5  but  in  rain  ;  they  were  thrown  into  a  deep  pit, 
by  way  of  retaliation,  Chilperic  having  fufFered  the  fame 
If  itrhcnt  from  his  brother  Gondcbaud.  The  univerfal 
pity  that  followed  this  ourageous  act.  of  cruelty  procured 
Sigifmund,  who  in  other  refpecls   did   not  deferve  it,  the 

ration  of  a  faint.  Clodomir  entered  the  country  of 
the  Burgundians  with  his  army,  and  gave  battle  to  Go- 
demar,  in  which  he  was  defeated.  But  Clodomir  purfu- 
ing  indifcreetly,  was  furrounded  and  ilain,  and  his  head 
fixed  on  a  pike,  and  carried  about  in  triumph  by  his  ene- 
mies, who  believed  that  this  fpeclaele  would  have  ftruck 
the  Franks  with  defpair;  but,  on  the  contrary,  it  infpir- 
cd  them  with  fo  great  fury,  that,  after  deftroying  the 
greateft  part  of  his  army,  they  obliged  Godemar  to  quit 
the  field  of  battle w.  Clodomir  left  behind  him  three 
fons,  neverthelefs,  his  brothers  took  polreffion  of  his  do- 
minions, under  the  fpecious  preten:  e  of  being  guardians 
to  his  children  •,  and  how  honourably  they  difcharged  that 
truft  will  hereafter  appear. 

Thieri,  king  of  Metz,  feeing  the  power  of  the  Oftro- 
goths  much  le  filmed  by  the  death  of  king  Theodoric, 
thought   it   a  proper  time  to   make   Hermanfroi   feel   the 

ht  of  his  vengeance  ;  and  having  engaged  his  brother 
Clotaire,  king  of  Spiflbns,  to  aflift  him,  they,  at  the  time 
agreed  upon  between  them,  entered  the  country  of  Thu- 
ia,  with  two  potent  armies.  They  joined  foon  after 
they  had  paffed  the  Rhine,  and  their  force  was  quickly 
augmented  by  another  powerful  corps  of  troops  under 
Th/  ouobert  x.  However,  Hermanfroi  had  time  enough 
to  aflcmble  the  whole  force  of  his  dominions,  and  to  dif- 
pofe  all  things  in  the  beft  manner  for  their  reception, 
The  allies  found  him,  therefore,  with  his- army  ranged  in 
order  of  battle,  with  a  fpacious  plain  in  front,  and  a  ffeep 


u  Marius  Aventii  in  Chron.  w  Gefta  Regum  Franco- 

rum,  cap.  21.  *  Gieg.  Tur.  libiii.  cap.  vi. 

&q4 


T).>e  Fli/Jory  of  France'.  187 

an«l  rapid  river  in  his  rear.     They  formed  with  all  the  di- 
ifiblc,  expecting  they  fhould  have  been  attack- 
but  perceiving  the  Thuringians  remained  firm,  they  A.  D  53*, 
need  to  charge  them.    Hermanfroi  had  caufed  feverai   — — — 
to  he  made  in  the  front  of  his  army,  which  were 
:  with  turf,  and  numbers  of  the  Franks  fall- 
intothem,  were  miferahly  flain.     Clotaire,  as  foon  as 
he  perceived  this  contrivance,  gave  a  fignal  to  halt,  and 
foon  after  palling  with  his  cavalry  through  the  fpaces  be- 
n  the  pits,  pufhed  the  Thuringians  with  fuch  vigour 
that  they  foon  fell  into  confufion.     Theodobert  followed 
his  uncle's  example  with  the  infantry.  Thieri  taking  them 
in  Hank  with  his  forces,  the  route   became  general,  and 
the  river  behind  them  preventing  their  retreat,  the  far 
greatcft  part  of  them  were  either  killed  or  drowned.    The 
queen  Amalberga  was  conveyed  to  a  place  of  fafety  by  her 
brother  Theodad  ;  and  Hermanfroi  having  with  difficulty 
made  his  efcape,  fled  fiom  place  to  place  in  difguife*    In 
confequence  of  this  defeat,  the  capital  was  taken,  and  the 
country  in  general  destroyed  without  mercy.     Soon  after 
this  victory,  Thieri  invited  his  brother  to  a  private  confe- 
rence ;  but  Clotaire,  as  he  entered  the  hall,  perceiving 
men's  feet  behind  a  piece  of  tapeftry,  fufpe&ed,  not  with- 
out reafon,  a  defign  to  murder  him  ;  and  flopping  a  little, 
made  a  fignal  for  his  attendants  to  advance.     Thieri  ca- 
refled  him  extremely,  prefented  him  with  a  large  filver 
bafon,  and  propofed  to   him   many  things  for  their  com- 
mon benefit,  to  which  he  liltened  with  great  complaifance, 
but  retired  from  the  audience  with  a  full  refolution  never 
to  run  a  hazard  of  the  like  kind  again  y.     Thieri,  at  the 
clofe  of  the  campaign,  declared,  that  having  avenged  his 
breach  of  faith,  Hermanfroi  might  meet  him  with  fafety 
at  Tolbiac,  in  order  to  treat  of  peace.     Thither  accord- 
ingly he  came,  was  kindly  received,  and  the  king  walking 
with  him   upon   the  ramparts,    advanced  a  little  before 
him,    when  a   perfon    placed   behind,    for  that  purpefc, 
threw  him   over  into  the  ditch,  where  he  was  fmother- 
ed.     Thus  his  fpacious  teiritorics  became  feudatory  to 
Thieri  "■ 

Childebcrt,  king  of  Paris,  while  bis  brothers  were  thus 
employed,  was  embarked  in  another  war-  His  fifter  Clo- 
tilda had  efpoufed  Amalaric,  king  of  the  Vifigoths  in 
Spain,  and  being  a  zealous  Catholic,  and  he  an  obltinatc 

y  Greg.  Tur.  lib,  Hi.  cap.  7.  *  Prccopii  Cacfarienfis  d« 

CotbicoBdio. 

Arian, 


lS8  .  The  Ififtory  of  France, 

Childebert  Arian,  they  were  quickly  upon  fuch  bad  terms  as  induced 
invades  Childebert  to  take  up  arms  for  her  deliverance.  In  hia 
l™  ft™'"1'  march  towar,:!s  Scptimania,  or  that  diftri£t  of  Gaul  {till 
Vi/pottis',  m  l^c  F°^e^10n  °f  *te  Goths,  a  falfe  report  reached  his 
in  the  quar-  ear»  of  his  brother  Thieri's  being  defeated,  and  killed  in 
reloj  kis  Thuringia,  which  tempted  him  to  make  a  fhoit  turn  into 
jitfsrC.o.  Auvergne,  a  country  belonging  to  his  brother,  the  capital 
*     *  being  betrayed  into  his  hands,  he  took  pofieffion  of  it,  and 

had  juft  received  the  oaths  of  the  inhabitants  when  he  was 
informed  of  the  truth,  and  that,  inftead  of  bein 
ed  and  dead,  Thitri  was  alive  and  victorious  :  he  quitted 
his  new  conqueit,    therefore,    wiih   filence  and   Shame  j 
and,  to  efface  the  memory  of  it,  recurred  to  his  firft  ex- 
pedition, in  which  he  WM  at  profperous  as  he  could  de-» 
lire  ;  for  having  routed  Amalaric  in  battle,  and  made  hifn- 
felf  matter  of  Naibonne,  the  king  of    lie  Yifigoths  being 
ilain  by  a  confpiracy  of  his  own  fubjecls3  his  filter  was 
reitored  to   him,  but  died   in  her  way  to  Paris,  whither 
Childebert  returned  in   triumph,    his  armv  loaded  with 
plunder.       Amonglt   this   was   a    great   quantity  of  rich 
church  plate,  that,  by  his  command,  was  distributed  to 
the  cathedrals  in  his  dominions;  by  which  liberality  he 
gained  the  1  ve  of  the  clergy  a.     His  brother  Clotaire  con- 
gratulated him  on  the  fuccefs  of  his  enterpnze,  and  the 
two  brothers  entered  into  a  clofe  alliance,  being  equally 
afraid  of  Thieri,  to  whom  notwithstanding  they  propofed 
a  reconciliation,  provided  he  would  affift  them  in  a  war 
againft  the  Burgundians,  which  they  had  now  more  than 
ever  at  heart.     As  this  did  not  fuit  his  feheme  of  policy, 
he  refufedto  comply  with  their  demand  j  upon  which,  to 
fecure  themfelves  from  any  disturbance,  they  excited  a 
fedition    amongft  his   troops   by  their  intrigues,  and  fo- 
mented a  rebellion  againft  him  in  Auvergne,  into  which 
country  he  was  thereby  conftiained  to  fend  the  flower  of 
his  forces,  under  the    command  of  his  fon  Theodoberr. 
Having  thus  provided  fufficient  employment  for  him,  they 
continued   with   all    poffible    diligence  their  preparations 
againft    Godemar,  who,  while   they   were   embarked   in 
other  expeditions,    had    gradually    recovered   his    whole 
country,  and  was,  at  this  inftant,  affembling  all  his  forces 
to  defend  it. 

The  two  brothers,  Childebert  and  Clotaire,  entered 
the  country  of  their  enemies  with  a  fupcrior  army,  and 
Juid  fiege  to  Autun  ;  of  which,  after  a  gallant  defence, 

*  Ifidor.  Hjfpal.  Greg.  Tur.  M,  Aurelii  Caffiodori  Variarum. 

they 


Th  HiJIory  of  2  8$ 

tliey  fnade  thcmfelves  matters,  and  proceeded  nert  to  re-  A.  D.  Sja. 

nne  :  which  they  found   a  work  of  greater  diffi- 

it  which  notwithstanding  they  accomplifhed  at  Tfo  *""*r 
mined  to  keep  what  had  coil  them  fo  V  ef'%™' 
r,  they  put  an  end  to  the  campaign,  by  taking  winter-  ^Irgne, 
quarters  in  the  country  adjacent.  Thicri,  in  the  mean  anJtherg. 
,  finding  the  war  of  Auvergne  would  prove  a  dan-  wit  and 
as  and  troublefome  bufinefs,  went  thither  in  pcrfon,  C?r  ^ "' 
dieving  that  his  own  temper  and  experience  would 
fuit  better  with  an  employment  of  fuch  a  nature,  than 
the  youth,  and  perhaps  the  gentlenefs  and  generofity,  of 
bis  fun's  difpofition.  At  firft,  he  acted  with  great  rough- 
nefs  and  fevcritv,  which,  on  a  fudden,  under  pretence  of 
a  dream,  or  vifion,  lie  relaxed,  and  by  a  tender  of  mercy 
to  his  fubjects  in  defpair,  brought  them  to  a  fubmiflion, 
into  which  they  would  not  have  been  fo  eafily  forced  K 
Yet  when  he  thought  this  arduous  affair  in  a  manner 
over,  as  having  made  his  entry  into  Auvergne,  where  he 
contented  himfelf  with  punifhing  the  family  of  the  fena- 
torArcadius,  who  had  betrayed  it  to  Childeberr,  he  found 
his  work  was  to  be  begun  again.  Munderic,  a  great  lord 
of  that  country,  pretending  that  he  was  of  the  royal  fa- 
mily of  Clovis,  not  only  took  up  arms,  butafTumed  like- 
wife  the  title  of  king,  and  quickly  drew  together  an  army, 
compofed  chiefly  of  thofe  who  had  been  ruined  by  the  li- 
centioufnefs  of  the  king's  troops  c.  Thieri  attempted  firft 
to  get  him  into  his  power  by  negociation,  but  that  failed 
him,  for  his  character  was  too  well  known  ;  he  blocked 
him  up  in  Vitri,  which  was  then  a  ftrong  place.  The 
garrifon  being  numerous,  and  compofed  of  men  abso- 
lutely defperate,  the  defence  was  obltinate,  as  might  be 
expected.  The  king  fent  a  domeftic,  a  man  of  great 
cunning,  whofe  name  was  Argefile,  to  pra&ife  once  more 
upon  Munderic ;  and  he  having  firft  reprefented  his  dan- 
ger in  very  ftrong  terms,  and  afterwards  f  wearing  at  the 
high  altar  that  he  fhould  have  a  free  pardon,  prevailed  on 
him  to  furrender  the  place  *.  As  they  came  out  together, 
with  a  few  of  Munderic's  attendants,  fome  of  Thieri's 
foldier*,  half-armed,  gathered  about  them  ;  upon  which 
Argefile  cried  out  in  an  angry  tone,  "  Who  do  you  ftare 
at  ?  Did  you  never  fee  Munderic  before?"  At  which 
fignal  they  attacked  him.     Munderic,  who  had  a  fhort 

*  Hadriana  Vclefii  Gefta  Franc,  c  Aimoini  Momc'ii 

inclyti  Ccenobii  S.  Germani  Libri  qninqur  de  GeltisFrancorum,  lib. 
ii.  cap.  i.  -  Gicg.  Turon.  lib.  >n.  tap.  13. 

fpcar 


t$c* 


Clot  a  ire, 
by  the  ad' 
vice  of 
Childebert, 
murders 
their  ne- ' 
fhews, 
andjhares 
the ii-  do- 
minion. 


A.  D.  533 


The  Hiftgry  of  France, 

fpear  in  his  hand,  turning  on  his  guide,  <f  Perjured  trai* 
tor,  faid  he,  I  know  I  {hall  die,  but  lead  thou  the  way  ;" 
and  fo  pinned  him  to  the  earth  ;  but  being  furrounded,  he 
and  his  fervants  were  quickly  cut  to  pieces'5.  Thieri 
having  reduced  Auvergne  a  fecond  time,  left  Theodobert 
with  a  competent  number  of  forces  to  fettle  the  country, 
and  returned  to  Metz,  having  in  his  mind  ftill  greater  pro- 
jects. He  burned  with  a  defire  to  expel  the  Oftrogoths 
and  the  Vifigoths  out  of  the  provinces  they  ftill  poffeffed 
in  [Gaul,  efteeming,  according  to  the  maxim  of  his  fa- 
mily, that  they  po Helled  nothing  where  they  did  not  pof- 
fefs  all. 

rlhe  queen-dowager  Clotildis,  being  at  Paris  with  her 
grandfons,  Gunthaire,  Theodobaid,  and  Clodoalde,    the 
ions  of  Clodomir,  and  having  preffed  her  fon  Childebert 
to  do  thefe  orphans  juftice,  he,  feeming  to  acquiefce  in 
her  demand,  fent  for  his  brother  Clotaire  to  regulate  the 
method  of  putting  them  into  poffeffion  of  their   domi- 
nions.    After  this  interview,  the  two  brothers  fent  to  de- 
mand the  young  princes,  whom  the  grandmother  delivered 
without   the  leaft  fufpicion,  faying,  that  fhe   fhould   not 
forget  the  lofs  of  her  fons,  in  feeing  them  reign  f.     Her 
.  furprize   was   great,  at   hearing  they  were  put  under  a 
guard  ;  but  her  apprehenfions  were  itill  more  heightened, 
when  Arcadius,  the  fenator  of  Auvergne,  who  betrayed 
that  city  to  Childebert,  brought  her  from  that  prince  a  pair 
of  fciifars  and  a  fword,  and  bid  her  chufe  which  inftru- 
neat  fhe  pleafed.      Con fu fed  at  fo  horrid  a  mefiage,  fhe 
anfwercd,    "  I  had  rather  fee  my   children    dead,   than 
fhaved  ;"  which  anfwer  being  reported  to  the  two  kings, 
Clotaire    immediately   diipatched  Theodobaid,  who   was 
about  ten  years  old,  with  his  dagger  *•     Gunthaire,  who 
was  about  feven,  embraced  the  knees  of  his  uncle  Childe- 
bert, who  was  fo  much  moved  thereat,  as  to  intreat  Clo- 
taire to  fpr.re  him  •,  but  the  brutal  prince  cried  out.  "  It  was 
by  thy  inftigation  that  I  rntcred  on  this  bloody  fcene,  die 
thyfelf,  or  let  me  finifh  what  I  have  begun."     Childebert 
affrighted,  ftepped  out  of  his  way,  and  he  inftantly  dif- 
patched  the  child.     But  during  this  fhort  difpute,  the  at- 
tendants of    Childebert   conveyed  away   Clodoalde  ;    at 
which    the    furious  Clotaire  was  fo   provoked,    that   he 
caufed  all  the  tutors  and  domeflics  who  attended  the  chil- 


«  liiftoire  de  la   Maifon  d'Auvergne,  par  M.  Baluze,  torn.  i? 
vers  la  Fin,  Greg.  Tin.  lib.  iii.  cap.  n.  f  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  Hi.. 

cap.  lit  eFiedegarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chron. 

drea 


l9f 

to  be  deftroyed.     As   to   Clodoalde,  he  became  1 
i  lor  his  innocent  life  being  rep ■  ted  a  faint,  left 
of  St.  Cloud,  near 
nagined,  that  Thieri,  wlio  had  no  hand  in  thefc  mur- 
.  would  have  r  them,  but  having  his  {hare  of 

their  dominions,  lie   was  reconciled   to  his  brethren, 
entered  into  an  alliance  with  Ciotaire  for  driving  the  Of- 
oths  out  of  Gaul  •,  in  order  to  fhare  the  countries  they 
between  tiiem. 
In  order  to  execute  this  great  defign,  Ciotaire  ordered  a.  D.  534. 

>n  Gunthier  to  march   with  an  army  on  the  fide  of 

Rodez,  while  Theodobcrt,  with  his  father  Thieri's  forces,  WhiU  Thi- 
I  from   that  of  Auvergnc.     Bur,  as  foon  as  the  war  ""'«#'*? 
1,  Gunthier,  without   any  apparent  caufe,  re-  "y^c   ,/  l 
•to  carry  it  on  as  he  could  h.  Qkildtbtri 
This  young  prince,  in  the  progrefs  of  his  expedition,  met  and  C/#. 
with  a  lady,  whofe  name  was  licutcria,  a  married  woman,  tuye  «*»- 
but  who  had  bt  i  wit,  though  not  youth  to  recom-  PleU  tk'     • 

mead  her.  ()i  her  be  became  fo  enamoured, that,aftera  cam-  fl^aaJL 
paign,uot  very  'active  he  retired  into  Auvergne,  and  put  his  , 

>  sinto  winter-quarters1.  His  fatherThierihadcommittcd 
the  civil  adminiftration  of  this  province,  after  its  reduc- 
tion, toSigivaldc  ;  who  believing  the  people  were  not  like 
toe  at  court,  had opprefled  them  in  the 

mod  grievous  manner  ;  of  which  conduct  Thieri  being 
in/ormed,  caufed  him  to  befeizedand  fent  to  court,  where, 
upon  full  proof,  lie  was  beheaded.  But  believing  that  his 
fon  Givalde  might,  fome  time  or  other,  endeavour  to  re-  • 

venge  his  father's  death,  an  order  was  difpatched  to  Theo- 
dobcrt to  feize  and  execute  him  aifo.  The  prince,  who 
had  been  this  young  man's  godfather,  fe'nt  for  him,  and, 
having  (hewed  him  his  father's  orders,  advifed  him  to 
withdraw,  and  not  to  venture  into  his  own  country  again, 
fo  long  as  the  king  lived*.  In  the  mean  time,  Childehcrt 
and  Ciotaire  fmiflied  the  reduction  of  Burgundy,  in  which 
1b me  fay  Godemar  was  killed,  and  others  affirm  that  he  re- 
tired into  Spain,  and  from  thence  to  Africa  '.  The  ne- 
cefiity  of  employing  their  troops  in  this  war,  might  be  one 
in  for  recalling  Gunthier  ;  but  there  was  another; 
Thieri  king  of  Metz  had  fallen  into  a  declining  Mate  of 
health,  and  the  two  brothers  had  fuch  intelligence  in  his 
dominions,  that  they  had   hopes  of  fupplanting  their  ne- 

•>Greg    Tur.  ubi  fupra.  I  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iii.         fc  M. 

Aurelti  Cjfliod.   V'ariar.  Libri  xii.  lib-  ii.  ep.  1.  ]  Harmar. 

tStuM  m  Lhron. 

phew, 


*92 


ChiUebert 
fnds  it 
neccffary  to 
tec  one  He 
kimfeli  to 
'Theodobert  > 

•j   I  hurt. 


Thz  Hijlory  of  France* 

phew,  to  which  event  they  thought  his  being  embarraffcrl 
in  the  war  with  the  Oitrogoths  might  very  probably  con* 
tribute.  But  Theodobert  being  informed  in  time  of  their 
contrivances,  returned  fo  fpeedily  that  he  difappointed 
them,  and,  upon  his  father's  death,  was  proclaimed,  and 
put  into  pofleilion  of  all  his  dominions. 

Childcbert,  who  was  naturally  a  timorous  prince,  fear* 
mg  the  refentment  of  his  nephew,  and,  at  the  fame  time 
hating  his  brother,  refolved  to  reconcile  himfelf  to  the 
former,  and  to  make  him  forget,  if  pofiible,  the  attempt 
he  had  made  to  his  prejudice:  Theodobert  came  readily' 
into  all  his  fcheme,  and  obtained  a  fhare  in  the  divifion 
of  Burgundy.     He   afterwards  accepted  an  invitation  to 


Pari-,  wbere  he  was  both  kindly  and  magnificently  treated, 
and,  at  the  fame  time,  Childcbert  declared  him  his  heir. 
In  Italy,  Amalazupta,  the    daughter  of  Theodoric,  after 
JL  D.  556.  the  death  of  her  firft  hufband,  efpoufed  Theodad  hercou- 
»■  fin,  who,  through  jealoufy   and    ingratitude,  imprifoned 

and  put  her  to  death,  a  circumilance  which  gave  a  colour- 
able pretence  to  the  emperor  Juttinian  to  undertake  the 
expulfion  of  the  Oitrogoths  out  of  Italy  m.  To  facilitate 
tins,  he  fet  on  foot  a.negociation  with  the  three  monarcb.3 
of  the  Franks,  in  order  to  obtain  their  afliflancc,  and,  by 
a  dexterous  management  of  this  ncgociation,  they  drew 
to  themfelves  immenfe  treaiures  in  fubiidies  and  prefents  ; 
but  thefe  practices  did  not  hinder  their  negotiating  at  the 
fame  time  privately  with  Theodad,  who  offered  them  the 
provinces  his  nation  ftill  retained  in  Gaul.  His  conduct 
lo  bad  that  his  people  revolted  and  killed  him,  beftow- 
ing  the  crown  upon.Witiges,  whofe  only  title  was  being 
a  brave  man  and  an  experienced  officer  ;  but  to  fortify  this, 
he  married  the  princefs  Matazunta,  the  daughter  of  the  de^ 
ceafed  queen,  and  by  him  the  negociation  was  perfected, 
in  confequence  of  which  Provence  was  delivered  up  to  the 
Franks  n.  Childebert  had  Aries  for  his  fhare  •,  Marfeille3 
fell  to  Clotaire.  Theodobert,  after  the  treaty  was  con- 
cluded, let  up  a  demand  for  himfelf:  he  pretended,  that 
his  family  having  fubdued  the  Allemans  in  Germany,  de~ 
rived  from  thence  a  title  to  the  countries  thofe  people  had 
conquered  and  po  fie  fled  on  the  frontiers  of  Gaul,  and, 
upon  this  pretence,  the  Rhetian  Alps,  or  the  country  of 
the  Grifons,  was  yielded  to  him  °.     At  the  very  time  this 


m-Procopii  Caefarienfis  de  Gothico  Bello,  lib.  ii.  n  Marius 

«Av«ntic.  in  Chryn.  ,    °  Agathae  Scholaftici  de  Impera- 

toris  Jultiniani  Rebus,  Libri  v-  lib.  i. 

agreement 


fbi  Ikjicry  of  Prance*  193 

ment  was  concluded  and  executed,  Juftinian  t'epend- 
romifes,  had  adopted  him,  as  ft  mark  of  his 
and  cftccm  p.  i 

pufh  this  matter  to  the  utmoft',  Theodobcrt,  by  af-  ThtoJo* 
fording  new   hopes   to  Jultinian,  obtained  a  conceifion  be-t's  tr- 
from  him  of  the  fame  provinces  that  had  been  yielded  by  r«r"c*  '*• 

Oltrogoths  ;  fo  that  now  all  claims  of  the  emperors  to  i0      J>' 
any  part  of  Gaul  being  extinct,  it  was  univerfally  confi- 
dered  as  the  patrimony  of  the  Franks.     Belifarius  having 
managed  the  war  in  Italy  very  fuctcfsfully,  and  brought  a.D.  53$. 
the  power  of  the  Goths,  notwithstanding  the  courage  and  .- 

conduct  of  Witigcs,  to  the  very  lad  gafp,  faw  with  amaze- 
ment Theodobcrt  pafs  the  Alps  with  an  army  of  one  hun- 
dred thoufand  men.  He  had  before  fent  a  corps  of  fome 
thoufand  Burgundians,  as  auxiliaries  to  the  Goths  ;  and 
thougli  they  did  them  little  fcrvice,  yet  they  flattered  them- 
felws  that  he  was  come  in  perfon,  with  this  potent  army, 
to  refcue  them  from  deftru&ion ;  while,  on  the  other 
hand,  Belifarius  grounding  his  expectations  on  the  late 
treaty,  flattered  himfelf  that  the  Franks  would  a£t  as  auxi- 
liaries to  the  empire  *.  Theodobert  diiappointed  both  ; 
he  attacked  and  cut  to  piecies  the  Goths,  who  received 
him  as  friends,  and  immediately  after  defeated  a  part  of 
the  imperial  forces*  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  what  his 
defign  was,  except  loading  his  army  with  plunder.  He 
made  himfelf  matter  of  Genoa,  ranfacked  it,  and  then, 
finding  his  forces  much  diminiflied  by  ficknefs,  quitted 
Italy,  leaving  one  of  his  generals,  with  a  iulficient 
body  of  forces,  to  fecurc  the  paflesr.  Belifarius  having 
fhut  up  Witigcs  in  the  city  of  Ravenna,  and  held  him 
\here  clofely  beficged,  the  monarchs  of  the  Franks  fent 
him  the  ftrongefl:  aflurances  of  relief,  and  Theodobert 
made  preparations  for  entering  Italy  again,  with  a  great 
nrmy,  for  that  purpofe.  But  Witiges  furrendered  the 
city  and  his  perfon  to  Belifarius,  who  fent  him  to  Con- 
ftantinople,  where,  with  the  title  of  Patrician,  he  fpent 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  quiet. 

As  they  had  no  longer  any  foreign  war  to  employ  them,  ChUJebert 
theFranks,  unable  toremain  quiet,  quarrelled  among  them-  atidlhco. 
felves;  Clotaire,  as  fome  writers  fay,  was  the  aggreflbr,  £^M\ 
by  making  an  irruption  into  the  territories  of  Childebert  and  art  at 
with  a  fmall  body  of  forces.     His  brother,  being  fup-  Unph  r/. 

ported  by  Theodobert,  marched  againfl  him  with  fuch  di-  ^neiltdf 

Clttatrt, 

*  Le  Gtndre,  torn.  i.  sProcopii  Crrf.  deGothico  Bello» 

lib.  ii.  cap.  13.  t  paul  Longobard,  lib.  ii.  cap.  u. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  O  ligence 


194  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

Kgcnce  that  they  furprifed  him,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
foreft  of  Bretone,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Seine.  He 
cut  down  the  trees  on  every  fide,  in  order  to  emharrafs  his 
enemies,  and  to  form  a  kind  of  halty  fortification  about 
his  camp  s.  Childebert  and  Theodobert,  much  fuperior 
to  him  in  numbers,  difpofed  all  things  for  attacking  him 
by  break  of  day,  when  there  arofe  fo  violent  a  florm  of 
thunder,  lightning  and  rain,  that  Childebert,  who  was 
naturally  mild,  regarding  it  as  a  miracle,  fent  to  offer 
his  brother  peace,  which  was  quickly  concluded  on  equal 
terms  '.  Some  time  after  a  council  was  held  at  Orleanst 
and  from  feveral  of  the  canons  made  therein,  it  clearly 
appears,  that  many  of  the  Franks  remained  to  this  time 
Pagans,  and  that  many  more  had  a  kind  of  mixed  religion, 
profefiing  the  faith  of  Chriflians,  and  yet  praclifing  many 
an  ceremonies  and  fuperllitions :  the  body  of  the 
Salfque  Law  was  alfo  reviewed,  reformed,  and  augmented. 
A.  T).  543.       To  give  an  evident  teftimony  of  the  fincerityof  their  re- 

■ — ; conciliation,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  to  find  fome  employ- 

ChiUtbtrt    mcnt  for  a  nation  unable  to  remain  long  at  reft,  the  two 

*taire  ''make  Drotners  Childebert  and  Clotaire  determined  to  attack  the 

an  irrup-     Vifigoths,  as  being  defirous  to  have  the  Pyrenees  as  well 

Hon  int$       as  the  Alps  for  the  boundaries  of  their  dominions.     While 

Spain  and    they  were  employed  in  this  expedition,  Theodobert  dire6t- 

Uri  'hl~       et^  ms  attenti011  to   tne  affairs   of  Italy.     Childebert  and 

beat tn  by     Clotaire  penetrated  as  far  as  Saragoffa  almoft  without  re- 

i-       fidance,  and  their  army  having  enriched  themfelves  with 

the  pillage  of  thofe  opulent  countries,  they  determined  to 

return  :  molt  of  the  French  writers  fpeak  of  this  retreat  as 

performed  with  great  courage  and  conduct  ;but  theSpanifh 

writers  aflerr,  with  much  more  appearance  of  truth,  tha* -,, 

the  two  brothers  did  not  retire  till  their  forces  were  totally 

defeated  by  the  Gochic  general  Tudifcles,  and  that  few 

or  none  of  them  would  have  found  their  way  home,  if 

avarice,  which  is  the  growth  of  all  climes  and  all  nations, 

had  not  induced  an  eminent  officer  among  the  Goths  to 

leave  open  one  of  the  paffages  of  the  Pyrenees  a  day  and 

a  night,  in  confederation  of  an  immenfe  reward,  notwith- 

ich  the  rear  of  their  army  was  cut  to  pieces  u. 

The  affairs  of  Italy  attracted  once  more  their  moft  ferious 

attention,  upon  the  old  principle  of  fifhing  in  troubled  wa- 

,  and  aggrandizing  themfelves  at  the  expence  of  others. 

sGeft.  Reg.  Franc,  cap.  25.         'Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iii.  cap.  2?.- 
Fredegani  Scrtolaitici  Epitome  &  Chronicon.  -  u  Ifidor. 

Hifpai.  in  Chron. 

Theodobert 


ij/lory  of  France.  195 

ii with  ncgociating  "rem-  Thtnioi'trt 

n  he  procured  the  molt  authen-  bttomu  an 
ns-of  the  rights  of  the  empire  to  thole  pro-  trrtconcl1*- 
,  which,  in  the  depth  01  their dillrel.s,  the  tofufl;ntan 
goths  had  been  forced  to  yield,  and  which  he  had  A-  anddi$t  in 
fo  ceiled,  though  not  with  an  exprefs  demiffion  of  the  fove-  the  mi-//}  of 
reignty.     Thus  the  claim  on  one  fide,  and  the  pofTellion  hu  military 
On  the  other  being  relinquished,  the  Franks  became  the  Prcparar 
legal  matters  of  thofe  maritime  parts  of  Gaul,  which  the 

er  of  Theodoric  had  protected  againft  the  ambition  of 
Clovis.  But  Theodobert's  views  went  fartlier ;  he  nego- 
ciated  likewife  with  Tottila,  who  had  in  fome  meafure  re- 
flored  the  affairs  of  the  Goth's  in  Italy,  and  Mas  willing 
to  try  what  could  be  had  from  him  w.  But  this  brave  and 
generous  prince,  though  he  fought  the  friendfhip  of  the 
Franks,  fought  it  in  an  honourable  and  noble  way,  and  de- 
manded the  daughter  of  Theodobert  in  marriage,  which 
that  monarch  rejected  with  an  air  of  contempt ;  for  as  the 
Oftrogoths  propofed  to  expel  the  Imperialifts,  and  to  pre- 
ferve  by  arms  the  countries  which  by  arms  had  been  ac- 
quired ;  and  as,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Imperialifts  pro- 
pofed the  extirpation  of  the  Oflrogoths,  that  the  emperors 
might  enter  again  into  the  exercife  of  their  authority  in 
Italy ;  fo  Theodobert  aimed  at  the  deflrudtion  of  both,  that 
he  might  fubflitute  the  empire  of  the  Franks  in  Italy,  as 
his  anceftors  had  done  in  Gaul  x.  His  lieutenant  Bucelin  A  D.  54*. 
proceeded  to  the  execution  of  this  defign,  by  extending  ' 
his  conquest  through  the  country  of  Liguria,  along  the 
:ait,  while  Theodobert  projected  a  diverfion  by  an 
irruption  into  the  dominions  of  Juftinian,  thr.t  might  have 
brought  his  forces,  and  thofe  of  his  allies,  into  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Constantinople  y.  Princes  of  his  char.. 
feldom  want  pretences ;  from  being  the  friend  and  ally, 
he  was  become  the  mortal  enemy  of  Juftinian  ;  intercft 
dictated  the  meafure,  which  was  to  be  covered  by  a  pre- 

led  zeal  for  glory.  The  emperor,  elated  by  the  victo- 
ries which  his  genenlr,  had  obtained,  affumed,  after  the 
ancient  Roman  manner,  a  variety  of  furnames,  and 
amongft  them  inferted  Francicus,  as  if  he  had  been  I 
conqueror  of  the  Franks.  Theodobert,  who  wanted  fueh 
an  opportunity,  feized  it  eagerly,  rcmonftrated  in  high 
terms  at  Constantinople,  and  attempted  to  affociate  in  an 
alliance  all  the  northern  nations,  that  had  been  infulted 

*  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  iii.  *  Procopii  Cxf.  de  Gothico  Bello, 

Ufa  iv.  x  Adon.  Breviar.  Cliroa. 

O  2  br 


tg6  T!:e  ITijlory  of  France'. 

by  the  fome  unfeafonable  overflowing  of  imperial  vanity  ** 
But  in  the  midft  of  thefe  vail  defigns,  which  Theodobert 
might  have  found  it  very  difficult  to  execute,  he  was  re- 
moved by  death,  to  the  great  grief  of  the  Franks,  and  to 
the  no  fmall  joy  of  their  neighbours  a ;  all  of  whom  dread- 
ed his  great  abilities,  which  were  directed  by  no  other  mo- 
tives than  ambition  and  intereit. 
Ws  fan  Theodeba'de,  or  Thihaut,  the  only  fon  of  Theodobert, 

Iheodt-  though  a  youth  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  his  age,  and  to 
d  and  l^e  'egitimacy  of  whofe  birth  there  might  have  been  fomc 
dits  after  objection,  fucceeded  to  his  father's  dominions  without 
a  fart  trouble  or  difpute.  The  emperor  J  uftinian  fent  a  fplendid 
r**gm*  embafly  to  his  court,  in  hopes  of  engaging  thofe  who  had 

ivtthiut       t])e  direction  0f  tjyg  young  king's  aflairs,  to  enter  into  his 
'  views,  inftcad  of  purfuing  thofe  of  his  father.     The  mi- 

niiters  of  Theodebalde  acted,  however,  as  if  their  old 
mailer  had  been  alive,  and  had  dictated  to  them  the  rules 
of  their  behaviour.  They  treated  the  imperial  ambafla- 
dors  with  all  pofBble  refpect,  gave  them,  in  the  name  of 
the  young  king,  a  very  favourable  anfwer,  and  fent  an 
ambafTador  alio  to  Constantinople,  fraught  with  pacific  in- 
(Iructions,  from  whence,  as  in  times  part,  they  drew  great  . 
advi  For  the  Greek  emperor  never  negociated  with 

the  Franks  without  fupporting  the  proportions  he  made 
with  coftiiderable  prefen'ts.  -   liut  when  Juflinian  thought 
himfeif  fure  of  this  martial  and  enterprifing  nation,  he 
found  himfeif  more  deceived  than  ever-,  for  Bucelin  and 
Lcuthnris,  at  the  head  of  prodigious  numbers  of  Franks, 
entered  Italy,  and  profeffihg  that  they  acted  on  their  own 
heads,  without  receiving  any  orders  from  their  court,  put 
'  it  out  of  the  emperor's  power  to  know  what  might  be  ex- 
pected from  them,  or  how  to  deal  with  them  b.     His  ge- 
ral  Narfes  delivered  him  from  thefe  difficulties  by  the 
\-Mt  e  and  conduct  he  (hewed,  in  the  management  of  a 
war,   which  had  put  a  period  to  the  fovereignty  of  the  Of- 
trogoths,    and  gave  a  check   to  the   impetuofity  of  the 
Franks,  who  fuffered  llkewife  by  a  mifunderftanding  be- 
tween their  generals,  who  were  both  AUemans  by  birth. 
One  of  them,  Leutharis,  had  practifed  with  the  Oilro- 
goths,  to  grant  them  what  affitlance  lay  in  his  power,  pro- 
A  D.  555.  vided  they  would  acknowledge  him  for  their  king*.     In 

the  mean  time,  Theodebalde,  after  a  (hort  and  inactive 

i  ' 

z  Agathtae  Scholailici  de  Imperatoris  Juftiniani  Rebus,  lib.  i. 
*  Greg.  Turon.    lib.  iii    cap.  34.  !>  M3rius  Avcntic.  »u 

Lhion.  e  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  9. 

reign, 


7 be  I  I  [fiery  of  France.  tgy 

reign,  breathed  his  Jail  at  Complegne,  when,  according 
to  the  rule  of  fucceffion  which  then  prevailed,  his  d< 

i  mould  hive  been  divided  between  his  two  great 
uncles,  as  other  principalities  and  even  (cignories  among 
the  Franks  ufually  wei 

But  Clotairc,  king  of  Soiflbns,  who,  of  all  the  fons  of  ChiaWt 
Clovis,  inherited  molt  of  his  father's  fpirit,  having  a  pa-  (twit'm 
it  army  on  foot,  went  in  pcrfon  to  Metz,  and  by  a  *Yr&am 
mixture  of  arguments,  promifes,  and  threats,  fo  wrought 
uvow  the  nobility,  that  they  acknowleged  him  for  the  ible 
fucceflbrof  his  nephew  c.  Childcbcrt,  king  of  Paris,  who 
was  the  elder  brother,  affected  the  character  of  a  pious 
prince,  and  had  his  attention,  at  this  time,  occupied 
chiefly  by  ecclefiaftical  affairs.  He  was,  however,  far 
from  being  void  of  ambition  ;  and  though  he  could  not 
immediately  devife  a  method  of  redreffing  or  revenging  it, 
he  was  fuflieiently  fcnlible  of  the  injuflice  that  had  been 
done  him.  He  refolved  not  to  let  flip  any  opportunity  of 
this  kind,  and  it  was  not  long  before  fuch  an  opportunity 
offered ;  for  by  aggrandizing  his  power,  the  fecurity  and 
fafety  of  Clotaire's  monarchy  were  far  from  being  ren- 
dered more  liable.  But  whether  the  troubles  he  met  with 
proceeded  immediately  from  the  turbulence  and  mutability 
of  part  of  his  new  fubjects,  or  whether  they  were  not,  in 
part  at  leaft,  excited  by  fome  acts  of  feveiity  or  oppreffion 
of  his  own,  does  not  clearly  appear";  the  hiflorians  of 
thefe  times  dwelling  often  on  trivial,  and  omitting  entitely 
cfrcumfrances  of  importance. 

The  Saxons,  who  were  tributaries  to  his  predeccfTor  and  /,  imme* 
ThcobaMe,  threw  off  the  yoke,  and  prevailed  on  the  Thu-  diattly 
ringians  to  take  the  fame  ftep.     He  marched  againftthem  pl**!L*<ti*m 
with  an  armv  compofed  of  veteran  wcll-difciplincd  troops,  t0J°rf'Sn 
and  by  their  afhltance  gained  a  complete  victory ;  upon'  tic  troubles, 
which  the  rebels  fubmitted,  on  the  belt  terms  they  could  through  iht 

in  •.     He  did  not  long  enjoy  this  fatisfadlion  ;  for  he  ******* 
had  fcarce  withdrawn  his  forces  out  of  that  country  before  J'/Yfu* 

revolted  again.  He  was  extremely  provoked  at  this 
rebellion,  and,  having  reinforced  his  troops,  marched 
againft  them  a  fecond  time,  giving  out,  that  he  intended 
nothing  lefs  than  to  extirpate  thofe  whom  duty  could  not 
reflrain,  or  clemency  recover  ;  but  he  made  this  declara- 
tion only  with  a  view  to  Ihorten  the  war,  and  to  prevent 

c  Fredegaiii    ScholaRici    Epitome  $c  Chronic.  *  t\Acn. 

Breviar.  Chron.  GcAa  kegum  Fiancorum,  cap.  xxviii.  e  rlc- 

degani  Epitome  &  Chi  onicon. 

O  2  an 


19  3  'The  Hlftory  of  France. 

A.  D.  556.  an  effufioR  of  blood,  by  bringing  them  to  a  fpeedy  ivh- 
«  million.     The  Saxons,  as  if  they  had  known  his  inten- 

tion, fent  to  intrcat  his  pardon,  offered  immenfe  contri- 
butions, and  to  be  content  with  whatever  terms  he  thought 
fit  to  impofe,  which  the  king  was  very  well  inclined  to  ac- 
cept ;  but  his  army  would  hear  of  nothing  but  {laughter  : 
they  had  figured  to  themfelves  the  total  deft  ruction  of  a 
country,  by  which  they  were  to  be  loaded  with  plunder  j 
and  they  could  not  bear  to  fee  the  king!s  coffers  filled  with 
what  they  had  deftined  to  enrich  themfelves.  Clotaire 
was  forced  to  comply  with  their  humour,  and  to  3 
the  Saxons  in  their  retrenchments,  who  made  fo  defperate 
a  iefiflar.ee,  as  not  only  obliged  the  Fra.iks  to  retire,  but 
took  from  them  all  inclination  of  attacking  them  again. 
Clotaire  being  left  at  liberty  to  purfuc  his  own  ientiments, 
granted  them  fuch  terms  as  this  change  of  circumstances 
required.  This  was  a  g  eat,  but  not  his  fole  misibitune. 
He  had  five  fons ;  and  the  elded  of  thefe,  whole  name  was 
Chramnes,  he  had  fcnt  to  command  in  Auverghe  :  he  was 
a  young  prince  who  did  not  v  ;  but  the  vivacity 

of  his  temper,  and  his  inordinate  love  of  pie  a  fu  re,  made 
even  the  good  qualities  he  pofielied  turn  to  the  prejudice 
of  his  father  and  hirnfclf.  Clotaire  had  affigned  him  a 
rery  fage  and  fober  perfon  for  his  affiftant  and  prime  mi- 
nifler,  but  the  virtues  which  recommended  him  to  the 
father,  rendered  him  difagrceable  to  the  fon  ;  he  difre- 
garded  him  therefore,  and  bellowed  his  confidence  on  a 
man  of  his  own  character,  a  flcp  which  had  fo  untoward 
an  influence  on  his  actions  as  obliged  his  father  to  recall 
him  f.  Chramnes  added  difobtdience  to  indifcretion  ; 
and,  having  married  the  daughter  of  a  powerful  noble- 
man, took  up  arms  againfl  hie  father.  Childcbert,  pleaf- 
cd  with  this  occafion,  promifed  him  ailiftance,  and,  by  his 
intrigues,  engaged  the  Saxons  to  rebel  for  the  third  time, 
a  circumftance  which  obliged  Clotaire  to  turn  his  views 
and  his  forces  on  that  fide ;  but,  however,  he  fent  a  con- 
siderable body  of  forces,  commanded  by  two  of  his  fons, 
to  reduce  their  brother  *.  They  managed  the  war  like 
young  men,  and,  upon  a  falfe  rumour  of  their  father's 
death,  fpread  out  of  policy  by  their  brother,  retired.  This 
event  changed  the  face  of  affairs  in  refpect  to  Chramnes; 
«nd  his  uncle,  to  favour  his  intereft,  made  an  irruption 
into  Champagne  ;  but  they  were  fuddenly  changed  again 
by  Childebert's  falling  fitk  at  Paris,  on  his  return  from  that 

*  Gefta  Regum  Francorum.  *  Adon.  Breviar.  Chron. 

expedition  \ 


The  Ilijlory  of  France.  1 99 

ich  ficknefs  he  quickly  died  h  (E);  and, 
as  he  was  little  beiuvcd,  was  but  little  rcgrei 

Clot  aire,  by  the  death  of  Ins  brother,  united  all  the  do-  Chtairettm 
minions  of  Clovis  in  his  own  poflcflion,  and  his  fon,  feeing  tomts  lolt 
If  unable  to  rciilt  his  power,  had  recourfe  to  his  cle-  mo"'*r^ />/ 
His  father  forgave  him,  and  advifed  him  to  be-  burnt  his  ' 
for  the  future,  as  that  he  might  forget  what  was  tldtfl  fon 
i  the  admonition  was  feafonable  and  falutary,  but  in-  and  tin  fa- 
lie  king  would  not  fuddenly  truft  him  with  *'^»  and 
him  a  private  life  was  infupportable  '•   He  be-  Jntr    * 
1  to  intrigue  afrefh  j  and  having  engaged  the 
it  of  Bretagne  to  embrace  his  intereft,  he  broke  out  iitfo 
a  fecond  rebellion.    Clotaire  marched  againlt  him  without 
lofs  of  time.    The  count  his  protector  advifed  him  to  with-  A.  D.  $60. 
draw  from  the  army,  for  the  fecurity  of  his  perfon,  while  he  ■■■ 

gave  the  king  battle  ;  but  the  prince,  though  defective  in 
other  refpects,  wanted  not  courage,  and  therefore,  re- 
jecting this  advice,  appeared  at  the  head  of  the  troops,  and 
ed  an  intrepidity  which  would  have  been  laudable  in 
a  better  caufe  k.  The  difpute  was  fhort  and  bloody  j  the 
Bretons  were  defeated,  and  their  count  killed.  Chramnes 
determined  to  make  his  efcapc,  but  perceiving  that  the 
quarter,  where  his  wife  and  family  were,  had  been  fur- 

•>  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  Marius  Amentic.  in  Chron.         s  Greg'. 
Turon.  Tib.  iv.  cap.  »o.  *  Venantii   Fortunati  Epiicopi 

FiClavienfis  Epilt.  lib.  vi.  carm.  i. 

(E)  Childebert   was   in  all  phew  Chramnes   to    take   up 

refpects  a  pr'.nce  of  a  very  un-  arms  againft   his   father,   and 

character.     In  point  of  yet  it  does  not  appear  he  at- 

moralshewas  more  irrep'-oach-  tempted  to  make  him  his  fuc- 

able  than  any  of  his  brethren  ;  ceflbr(i).      He  had  but   one 

for  he  was  a  lover  of  order  and  confort,    Uitrogotte,    and    by 

juiiicc,  and  governed  his   pco-  her   he    had   two    daughters, 

pic  mildly.     He  was,  accord-  Chrotberge    and    Chrotilinde, 

lag  to  the  mode  of  the  times,  who  were  all  very  ill  treated  by 

extremely  pious ;    that  is,  he  Clotaire,  being  firll  imprilbned 

built  hoipitals,  convent?,  and  and  then  baniihed.      This    is 

churches.     But  he  had  a  great  the  fir  ft  i.ftanee  that  occurs  of 

many  ill  qualities  :  he  was  a;n-  the  letting  alide  daughters ;  but 

bilious,    fickle,  and  deceitful,  whether  it  was  done  bycuftouij 

He  projected  the  murder  of  his  by  virtue  of  any  law,  or  by 

nephews,    the  fons  of  Clodo-  downright  force,    is  very  fac 

mir,  though  he  afterwards  re-  from  being  clear, 
lented  ;  he  encouraged  his  ne- 

(1)  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  so.    Fredcgarii  Scholaftici  Epi- 
tome &  Chron.  Marius  in  Chronicis. 

O  4  rounded 


200  The  Hifiory  of  France. 

rounded  by  his  father's  forces,    he  attempted  to  refcue 
them,  and  in  that  attempt  was  taken  '.     In  this  condition, 
they  were  all  thruft  into  a  thatched  cottage  near  the  field  ; 
of  which  circumfhmce,  the  king  was  no  fuoner  informed 
than  he  ordered  it  to  be  fet  on  tire  on  all  fides  ;  fo  that  all 
within  perifhed  in   the   flames,    though   fome  fay,    that 
Chramnes  was  firft  ftrangled  m.     The  king,  at  his  return 
from  this  expedition,  made  great  offerings  at  the  (brine 
of  St.  Martin  of  Tours,  and  performed  many  other  a&s 
of  devotion,  according  to  the  mode  of  thofe  times :    he 
made  alio  fome  political  regulations  for  the  benefit  cf  bis 
fubjects,  and  the  fecurity  of  his  poftcrity  ;  but  while  be 
was  thus  employed,    he  was  feizcd  with  a  fever,  while 
hunting  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Compiegne,  which  car- 
ried him  to  the  grave  in  a  few  days  n.     He  had  enjoyed 
the  regal  dignity  fifty-one  years,  and  was  without  doubt 
one  of  the  molt  fortunate  monarchs  that  hitherto  had  oc- 
cupied  the   throne  of  the  Franks  ;  in  whom  many  great 
rjualities  were  confpicuous,  which  might   have  rendered 
his  name  immortal,  if  they  had  not  been  obfeured  by  many 
odious  vices  °. 
The  doml-        The  empire  of  the  Franks,  upon  the  demife  of  Clotaire, 
vions  of        defcended  to  his  four  fons,  Caribert,  Gontrarn,  Sigcbert, 
Cloture  are  um\  Chilperic.     It  does  not  appear,  that  any  divinon  was 
tot  amoti/ti    Wade  by  him ;  but  very  foon  alter  his  deceafe  Chilperic,  the 
hit  Jour        Oioft   rcillefs  and  enterprillng  of  his  fons,  went  with  a 
fiui,  itrong  party  of  his  friends  to  Braime  in  Champagne,  a 

country  palace  of  his  father's,  where  he  knew  his  trcafures 
remained,  and  having  feized  upon  thefc,  and  diftributed 
a  part  to  the  nobility  and  people,  in  the  dominions  of  his 
uncle  Childebert,  he  was  by  them  conducted  in  triumph 
to  Paris,  and  there  feated  on  the  throne  p.  This  was  in 
itfelf  a  bold  meafure,  and  conducted  with  fpirit,  but  in 
the  end  it  proved  altogether  vain.  The  other  three 
princes,  aflified  by  the  prelates  and  nobility,  quickly  af- 
lcmbled  fuch  a  force  as  compelled  Chilperic  and  his  fac- 
tion to  abandon  their  enterprize,  and  to  put  things  in  the 
A.D.  56s.  fame  ilate  in  which  they  were  at  the  king's  death  ^.     After 

»■ -  this,  according  to  cuftom,  which  feems  to  have  been  the 

fole  law  among  the  Franks,  the  diftribution  was  made  by 
lot.     Caribert,  who  was  the  eldeft,  had  the  kingdom  of 

1  Gefia  Regum  Francorum.  ■   Fredeg    Epit.    Chron. 

*  Adon.  Brevi'ar.  Chron.  °  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  21. 

V  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  22.  I  Geila  Regum  Franco- 

!>jm,  cap.  xxix.     Adonis  Archiep.  Vicnnenfis  Breviarium  Cliro- 
uicorura  ab  OrigineMundi  ad  fua  ufc;ue  Tempora. 

Parisj 


•  HIJlory  of  France,  201 

,  Oontram,  the  Second,  had  Orleans,  Sigcbert  had 

,  or  the  kingdom  of  Auitrafia,  and  Chilperic,  the 

forced  to  be  content  with  Soiflbns.     Pro- 

d  Aquitaine  were  not  comprehended  in  this  divi- 

.  but  feem  to  have  been  poflcfled  by  all  of  them  i:i 

Inch  mull  appear  H range,  the  empire  of 

the    I  though   thus  divided,    continued   for   fome 

years  in  peace,  that  is  within  itielf ;  for  the  news  of  Clo- 

'8  death,  and  the  diflurbance  raifed  by  Chilperic,  no 
fooner  reach  d  the  barbarous  nations,  on  the  frontiers  of 
the  Germanic  France,  than  they  began  to  form  vaft  ex- 
pectations of  bettering  their  own  condition,  by  taking  ad- 
vantage of  this  divilion  and  diforder  '. 

author  of  this  invalion  is  commonly  ftyled  the  Ca-  Siveheri 
gan,  or  more  properly,  the  khan  of  the  Abarcs,  a  barba-  dif**t*  tht 
rous  nation,  laid   to  be  the  remains  of  the  Huns,  who,  H*n*>ani 
having  ferved  with  credit  in  the  imperial  armies,  badlands  ward,  &;s 
afligned  them,  on  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  by  theempe-  brother 
ror  Juftinian*.     Thefe  people  were  not  only  remarkably  Chilperic, 
brave,  and  hardy  to  the  lafl.  degree,  but,  at  the  fame  time,  w"otn 
fo  hideous  in  their  perfons,  that  their  very  appearance  j^^J1 
(truck  thofe  who  beheld  them  with  ^error:  in  ftaturc  thcr 

eded  the  common  race  of  men,  their  limbs  half- 
naked,  and  of  an  unufual  fize  ;  their  hair  long,  and  plat- 
ted with  cords  ;  their  faces  fqualid;  and  their  voice  hoarfe 
and  difagrecable.  They  fell  firft  into  the  country  of 
Thuringia  ;  the  inhabitants  of  which  being  always  averfe  A  D.  563. 
to  the  yoke  of  the  Franks,  received  them  favouiably,  and  " 

very  readily  joined  them r.  Sigebert,  a  gallant  young 
prince,  then  about  twenty-fix  years  of  age,  knowing  that 
his  future  peace  mult  depend  upon  the  conduct  and  fuc- 
cefs  of  this  expedition,  laboured  all  he  could  to  raife  a  nu- 
merous army,  and  to  lefTen  the  apprehenfions  they  were 
under  from  the  reports fpread  abroad  of  their  terrible  ene- 
mies. He  fucceeded  in  this  aim ;  and,  inftead  of  waiting 
for  thefe  bold  invaders,  he  marched  to  attack  them  in 
Thuringia,  took  his  meafures  with  the  coolnefs  and  Ikill 
of  a  great  captain,  and  expofed  himfelf,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  action,  like  a  private  man,  that  his  example  might 
encourage  his  troops,  and  prevent  all  danger  of  a  panic. 
The  Huns  were  defeated  by  fupcriority  of  difcipline,  in 

r  Adonis   Breviar.    Chron.      Grep.   Turon.    lib.  \v.   cap.  jj. 
«  Prifcn*  Rhsetor.  •  Venantii  Fortuati  Epifcopi  Picriavieu- 

lii  Efiftols«  lib.  vi.  cap.  3. 

fpitC 


202  the  Hijlory  of  France. 

fpite  of  their  ferocity  and  ftrength.  Sigebert  profccuied 
his  victory  to  the  utmolt,  purfuing  the  Huns  till  he  forced 
them  to  pafs  the  Elbe  with  precipitation,  yet  accepted  the  ■ 
firfl  proposition  made  by  their  king  for  concluding  a  peace. 
He  was  induced  to  this  moderation  by  the  news  that  his 
brother  Chilperic  had  invaded  his  dominions,  and  taken 
Rheims,  and  feme  other  places  in  the  neighbourhood  j 
therefore,  as  foon  as  his  treaty  with  the  Huns  was  con- 
cluded, he  repaired  the  Rhine,  and  with  his  victorious 
army  invelled  Soiilbns,  the  capital  of  Chilpcric's  domini- 
ons, of  which  he  became  mailer,  and  of  the  perfon  of  his 
cldeft  fon  Theodobert ;  he  defeated,  likewife,  C 
himfeif  in  battle,  and  not  only  recovered  all  the  places  he 
had  taken,  but  defpoiled  him  likewife  of  the  beft  part  of 
his  dominions.  The  two  cldeft  brothers  interpofed  ;  and 
Sigebert,  under  their  mediation,  not  only  concluded  a 
pe;ice,  but  abandoned  his  conquclls,  and  fet  Theodobert 
at  liberty,  whom  he  loaded  with  pre!  cms,  but  exacted 
from  him  an  oath,  that  he  would  never  bear  arms  againft 
him  more  u ;  and  thus  the  empire  of  the  Franks  was  again 
rcftored  to  quiet. 
Ve  marries  This  Sigebert  was  inconteflably  the  mod  prudent  as 
Mrunehau!,  well  a3  tnc  braved  of  the  fons  of  Clotaire :  perceiving 
^^  •  how  much  all  his  brethren  had  funk  in  the  opinion  of  their 

tilde  ai.d  fubje&Sj  as  well  as  with  foreign  nations,  by  their  intem- 
fuumdi  pcrance,  and,  more  efpecially,  by  their  mean  and  unequal 
<witkhis  marriages,  he  determined  to  avoid  that  blemifh,  and  to 
brethren  to  ^j,.c  a  ,^-QC(\  example  to  thofe  from  whom  he  mould  have 
itu*  of  Pa-  *eceiv$d  it.  "\Vith  this  view,  by  the  advice  of  his  council, 
fUt  he  lent  Gogon,  mayor  of  the   palace,    malre  du  palacc% 

which,  at  tins  time,  implied  prime  miniller,  but  came  af- 
terwards to  fignify  both  that  and  gcneralifiimo,  to  procure 
for  him  Brunechilde,  or  more  commonly  Brunehaut, 
daughter  to  Athanagilde,  king  of  the  Vifigoths.  This 
princefs  was  eaGly  obtained  ;  and  Gogon  brought  lier  in- 
to France,  with  a  magnificent  equipage  and.  immenfe  trea- 
fure  w.  Her  birth,  her  beauty,  and  her  behaviour,  which 
was  perfectly  affable  and  modcil,  and  her  fpeedy  conver. 
fion  from  the  Arian  herefy  to  the  Catholic  faith,  rendered 
her  the  delight  of  her  fubjects,  and  rai fed  the  character  of 
Sigebert  extremely.  Soon  after  died  Caribert,  king  of  Pa- 
li Greer.  Turcr  1;b  iv.cap.43.  Adon.  B;eviar.  Chron.  «•  Ve- 
nantii  Aven'tic.  Epifcopi  Pi&avienfis  Epift.  lib.  vii.  cap  1.  Fredega. 
jrii  Schulaitici  Epitome  &  Chron.  cap   58. 

'  ris 


The  Hijlory  of  France, 

dominions  were  divided  amongft  Ins  bre- 

11,  but  in  fo  ftrangca  manner,  that  we  ihould  run  the 

eiving  ourfelves  and  the  reader,  if  we  mould 

plain  it ;  only  this  is  certain,  that  they  agreed 

. iris  mould  be  given  to  none  of  them,  but 

be  pofleflcd  in  common  ;  and  they  required  three  of  the 

eft  prelates  in  their  dominions  to  curfe,  in  the  moll 

mn  manner,  whichever  of  thefe  kings  mould,  at  any 

,  preiume  to  enter  it  without  the  confent  of  the  other 

two*. 

x  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  40.   Gefta  Regum  Franc  lib.  xxxl. 


203 


I 


(F)  Charibert,  or  Caribcrt, 
Icing  of  Paris,  was  the  ableft 
monarch  of   his  time,  as  ap- 

by  his  preferving  his  au- 
thority, and  reigning  in  p«.:ice, 
notwithstanding  the  dillblute 
life  he  led,  which  did  not  hin- 
der his  being  highly  compli- 
mented by  fome  prelates, 
though,  for  the  honour  of  re- 

,  there  were  others  who 
would  not  proftitute  their  con- 
feiences,  but  took  an  honeir. 
liberty  of  remonilrating,  in  the 
ihongeft  terms,  againll  his  un- 
chriitian  and  unprincely  vices 
(1).  His  firlt  wife  was  Ingo- 
berge,  by  whom  he  had  Edil- 
bergc,  cr  Berta,  by  the  Saxons 
ftyled  Emma,  who  efpoufed 
Ethelbert,  king  of  Kent,   and 

<ry  inlirumental  in  con- 
verting him  to  Chriilianity  (2). 
Queen  Ingoberge  had  two  fer- 
vants,  the  daughters  of  a  wool- 
comber,  with  whom  the  king 
fell  in  love,  and  married  firft 
the  younger  of  the  two,  whofe 
name'  was  Mireileur ;  and 
though  (he  was  exquifuely 
handl'ome,  this  did  not  hinder 


his  taking  a  third  wife,  Theu- 
dcehildc,  the  daughter  of  a 
fhepherd,  who  brought  him  a 
Ton,  which,  however,  quickly 
d'ed  (j).  Gcrmanus,  bifnop 
of  Paris,  cxpottulated  with  him 
very  lharply  for  thefe  fcandal- 
ous  actions,  and  moreefpecially 
for  his  repudiating  his  lawful 
queen.  Charib«rr,  however, 
fo  little  regarded  the  good  pre- 
late's admonitions,  that  he  took 
the  woolcomber's  elder  daugh- 
ter Marcoucie  out  of  a  convent, 
and  married  her  likewiie.  On 
which  Germanus  excommuni- 
cated him  ;  but  it  does  not  ap- 
pear the  king  was  ever  reclaim- 
ed. He  was  a  very  learned 
and  polite  prince,  fpoke  Latin 
elegantly,  kept  his  treaties 
punctually,  caufedjuiKce  to  be 
itri&ly  adminillered  through- 
out his  dominions,  and  wa3 
highly  refpefted  by  his  neigh- 
bours. Befidca  hi?  four  wives, 
he  mult  have  had  concubines, 
for  he  left  behind  him  two  na- 
tural daughters,  Bertoflede  and 
Crodieilc,  who  became  nuus 
(4). 


(1)  Gregor.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  16.  (1)  Chronicon  Saxoni- 

cuni,  p.  15.  (3)  Fredegarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chroni* 

con.  (4)  Gdta  Regum  Francotuiu. 

Chilperic 


204 

Chilperie 
tlfoufes 
Gal/win^ 
tha,  tht 
tldefl  fijier 
»f  Brune- 
hauty  and 
ttJttrtvarJs 
mttrdtrs 


77?e  Hijlcry  of  France. 

Chilperie,  king  of  Soifibns,  jealous  of  his  brother  in  all 
refpe&s,  faw,  with  regret,  the  great  reputation  he  had 
acquired,  and  therefore  refolved  to  alter,  at  leaft  in  ap- 
pearance, his  own  ccurfe  of  life,  and  to  cfpoufe  the  eldeft 
filter  of  Brunehaut,  who  was  reputed  little  inferior  to  her 
in  beauty,  and,  in  all  other  refpeef  s,  at  lead,  her  equal. 
As  foon  as  he  had  taken  this  refolution,  he  feat  to  demand 
that  princefs  from  her  father,  but  the  negociation  proved 
harder  than  he  expected  r.  It  was,  however,  at  length 
accomplifhed ;  and,  before  the  arrival  of  the  princefs 
Galfwintha,  he  difmified  from  court  his  miftrefo  Frede- 
gonde (GJ,  and  took  fome  other  fteps  of  the  fame  nature, 

which 
r  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  i.  cap.  68. 


(G)  Fredegonde  was  daugh- 
ter of  a  pr..i(.mr,  in  that  part  of 
France  .  now  called  Picardy, 
and,  in  all  probability,  her  edu- 
cation correfponding  with  her 
defcent.  Chilperie  took  her  for 
his  concubine  when  they  were 
both  very  young  ;  and  though 
he  was  extremely  enamoured  of 
her,  yet  he  married  Andovera, 
who  was  likewife  a  finrfhed 
beauty,  but  was  far  from  hav- 
ing the  parts  of  Fredegonde, 
who,  in  compliance  with  the 
king's  will,  and  to  fcrve  her 
own  purpofes,  made  nofcruple 
of  waiting  on  her,  or  of  ta 
all  the  methods  poflible  to  gain 
licr  favour  and  confidence, 
which  that  innocent  and  un- 
fttfpecTwg  princefs  eafdy  bc- 
irowcd.  Fredegonde  believing 
(he  had  obtained  fuch  an  af- 
cendnncy  over  Chilperie  as 
might  induce  him  to  make  her 
rhe  partner  of  his  throne,  as 
well  as  of  his  bed,  if  it  was 
empty,  contrived  to  put  this  in 
his  power.  When  one  or  the 
queen's  daughters  was  to  be 
baptized,  (he  prevailed  on  a 
lady,  who  was  to  be  the  god- 
mother, to  make  the  ceremony 


wait,  and  then  taking  advan- 
tage of  the  queen's  impatience, 
propofed,  as  there  was  no  body 
prefect  worthy  of  the  honour, 
that  (he  mould  herfelf  hold  the 
child,  as  the  king  himfelf  was 
fponfor,  which  (lie  inadvertent- 
ly did.  Fredegonde,  when  (he 
next  faw  Chilperie,  told  him, 
that  he  had  now  no  queen,  for, 
according  to  the  difeipline  of 
that  age,  a  kind  of  fpiritual,  or 
ratherecclcfiadic.il  kindred,  was 
contracted  between  thofe  who 
an'wered  for  a  child  at  the 
fonr,  which  rendered  a  mar- 
riage between  them  unlawful. 
UjK>n  this  flight  and  filly  pre- 
tence, the  queen  was  difmiffed 
the  court,  and  fent  to  a  con- 
vent, to  the  great  fatisfaftion 
of  Chilperie  as  well  as  Frede- 
gonde; but  they  a&ed  upon 
different  motives:  the  king  w.is 
(truck  with  the  marriage  of  his 
brother  Sigebeit  to  a  princefs 
of  Spain,  and  refolved  to  follow 
h;s  example.  For  the  prefentj 
therefore,  the  politics  of  Fre- 
degonde were  not  only  unfuc- 
cefsful,  but  produced  an  event 
directly  oppohte  toherwifhes  ; 
but  flic  diilembled  l\er  chagrin, 
and 


Ilifloty  of  France.  205 

•  to  his  fubjccls,  to  whom, 

come  highly  obnoxious.    The 

.  ho  brought  with   her   immenfe  treafurcs    from 

I  who  exerted  her  whole  endeavour  to  pteafe  thfl 

de  herfelf,  for  a  time,  entirely  acceptable  ;  but, 

by  d  fuffered    Fredegonde  to  appear  at 

ted  to  have  renewed  his  intercourfc 

with  her;  a  circumilancc  which  gave  the  queen  fuch  dif- 

tafte,  that  flic  intreated  Chilperic's  leave  to  return  into  her 

o\\  n  country,  offering  to   leave  behind  her  all  flic  had 

brought  from  thence  *.     The  king  rejected  this  propofal, 

becaufc  he  thought  it  would  render  him  odious  ;  but,  at 

the  fame  time,  he  framed  and  executed  a  defign,  which 

covered  him  with  indelible  ignominy.     He  cajoled   the 

poor  queen  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  dillipate  her  fufpicions, 

when  they  teemed  to  live  in  the  utmoit  harmony,  (lie 

found  dead  in  her  bed  ■.     He  appeared  inconfclablc 

upon  this  event,  which  he  would   have  had  taken  for  a 

fudden  death  ;  whereas  it  was  known  that  the  queen  vva; 

ftranglcd,  and,  upon  his  publicly   efpoufing  Fredegonde 

foon  after,  it  was  fufpe&ed   he  did  the  murder  with  his 

hand:..     Brunehaut  not  only  Itirrcd  up  her  hulband  A.D.  5*7. 

hen  to  revenge  the  murder,  but  demanded  juftiee  alfo  — 

of  Gontrau  king  of  Orleans,  or,  as  he  was  now  flyled,  of 

*  Adonis  Breviar.  Chron.  3  Gefta  Regusn  Franccrum,  cap. 

xxxi.     Adon.  Breviar.  Chron. 

and  beg:ir,  to  weave  her  devices  had  ccrta inly  ?;reat  talents, 

.'  She  was  a  woman,  who  in  l'pite  of  all  the  apologies  that 

with    infinite   addrefa   and  in-  b..                made  for  her,  fije 

could  appear  the  moft  bad  many  of  the  blacked  vices. 

Cmple  and  iincere  in  her  beha-  She  was  covetous,  cruel,  envi- 

affected  tender-  011?,  vindictive,  and  lewd,  but 

a  conltant  complai-  the  knew   how  to  conceal  all 

fance,  (lie  retained   the  aiiW-  theft  drteilable  qualities  under 

ttouscf  Lhilpcric,  who  was  the  the  veil  of  lf.ite  policv,    and 

molt  mutatde  man  in  thewoild.  even  of  religion.      There  was 

At  the  fame  time  lhc  held  h(m  one  vice  flic  could    not  hide  ; 

by  her  arts,  the  governed  him  and  this  taught  the  court  and 

by  her  capacity:  his  ambition  the  world  to  pry  into  all  tic 

inipired     him    with     project  1  This  predominant 

tvhicb    he   wanted  abilities    to  w.n  pride,  a  thing  infeparable 

execute  ;    Fredegonde  pointed  from  mean  birrh,  when  cK 

and  taught  him  ed    not  by  merit,   but  by  for- 

huw  to  conduct  them  ( 1 ).  She  tun-;. 

(1)  Greg.  Turon.  lib  iv.  cap.  jS, 

Burgundy. 


2c6  The  Hi/lory  of  France, 

Burgundy*  The  confederate  kings,  in  a  very  fhort  fpace, 
conquered  a  great  part  of  Chimeric's'  dominions, 
when,  on  a  fudden,  they  made  peace,  Chilperic  confent- 
ing  that  Brunehaut  mould  enjoy  the  places  which,  upon 
the  marriage,  he  had  bellowed  upon  the  deceafed  queen 
her  filter :  tbefe  were  Bourdeaux,  Limoges,  Cahors,  Bi- 
gorre,  and  the  town  of  Beam,  now  called  Lefcarb. 
"The  Hans  This  war  wa's  fcarce  finiftied,  before  the  Huns  made  a 
invade  the  ncw  JrrUption  into  the  dominions  of  the  king  of  Auftrafia, 
nii'e'""1  w^°  immediately  marched  with  an  army  to  oppofe  them  ; 
Franks  on  but  he  was  not  fo  fuccefsful  as  at  the  beginning  of  his 
theonefide,  reign.  The  ancient  hiflorians  fay,  that  by  magical  arts 
and  the  the  Franks  were  fo  terrified,  that  they  abandoned  their 
L,°"th  *  monarcn  »  but  it  will  appear,  in  the  fequel,  that  Sigebert 
aslur.  ought  rather  to  be  efleemed  a  magician  than  they,  who, 
feeing  that  his  troops  would  not  act,  called  to  his  alfiftance 
thofe  engines  of  witchcraft  that  affect  alike  the  barbarous 
and  the  polite;  that  is,  he  d'iftributed  prcfents  fo  plenti- 
fully, and,  in  a  conference  he  had  with  a  king  of  the 
Abares,  touched  his  humour  fo  happily,  and  made  him  fo 
thoroughly  fenfible  of  his  liberality,  that  they  fworea  per- 
petual friendfhip.  In  their  retreat,  the  Huns  found  them- 
felves  embarraffedin  a  woody  country,  without  provifions, 
■where  they  might  have  been  eafily  and  totally  cut  off. 
Thither  Sigebert  directed  his  march  with  vaft  herds  of  live 
cattle,  and  all  kinds  of  neceffaries,  and  took  care  that  they 
fhould  be  plentifully  fupplied  till  they  arrived  in  their  own 
territories;  an  action,  of  which  the  Huns  had  fo  ftrong  a 
fenfe,-  that  they  never  diiturbed  his  dominions  after. 
While  he  was  thus  employed,  the  Lombards,  who  had 
lately  got  poffefiion  of  Italy,  made  an  irruption  into  Bur- 
gundy, where  they  did  a  great  deal  of  mifchief,  till  they 
were  defeated  by  Mummol,  who  commanded  king  Gon- 
tran's  forces.  The  Lombards  had  carried  into  Italy  a  body 
of  twenty  thoufand  Saxons,  with  their  wives  and  children, 
who,  they  promifed,  fhould  mare  their  fortune  -,  but, 
when  this  exceeded  their  own  expectation,  they  became  fo 
enamoured  of  their  new  conqueft,  as  abfolutely  to  refufe 
any  fettlemcnt  to  the  Saxons,  who  threw  themfelves  into 
the  country  of  Burgundy,  where  they  were  defeated  by 
the  fame  general  with  great  lofs c.  Next  year,  they  en- 
tered the  fame  country  a  little  before  harvelt,  and  traverf- 
cd  it,  in  hopes  of  reaching  their  own  country,  profefling 

b  Greg.  Turon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  iS.  «  Ibid.  Paul.  Diacon.  lib. 

ii.  iii. 

thenafelves 


Hory  of  I  207 

.  to  the  k  Vuftrafia  ;  but  tills  re-  A.  D.  569. 

immol  prevented,  and  obliged  them  to  mal  ■    ■  ■ 

;i,  ia  money  and  rich  furniture,  for  the  depredations 
had  committed,     lie  then  permitted  them  to  return 
ic,  v  here  they  found  the  Suevi  in  pofleffion,  by  whom 
:,  in  a  great  meafurc,  cut  off  and  deftroyed. 
'After  the  return  of  Sigebert  to  Met-/,  having  fomc  pre-  A.  D.  570. 
his  on  the  city  of  Aries,  he  caufed  it  to  be  taken,  in  ~ 
fomc  meafure  by  furprize,  from  his  brother  Gontran,  who  ^"ebeVt* 
quickly  recovered  it,  and  who  loon  after  made  a  peace,  a^chU- 
and  an  alliance  again  ft  his  brother  Chilpcric,  who,  during  perk,  of u* 
this  war,  had  made  himfelf  malter  of  feveral  places  in  break  with 
bert's territories :  for  theft:  he  had  paid  very  dear,  if,  *"<*«' °j'tt* 
about  fome  quarrel  as  to  ecclefiaftical  jurifdictions,  Gon-  ^^/^ 
tran  had  not  broke  again  with  Sigebert,  whofe  forces  be-  other. 
ing  entirely  defeated  by  Clovis,  the  youngeft  fon  of  Chil- 
peric,  he  found  himfelf  under  a  neceffity  of  bringing  a 
numerous  army  of  his  German  fubjects  into  the  field,  and, 
putting  himfelf  at  their  head,  marched  to  repair  this  lofs. 
Gontran,  terrified   at  their  appearance,  joined  his  forces 
to  thofe  of  Chilpcric,  in  order  to  cover  the  Seine,  which 
they  did  veryeffeftually.   Sigebert  opened  to  himfelf  a  paf-  A.  D.  5-4. 

fage,  by  acquainting  Gontran,  that,  if  he  perfifted  in  this  — 

meafure,  he  would  make  an  irruption  into  Burgundy  i 
upon  which  Gontran  abandoning  Chilperic,  he  was  in  a 
fhort  time  reduced  fo  low,  that  he  was  obliged  to  fend  to  his 
brother  tofue  for  peace-,  to  which  Sigebert,  as  he  had  for- 
merly done,  readily  confented  :  but  his  army,  who  were 
for  the  moil  part  Pagans,  who  had  already  acquired  both 
booty  and  flaves,  and  who  had  promifed  themfelves  the 
plunder  of  the  belt  part  of  France,  mutinied  as  foon  as 
they  knew  that  the  peace  was  figned  d.  Sigebert,  who 
had  a  firong  corps  of  Franks,  put  them  immediately  under 
arms,  rode  in  perfon  to  the  mutineers,  feized  fome  of  the 
chiefs,  and  caufed  them  to  be  floned ;  on  which  the  reft 
fubmitted;  and,  receiving  good  words  and  prefents,  re- 
turned again  into  their  own  country,  to  the  great  fatisfac- 
tion  of  the  Franks,  who  were  fubjects  of  the  fame  prince  e. 

The  peace  had   not  fubfiftcd  a  year,  when  Chilperic,  Sigebert  it 
burning  with  impatience  to  renew  the  war,   procured  an  affaffmattd 
interview  with  his  brother  Gontran,  in  which  belaboured  before 
to  perfuade  him,  that,  as  his  own  fituation  was  extremely  JT^/^9 
precarious,  and  depended  rather   0:1  the  moderation    of  changes 
Sigebert  than  any  power  he  had,  to  maintain  himfelf}  fo  the  whole 

jace  of  af- 
*  AJon.  Brcviar.  Cliron.         e  Grfg.  Tur.lib.  iv.  cap.  44-.         fain. 

the 


2o8-  The  Hi/lory  of  Franc?. 

the  moment  he  himfelf  or  his  poiterity  fhould  be  fubduecf, 
the  dominions,  of  Gontran  would  be  held  by  no  better  te- 
nure.    This  intimation    alarmed   him   exceedingly,  info- 
A.  D  575.  much  that  he  promifed  Chilperic  to  fupport  him  with  all 

• Iiis  forces.     The  king  of  Soiflbns,  on  this  promife,  made 

an  irruption  into  Champagne,  and  laid  all  the  country 
waits  with  fiie  and  fword'j  Sigehcrt  was  fo  much  pro- 
voked at  this  outrage,  that  he  recalled  the  forces  he  had 
difmiiTcd,  and  difpatched,  at  the  fame  time,  two  of  his 
generals,  with  a  body  of  his  belt  troops,  to  meet  prince 
Theodobert,  fon  to  Chilperic,  who,  with  a  numerous  army, 
was  marching  into  the  neighbourhood  of  Paris.  In  the 
court e  of  his  march,  however,  the  belt  part  of  his  forces 
I  him,  and,  in  this  diftrefs,  he  was  attacked  by  Si- 
gebert's  generals,  who  cut  him,  and  a  few  lords  who  re- 
I  ;ned  firm  to  him,  in  pieces.  This  difafter  threw  Chil- 
peric into  great  confternation,  more  especially  when  he  faw 
his  fubjecls  took  no  fhare  in  his  diftrefs,  but  feemed  rather 
plcafeu  wirh  what  had  happened,  and  no  longer  paid  a 
fea<lv  obedience  to  his  order :  but  what  increafed  his  per- 
lity  to  a  degree  that  was  infupportable,  was  Gontran's 
mg  as  he  did  before,  and  making,  as  foon  as  the  ill  news 
came,  a  feparate  peace  f.  To  prevent  worfe  confequences, 
retired  with  his  forces  to  Tournay,  and,  having  fortified 
•  place,  determined  to  make  his  laft  efforts  for-  its  de- 
fence. Sigebert,  with  a  potent  and  victorious  army,  en- 
tered Paris  in  triumph,  and,  after  compelling  the  fubjecls 
of  the  kingdom  of  SoiiTons  to  fvvear  allegiance  to  him,  he 
continued  his  march  to  Tournay,  which  he  inverted,  not- 
withstanding the  warmeft  applications  were  made  to  him 
and  Brunehaut,  by  prelates  of  the  firft  rank,  in  order  to 
ify  their  refentment,  and  difpofe  them  to  offer  Chilpe- 
ilc  fome  terms  of  peace  s.  In  this  (late  of  things,  Frede- 
goude  prevailed  on  two  defperate  villains  to  undertake  the 
murder  of  Sigebert,  which  they  effected  with  great  eafe  ', 
for,  going  into  his  camp,  and  pretending  that  they  had 
matters  of  great  importance  to  communicate  to  him,  the 
king  gave  them  audience,  and,  while  he  liftened  to  a  feign- 
ed tale,  they  buried  both  their  daggers  in  his  bowels. 
Two  lords,  who  were  at  fome  diftanee,  advancing  to  feize 
the  affaffins,  one  was  killed,  and  the  other  gricvoufly 
wounded;  but  the  guards,  taking  the  alarm,  came  to  their 
relief,  and,  feeing  what  had  happened,  cut  thofe execrable 

f  Sirrnond.  Concil.  Gal.   torn.  i.  t  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  iv. 

cap.  52. 

wretches 


I   of  F/\;  2rg 

\o  pieces  on  the  fpoth.     Thus  fell  the  moft  ac- 

tliihed  prince  of  the  Franks,  when  about  forty  years 

id  in  the  fourteenth  of  his  reign1.     His  army, 

thereupon,     immediately    raifed    the    fiege,    and  retired 

\uftrafia. 

Chilperic,  or  rather  Fredegonde,  as  foon  as  this  dread-  AD.  576. 
ful  blow  was  (truck,  fent  to  Paris,  in  order  to  fcize  the  * 

widow,  the  children,  and  the  treafures  of  Sigebcrt  Gon-  f°?JUa* 
dehaude,  one  of  the  able  ft  generals  of  the  deceafed  king,  ,onof  ^ 
made  hisefcape  out  of  that  city,  and  carried  with  him  pri-  chilptr'te, 
vately  Childebcrt,  the  only  fon  of  his  matter,  then  about  efpou/es 
live  years  of  age,  whom  he  conveyed  fafely  to  Metz,  where  Brune/iaut, 
the  nobility  proclaimed  him  king  of  Auftrafia.  Brune- 
haut,  with  her  two  daughter?,  Ingurda  and  Clodofwinda, 
confined,  and  an  immenfe  mafs  of  treafure  feized. 
On  the  arrival  of  Chilperic  at  Paiis,  he  ordered  Brune- 
haut  to  remove  to  Rouen,  where  flic  had  the  city  for  her 
prifon  ;  but  he  took  from  her  both  her  daughters.  Some 
time  after,  he  fent  his  fon  prince  Meroveus,  with  a  con- 
iiderable  body  of  forces,  to  Tours.  The  conduct  of  this 
prince  was  fuch  as  furpri fed  the  Franks,  and  alarmed  his 
father ;  for,  inltead  of  executing  his  orders,  he  went  to 
Rouen  ;  and  the  bifhop  of  that  city,  whofe  name  was  Pre- 
textatus,  was  prevailed  upon  to  folemnize  a  marriage  be- 
tween him  and  Brunehaut,  who  was  f till  a  young  woman, 
and  molt  amazingly  handfome.  Chilperic,  upon  receiving 
this  news,  by  the  advice  of  his  queen,  marched  thither 
immediately,  and  the  prince  and  his  confort,  not  being 
able  to  afiemble  any  forte  to  oppofe  him,  took  f.inctuary ; 
but,  upon  a  folemn  promife  of  fafety,  they  quitted  it,  to 
throw  thernfelves  at  the  king's  feet.  Chilperic  entertained 
them  kindly,  caufed  them,  for  feveral  days,  to  eat  with 
him  at  his  own  table,  then  carried  his  fon  with  him  to 
Soiffons,  and  fent  Brunehaut  and  her  two  daughters  back 
to  Metz,  under  pretence  of  complying  with  the  demand 
which  Childebert,  ;  vice  of  his  council,  had  made, 

that  ins  mother  and  filters  fhould  be  fet  at  liberty,  though 
in  truth  he  was  afraid  to  furrer  her  to  remain  in  his  domi- 
nionsk. 

Brunehaut  had  no  fooner  returned  into  the  kingdom  of  A.  D.  577.' 
Auftrafia    than  fhe  began  to  meditate    revenge    againft  - 
Chilperic,  in  appearance,  whom  flic  fly  led,  murderer  of  Meroveut 

bttrayeJ, 

h  Gefta  Peg.  Franc,  cap.  xxxi.    Venantii  Fortunati  Fp.  Pi&a-  taken!  anf 
vienf.s  Epift.  lib.  vii.  1  Fredega.  11  Scholalt.  Epitome  &  Chron.  muratria' 

c:ij>.  57.        k  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  v.  cap.  3. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  P  his 


210  The  Hi/lory  of  Era) 

his  brother,  and  her  huiband  ;  but,  in  rea  ity,  againd 
Fredegoncle  ;  for  thefe  two  ambitions  prineefles  were  irre- 
concileable  enemies  to  each  other,  and  the  whole  nation 
of  the  Franks  were,  for  many  years,  the  victims  of  their 
paffions.  It  is  not  eafy  to  conceive  how  the  lords  of  Au- 
ftrafia,  who  were  extremely  jealous  of  Brunehaut,  came 
to  adopt  this  meafure  •,  but  it  is  certain  they  did  ;  and  that 
Godim  one  of  their  generals,  at  the  head  of  a  confider- 
able  army,  marched  directly  to  Soiflbns,  in  hopes  of  fur- 
prifing  Fredegonde  ;  but  flie,  having  timely  notice,  made 
her  efcape.  Godin,  however,  cauled  the  city  to  be  in- 
verted, knowing  that  prince  Meroveus  was  (till  there,  and 
would  not  be  difpleafed  if  it  fell  into  his  hands '.  Chil- 
peric  marched  with  what  troops  he  could  affemble  to  fave 
his  capital,  and,  after  engaging  and  defeating  the  troops 
of  Auftrafia,  compelled  them -to  raife  the  fiege.  In  order 
to  profecute  this  victory,  he  fent  Didier,  one  of  his  gene- 
rals, with  a  great  army,  to  invade  the  enemy's  country  ; 
upon  which  Gontran,  taking  his  nephew  under  his  pro- 
tection, fent  his  general  Mummol  to  oppofe  Didier,  whom 
he  routed,  and  killed  twenty-five  thoufand  of  his  men. 
Chilperic,  who  attributed  all  his  misfortunes  to  Meroveus, 
caufed  that  unhappy  prince  to  be  feized,  and  fhaved,  who, 
notwithstanding,  made  his  efcape,  and  took  fhelter  in  the 
church  of  St.  Martin  at  Tours;  from  whence,  with  infi- 
nite .difficulty,  he  found  means  to  withdraw  into  the  king- 
dom of  Auftrafia,  where  Brunehaut  would  have  protected 
him  if  it  had  been  in  her  power  ;  but  the  jealoufy  of  the 
nobles  was  fo  ftrong,  that  he  was  obliged  to  withdraw, 
and  to  hide  himfelf  where  he  could"'.  Chilperic  then 
turned  his  vengeance  againft  Prctextatus,  bifliop  of  R.ouen, 
•whom  he  accufed  in  perfon,  before  an  aflembly  of  bifhops, 
*>f  treafon,  and  other  enormous  crimes ;  but  the  prelate 
defended  himfelf  fo  well,  that  his  brethren  could  not  be 
prevailed  upon  by  intreaties,  promifes,  or  threatenings, 
to  condemn  him  ;  neverthelefs  Chilperic  fent  him  into  ba- 
nifhment n.  Meroveus  was  not  long  after  betrayed,  and 
made  prifoncr ;  but,  as  they  were  conveying  him  to  a  for- 
trefs  where  he  was  to  remain  in  confinement,  a  perfon 
who  was  near  him  ran  him  through  the  body,  of  which 
wound  he  died  upon  the  fpot.  It  was  given  out,  that  he 
was  flain  by  a  fervant  at  his  own  earneft  requeft ;  but  this 
was  generally  looked  upon  as  an  artifice  to  cover  Frede- 

l  Adon.  Breviar.  Chron.  "  Idenu  n  Greg. 

Tux.  lib.  vv  cap.  13. 

gonde 


The  Hijloi-y  of  Fiance.  211 

j  mi  the  reproach  of  having  caufed  lier  fdn-in-law 

iffiuated. 
)    of   the  fons  of  qdecn  Andouera  were  now  A.  D.  579. 
removed  out  of  her  way,  Fredegonde  looked  upon  the  de-  ■ 

tion  of  Clovis  as  the  fingle  ftep  wanting  to  transfer  lhefamou$ 
the  fucceffion  to  her  own  fons;  of  whom  fhe  had  three0.  *l'Fre*°P 
But  while  (he  meditated  the  means  of  effecting  his  deftruc-  fj{urt 
tion,  a  very  ftrange  event  happened,  which  had  almoft  falfely  ae- 
brought  about  her  own.     One  Leudafte,  who  had  been  tvfed,  in 
removed  from  the  government  of  Tours  for  oppreflion,  ort*er  t0 
framed,  in  conjunction  with  Riculphe,  an  eeclefiaflic  of  flr'*^f- " 
that  diocefe,  an  aecufation  againft   St.  Gregory,  then  bi-  rac* 
fliop,  and  the  great  hiftorian  of  this  period,  as  if  he  mould 
have  thrown  out  a  charge  agaiud  the  queen  of  committing 
adultery  with  the  bifhop  of  Bourdeaux  :  they  likewife  add- 
ed, that  he  had  entered  into  intrigues  for  betraying  the 
city  to  the  king  of  Auftrafia.     The  king  fufpecled  the  firft 
part  of  this  information,  and  paid  no  credit  to   the  latter.        , 
lie  left  it,  notwithilanding,  to  be  examined  by  an  affem- 
bly  of  bifhops,  who,  upon  Gregory's  fwearing  in  the  moll 
folemn  manner,  that  he  never  faid  any  fuch  thing,  de- 
clared him  innocent.     Leudafte  made  his  ef.ape  in  time; 
but  Riculphe  being  in  prifon,  was  put  to  the  torture,  who 
confeffed,  that  the  true  defign  was  not  againft  the  bifhop, 
but  againft  the  queen,  on  a  fuppofition   that  Chilperic 
would  have  believed  the  charge,  and  have  either  put  her 
to  death  or  banifhed  her,  and,  in  that  cafe,   Leudafte  in- 
tended to  have  affaffinated  him,  with   the   three   young 
princes,  and  to  have  fet  Clovis  upon  the  throne  ;  but  it 
was  not  fo  much  as  pretended  that  Clovis  was  at  all  privy 
to  this  confpiracyP.     Chilperic  had,  about  this  time,  a 
difpute  with  Varoc,  count  of  Bietagne,  who  refufed  to 
tlo  him  homage;  he  fent  a  body  of  troops  againft  him, 
which  were  defeated,  and  confented  afterwards  to  a  treaty, 
which  did  him  no  great  honour.     This  want  of  fpirit, 
which  was  not  very  confident  with  his  character,  might, 
very  probably,  be  owing  to  the  untoward  fituation  of  his 
affairs,  which  was  fuch  as  might  have  perplexed  a  wifcr 
prince.     His  brother  and  his  nephew  lived  in  ftricl:  union, 
and  both  bad  great  reafon  to  be  difpleafed  with  him  ;  his 
fubjects  had  been  fo  harraffed  with  taxes,  through  his  own 
avarice,  and  that  of  Fredegonde,  that  they  were,  mifer- 
ably  poor,  and  uuiverfally  difcontented.     His  fon  Clovis 
abhorred  Fredcgonde,  and  made  no  fecret  of  his  averfion. 

•  Gefta  ReguraFrancorum.  p  Grcg.Tur.  lib.  v.  cap.  50. 

P  2  TV 


tit 


AD.  5!i. 

Clovis,  the 
lafl  of  Chit, 
perils  Jons 
by  queen 
Artdouera 
is  murder- 
ed, and 
after- 
wards  his 
toother. 


The  Hljlory  of  France: 

To  increafe  his  embarraffments,  the  feafons  were,  for  1 
long  time,  fo  unfavourable,  that  famine  and  pedilence 
threatened  his  people  at  the  fame  time  i.  The  king  and 
queen  were  both  feized  with  the  epidemic  difeafe  that  then 
raged,  and  both  efcaped  ;  but  their  three  fons,  Clodobert, 
Samfon,  and  Dagobert,  were  attacked  by  this  dangerous 
difeafe,  which  daggered  even  the  fortitude  of  Fredegonde, 
whom  all  hiftorians  allow  to  have  been,  in  her  temper, 
one  of  the  firmefl  women  that  ever  lived.  She  had  not 
only  recourfe  to  proceffions,  public  prayers,  and  all  the 
exterior  modes  of  religion  then  in  fafhion,  but  alfo  pre- 
vailed upon  the  king  to  remit  various  taxes,  and  to  throw 
the  rolls  of  fome  heavy  impofitions  into  the  fire  ;  notwith- 
ftanding  all  tliefe  meafures  thefe  children  died,  upon  which 
the  queen  refumed  her  former  fortitude. 

The  fight  of  Clovis,  who  was  now  become  his  father's 
fole  heir,  was  more  uneafy  to  her  than  ever ;  the  great 
court  paid  him  by  perfons  of  all  ranks  excited  her  envy  ; 
and  the  threats  which,  like  a  young  man,  he  fometimc* 
threw  out,  alarmed  her  fo  much,  that  fhe  praclifed  va-1 
rious  methods  to  remove  him,  and  even  went  fo  far  as  to 
fend  him  into  the  mod  infected  provinces,  in  hopes  the 
prevailing  malady  might  difpatch  him.  At  length,  her 
defign  became  fo  apparent,  that  fome  of  thofe  obfequious 
wretches,  who  are  the  difgrace  of  courts,  to  make  them- 
felves  agreeable  to  her  who  ruled  all  things,  charged  the 
prince  with  procuring  the  dedruclioh  of  her  children.  To« 
give  fome  colour  to  this  ftrange  tale,  they  affirmed,  that 
he  was  in  love  with  a  young  perfon,  whofe  mother  was  a 
witch,  and  that  the  three  young  princes  were  deftroyed  by 
her  incantations ;  upon  which  incredible  dory  the  prince 
was  confined,  the  young  woman  treated  in  the  mod  fhame- 
ful  manner,  and  the  mother,  afrer  being  racked  into  a 
confeffion,  condemned r.  Prince  Clovis  being  entirely  de- 
livered up  to  the  refentment  of  Fredegonde,  (he  fent  him 
to  the  cadle  of  Noify,  on  the  other  fide  the  Marne,  where 
he  was  found,  a  few  days  after,  extended  in  his  apart- 
ment, with  a  wound  in  his  bread,  and  a  bloody  dagger 
lying  by  him,  to  countenance  a  report  which  was  fpread, 
as  if  he  had  fallen  by  his  own  hand  :  but  reflecting  after- 
wards that  Chilperic  might  poffibly  learn  the  truth,  and, 
fufpe&ing  his  ownfafety,  recall  his  queen  Andouera,  who, 
though  banifhed  his  court,  was  not  entirely  banifhed  his 
heart,  (he,  to  complete  her  defign,  and  to  fix  that  abfo- 


1  Fredegarii  Chronicon. 


Gefta  Regum  Francorum, 


lute 


The  HiJIory  of  France,  2 1$ 

lute  dominion  (he  had  fo  long  enjoyed,  caufed  her  like- 
wife  to  be  removed  out  of  the  world  \  Thus  Chilperic 
icft  alone  in  the  hands  of  an  ambitious  and  cruel 
woman,  who,  by  degrees,  had  difpatched  his  whole 
family. 

The  young  king  of  Auftrafia  feemed  to  be  born  to  un-  Continual 
ufual  good  fortune  ;  though  railed  to  the  throne  while  a  difputes 
child,  though  his  mother  was  excluded  from  the  govern-  "^kin''. 
ment,  and  though,  from  the  difputes  incident  to  mino- 
rity, his  councils  were  in  a  great  meafure  diftra&ed  ;  yet, 
inilead  of  being  in  any  diftrefs  or  danger,  he  lived  in  fplen- 
dor  and  fecurity  l.  His  uncle  Gontran,  king  of  Burgundy, 
being  without  children,  confidered  him  as  his  heir,  fent 
for  him  to  his  court,  (hewed  him  as  his  fucceflbr  to 
his  people,  and  careffed  him  in  fuch  a  manner,  that 
Chilperic,  and  even  Fredegonde,  were  afraid  to  give  him 
any  difturbance,  knowing  that  the  Auftrafians  and  the 
13urgundians  united,  would  be  an  overmatch  for  all  the 
forces  they  could  raife ;  befides,  Chilperic  was  again  em- 
barraffed  with  the  count  of  Bretagne ".  By  degrees  the 
fcene  changed  •,  the  bifhop  of  Rheims  gained  the  afcen- 
dancy  in  the  council  at  Metz,  and  he  had  fuch  a  fpleenat 
Lupus,  duke  of  Champagne,  as  divided  the  whole  king- 
dom into  two  factions,  queen  Brunehaut  fiding  with  the 
duke,  who  likewife  ftood  well  with  the  king  of  Burgundy. 
This  led  the  bifhop  of  Rheims  to  fugged  to  the  regency 
of  Auftrafia,  that  Chilperic  was  the  king's  uncle  as  well 
as  Gontran  ;  that  he  had  likewife  no  children  j  and  that, 
notwithftanding  the  profeffions  of  the  former,  he  ftill  kept 
the  moiety  of  Marfeilles,  which  he  had  feized  upon  the 
death  of  Sigebert  :  he  advifed,  therefore,  that  Childe- 
bert  fhould  make  a  league  with  his  uncle  Chilperic,  for 
the  recovery  of  Marfeilles,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  recover 
Poicliers,  which  that  monarch  had  feized,  becaufe  it  was 
convenient  to  him.  Chilperic  entered  readily  into  the 
league,  but  avoided  the  reltitution,  by  faying,  that  Chil- 
tlebert  would  quickly  inherit  that  and  the  relt  of  his  domi- 
nions w.  This  war  might  have  been  fatal  to  Gontran,  if 
Childebert  could  have  a£led  with  the  fame  vigour  as  his 
uncle  Chilperic  did  ;  but  this  the  factions  in  his  domi- 
nions prevented.    However,  Chilperic  profecuted  the  war 

•  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  t   cap.  40.        t  Marioi  in  Cbron.         «  Ado- 
nl»  Cluonicon.  w  Venantii  Fortunati  Epifc.  Pi&avienfis  Epift. 

)H>,  fit. cap.  7,  8,9.    Greg.  Tur.  lib.  vi.  cap.  14. 


f3 


with, 


*T4  27^  Hiftory  of  France. 

with  fuch  fp'trit  and  fuccefs,  that  Gontran  was  glad  to 

make  peace  upon  hard  terms  ;  and  the  king  of  Soiflbns 

took  care  that  one  article  of  the  peace  fhould  be  the  refti- 

tution  of  the  moiety  of  Marfeilles  to  his  nephew  *.     This 

policy  gained  him   a  great  intereft  amongft  the  Aullra- 

fians,  with  whom  he  held  a  conftant  correspondence. 

Tne  death         Chilperic,  of  all  the  kings  of  the  Franks,  was  the  mod 

of  Chilperic  confidered  in  foreign    nations.     He  piqued  himfelf  upon 

*''*.?  "J         his  magnificence,  and  in  this,  it  is  alfo*  probable,  he  gra- 

t'heflroktof  l^e^  Frcdegonde,  whole   addrefs  was  fo  great,  that  lhe 

fome  ajfaf-     kept  a  fair  correfpondence  with  Childebert,  or  at  lead 

fins.  M         with  thofe  who  had  the  direction  of  his  affairs  ;  ir.fomuch 

that  he  negociated  a  new  league  with  Chilperic  againlt 

Gontran,  who  had  feized  again  the  moiety  of  Marfeilles, 

which  he  had  fo  lately  reltored*     But   this  war  was  not 

over  fortunate.     Childebert  did  not  perform  what  might 

have  been  expected  from  a  good  ally.    Gontran  gained  fome 

advantage  over  the  troops  of  the  king  of  Soiffons,  in  the 

battle  of  Melun  ;  upon  which  a  peace  was  concluded,  and 

Childebert  was  again  put  in  poffefiion  of  his  fhare  of  Mar- 

A.  D  5S3.  feillcs  y.      By   this  time   the  queen-dowager   Brunehaut 

fci  had   regained    the  afcendancy    in    Childebert's    cabinet, 

whom  flie  engaged  in  a  clofe  alliance  with  his  uncle  the 

king  of  Burgundy,  with  an  intent  to  defpoil  Chilperic  of 

the  beft   part  of  his  dominions.     The  king  of  Soiffons 

judged  it  belt  to  act  upon  the  defenfive,  and  therefore  he 

retired  to  Cambray  with  his  trcafures,  and  ordered  all  his 

generals  t*)  put  their  forces  into  the  mofl  defenfible  places, 

upon  a  fuppofition  that  this  formidable  alliance  would  not 

fubiilt  long.     In  this  turn  of  his  affairs  he  had  the  confo- 

lation  of  feeing  a  fon  born,  and  of  marrying  his  daughter, 

the  princefs  Rigunthe,  to  Recared,  fon  to  the  king  of  the 

Vifigoths z.     But,  while  occupied  with  thefe  and  other 

cares,    he  was  fuddenly  taken  off  by  affaffination,  at  a 

juncture  when  his  affairs  were  in  the  mofl  critical  fitua,- 

tion  :    for,    being  at  the  cattle  of   Chelbes,    a  country- 

houfe  about  four  leagues  from  Paris,  and  taking  there  the 

diverfion  of  hunting,  he  returned  one  evening  fomewhat 

late,  and,    as  he  was   difmounting  from  his  horfe,    and 

leaning  his  hand  upon  the  fhoulder  of  one  of  his  dome- 

A.  T>  <;8.-.  fltcs,  he  received  two  (tabs  with  a  long  knife,  one  under 

— the  armpit  and  the  other  in  the  belly ;  of  which  wounds  he 

*  Fredegarii  Schol.  Epitome  &  Chronicon.  Y  Greg.  Tur. 

lib.  vi.  cap.  31.  z  Adon.  Ch'ron. 

died 


7 he  Hiftory  of  Frame. 

upon  the  fpot,  and  the  aflaflins  made  their  efcape  ; 
her  is  it  clear  by  what  intrigues  he  was  brought  to  this 
Urange  end  •(!!). 

Fredegonde 

»  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  vi.  cap.  46.  GeftaRegumFrancorum,  cap.  35. 


215 


(H)  In  refpect  to  the  death 
of  Chilperic,  no  modern  hilto. 
r'i  .111  fpeaks  of  the  author  of  it 
with  any  kind  of  certainty. 
rJ  he  author  neareft  in  point  of 
time  to  him  fays,  that  he  was 
alTafTmated  by  the  command  of 
Brunehaut,  and  affirms,  that 
the  name  or"  the  pcrfon  who  did 
it  was  Faucon.  Yet  this  is  not 
likely  to  be  true,  fince,  if  it 
had  been  fo,  Fredegonde  muft 
have  known  it ;  and,  as  the 
reader  will  fee  in  the  hiftory, 
(he  charged  another  perfon 
with  it,  which  coft  him  his 
life.  Another  hiftorian  is  as 
confident,  that  Fredegonde 
hcrfelf  was  the  author  of  her 
hulhand's  death.  He  fays  the 
king)  before  he  went  to  the 
chace,  accidentally  entered  the 
queen's  apartment,  and  found 
her  uafhing  her  face  ;  upon 
which  he  touched  her  neck  with 
a  (witch  he  had  in  his  hand. 
The  queen,  without  turning 
her  head,  cried,  u  Ah,  Lan- 
dry, is  it  you  !  is  the  king 
gone  ?  "  The  tone  in  which 
this  was  fpoken  affected  Chil- 
peric  fo  much,  that,  in  turn- 
ing out  of  the  room,  he  mut- 
tered fomewhat,  which  alarm- 
ed the  queen  to  fuch  a  degree, 
that  (he  fent  immediately  for 
her  gallant,  and  reprefehted 
their  common  danger  in  fo 
ltr.me  a  light,  as  produced  the 
{tabbing  the  king  when  he  re- 


turned in  the  evening  from 
hunting.  The  iilencc  of  Gre- 
gory of  Tours,  who  was  no 
friend  to  Fredegonde*,  is  a 
ftrong  argument  that  nothing 
of  this  fort  was  reported  at  that 
time  ;  and  he  is  fo  abfolutely 
filent,  that  the  very  name  of 
Landry  docs  not  occur  in  his 
hiftory.  He  deals,  however, 
very  N)undly  with  the  charac- 
ter of  Chilperic,  whom  he 
ftyles  the  Nero  and  the  Herod 
ot  his  time,  alluding  to  his  ty- 
ranny in  point  of  government, 
and  the  cruelties  he  exercifed 
upon  his  own  children  (1). 
He  refembled  that  prince  in 
other  refpects,  fince  he  fet  up 
for  a  legiflator  in  fpiritual  as 
well  as  civil  affairs.  He  con- 
ceived of  himfelf  fo  highly, 
that  he  thought  of  putting  an 
end,  by  an  edict  of  his  own 
penning,  to  the  difputes  be- 
tween the  Orthodox  and  the 
Arians ;  from  which  fcheme  he 
was  with  difficulty  diflauded 
(2).  He  invented  four  letters 
to  be  added  to  the  alphabet, 
and  ordered,  that  where  they 
would  have  occurred  in  ancient 
books,  the  letters  originally 
ufed  (hould  be  neatly  erafed, 
and  thefe  of  his  invention  fuf>- 
ftituted  ;  but  thefe  letters  of 
his  were  fo  little  relifhcd,  that, 
except  what  Gregory  of  Toura 
fuggefts,  it  is  not  at  this  da/ 
very  well  known    what   they 


(1)  Gre^or.  'Turon.  lib.  vi.  cap.  46.     Gefta  Regum  Francorura. 
(2)  Y cnantii  Furtuoati,  lib.  ix.  Fredeg.  Chron.  torn*  i.  p-  tf§» 

P  4  were. 


ftl6  Tbc  Hijhry  of  France. 

Gontran,  Fredegonde  found  herfelf  in  a  very  diftrefTed  condition, 
king  of  deferted  by  mofl  of  thofe  fhe  had  raifed,  and  infultcd  by. 
Burgundy  thofe  fhe  had  formerly  treated  ill  ;  her  fori,  who  was  then 
takes  Fre-  no  more  th3n  four  months  bid,  was  then  at  Tournay,  by 
an.iherfon  Chilperic's  appointment:  thole  who  were  entrufted  with 
under  his  his  treafures  carried  them  to  Childebcrt  at  Metz  ;  the  bet- 
frotedion.  ter  part  of  her  own  fhe  bellowed  upon  her  daughter,  and 
thefe  were  feized  by  Didier,  who  commanded  the  efcort 
that  was  to  attend  her  into  Spain  ;  and  her  daughter,  after 
fome  confinement  at  Tou'.oufe,  was  brought  back  in  a 
contemptuous  manner  to  Paris;  to  which  city  fhe  herfelf 
repaired  with  the  few  perfons  of  diiHnction  who  ftill  fol- 
lowed her  fortune  b.  The  character  of  this  princefs  was 
unfhaken  fortitude  •,  and  fhe  difplayed  it  in  the  higheft 
degree  upon  this  occafion.  She  addrefled  herfelf  to  Gon- 
tran,  king  of  Burgundy,  and,  in  the  mofl  humble  man- 
ner, intreated  him  to  become  the  protector  of  an  unhappy 
widow,  and  of  an  orphan  king,  who  was  alfo  his  nephew. 
Gontran  gave  her  good  words,  marched  direQly  to  Paris 
with  his  army,  and,  upon  mature  deliberation,  confented 
to  what  fhe  defired  ;  whether  on  the  motive  of  duty,  com- 
panion, or  policy,  is  very  uncertain.  On  the  other  hand, 
Childebert,  king  of  Auflrafia,  either  from  his  own  difpofition, 
or  through  the  perfualion  of  his  mother  Brunehaut,  march- 
ed alfo  to  Paris  ;  but  Gontran  caufed  the  gates  to  be  fhut 
againft  him,  and  treated  very  cavalierly  the  ambaliadors 
fent  by  that  prince0.  They  demanded,  in  their  mailer's 
name,  a  fhare  in  the  dominions  of  Chilpcric,  and  that 
Fredegonde  fhould  be  delivered  up  to  be  punifhed,  for  a 
multitude  of  crimes  which  they  laid  to  her  charge.  Gon- 
tran told  them  that  the  dominions  of  Chilpcric  were  to  be 

h  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  vii.  cap.  4,  5.  Gcfta  Regum  Frar.corum,  ubi 
ftipra.  c  Aimon.  Adon.  Chron.  . 

were.     He  compofed,  likevvife,  ce'.lcnt.     As  to  Chilperie's  firft 

two   or  three   volumes    upon  queen,  and   his  iffue.  by   her, 

different    fubjedrs  ;     and,     a-  all  that  wc  need  to  fay  of  them 

mongft    thefe    royal   labour?,  has    been    interwoven    in   the 

there    were  a  great  many  po-  hiftory.     With  refpedr.  to  the 

ems,    which,  we  are   allured,  fecond,    Galfwintha,  we  may 

were  very  had  ;  and  in  all  pro-  fay  the  fame  thing;  and  as  to 

bability,  they  mult  have  been  the  hiftory  of  Fredegonde,  be- 

fo,  fince  they  had  the  misfor-  fides   what    has    been   already 

tune  to  be  confidered  in   that  mentioned,  we  fliall  be  obliged 

light,  in  an  age  when  very  bad  to  treat  of  her  and  her  iflue  in 

performances  were  eiteemed  ex-  another  place. 

inherited 


The  Hiflory  of  France,  217 

inherited  by  his  fon,  and  that  lie  yielded  no  credit  to  the 
itories  they  tcM  him  of  his  widow.     He  added,  that,  im- 
..itcly  on  his  brother's  death,  he  had  promifed  to  de- 
them,  and  that  he  meant  to  keep  his  word.     The 
ambafladors  replied,  that  they  were   glad  to  find  him  a 
c  of  fuch  punctuality,  and  therefore  hoped  he  would 
his  treaties  as  well  as  his  word.     Gontran,  exceed- 
ingly provoked  at  this  behaviour,  produced  a  treaty  that 
Childebert  had  made  with  Chilperic  to  deprive  him  of  his 
dominions,  which  had  been  put  into  his  hands  by  Frede- 
gonde  ;  upbraiding  them   with  their  corruption   and  op- 
preffions,  charging  them  with  betraying  their  mafter,  and 
telling  them,  that  whatever  he  had  he  would  keep,  even 
if  it  did  of  right  belong  to  his  nephew,  as  believing  it  to 
be  fafer  in  his  hands  than  theii's.    All  things  feemed  now 
tending  towards  a  rupture,  ;  but  the  heats  on  both  iides 
were  quickly  qualified  by  the  detection  of  a  fcheme  which 
had  been  long  in  agitation,  and  which  tended  to  no  Jefs 
than  fetting  up  a  new  king  d. 

The  minilters,  in  the  feveral  courts  of  the  kings  of  the  Gondtlaut, 
Franks,  found  themfelves  lefs  powerful,  and  lefs  at  their  a'f°"ro 

eafe,  than  they  could  wifh,  and  this  chiefly  through  that  clotatre* 
11  ■•  .'    .  1        1  ,  ,.J        r  ,$  comes  into 

balance',  which  either  the  piety  or  the  policy  of  Gontran  frc,nce  a„j 

had  ettablifhed,  and  which  Chilperic,  before  his  death,  isprodaim- 
began  to  comprehend  and  admire.  The  confederates,  ed  king  by  a 
therefore,  refolved  to  confer  the  title  of  king  upon  Gon-  f^'00' 
debaut,  who  was  generally  efteemed  to  be  the  fon  of  Clo- 
taire  ;  and  they  took  their  meafures  with  more  prudence, 
and  with  a  greater  meafure  of  forefight,  than  has  been 
common  in  fuch  intrigues.  Thefe  confpirators  were  duke 
Didier  and  duke  Mummol,  with  duke  Bofon,  who  had 
been  raifed  by  the  favour  of  king  Childebert,  and,  in  his 
turn,  had  been  trufted  by  and  betrayed  every  one  of  the 
monarchs  who  then  reigned  over  the  Franks.  This  man 
had  been  fent  by  the  reft  to  Conftantinoplc,  to  bring  over 
this  fon  of  Clotaire,  whom  he  cheated  with  the  promife  of 
a  crown;  and  to  whom,  either  out  of  friendfhip,  or  to  em- 
broil the  affairs  of  the  Franks,  the  Greek  emperor  Tibe- 
rius freely  gave  an  immenfe  treafure6.  Soon  after  the  re- 
turn of  Bofon,  Gondebaut  followed  him,  as  he  had  pro- 
mifed, and  landed  at  Marfeilles  ;  the  bifhop  of  which  city, 
whofe  name  was  Theodorus,  received  him  very  refpecl- 
fully,  and  furnifiied  him  with  the  carriages  requifite  for 

*  Fredegarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chron,  «  Greg. 

Tur.  lib.  vti.  cap-  10. 

him 


2i8  The  Hiftory  of  France, 

him  and  Ills  train  to  proceed  to  Avignon,  of  which  Mum- 
mol  was  governor.  He  was  no  fooner  gone  than  Bofon 
caufed  the  bifhop  to  be  arretted,  and  charged  htm  with 
treafon,  that  he  might  feize  the  treafures  of  Gondtbaut, 
which  he  divided  with  the  governor  of  Marseilles  j  but,  at 
the  fame  time,  hinted  to  the  confpirators,  under-hand, 
that  he  did  this  only  to  fave  appearances'.  While  he  was 
intriguing  with  all  the  courts,  without  the  leaft  intention 
of  being  true  to  any,  he  was,  with  all  his  family,  feized 
by  the  order  of  king  Gontran,  and  conducted  prifoner  to 
Paris.  There  he  accufed  Mummol  of  being  the  author  of 
the  whole  contrivance,  and  offered  to  betray  him  into  the 
king's  hands,  leaving  his  ion  a  hoftage  for  the  execution 
of  his  promife,  which,  though  he  endeavoured  with  great 
addrefs,  yet  he  was  not  able  to  perform.  In  the  mean 
time  Childebert,  by  the  advice  of  queen  Bruneh  iut,  and 
fome  of  his  council,  in  order  to  mortify  the  king  of 
Burgundy,  drew  v  ut  out  of  the  retreat  which  he 

had  chofen,  upon  the  lois  of  his  treafures,  and  put  him 
at  the  head  of  a  numerous  army,  commanded  under  him 
by  duke  Mummx:.  nobleman  at  Brive  la  G.uliarde, 

in  the  Limoufins,  proclaimed  him  king,  and,  in  quality 
of  his  brother,  the  true  heir  of  Chilperic,  in  the  realm 
of  Soiffons;  and,  by  the  afliftanee  of  Didier,  put  him  in 
pofleffion  of  a  great  part  of  the  kingdom ;  by  which  means 
his  credit  and  his  fpirits  were  fo  raifed,  that  he  lent  am- 
baffadors  to  Gontran,  to  demand  rcftitution  of  all  the 
reft.  Thefe  the  king  of  Burgunay,  without  ceremony, 
feized  as  rebels,  put  them  to  the  torture,  and  drew  from 
them  an  entire  difcovery  of  the  whole  intrigue ;  a  ftep 
bold  and  well  timed,  by  which  his  dignity  wavfecured". 
Gontran  Upon  thefe  difcoveries,  Gontran  invited  his  nephew 

tlifabufts  Childebert  to  come  and  make  him  a  vifit,  alluring  him, 
CJ»d!fa'a  that  he  would  find  in  him,  not  only  the  affe£tion  of  an 
Vimtoaffift  uncle,  but  the  tendernefs  of  a  father  and  the  candour  of 
tnjufprtff  a  friend.  Many  of  the  great  lords  of  AuftraOa  oppofed 
znt>Gonde-  thi3  journey  with  great  warmth,  alleging,  that  the  king 
bauu  ought  not  to  hazard  himfelf,  in  the  power  of  a  monarch, 

with  whom  he  ftood  already  upon  ill  terms  ;  but  Childe- 
bert, now  in  his  fifteenth  year,  decided  for  himfelf,  and 
went,  with  a  fmnll  retinue,  to  the  court  of  his  uncle. 
Gontran  began,  very  roundly,  with  the  performance  of 
his  promife  ;  (hewed   him  publicly  to  the  people  as  his 

t  Ffedegarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chronicon.     Adon.  Chron, 
t  Greg  Tur.  lib.  vii.  cap.  14. 

heir  j 


¥be  Hijlory  of  France*  219 

j  carried  him  to  the  review  of  his  army;  defired  them 

nluler  Childcbert,  for  the  future,  not  as  nis  nephew, 
but  as  his  ion;  and   rcllorcd  to  him  freely  all  the  places 

:  ich  he  had  any  claim b.  He  next  acquainted  him,  AD.  58$; 
that   he   was  furrounded   by  traitors  ;   that   ibme  of  the  ■ 

principal  perfons  in  his  cabinet  were  in  the  interells  of 

debaut;  and,  particularly,  advifcd  him  to  beware  of 
the  queen-dowager  Brunehau  ,  and  the  bifhop  of  Rheims. 
The  two   kings   were  and   lincerely   reconciled. 

This  circumitance  was  no  fooner  known  than  Didier  aban- 
doned the  party  of  Gondebaut,  and  made  his  peace  with 
the  king  of  Burgundy;  the  captains,  and  molt  of  the 
troops,  that  were  fubjecls  to  the  king  of  Auftrafia,  took 
the  fame  method.  80  that  Gondebaut,  with  Mummol, 
and  thole  who  Hill  remained  firm,  made  choice  of  the 
fortrefs  of  Comminge,  very  ftrong  by  fituation,  and  well 
fortified  for  thofe  times,  in  which  they  determined  to 
Hand  a  fiege'.  It  was  not  long  before  Leudegifile,  who 
commanded  the  forces  of  Gontran,  arrived  before  the 
place,  inverted  it,  and  carried  on  the  fiege  with  all  the,a£li- 
vity  and  vigour  that  the  art  of  war,  as  it  then  flood, 
would  allow;  but,  however,  with  no  great  fuccefs;  for  the 
beficged,  being  well  fupplied  with  all  things,  and  the  fol- 
diers  looking  upon  their  cafe  to  be  defperate,  neglected 
nothing  that  might  contribute  to  a  good  defence,  and 
(hewed  fo  much  ikill  and  refolution,  that  Leudegifile  be- 
gan to  doubt  of  the  fuccefs  of  his  undertaking-  There 
were,  however,  thofe  about  him,  who  fuggelted,  that 
other  methods  might  be  found,  more  fure  and  more  fpeedy. 
than  thofe  he  had  hitherto  praclifed.  Having  once 
taken  the  refolution  of  following  their  advice,  he  left  the 
management  of  thefe  fchemes  entirely  to  thofe  who  con- 
trived themk,  and  who  were  grown  expert  in  the  manage- 
ment of  fuch  intricate  contrivances,  by  an  almofl  perpe- 
tual practice  of  fuch  intrigues,  without  any  reftraint  from 
principle  or  confeience. 

Bol  ;ie  principal  author  of  thefe  new  meafures,  Gondebaut 

which  con  filled  in   negotiating  with  Mummol,  to  feize  is  betrayed 

unfortunate  Gondebaut,  and  to  deliver  him  up.  h^imof, 
Mummol  knew  how  obnoxious  he  wan  to  his  old  mailer  ^^,/JL 
Gontran,  and  would  not,  therefore,  lillen  to  any  thing,  a.. nan, 

'>  Fredegarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chronicon.      Adon.  Ch 
i  1    Regum  Fiancomm.  k  Fredegarii   Schoi 

Epitome  &  Chron.    Aimoini  Monachi  inciyti  Canobii-    S.  G 
mani  de  Gekis  Francorum. 

t 


£.20  7  be  Hiftory  of  France. 

till  Leudeglfile  fwore,  in  the  moft  folemn  manner,  that 
he  would  employ  his  moft  zealous  endeavours  to  procure 
an  indemnity  for  this  lord.  When  he  was  once  brought 
over,  he  quickly  feduced  the  other  chiefs,  men  of  aban- 
doned characters,  who  had  embarked  in  this  bufinefs  fole- 
ly  with  a  view  to  profit,  and  who  were,  therefore,  ready 
to  abandon  it,  when  they  perceived  this  was  to  be  found 
on  the  other  fide.  As  foon  as  they  had  made  their  own 
terms,  they  cut  the  matter  very  fhort  with  their  matter ; 
they  told  him,  that  it  was  in  vain  to  flay  till  thegarrifon 
ihould  be  reduced  to  extremity  ;  that,  therefore,  it  would 
he  bed  to  furrender  in  timej  and  that  Gontran  would  not 
probably  imbrue  his  hands  in  the  blood  of  his  brother. 
Though  much  furprifed  at  this  addrefs,  Gondebaut 
endeavoured  to  make  them  fenfible  of  the  weaknefs  of  this 
expedient ;  but  they  replied,  that  arguments  came  too 
late,  and  that  their  meafures  were  taken.  They  ufed 
him  very  rudely,  hurried  him  to  the  gates,  and  there  de- 
livered him  to  Ollon,  count  of  Berry,  and  duke  of  Bo- 
fon  '*  As  they  rode  with  him  to  the  camp,  the  count,  in 
eroding  a  hollow  way,  joftled  him  from  his  horfe.  As 
foon  as  he  recovered  his  feet,  he  endeavoured  to  make  his 
efcape  back  to  the  city ;  but  Bofon  threw  a  great  (tone  at 
his  head,  which  beat  him  to  the  earth,  and  broke  his  fkull, 
Mummol  and  his  confederates,  having  firft  fecured  the 
treafures  of  this  unfortunate  phantom  of  royalty,  next 
betrayed  their  army,  by  letting  in  the  troops  of  Leude- 
gifile  in  the  night,  who  flaughtered  the  beft  part  of  them, 
and  plundered  the  place1".  For  thefe  glorious  exploits, 
Mummol  and  his  affociates  were  exceedingly  carefTed, 
and  fplendedly  feafted  ;  but,  in  the  mean  time,  Leudegi- 
file  had  fent  to  Gontran  for  in  (trillions,  and  no  fooner 
received  his  anfwer,  "  that  with  men  who  kept  no  faith, 
no  faith  was  to  be  kept,"  than  he  took  the  fhorteft  method 
of  rewarding  them  according  to  their  deferts.  A  mutiny 
was  excited  againft  Mummol's  own  guards,  who  killed 
him  after  a  defperate  refntance  ;  almoft  all  the  reft  of  thefe 
traitors  wei  ifpatched  by  the  general's  command  :  and 
thus  an  end  was  put  to  a  revolt,  that  might  have  been  at- 
tend with  great  danger,  fince  both  Brunehaut  and  Frede- 
gonde  had  their  eyes  upon  Gondebaut  ;  the  former  for 
herfelf,  and  the  latter  for  her  daughter  Rigunthe  ;  fo  that 

»  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  v>>.  cap.  38.  ■  Gefta  Regum  Franco- 

rum.    Frede^arii  Scholalt,  Epitome  &  Chronicon. 

if 


The  Hijfory  of  France.  H  » 

if  Mummol  had  liflcned  to  his  rcmonllranccs,  it  is  not 
impollible  his  affairs  might  have  changed  their  afpedl  once 

:in. 

•ntran,  who  now  began  to  confidcr  himfelf  as  the  Contra* 
monarch  of  the  Franks,  and  believed  himfelf  fecure  on  the  refiramt 
fide  of  his  nephew  Childebert,  refolved  to  put  the  affairs  F.redeg07" 
of  the  kingdom  of  SoifTons  into  fome  order ;  and,  with  £1*"^^ 
this  view,  appointed  a  council  of  regency  to  afTift  Frege-  tht  murder 
gonde  in  the  administration  ;  a  circumftance  of  attention  ofChilpt- 
vhich  fhe  would  willingly  have  fpared  him.     He    took  r,e»  *n<t 
another  (lep,  which,  it  is  likely,  was  as  unwelcome.     He  vlJr  ^ 
defired  to  know,  if  (he  could  give  him  no  light  as  to  the  cfajjg 
death  of  her  hufband,  which  he  was  inclined  to  punifh, 
as  the  molt  effectual  means  of  fecuring  herfelf.      The 
queen,  not  in  the  leaf!  difconcerted,  faid,  that,  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  fhe  had  fome  fufpicions  of  his  chamberlain 
Berulfe  ;  and  that  fhe  apprehended  they  were  but  too  juft, 
as  he  had  withdrawh  himfelf  fince,  and  fecreted  her  huf- 
band's  treafures.   This  man  had  been  formerly  a  favourite 
of  the  queen  ;  but,  upon  the  death  of  her  hufband,  be- 
lieving that  fhe  was  abfolutely  undone,  had  abandoned 
her  party,  a  defection  which  fhe  took  this  method  of  re- 
venging.    Berulfe  immediately  took  fhelter  at  the  tomb  of 
St.  Martin  of  Tours  ;  and,  in  procefs  of  time,  being  per- 
fuaded  to  leave  that  fan£tuary,  was  murdered,  and  all  his 
eflate  confifcated  ;  but  thofe  who  tell  us  this  particular  do 
not  inform  us,  that  the  world  was  at  all  better  fatisfied  as 
to  the  manner  of  his  matter's  death  °.     Fredegonde,  grow- 
ing doubtful  of  her  own  and  of  her  fon's  fituation,  devifed 
what  fhe  thought  an  effectual  method  of  embarrafling 
Gontran    with,  his  nephew  Childebert,  and  his  mother 
Brunehaut,  whom  fhe  fufpe£ted  of  having  advifed  thofe 
troublefome    enquiries,    which    had   been    lately    made. 
With  this  view,  (he  intreated  the  king  of  Burgundy  would  > 

become  godfather  to  his  nephew,  a  connexion  which  was, 
in  thofe  days,  regarded  as  a  clofer  tie  than  that  of  blood ; 
to  which  rcquelt  GontraJi  yielded,  and  came,  for  that 
purpofe,  to  Paris.  Fredegonde,  however,  having  carried 
her  point,  with  refpeft  to  the  court  of  Metz,  put  off  the 
ceremony,  being  afraid  to  truft  her  lbn  in  the  power  of  his 
uncle,  for  fear  he  fhould  be  taken  from  her  »\  At  this 
delay  Gontran  was  fo  much  provoked,  that  he  declared 
publicly  he  would  give  himfelf  no  farther  trouble  about  a 

»  Greg.  Tur.   lib.  vii.  cap.  39.  •  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  viii. 

P  Geft a  Regain  Krancorum. 

child, 


2  22  The  Hiftory  of  France. 

child,  which  he  had  good  reafon  to  doubt  was  none  of 
his  brother's,  but  the  baftard  of  fome  of  his  courtiers. 
By  this  declaration  Fredegonde  was  fo  much  alarmed, 
that  fhe  publicly  made  oath  of  the  legitimacy  of  her  fon, 
and  brought  three  bifhops,  and  three  hundred  of  the  no- 
bility, who  fwore  to  the  belief  of  what  fhe  had  fvvorn  q. 
This  expedient  did  not  wholly  deliver  the  queen  from  her 
inquietudes,  becaufe  Gontran  fhewed  a  great  defire  to  pay 
the  laft  funeral  honours  to  his  nephews  Meroveus  and 
Clovis,  who  were  confidered  as  the  victims  of  her  ambi- 
tion, and  the  body  of  the  latter  was  not  to  be  found  ;  at 
length,  a  poor  fifherman,  upon  the  promife  of  the  king's 
protection,  acquainted  him,  that  the  body  of  prince  Clo- 
vis, having  been  interred  in  the  chapel  of  a  certain  con- 
vent, was  taken  up  again,  by  Fredegonde's  order,  and 
thrown  into  the  river  Marne,  where  being  entangled  in 
his  nets,  and  known  by  his  long  hair,  he  buried  it  in  a 
private  place  known  only  to  himfelf.  The  king,  under 
pretence  of  hunting,  went  to  the  very  fpot ;  and,  being 
convinced  that  the  body  was  that  of  his  nephew,  caufed 
it  to  be  tranfported  to  Paris,  and,  with  that  of  his  brother 
Meroveus,  to  be  interred  with  great  foiemnity. 
Gontran  A  war  broke  out,  about  this  time,  with  the  Vifigoths, 

tntersinto    anj  continued  feveral  years;  the  truecaufe  of  which  feems 
^he^ifi-      to  ^e  very  0^^cure#     ^ne  ancient  hiftorians,  both  of  France 
goths,  in      an(-l  Spain,  afcribe  it  to  the  ill  ufage  of  the  princefs  In- 
luhich  he  is  gonde,  the  daughter  of  Brunchaut  and  the  filler  of  Chil- 
weryfar      ctebert ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  this  was  the  pretence  ; 
f°m  \ f"f   but  it  is  very  extraordinary,  that  Gontran  fhould  purfue 
J    L  J      '    this  war  with  fuch  inflexible  obftinacy,  in  fpitc  of  the  re- 
peated defeats,    in  fpite   of  the  repeated  afiurances   that 
king  Reccared  gave  of  his  having  no  concern  in  the  ill 
treatment  of  that  princefs,  and  in  fpite  of  the  danger  to 
which  he  thought  his  own  life  expofed,  by  the  practices 
of  Fredegonde,  who  immediately  entered  into  a  fecret  cor- 
refpondence  with  the  Vifigoths,  and  was  fufpected  of  un- 
dertaking various  black  defigns  in  their  favour  r.     It  is 
moil  likely,  that  Gontran  was  defirous  of  expelling  the 
Vifigoths  out  of  France  entirely  ;  and  poffibly  might  think 
it  his  interell  to  maintain  a  war  on  that  fide,  to  find  em- 
ployment for  Didier,  Bofon,  and  fome  other  malignant 
fpirits,  who  might  have    cut  out  new  trouble  for  him  in 
time  of  peace.     Whatever  the  caufe  was,  he  remained  in- 
flexible in  profecuting  this  war,  even  after  his  nephew 
Childebert,  who,  ftridtly  fpeaking,  was  the  principal  in  it, 

"J  Fredegarii  Chron.  *  Fredeg,  Chron. 

had* 


?7><f  HijJory  of  ,  223 

liad,  by  the  advice  of  his  mother,  who  was  always  a  Spa- 
cer heart,  conduct  e  '.  , 
it  object,  of  the  king  of  Burgundy's  politics  was  Hiu  rmu 
he  balance  even,  and   I               i    both  Brunehaut  flratnrdta 
rut  Hate  of  dependence  j  atul  this  h'Ptheba* 
und  it  impoffible   to  do,  without  feeming  to  incline  ^*^/*'* 
times   on  one  fide,    and  fomctimes  on   the   other,  fredtzor.de 
Brunehaut  was  once  fomuch  in  his  favour,  that  he  negO"  and  Brune- 
I        d  with  her  perfonally,  and   concluded  a  long  treaty,  taut,  bting 
which  is  {till  extant,  and  bears  the  name  of  the  treaty  of  '"  '1ual 
Andlaw;  by  which  he  regulated  many  points  of  importance,   '(,*"% thtin~ 
in  regard  to  the  intricate  claims  that  arofe  as  to  the  fuc-  tri^uet  oj' 
ceifion  of  his  brothers.     At  this  time  he  was  jealous,  or  both, 
at  leait  appeared  to  be  very  jealous  of  Frcdegondc,  and 
of  hex  practices  againft  his  life  ;  but  that  artful  princefs 
foon  turned  the  tables,  and  found  means  to  give  him  as 
ftrong  or  ltronger  fufpicions  of  Brju-ehaut,  infinuating, 
that  fhe  had  not  only  contracted  her  daughter  to  the  king 
of  Spain,  but  was  likewife  negociating  a  match  for  herfelf 
at  Conftantinople  with  the  eldeit  fon  of  Gondebaut,  whofe 
pretenfions  ihe  meant  to  revive;  but  when  this  came  to 
be  known  to  the  court  of  Mctz,  the  queen,  who  was  now 
in  full  pofieiiion  of  the  regency,  and  governed  her  fon  as 
if  he  had  been  (till  in  his  infancy,  purged  herfelf  in  fuch 
a  manner  as  gave  full  fatisfac.~tion  to  the  king  of  Burgun- 
dy l.     V.re  fhould  account  thefe  but  light  and  trivial  mat- 
ters, unworthy  of  being  preferved  in  hiitory,  if  wc  d;d 
not  reflect,  that  Sigebert  and  Chilperic  had  been  actually 
difpatched  by  aflafims  ;  fo  that  Gontran  was  not  alarmed 
without  caufe ;  and  fuch  was  the  mifery  and  malignity  of 
thefe  times,  that  when  the  ambafiadors  of  Childebert  were 
once  fent  to  expoftulate  with  Gontran,  who,  as  we  have 
obferved  before,  treated  them  but  roughly,  they,  amongft 
Other  things,  told  him,  that  he  ought  to  foften  his  lan- 
guage, 3nd  give  their  mafter  fatisfaction,  fince  the  poi- 
nards  were  not  yet  loft  that  had  been  exercifed  in  correct- 
ing his  brethren  u. 

The  emperor  Maurice,  being  defirous  of  expelling  the  CJkUdkUt% 
Lombards  out  cf  Italy,  in  the  lame  manner  that  his  pre-  *'"?<//*«- 
<icccflbr  Juitinian  had  deprefled  the  Oft.ogoths,  fought  to  *raJja*  *~ 
make  an  alliance,  for  that  purpolc,  with  the  Franks.  ^eTflt'tT" 
Gontran  being  (till  embarrafled  in  his  war  with  Spain,  the  Hfrutesbe* 
«mperor  concluded  a  fubfidiary  treaty  with  Childebert,  who  "ween  the 

Greeks  and 
*  Aimoin.  Greg.  Tur.    lib.  viii.    cnp.   3*.  t  Aimo'in.  '/''  I'om' 

•  Cieg.  Tuion.Frcdeg.  Chron.  Almoin.    GcltaRegum  Francor.    *ardJ- 

promifed 


Z2 4  The  Hiftory  of  France. 

promifed  his  afliflance,  in  confideration  of  a  large  fum  of 
'  money.     He  accordingly  fent,  at  different  times,  feveral 

armies  into  Italy,  but  none  with  any  great  fuccefs  ;  for 
fome  were    deftroyed  by  ficknefs,    others  beaten  by  the 
Lombards,  with  whom  truces  were  fometimes  concluded; 
in  which  Childebert    like  wife    found  his  advantage,  and 
of  which  the  emperor  bitterly  complained,  as  contrary  to 
thofe  alliances  which  had  coft  him  fo  dear.     Childebert, 
as  the  French  hiftorians  fay,  being  cohfeious  that  he  did 
not  complain  without  caufe,  and  that  he  had  fold  peace 
on  one  fide  as  dear  as  he  had  done  war  on  the  other,  did 
not  aggravate  the  difpute  by  frivolous  apologies,  but  re- 
mained filent,  till  fuch  time  as  the  neceflities  of  the  Greeks 
obliged  them  to  forget  pail  difappointments,  and  make 
frefh  offers  for  future  affiltance.     At  length,  under  the  me- 
diation of  Gontran,  he  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Lom- 
bards ;  by  which  he  fecured  an  annual  fubfidy,  which  is 
the   more  extraordinary,  fince  it  is  on  all  hands  allowed, 
that,  notwithftanding  feveral  numerous  armies  of  Franks 
entered  Italy,  yet  they  had   never  been  fuccef&ful.     The 
fnuation  of  their  country  giving  them  an  eafy  accefs,  and 
their  affording  them  fuch  critical  diverfions,  when  engaged 
with  other  enemies,  compelled  the  Lombards  to  purchaie 
quiet  upon  any  conditions.     Childebert  fold  them  peace 
upon  high  terms,  notwithftanding  his  contrary  engage- 
ments with  the  emperor,  and  though  Brunehaut  oppofed 
this  treaty,  becaufe  her  grandfon   Athanagilde  was  pro- 
tected, and  fubfifted  in  a  manner  fuitable  to  his  birth  at 
Conftantinople  w.     It  was  this  correfpondence  with  the 
court  of  Conftantinople  that  afforded  Fredegonde  an  op- 
portunity of  inftilling  jcaloufies  into   Gontran,  that  the 
queen-dowagcr  of  Auftrafia  held  a  conftant  intercourfc 
with    the  family  of   Gondcbaut,  a  circumftance  which, 
though  it  might  be  falfe,  was  however,  far  from  being 
improbable. 
A  conrpi-         In  the  midft  of  thefe  foreign  wars  the  court  of  Metz  was 
racy  a        diftra&ed  by  factions,  and   the   king's  perfon  more  than 
gamjl  Chil-  once  jn  danger  from  confpiracies.     He  was  {till  a  young 
man  without  experience,  and  all  who  ferved  him  in  any 
confiderable  ftation,  thought  they  had  a  right  to  govern 
him.     If  he  did  not  fubmit,  they  had  recourfe  to  methods, 
which,  if  they  were  not  in  all  ages  too  common  to  be  de- 
nied, reafon  would  teach  us  to  think  incredible.  Duke  Rau- 
cinde,  who  was  the  molt  powerful  of  the  Auftrafian  nobi- 

w  Fn&degarii  Schol.  Epitome  &  Chron. 


debut. 


The  Hjflary  of  Trance,  055 

lity,    was  at  the  head  of  this    plot,   and  was  directed 
fupported  by  Fredegondc.    He  had  gained  two  other 

n,    duke  Urfion    and  duke  Berthefredc  :    their 
was  to  poifun  king  Childebert,  to  proclaim  his 

i  Theodobert,  and  to  govern  in  his  name.     His 
younger  fon  Thierri,   fcarce  out  of  his  cradle,   was  to  a,  d.  585. 
be  put  under   the  care  of  the  other  two  confpirators,  ^ 

who,  with  the  afliftance  of  Fredegonde,  were  to  depofe 
Gontran,  and  fet  their  pupil  upon  the  throne  of  Bur- 
gundy *.  This  black  defign  was  brought  almoft  to  the 
point  of  execution,  when  Gontran,  who  had  his  fpies 
about  the  perfon  of  Fredegondc,  difcovcred  it;  and  that 
the  mother  and  confort  of  Childebert  were  to  be  baniuhed 
and  imprifoned.  He  fent  upon  this  a  hint  to  Childebert 
to  find  ibrne  pretence  for  meeting  him ;  and,  at  their  in- 
him  a  full  account  of  the  matter.  At  his 
return  Childebert  fent  for  Raucinde,  who,  by  this  time, 
had  improved  the  original  plan  of  his  deteftable  project ; 
and,  by  reporting  amongft  his  friends  that  he  was  himfelf 
the  fon  of  Clotaire,  had  paved  his  way  to  the  throne. 
When  the  king  fent  for  him,  therefore,  confiding  in  his 
own  great  power,  and  the  multitude  of  his  friends,  he 
went  boldly  to  court,  and,  in  a  long  audience,  disco- 
vered no  figns  of  apprehenfion  or  confufion.  But  as  he 
came  out  of  the  king's  apartment,  the  gates  of  the  palace 
were  (hut,  and,  by  fome  perfons  ported  properly  for  the 
purpofe,  he  was  cut  to  pieces  r.  In  the  mean  time  fome 
of  the  king's  fervants  were  fent  to  his  houfe,  where  they 
feized  his  papers,  in  which  were  the  clearefi  tcftimonies 
of  his  guilt,  and  his  wealth,  which  was  fupcrior  to  the 
contents  of  the  royal  treafury.  The  dukes  Urfion  and 
Berthefrede  no  fooner  faw  his  fate  than  they  took  up  arms, 
and  endeavoured  to  retire  out  of  Childebert's  dominions  ; 
but  he  fent  Godegifile,  the  fon  of  duke  Lupus,  with  an 
army,  to  fupprefs  them,  a  fervicc  which,  after  an  obfti- 
nate  refiftance,  he  performed,  and  both  the  confpirators 
were  killed  *. 

Out  of  the  afhes  of  this  there  quickly  fprang  up  another  Anothtr 
contrivance,  in  which  were  embarked  the  conftable  Su-  eon/piracy 
negifile,   the   referendary,    (or,    as   we   now  ftyle  him,  '» tfojami 
chancellor),  Gallus,  and  Scptimina,  who  was  govcrnefs  tourt% 
to  the  young  princes  :  their  aim  was  to  perfuade  Childe- 
bert to  fend  his  mother  into  exile,  to  repudiate  his  wife, 

«  Greg.  Tur.  lib.  ix.  cap.  9.  y  Fredeg.  Chron.        ■  Greg. 

Tur.  lib.  ix. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  Q_  an4 


$2  6  Vh*  Hijlory  of  Frdnce. 

and  to  govern  the  kingdom  by  their  advice  ;  and,  if  in  this 
fcheme  they  could  not  prevail,  Septimina  undertook  to  poi- 
fon  him.     The  queen,  though  (he  is  reprefented  aa  :'.  wo- 
man of  no  parts,  difcovered  this  plot,  by  comparing  cer- 
tain expreflions  that  Septimina  let  fall.     The  king  caufed 
the  conftable  to  be  put  to  the  torture,  when  he  accufed 
Giles,  bilhop  ot  Rheims,  as  being  the  original  author  of 
both  confpiracies.     This  prelate  being  feized,  was  brought 
before  an  aiTembly  of  bilhops,  where  it  was  proved,  that 
he  had  forged  grants,  and  corrcfponded  with  Chilperic  ; 
that  he  had  reprefented  queen  Brunehaut  in   his  letter  in 
theblackelit  light,  and,»in  one  of  his  letters,  faid  plainly, 
that,  without  cutting  the  root,  there  was  no  hopes  of  fee- 
ing the  branch  wither  ;  and  that,  pretending  to  have  full 
powers  from  Childebert,  he  had  concluded  in  his  name, 
but  without  his  knowlege,  a  treaty  with  Chilperic  for  de- 
throning Gontran.     The  bifliops  were  unwilling  to  con- 
demn, and  yet  were  unable  to  acquit  him  ;  they  defired 
he  might  have  fome  days  given  him  to  make  his  defence. 
At  the  end  of  that  time  the  bifhop  told  them  plainly,  that 
he  had  nothing  to  fay,  fo  much  as  an  excufe  ;  that  he  had 
betrayed  the  king,  abufed  his  authority,  excited  all  the 
confufion  that  had  for  many  years  happened  amongft  the 
Franks ;  and  had  no  merit  to  plead,  but  freely  confefling 
himfelf  the  author  of  all  thefe  mifchiefs  a.   Upon  this  con- 
feflion  he  was  degraded,  and  left  to  the  king's  mercy,  who 
baniflied  him  to  Strafburgh,  and  allowed  him  a  handfome 
maintenance.      As  thefe  difcoveriea  were  made  by  the 
other  criminals,  he  would  not  put  them  to  death,  but  de- 
prived them  of  their  employments,  and  fent  them  into  ba- 
nifhment b. 
The  death        Fredegonde,  whofe  maxim  it  was  to  keep  Gontran  con- 
«f  Gontran  tinually  employed,  excited  the  count  of  Bretagne  to  fc^ize 
*j"Sef       Rennes  and  Nantz,  though  thefe  towns  really  belonged  to 
mfhobe-      her  fon,  and  Gontran  entered  into  the  war  only  as  his 
gutatnes      guardian.     She  afiifted  the  count  therein,  underhand,  in 
Ah  kingdom  fuch  a  manner  that  much  blood  was  fpilt;  but  at  length 
to  Cktlde-     tnjs  count,  whofe  name  was  Warroc,  was  conftrained  to 
fubmit,  and  to  acknowlege  himfelf  feudatory  to  the  fon 
of  Chilperic.      While  he  was  acting   this    double  part, 
with  refpecl  to  the  Bretons  and  the  king  of  Burgundy, 
flie  was,  likewife,  managing  a  new  defign  againft  the  king 
of  Auilrafia,  which  failed;  and  if  the  officer  entrufted 
with  the  command  of  Childebert's  troops  had  done  hi$ 

•  Greg-  Tur.  lib.  ix.  cap.  37.       *  Fredeg.  Chron. 

duty 


The  Hiflory  of  France,  21J 

duty,  (he  would  have  paid  very  dearly  for  all  her  dark  in- 
l\»r,  being  at  To  urn  ay ,  ihe  caufed  three  of  the 
ipal  perfons  in  the  eity  to  be  murdered  at  a  feaft ; 
upon  which  the  people  rofe  in  a  tumultuous  manner,  and 
lent  to  Childebert  for  affiilance,  which,  if  it  had  come  in 
time,  fhe  would  have  been  taken  prifoner c.  This  was  not 
her  only  efcape,  for  her  fon  falling  fiek,  flic  faw  herfelf 
in  extreme  peril ;  on  which  Ihe  had  recourfe,  as  her  cuf- 
tom  was,  to  acts  of  devotion  :  amongft  the  reft,  fhe  pre- 
vailed upon  the  count  de  Bretagne  to  releafe  the  Frank* 
that  were  prifoners  in  her  dominions,  which  was  the 
cleared  proof  that  could  be  of  her  intercll  and  correfpon- 
dence  with  him.  The  child,  however,  recovered,  and 
fhe  went  to  Paris  to  vifit  him.  She  renewed  her  folieita- 
tions  from  thence  to  Gontran,  who  kept  his  court  at  Cha- 
lons, befeeching  him  to  perform  the  promife  he  had  made 
her  fix  years  before,  of  being  fponfor  at  her  fon's  baptifm, 
to  which  requeft  the  good  old  king  afiented.  This  iter* 
alarmed  the  court  of  Auftrafia,  and  Childebert  immedi- 
.ately  difpatched  ambafladors  to  put  his  uncle  in  mind  of* 
the  engagements  fubfifting  between  themd.  Gontran  re- 
minded them  of  many  things  done  by  his  nephew,  which 
were  not  very  conliflent  with  thofe  engagements,  particu- 
larly the  furprifing  of  Soiflbns  ;  which  he  had  juft  reafon 
to  look  upon  as  an  invafion  of  that  dignity,  which,  in  vir- 
tue of  his  birth,  and  of  his  years,  he  was  entitled  to  among 
the  Franks ;  but  added,  at  the  fame  time,  that  his  ne- 
phew had  nothing  to  fear ;  that  he  meant  to  perform  his 
engagements  itriclly ;  that  the  young  prince  was  the  fon 
of  his  brother ;  and  that  he  could  not  refufe  to  do  for  him 
what  might  be  expected  by  any  lord  of  his  houfhold. 
He  aflifled,  therefore,  at  the  ceremony,  and  gave  the 
young  prince  the  name  of  Clotaire,  adding,  that  he  wifhed 
him  the  wifdom,  courage,  and  good  fortune  of  his  grand- 
father, whofe  name  he  bore.  He  afterwards  entertained 
him  ac  his  own  table,  and,  having  made  the  child  rich 
prefents,  and  t  fome  from  him,  returned  to  Cha- 

lons. This  is  the  laft  event  recorded  by  Gregory  of  Tours, 
the  father  of  the  French  hiftory,  and  perhaps  this  is  the 
reafon  that  we  know  nothing  of  what  was  done  in  the  two 
laft  years  of  Gontran's  life,  who,  fome  would  have  us  be- 
lieve, became  a  monk,  but  for  this  conjecture  there  is  no 
fufficient  authority,     lie  deceafed  at  Chalons,  on  the  28th 

'  Aimon.  Greg.  Turon.  l'»b.  x.  cap.  17.  Frcdeg.  Chron.      iGrtg, 
Tur.  lib.  x.  cap.  »». 

Q_*  of 


22  &  '  The  Hiftory  of  France* 

of  March,  in  the  year  593,  when  he  had  reigned  thirty- 
two,  and  lived  upwards  of  fixty  years c. 
ChiUebert,  Childebert,  without  any  oppofition,  fucceeded,  purfuant 
kfiro/i{ius  t0  the  teftamsnt  of  Gontran,  to  his  dominions,  which 
ayoll'rr  US  comprehended  all  that  was  then  ftyled  Burgundy,  together 
man.  *  with  the  kingdom  of  Orleans,  the  bed  part  of  that  of  Pa- 
ris, and  their  dependencies  ;  but  Soiflbns  and  fome  other 
places  fell  again  under  the  dominion  of  Clotaire,  to  whofe 
territories  they  of  right  belonged.  How  this  happened 
the  French  hillory  no  where  informs  us;  but  it  is  moll 
likely  that  Fredegonde,  in  virtue  of  fome  intelligence  fhe 
had  in  thofe  places,  furprifed  them,  fince  we  find  that 
Childebert  immediately  raifed  an  army,  and  entered  into  a 
war  to  recover  them.  The  truth  feems  to  be,  that  the 
affairs  of  the  Frank*  were  now  entirely  directed  by  thefe 
two  queens,  who  mortally  hated  each  other,  and  who 
willingly  facriuced  the  fubjc&s  of  their  fons,  and  even 
thofe  fons,  to  the  gratification  of  their  paflions.  The 
forces  of  Childebert  were  very  numerous,  commanded  by 
two  generals,  Gondebaud  and  Vintrion,  whom  he  direct- 
ed firft  to  recover  Soiflbns,  and  then  to  purfue  Frede- 
gonde wherever  flie  retired,  lb  as  to  deliver  her  into  hi* 
hands  alive  or  dead.  Fredegonde  little  regarded  this  threat, 
though  her  forces  were  much  inferior  to  the  king  of  Au- 
ftrafia's  j  inftead,  therefore,  of  (hutting  herfelf  up  in  any 
fortrefs,  fhe  marched  directly  towards  the  enemy,  and  fur- 
prifed them  near  Trouci,  on  the  little  river  Delette,  at  no 
great  diftance  from  Soiflbns.  At  the  beginning  of  the  ac- 
tion fhe  pailed  between  the  ranks  with  her  fon,  intrcated 
the  foldiers  to  defend  their  prince,  and  aflured  them  of  his 
and  her  gratitude  '.  After  a  long  and  bloody  engagement 
the  Auftrafians  were  defeated,  with  the  lofs  of  thirty  thou- 
fand  men.  We  are  not  told  what  lofs  the  army  of  Frede- 
gonde fuftained  ;  but  it  muft  have  been,  in  all  likelihood, 
very  great  5  fince  we  find  fhe  lay  quiet  for  two  years,  de- 
pending on  the  diverfions  (lie  excited  by  the  Bretons  on 
one  Tide,  and  the  Varncs,  a  barbarous  nation,  who  pof- 
icifed  the  country  about  Leyden,  on  the  other.  Againfl 
the  count  of  Bretagne,  Childebert  fent  the  flower  of  his 
forces,  to  whom  the  count  gave  battle  ;  in  which  both, 
parties  behaved  with  equal  bravery,  and  with  equal  fuc- 
cefs.  The  two  armies  were  fo  much  weakened,  that  the 
war  was  for  the  prefent  fufpended.     Childebert  was  more 

*  Gefta  Regum  Francorum.  Fred.  Chron.        (  Frcdeg.  Chron. 
cap.  14.  Paul  Diacon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  4. 

fortunate 


The  Hi/lory  of  Fiance.  229 

fortunate  againft  the  Varncs,  whom  he  not  only  reduced, 
but  extirpated  v  fo  that,  from  this  time,  they  ceaied  to  be  a 
11,  or  at  lcalt  we  meet  with  nothing  more  of  them  in 
hillory.  In  a  (hort  fpace  after  this  victory,  Childebert 
breathed  his  laft,  in  the  twenty-fixth  year  of  his  age,  and 
the  twentieth  of  his  reign.     His  queen  did  not  iurvive  A.D.  596. 

him  long  ;  and  as  this  event  threw  the  government  en-  

tirely  into  the  hands  of  Brunchaut,  fome  have  charged 
her  with  poifoning  them  both  ;  but  as  this  charge  is  delti- 
tute  of  evidence  on  one  fide,  fo  it  is  highly  improbable  on 
the  other. 

Theodobert  was  declared  king  of  Auftrafia,  being  then  FredegonJt 
in  the  eleventh  year  of  his  age ;  and  Thierri,  who  was  in  after  r/ta~ 
his  tenth,  was  fent  to  refide  at  Orleans,  with  the  title  of  bi<Jbingher 
king  of  Burgundy,  having  the  bifhop  of  Autun  for  his  go-  -y*  j^*"' 
vcrnor,  and  Gamier  for  the  mayor  of  his  palace.     Brune-  peact, 
haut  redded  with  her  tided  grandfon  at  Metz  :  neverthe- 
fhe  governed  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  with  the  mod 
abfolute  power  '.     Fredegonde  would  not  fuffer  fo  remark-  A.  D.  597. 
able  an  event  as  the  death  of  Childebert  to  pafs  without  " 
taking  fome  advantage  :  having,  by  her  arts,  raifed  fome 
difturbances  on  the  fide  of  Italy,  and  engaged  the  Abares 
to  threaten  Auftrafia  with  an  invafion,  fhe,  with  the  bed 
body  of  troops  fhe  was  able  to  bring  into  the  field,  made 
herielf  miftrefs  of  Paris,  and  fome  other  places  of  confe- 
quence  on  the  Seine.     Brunehaut,  though  fhe  loved  not 
war,  could  not  be  a  tame  fpectator  of  fuch  an  action  ;  and 
therefore  directed  the  beft  part  of  the  forces  in  Auftrafia 
to  begin  their  march  for  Paris.     It  was  not  the  cuftom  of 
Fredegonde  to  give  her  enemies  time  to   find  her  ;  fhe 
marched,  without  delay,  to  meet  the  troops  of  her  rival, 
and  gave  them  a   total  defeat.     What  the  confequencea 
might  have  been  of  this  fecond  victory,  gained  by  a  prin- 
cefs  of  fo  active  and  fo  enterprifing  a  fpirit,  we  can  only 
conjecture  \  but,  in  all  probability,  fhe  would  have  pufhed 
her  good  fortune,  at  the  expence  of  Brunehaut  at  lead,  if 
not  of  her  grand-children,  if  fhe  1: ad  not  been  prevented 
by  death,  when  fhe  had  governed  her  hufband  and  her  fon 
for  near  thirty  years  h  (I). 

B7 

%  Paul  Diacon.  lib  iv.  cap.  ia«  •»  Fredeg.  Chron.  cap.  17. 

Gefta  Rcgum  Francorura. 

(I)  We  have  already  fpoken  torv,  of  the  many  execrable 
ef  the  character  of  Fredegonde,  actions  of  which  fhe  was  guil« 
and,  in  tht  courfe  of  the  hif-    ty.     That  flic  was  a^  woman  of 

Q.3  ftrong 


«3° 

Brunekaut, 
by  her  own 
ill  condu£i, 
is  driven 
into  exile 
by  her 
grand/en 
theodobert. 


The  Hijiory  of  France'.  / 

By  the  death  of  her  rival,  Brunehaut  feemed  to  have  at- 
tained, not  only  the  height  of  her  hopes,  but  of  her 
wifhes.  She  was,  undoubtedly,  a  princefs  endowed  with 
many  great  qualities  ;  but  thefe  were  diminifhed  by  a  va- 
riety of  foibles'  j  and,  as  far  as  we  can  judge  from  hiftory, 
though  in  beauty,  behaviour,  and  converfation,  flic  might 
exceed  Fredegonde,  yet,  in  point  of  penetration,  folidity 
of  judgment,  and  fteadinefs  in  action,  fhe  was  much  infe- 
rior to  her.  Her  conduct  in  Aultralia,  and  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Burgundy,  for  fome  time,  was  truly  laudable  :  fhe 
quieted  the  Abr.resby  prefents*,  renewed  the  treaty  of  peace 
with  the  Lombards;  and  feemed  to  have  nothing  fo  much  at 


flrong   paftons,    and  capable, 
under   their   influence,  ot  do- 
ing  the  wickedeft  actions,    is 
certain,  it"  there  be  any  faith 
due  to  hiftory.    Amongftthcfe, 
there  is  none  that  can  (hew  her 
in  fo  ftrong  a  light  as  the  cafe 
of  Pretextatus  bifhop  of  Rouen. 
It  has  been  mentioned  in  the 
text,  that   he    married  Mero- 
veus  to   Brunehaut,   and  that 
for  this  action  he  was  banifh- 
cd  by   Chilpcric,  after  whofe 
death    he    was     reftored     by 
Gontran.     This  prelate,  as  he 
ofliciated  at  the  altar  on   the 
Lord's-day,  was  ftabbed.    Fre- 
ide  went  to  make  him  a 
\iiit,   accompanied  by   feveral 
lords,  and  told  him,  how  glad 
fiie  fhould  be  to  fee  the  crimi- 
nal apprehended.     "  The  cri- 
minal   (faid  the  bifhop)    is  no 
other  than  the  perfon  who  has 
filled  the  whole  kingdom  with 
crimes,    who    has     murdered 
kings,  and  fhed  rivers  of  inno- 
cent blood."     The  queen  pre- 
tended not  to  undertland  him, 
"bur  offered  her  phyficians  ;  an 
infuk  which  fo  provoked  the 
dying  bifhop,  that  he  told  her, 
*4  You  are  yourfelf  the  perfon 
who  caufed  me  to  be  afFaflinat- 


ed,  who  have  been  praftifed  in 
the  bl&ckeft  crimes,  who  in  this 
world  will  be  univerfally  curf- 
ed,   and  feverely   punilhed  in 
the  next."     One  of  the  lords 
who  accompanied  her  took  the 
liberty  of  faying,  that  fuch  en- 
ormous crimes  ought  to  be  en- 
quired into  with  all  the  ftrict- 
nefs  poflible,  and  punifhed  in 
the  moll    exemplary   manner. 
This  lord  did  not  live  to  return 
home;  for  the  queen  inviting 
him  to  take  a    collation  with 
her,  he  was  poifoned  in  the 
fir  ft  inorfei  he  eat,  and  died  in 
an  hour(i).      She   caufed   a 
ilave  to  be  apprehended,  who 
actually  killed  the  bifhop,   and 
delivered    him   up  to  the  ne- 
phew of  that  prelate,  who  cauf- 
ed him  to  be  put  to  the  tor- 
ture ;  on  which  he  confefTed, 
that  Fredegonde   gave  him  a 
hundred  findings,  that  Melan- 
tius  gave  him   fifty,  and   the 
archdeacon  fifty  more.     This 
Melantius  had  intruded  himfelf 
into  the  biihoprick  of  Rouen, 
when  Pretextatus  was  banifli- 
ed ;   and  this  very  man,  not- 
withflanding  this  charge,    Fre- 
degonde made  bifhop  again  m 
his  room  (2). 


(1)  Greg.  Tut-,  lib.  viii.  cap.  31.  (2)  Hadriani  Valefi  Gefta 

Francorum.    Gieg.  Magn.  Epiit.  lib. ix.  ep.  51. 

heart 


The  Hijiory  of  France.  ■  231 

heart  as  prcferving  their  dominions  in  perfect  peace,  till  her 
grand-children  were  of  age  to  govern  for  tlicinicl.es  *.  This 
may  be  called  the  right  fide  of  her  ad  minitlration;  but  there 
ilfo  a  wrong  :  (he  governed  absolutely,  railed  and  dif- 
cd  whom  flic  pleated,  and,  inflead  of  euhivating  the  ge- 
nius of  Thcodobert,  if  he  had  any,  took  pains  toamufe  and 
indulge  him  in  all  his  foibles.  She  even  fuffered  him  to 
marry  a  Have  of  his  father's,  who  was  young  and  hand- 
ibme,  but  without  parts  or  education.  In  procefs  of  tim'e, 
her  arts  proved  fatal  to  herfelf.  The  confort  of  Theodo- 
bert  had  a  great  deal  of  affability  and  good  nature,  by 
which  (he  gained  the  heart  entirely  of  the  young  king, 
and  rendered  herfelf  a  fit  inflrumcnt  for  the  ambitious  no- 
bility, who  told  her,  (he  had  great  talents  for  government. 
By  their  perfuafion,  (he  undermined  the  queen-dowager  A.  D.  59 9, 
in  Theodobert's  opinion,    and    upon   fome  commotions,  ■ 

occafioned  by  the  death  of,  duke  Vintrion,  with  which 
Brunehaut  was  charged,  fhe  engaged  the  king  to  confent 
to  her  being  baniflied.  Upon  which  fhe  withdrew  into 
the  dominions  of  Thierri,  king  of  Burgundy,  by  whom 
(he  was  very  kindly  received  k. 

It  might  have  been  expected,  that  her  flrfl  care  would       .fr*~.  , 
have  been  to  infpire  her  grandfon,  and  his  minifters,  who  Thitrri 
were  firmly  attached  to  her,  with  a  warm  fenfe  of  the  in-  king  of 
dignity  that  had  been  offered  her  j  but,  from  whatever  mo-  Burgundy, 
tive  it  arofe,  fhe  purfued  a  quite  contrary  conduct.     She  tomaie 
palliated  what  had  happened  atMetz,  and,  inllead  of  ex-  J'ft'!J\ 
citing  jealounes  or  miiundcritandmgs  between  the  bro-  nv/toisa/fs 
ther^,  fhe  engaged  Thierri  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  Pa-  attaekidbj 
ris,  and  other  places  on  the  Seine,  which  had  been  torn  ihtodtbtrt, 
from  their  family,  on  the  death  of  their  father  ;  and  pro- 
cured from  Reccared,  king  of  the  Vifigoths,  a  flrong  body 
of  auxiliaries.     This  meaiure  was  fo  acceptable  to  Theo- 
dobcrt,  that  he  likewife  raifed   a  numerous  army,  and, 
having  joined  the  king  of  Burgundy,  they  marched  directly 
into  the  territories  of  Clotaire.     That  monarch,  remem- 
bering his  former  victories,  moved  with  his  forces  to  give 
them  battle1.     Their  armies  engaged  near  the  village  of  A.  D.  6c*; 
Dormeille,   in  the  Senonois ;  and,  perhaps,   hiftory  has 
fcarce  recorded  an  inltance  of  fuch  young  captains ;  for 
the  age  of  the  three  kings,  taken  together,  did  not  exceed 
forty.     The  difpute  wis  obflinare  and  bloody,  but  the  two 
brothers  were  victors  in  the  end,  the  army  of  Clotaire  be- 

*  Fredcg.  Chron.  cap.  19.  *  GeftaRegum  Francoruru,  cap. 

36.  i  Fredeg.  Chron.  cap.  10. 

0^4  i"g 


232  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

ing  almofl:  entirely  cut  to  pieces.     It  was  with  fome  diffi- 
culty that  he  retired,  with  the  broken  remains  of  his  forces, 
to  Melun,  and  from  thence  to  Paris.     He  halted  there  but 
for  a  very  fhort  time  •,  and,  finding  himfelf  vigoroufiy  pur- 
fued,  chofe  for  his  retreat  the  foreft  of  Bretagne,  where 
his  grandfather  Clotaire  I.   had  withdrawn  from  the  fury 
of  his  two  brothers.     His  forces  were  fo  weak,  and  fo  fa- 
tigued, that  he  forefaw,  if  he  was  attacked  in  his  retrench- 
ment;;,   they  muft  be  defeated  and  deftroyed  :    he  fent, 
therefore,  to  his  coulins  to  demand  peace  ;  and  though  the 
terms  they  prescribed  look  from  him  the  belt  part  of  his 
dominions,  and  left  him  a  very  precarious  tenure  in  the 
reft,  yet  he  found  it  neceilary  to  fubmit,  and  remained, 
for  fome  time,  a  quiet  Spectator  of  their  endeavours  to  ex- 
tend the  dominions  of  the  Franks  on  the  other  fide  of  the 
Rhine  on  one  frontier,  and  by  pufhing  the  fierce  nation  of 
Gafcons  on  the  other  m.     His  indignation,  however,  was 
not  leffened  by  the  want  of  an  opportunity  to  let  it  appear. 
Fredegonde  had  taken  due  care  of  his  education,  and  had 
instructed  him  in  the  art  of  government  :  fhe  had  particu- 
larly advifed  him  to  command  his  army  in  perfon,  to  hear 
his  minifters  with  patience,  but  to  take  his  own  nieafures, 
and  to  obfervc,  with  the  greatefl  diligence,  the  caufes  of 
his  fuccefs,  and  the   fources  of  his  diiuppointmeiits ;  re- 
commending to  him,  above  all  things,  a  fettled  temper  of 
mind,  equally  fuperior  to  the  fmiles  and  to  the  frowns  of 
fortune. 
'Afecond  'Ihc  conduct  of  Brunehaut  had  never  been  extremely  re- 

ft^- be-  gular;  but  this  great  flow  of  profperity  induced  her  to 
fwetnt/iofe  throw  off  all  reftraint,  and  to  make  ufe  of  that  plenitude 
^rtLCe/'r"m  of  power,  which  was  now  in  her  pofleflion,  to  gratify  her 
taire  ivat  de  fires  of  every  kind.  She  remembered  the  miftakc  (he 
'very  mar  made  at  Metz,  in  permitting  Th-.'odobert  to  marry,  when 
hfi*g  he  was  fo  very  young  5  fhe  thought  to  correct  this,  by 

ruined.  hindering  Thierri  from  marrying  at  all  ;  but  (lie  laid  no 
reftraint  upon  his  plcafures;  fo  that  by  feveral  miftreffes 
he  had  three  natural  fons,  circumftances  which  fo  balanced 
the  credit  of  their  refpective  mothers,  that  the  old  queen 
had  nothing  to  fear.  She  caft  her  eyes  on  a  young  noble- 
man, whole  name  was  Protade,  and  whofe  difpofition 
nearly  refembled  her  own,  with  a  handfome  perfon,  and 
all  the  accomplishments  of  a  court,  great  addrefs,  and 
boundlefs  ambition,  which  fhe  endeavoured  to  gratify  by 
making  him  mayor  of  the  palace  ;  from  whence  the  fcan- 

»  Fred.  Chron.  cap.  to, 


The  Hiflory  of  France,  233 

f  thofc  times  insinuated  he  was  her  gallant :  but  there 

1  great  obitacle  in  the  way  of  his  preferment.     Bcr- 
man  in  years,  of  great  virtue,  and  diltinguifhed 

ir,  was  in   poflcllion  of  this  employment,  and  could 
nut  be  removed  n-     However,  a  pretence  being  found  to 

him  to  the  frontiers,  Protade  performed  the  functions 
of  his  office  in  his  abfence.  Clotaire,  who  had  exact  in- 
formation of  all  that  palled,  thought  he  had  now  a  favour- 
able opportunity  of  furprifing  Bertoalde,  and  of  making 
a  grc.it  imprcihon  on  the  kingdom  of  Burgundy.  With 
this  view  he  fent  duke  Landri,  and  with  him  his  fon  prince 
Meroveus,  though  he  was  then  but  in  the  fifth  year  of  his 
age,  with  inftructions  to  furprile  Bertoalde,  who  had  but 
a  fmall  guard,  and  then  to  march  directly  to  Orleans, 
where  he  knew  there  were  many  malecontents.  Landri 
did  all  he  could,  and  indeed  all  that  could  be  expected, 
but  fucceeded  in  neither.  Bertoalde  made  his  efcape,  and 
threw  himfelf  into  Orleans,  which  he  gallantly  defended, 
till  his  mailer  Thierri  came  with  a  potent  army  to  his  re- 
lief0. The  war  was  carried  on  next  fpring  with  great  vi- 
gour ;  the  king  of  Burgundy  at  length  forced  Landri  to  a 
battle,  near  Eltampes.  In  the  beginning  of  the  action, 
Bertoalde,  having  difcovered  the  intrigues  of  the  old 
queen,  in  a  fit  of  defpair  threw  away  his  life,  and  at  the  A.  D.  604. 
fame  time  opened  a  path  to  victory  for  his  ungrateful  .■  ■■■  — 
matter,  which  Thierri  fo  well  improved,  that  Landri's 
army  wa«  entirely  beaten,  the  unfortunate  Meroveus  fur- 
rounded,  and,  as  Clotaire  believed,  or  affected  to  believe, 
maffacred,  to  gratify  the  hatred  of  Brunehaut.  Thierri 
marched  on  to  Paris,  fully  bent  on  the  dcitruction  of  his 
coufin,  which  appeared  indeed  inevitable;  for  Theodobert 
had  invaded  his  dominions  on  the  other  fide,  and  the  two 
armies  were  on  the  very  point  of  engaging,  when  the  news 
of  the  battle  of  Eltampes  arrived,  and  produced  a  very 
wonderful  effect.  Theodobert  became  of  a  fudden  jea- 
lous of  his  brother's  fuecefs,  and  offered  Clotaire  luch 
terms  of  peace  as  he  readily  accepted.  Being  thus  de- 
livered from  all  fear  of  danger  on  that  fide,  he  quickly  ob- 
liged the  king  of  Burgundy  to  liften  alfo  to  terms  of  ac- 
commodation ;  and  thus,  very  unexpectedly,  the  nation 
of  the  Franks  was  again  bleilcl  with  peace  p. 

Thierri,  who  wanted  not  abilities,  was  extremely  pro- 
voked at  his  brother's  behaviour,  and  furmifed  many  things 

"  Gefta  Regum  Franconim,  cap.  37.  Q  Fred.  Chron.  cap* 

24.  t  Hadriani  Yalriii  GcitaFrancorum,  torn.  ii. 

in 


«34  ?be  Hifiory  of  Fraf 

Tkiirn,       in  relation  to  the  peace  at  Compeigne,  which  hadrefcued 
nntraryto   Clotaire  out  of  their  hands.     Brunehaut,  who,  though  flic 
the  nvtil  of  had  long  diffembled,  never  forgave  the  infult  received  from 
is  contra^--  The°dobert  and  hisminifters,  did  not  fail  to  heighten  the 
edtoa&fa-  ^ng  °f  Burgundy's  refentments;  and,  it  is  faid,  went  fo 
ni/h  prin     far,  as  to  afTure  him  that  Theodobert  was  not  the  fon  of 
tefs,  but      king  Childel     r,  but  of  a  gardener,  and  impofed  upon  that 
4>"*vln'in   P1  *nce  t0  anfwer  fome  particular  purpofes  •>.     The  war  be- 
thtcehbra-  'mS  declared,  the  king  took  the  field  with  a  very  numerous 
itoncftkc     army,  commanded  under  him  by  Protade,  his  mayor  of 
marriage,    the  palace.     The  nobility  of  Burgundy  in  general  clifap- 
proved  this  war  highly  •,  and  when  the  armies  drew  near 
each  other,  they  dealt  very  plainly  with  the  king,  and  ad- 
vifed  him,  inflead  of  fighting,  to  treat  with  king  Theo- 
dobert, fince  it  would  be  an  impious,  as  well  as  impolitic 
A.  O.  605.  action,  to  med  the  blood  of  the  Franks  on  both  fides, 
*  merely  to  gratify  the  pride  of  an  ambitious  minifter,  and 

thejage  of  his  imperious  miftrefs.  When  the  king  would 
hear  nothing  of  peace,  the  foldiers  furrounded  the  tent 
where  the  mayor  of  the  palace  was  playing  at  chefs  with 
the  king's  phyfveian,  in  Thierri  s  prefencc  ;  upon  which 
that  monarch  ordered  one  of  the  lords  of  his  court  to  go 
and  pacify  the  troops,  by  afluring  them  that  he  would  pay 
a  proper  refpe£l  to  their  remonitrances:  he  thought  pro- 
per, however,  to  deliver  quite  another  meffage,  afluring 
the  forces  that  the  king  did  not  enter  into  their  quarrel 
with  Protade,  but  left  him  to  their  difpofal ;  on  which 
they  entered  immediately,  and  cut  him  to  pieces'.  Thier- 
ri faw  now  the  necellity  of  a  peace,  which  was  eafily  con- 
cluded ;  and  in  the  room  of  the  late  unhappy  favourite, 
Claudius,  who  was  alio  a  Gaul  by  defcent,  and  a  man  of 
abilities  and  honour,  v/as  raifed  to  the  poft  of  mayor  of  the 
palace.  He  very  honeftly  reprefented  to  his  matter,  that 
it  was  time  for  him  to  refoim  the  diforders  of  his  court, 
and  to  make  choice  of  fome  princefs  of  equal  birth  for  his 
queen,  to  which  expedient  Thierri  readily  confented,  and, 
at  his  pcrfualion,  demanded  the  daughter  of  Witeric,  king 
1  lie  Vifigoths,  whom  he  obtained,  upon  condition  that 
his  ambafladors  {hould  fwear  that  this  princefs  fliould 
never  be  degraded  from  her  dignity.  Brunehaut,  who 
could  not  prevent  the  marriage  from  being  concluded,  had 
the  addrefs  to  hinder  it  from  being  confummated,  or  even 
Celebrated,  by  engaging  the  king's  filler  to  give  him  a  dif- 
tafte  to  the  Spanilh  princefs  ;  who,  after  bearing  a  great 

1  Paul.  Dtacon,  lib.  iv.  cap.  31.       '  Fred.  Chron.  cap.  27. 

ileal 


The  lliflory  of  France.  235 

1  ufagc  for  a  full  year,  was  fent  home  upon  fome 
,  which  irritated  the  king  of  the  Vili- 
tne  la  ft  degree.     He  endeavoured  to  negotiate  a 
ue  with   Clotaire,  Theodobert,  and  the   king  of  the 
bards  •,  but  Brunehaut,  by  a  dextrous  diftribution  of 
,  and  coining   a  multitude   of  plaufible  excufes, 
parried  this  blow,  and  preferved  the  kingdom  in  peace, 
that  is,    with    regard   to  other   nations;    for   otherwife 
Thierri  was  far  from  enjoying  quiet  at  home.     His  fub- 
je£ts  in  general  were  highly  diflatisfied,  and  fome  of  the 
clergy  expoftulated  with  him  very  freely.     Amongfl  thefe 
•ifhop  of  Vienne,  who  was  foon  afterwards 
affaffinated,  cither  by  the  exprefs  orders  of  Brunehaut,  or 
by  thofe  who  thought  it  would  be  acceptable  to  her.    The  A.D.  607. 
famous  Irifh  abbot  Colombanus,  who  had  the  reputation  ■    ■; 

of  being  a  faint  and  a  prophet,  was  ordered  to  depart  the 
kingdom,  and  to  return  to  his  own  country,  for  having 
reproached  the  queen  in  very  rude  terms  ;  and  very  pro- 
bably he  would  not  have  efcaped  fo  well,  if  his  credit  with 
the  people  had  not  been  raifed  to  fuch  a  pitch,  that  the 
taking  awav  his  life  might  have  occafioned  public  confu- 
fion  *. 

We  have  before  obferved  that,  in  the  divifion  of  Childe-  ffieoetobert 
bert's  dominions,  fome  diftricts  were  detached  from  the  "     f'f/T* 
kingdom  of  Auftrafia,  and  added  to  that  of  Burgundy  :  taken  pri-' 
thefe  Theodobert   now   demanded  by   an    embafly,   andy«*#r, 
Thierri  prepared  to  defend  them  by  force  of  arms.     The  Jbavtd  by 
nobility  of  both  kingdoms  were  averfe  to  war,  and  con-  or^'ro/ 
(trained  the  two  kings  to  confent  to  a  conference,  attended  and  is™-* 
by  an  equal  number  of  troops ;  but  Theodobert,  by  a  fcan-  terivardt 
dalous  breach  of  his  faith,  brought  double  the  number,  murdered* 
and  compelled  his  brother  to  accept  of  what  terms  he  Wl,fl  ,tis 
plcafed  to  prefcribe.    Inftead  of  extinguifhing,  this  height-  chlldreKt 
ened  the  flame,  for  Thierri  was  benfr  upon  revenge  :  and 
his  nobility  conceiving  that  he  had  right  on  his  fide,  con- 
curred in  his  defign  of  doing  himfelf  jultice  by  the  fword1. 
One  obftaclc  remained  ;  Clotaire  had  many  caufes  of  com- 
plaint, and  was  not  likely  to  let  flip  fo  fair  an  opportunity 
of  mending  his  condition  ;  it  was  therefore  neceilary  tofe- 
cure  him  by  a  negotiation,  and  upon  a  promife  to  reflore 
to  him  what  had  been  taken  when  the  war  mould  be  over, 
he  confented  to  a  neutrality.     Thierri  then  invaded  Auf- 
trafia with  a  numerous  army,  commanded  by  all  the  great 

*  Jonas  in  Vita  S.  Colurabani.  »  Du  Chefm«,  torn.  1. 

P-  555' 

lords 


23  ^  The  Hifiory  of  Franc  el 

lords  of  Burgundy.  He  pufhed  his  conquefts  as  far  as 
Toul  before  he  met  with  his  brother  Theodcbert's  army  ; 
but  there,  believing  he  had  an  advantage,  the  king  of 
Auftrafia  attacked  him  with  great  vigour.  The  difpute 
was  very  obltinate,  but  in  the  end  the  king  of  Burgundy 
gained  a  complete  victory ;  in  confequence  of  which  he 
became  matter  of  Metz,  and  compelled  his  brother  to  take 
Ihelter  on  the  other  fide  the  Rhine ".  The  place  Theodo- 
bert  chofe  for  his  retreat  was  Cologne,  where  he  labour- 
ed to  form  a  new  army  out  of  his  German  fubjecls  ;  and 
in  a  (hort  fpace  of  time  he  accomplifhed  this  aim,  vaft 
numbers  of  Saxons,  Thuringians,  and  other  nations,  fub- 
jeCt.  or  tributary  to  his  crown,  repairing  to  his  ftandards. 
Thierri  alfo  having  recruited  his  victorious  army,  pene- 
trated the  foreft  of  Arden,  and  encamped  at  Toibiac, 
•where  Theodobert,  who  believed  that  his  advantage  lay  in 
being  the  aggreflbr,  endeavoured  to  furprife  him.  The 
forces  of  Thierri  received  thofe  whom  they  ftyled  barba- 
rians with  great  intrepidity,  and  having  llood  the  firll 
{hock,  broke  and  defeated  them.  Theodobert  endeavour- 
ed to  make  his  efcape  by  palling  the  Rhine,  but  he  was 
taken  and  carried  to  Cologne,  where  his  brother  treated 
him  with  the  utmoft  inhumanity,  and,  after  ibippinghim 
of  all  marks  of  fovereign  dignity,  fent  him  to  his  godmo- 
ther at  Chalons,  but  caufed  his  fon  Meroveus,  though  a 
A.  D.  fin.  child,  to  be  put  to  death  upon  the  fpot  w.  Brunehaut  had 
m  » ■  ■-  ■  ■■  no  fooner  Theodobert  in  her  hands  than  {he  ordered  him 
to  befhavedj  but  fufpetting  afterwards  that  he  might 
make  his  efcape,  and  believing  herfelf  fecure  of  govern- 
ing both  kingdoms  if  they  remained  to  Thierri,  fhe  order- 
ed the  unfortunate  king  of  Auftrafia  to  be  put  to  death, 
who  was  not  then  above  twenty-feven  years  of  age  x. 
The  Aea'h  Ootaire,  king  of  SohTons,  forefeeing  that  Thierri,  proud 
»j  Thierri,  of  his  late  vi&ory,  and  relying  on  the  great  acquifition 
end  the  t;:i-  that  he  had  made,  would  infallibly  refufe  to  comply  with 
ferab!eJate  his  promife,  thought  it  both  the  fureit  and  the  wifeft  way 
of  queen  tQ  taj.e  pOffeffj0n  0f  wnat  had  been  configned  to  him,  be- 
ru.un  .  £^e  j^.g  return  from  hjs  expedition,  which  he  accordingly 
did.  It  appeared  from  the  event  that  he  had  formed  a 
right  judgment;  for  Thierri  was  no  fooner  acquainted 
with  it  than  he  difpatched  certain  perfons  to  fummon 
him  to  withdraw  his  forces  out  of  the  places  he  had  feiz- 

«  Fredeer.  Chron.  can-  37,  38,  w  Gefta  Regum  Francorupi, 

cap.  33.    Fredeg.  Cfaron.  *  Du  Chefae,  torn,  i.  p.  557. 


?lv  Hiftory  of  France.  t\f 

rid,  in  cafe  he  rcfufed,  to  declare  war.  Clotairc,  who 
expected  this  alternative,  was  prepared :  believing  it  bet- 
ter to  fight  for  the  whole  than  for  a  part,  he  aflcmblcd  the 
whole  forces  of  his  dominions,  and  refolvcd  to  give  Thi- 
erri  battle  '.  That  monarch,  who  flattered  himfelf  with 
the  hopes  of  becoming  the  lord  of  all  France,  began  his 
march  with  the  whole  forces  of  Auflrafia  and  Burgundy, 
but  in  pafling  Metz  he  was  feized  with  a  dyfentery,  of 
which  he  died  in  a  few  days,  in  the  twenty-fixth  year  of 
his  age,  and  in  the  feventeenth  of  his  reign  z.  Brunehaut 
appeared  fo  little  difconccrted  by  this  extraordinary  event, 
that  it  gave  occafion  to   a  report  that  her  grandfon  was 

Eoifoned  by  her  orders,  which,  however,  is  very  impro- 
able.  She  immediately  caufed  Sigebert,  the  eldcit  of 
his  four  fons,  to  be  proclaimed  king.  He  was  then  in 
the  tenth  year  of  his  age;  and  it  feems  to  have  teen  the 
view  of  that  ambitious  princefs  to  govern  both  kingdoms  in 
his  name :  but  Clotaire  did  not  leave  her  fo  much  time  as 
to  difcover  her  plan.  He  had  great  intelligence  in  Au- 
flrafia and  in  Burgundy:  he  knew  that  the  nobility  in 
both  kingdoms  hated  Brunehaut,  and  were  little  attached 
to  the  fons  of  Thierri ;  and  therefore  he  advanced  with 
his  army,  without  giving  himfelf  much  pain  about  the 
forces  tnat  Brunehaut  laboured  to  aflemble,  though  they 
might  eafily  have  been  rendered  much  fuperior  to  his 
own  *.  The  infatuated  Brunehaut  became  an  accomplice 
in  her  own  deflrudlion  :  (he  fufpe£led  Gamier,  who  was 
mayor  of  the  palace  in  Auflrafia;  but  knowing  he  had  a 
great  interefl  amongfl  the  nations  on  the  other  fide  of  the 
Rhine,  (he  confided  to  him  the  command  of  the  army, 
and  the  perfon  of  Sigebert ;  but  at  the  fame  time  fent  an 
order  to  Alboin,  who  accompanied  him,  to  difpatch  Gar- 
nier  as  foon  as  he  had  rendered  the  army  complete.  Al- 
boin tore  this  order  to  piece3,  which  fome  perfon,  who 
obferved  him,  gathered  up ;  and  having  put  them  toge- 
ther, fo  as  that  the  fenfe  might  appear,  carried  them  to 
Gamier,  who,  diflembling  his  knowlege  of  what  was  in- 
tended, engaged  the  nobility  both  in  Auflrafia  and  in 
.Burgundy  to  abandoned  Brunehaut,  as  foon  as  Clotaire's 
army  mould  approach.  Of  Therri's  four  fons,  Sigebert 
and  Corbon  were  put  to  death  by  Clotaire's  orders  :  Chil- 
debcrt  was  carried  away  and  never  feen  afterwards;  as  for 
Meroveus,  to  whom  Clotairc  had  been  fponfor,  he  fent 

r  Gefta  Regum  Francorum,  cap.  39.  *  Frede.  Chron. 

cap.  39.  *  Gefta  Regura  Fiancorum,  lib.  xl. 

him 


2.3  8  ¥be  Hiftdry  of  France. 

him  Into  his  own  dominions,  and  caufed  him  to  be  bred 
up  there  as  a  private  man1'.     In  the  end,  Brunehaut  her- 
felf  was.betrayed  into  his  hands  ;  and,  to  gratify  the  nobi- 
lity, whom  fhe  had  generally  provoked,  after  the  bittereft 
reproaches,  fome  that  were  well  and  others  that  were  ilL 
founded,  he  fufferedher  to  be  led  for  three  days  about  the 
camp,  and  expofed  to  the  clamours  and  outrages  of  all 
who  could  be  mean  enough  to  infult  a  great  queen  in  her 
mifery.     At  length  (he  was  tied  by  the  leg  and  the  arm 
to  the  tail  of  an  untamed  horfe,  which  running  full  fpeed 
AD.  613.  quickly  dafhed  out  her  brains.     Her  mangled  body  being 
— — -— —  taken  up  by  fome  charitable  perfon,  or,  as  others  fay,  by 
the  foldierS,  was  confumed  to  afhes ;  but  thefe  wretched 
remains  afterwards  found  a  tomb,  in  which  they  remain 
at  this  day c  (L).     In  fucceeding  times  fome  attempts  have 
been  made  to  vindicate  her  memory. 
Clotaire  II.       Clotaire  II.  was  now  the  abfolute  mailer  of  the  whole 
/ale  majfer    err)pire  0f  the  Franks,  and  refolved  to  continue  fo.     He 
"i'joms'c'fte^^  l^e  t^iree  mayors  of  the  palace,  who  from  this 
the  Franks, 

changes  his       b  Fredegarii  Chron.  cap.  40,  41.  c   Adon.  Chron. 

tondu3,        Aimon. 
andbecomts 

*mild  (L)  Brunehaut  has  been  de-    queen  could  perform  fo  many 

frince,  fended  by  Mariana,  as  being  a  and  fo  great  things  in  fuch  dif- 
nativeof  Spain,  and  by  Corde-  ferent  places;  but  this  (hews 
moy,  a  learned  and  judicious  that  fhe  had  boundlefs  autho- 
French  writer;  but  rhetoric  rity,  and  immenfe  wealth,  at 
and  conjectures  will  do  nothing  her  difpofal.  The  tomb  of 
againil  fads.  Certain  it  is,  this  queen  Brunehaut  is  ilill  to 
thofe  who  wrote  under  the  im-  be  feen  in  the  abbey  of  St. 
mediate  dependents  of  Clo-  Martin  at  Autun,  which  fhe 
taire,  might  make  their  court  founded,  and  where,  in  1632, 
by  exaggerating  the  wicked-  it  was  opened,  and  nothing  dif- 
nefs  of  this  princefs.  We  covered  that  could  at  all  dif- 
ought  alfo  to  allow  that  fhe  was  credit  the  general  tradition  on. 
a  very  extraordinary  woman  :  this  head  of  what  the  old  hifto- 
fhe  founded  many  monaflerics,  rians  have  aflerted,  fince  there 
\  eredted  feveral  churches,  built    were  afhes,  burnt  bones,  and 

*  many  hoipitals,    raifed  prodi-     the  rowel  of  a  fpur,  which  it  is 

gious  caufeways,  and,  in  fhort,  known  was  the  cuftom  in  thofe 
was  the  founder  of  fo  many  times  to  fix  to  the  fides  of  the 
other  public  works,  that  the  horfes,  that  were  ufed  in  fuch 
monk  Aimon  expreffes  the  ut-  executions,  in  order  to  render 
molt  amazement  that  a  fingle    them  the  more  furious  (1). 

(1)  Fredeg.  Chron.  cap.  42.      Cefta  Regura  Francorum,  P. 
Daniel 

timfl 


Tfo  Hi/lory  of  Franc:.  239 

became  a  fort  of  viceroys  ;  and  treated  the  nobility 
.  much  mildnefs  and  familiarity.  He  was  not  one  of 
thofe  refined  politicians  who  put  on  the  appearances  of 
viitues,  of  which  they  have  no  feeling  in  their  hearts,  but 
thought  the  fhorteft  method  bed  ;  and  that  to  be%omc  a 
I  prince,  was  the  mod  effectual  means  of  being  be- 
1  fo.  He  cftablifhed  that  freedom  which  the  great 
were  afraid  he  would  fupprefs  ;  but  with  it  he  eita- 
blifhed  the  power  of  the  law,  w.hich  he  obferved  with 
great  punctuality;  for  which  reafon  people  faw  no  harm 
in  his  requiring  the  fame  degree  of  refpecl:  mould  be 
ihewn  to  it  by  others'5.  He  might  have  extended  his  do- 
minions, but  he  chofe  rather  to  govern  them,  and  to  ex- 
tirpate thofe  vices  that,  from  the  licentioufnefs  of  the 
times,  were  grown  both  frequent  and  flagrant.  With 
this  view  he  held  a  general  council  at  Paris,  where  he  re- 
commended it  in  a  particular  manner  to  the  prelates  to 
reftore  the  ancient  difcipline  of  the  church.  He  inftituted 
alfo  a  kind  of  parliaments,  or  courts,  held  in  his  palace,  for 
determining  what  in  the  Latin  of  thofe  times  was  ftyled 
p/acita;  in  French,  plads;  and  in  our  own  language,  pleas'. 
He  carried  this  point  fo  far,  that  when  the  governor  of  the 
remoter  part  of  Burgundy  confpired  againft  him,  and  he  had 
him  in  his  hands,  he  remitted  him  to  the  juflice  of  that  court, 
and  by  their  fentence  he  was  beheaded  ;  and  this  example 
prevented  any  other  confpiracy  in  his  reign.  He  permit- 
ted, the  Lombards  to  redeem  the  annual  tribute  they  paid 
his  predeceflbrs,  by  laying  down  the  amount  of  three 
years  at  once,  for  which  he  is  feverely  cenfured  by  mo- 
dern writers,  who  think  that  in  this  mcafure  he  departed 
from  his  dignity  :  but  it  feems  Clotaire  thought  the  digni- 
ty of  a  king  confilted  in  governing  his  own  fubje£ts  well, 
and  in  being  upon  good  terms  with  his  neighbours f. 

The  king,  in  order  to  leflbn  his  fatigues,  fent  his  eldeft  *'»>»/ 
fon  Dagobert  to  refide  at  Metz,  with  the  title  of  king  of  "JJ"':  ?/("?» 
Auftrafia,  detaching  however  from  thence  fome  diftri&s  "£*?"'  *" 
that  lay  at  a  great  diftance,  and  fome  others  that  were  re- 
quifite  to  a  due  communication  between  the  territories  re- 
ferved  under  his  own  power.     He  alfo  appointed  him  for  a.D.  6i». 

his  minifters,  Arnoul,  bifhop  of  Metz,  and  Pepin,  mayor  - 

of  the  palace  in  that  kingdom  g.  His  government  refem- 
bled  that  of  his  father  :  fo  that,  by  the  mildnefs  of  ir, 
many  of  the  barbarous  nations,  that  hitherto  had  preferred 

4  Fredcgarii  Chron.  cap.  4?.  ?  Geft*  Rcgum  Francorum. 

Aimoa  f  Ibid.  non. 

freedom 


54d  %be  Hlfiory  of  Francs. 

freedom  In  woods  and  morafles,  voluntarily  fubmitted,  and 
became  his  fubjecls.     As  foon  as  he   arrived  at  a  proper 
age,  Clotaire  caufed  him  to  be  married;  and  upon  that 
occafion  entertained  him  in  a  moil  fplendid  manner  at 
one  of  his   country  palaces,  declaring  at  the  fame  time, 
that  he  affociated  him  in  the  government  b.     This  indul- 
gence did  not  hinder  the  young  prince  from  demanding, 
in  a  very  peremptory  manner,  that  all  the  cities  and  dif- 
tricts  formerly  belonging  to  it,  fhould  be  re-united  to  the 
kingdom  of  Auftrafia  ;  a  demand  which  highly  provoked 
Clotaire.     At  length  this  difpute  was  left  to  the  decillon 
of  twelve  prelates  and  barons,  who  determined  that  fuch 
of  the  places  as  lay  moll  conveniently  for  the  young  king 
Jhould  be  yielded  to  him,  and  that  he  fhould  quit  all  claim 
to  the  reft.     An  infurre£tion  happened  among  the  Gaf- 
cons,  which  was  quickly  i'uppreffed,  without  any  effufiori 
of  blood  ;  but  it  was  othcrwife  with  the  Saxons.     Berto- 
alde,  their  duke,  defpifing  the   pacific  temper  of  the  two 
kings,  and  having  drawn  many  barbarous  nations  into  his 
abiance,  threw  off  his  dependence  on  Dagobert,  and  made 
an  irruption  into  Auftrafia  with  a  powerful  army.     The 
young  king  marched  again  it  him  with  all  the  forces  that 
fie  could  immediately  affemble,  but  had  the  misfortune  to 
be  defeated,  and  very  narrowly  cfcaped  being  killed,  his 
head-piece  being  clcit  by  the  ftroke  of  a  fword.     He  re- 
tired with  the  remains  of  his  forces  to  an  intrenched  camp, 
and  fent  to  his  father  for  affiftance.     Clotaire  marched 
with  all  poffible  hafte  to  join  him,  and  immediately  after 
advanced  towards  the  Saxons,  who  were  encamped  on  the 
other  fide  the  Wefer.     The  two  armies  being  drawn  up  in 
order  of  battle,  Bertoalde  abufed  the  king  in  the  groflell 
language,  which  fo  provoked  Clotaire,  that  he  plunged 
into   the   river    on  horfeback,    followed  by   his   guards 
and   fome    of  the    principal   nobility,   and  charged   the 
Saxons  with  great  fury.     He  killed  their   duke  with  his 
own  hand  ;  and  having  ordered  his  head  to  be  cut  off, 
caufed  it  to  be  placed   on   the  top  of  a   pike  and  carried 
at  the  head  of  his  army,  the  beft   part  of  which  had  by 
this  time  pafied  the   river :  the  enemy  were  foon  routed 
with  prodigious  {laughter  '.     He  did  not  furvive  this  vic- 
tory many  months,  but  lived  and  died   in  full  pofleflion 
of  the  hearts   of  his   people,  as  appears  from  his  being 
ityled  in  fome  ancient  monuments  Clotaire  le  Grand,  and 

h  Fredeg.  Chron.  coiitin.  cap.  53,  i  Gcfta  Regura  Fran- 

corunt.    Aimon. 

in 


■  Hi/lory  of  i  24  i 

:Irck.     On   the  death  of  Gamier, 
mayor  of  the  palace  in  Burgundy,  he  fummoned 
y  to  ch ufe  another:  but  having  intimated  his  in- 
;  t  fpeechj  they  waved  the  election,  and 
to  live  under  his  immediate   adminillration,  which 
the    higheft   mark  of  popularity  and  confidence  that 
tow,  and  a  very  fingular  inftance  of  his  po- 
licy, who  chofe  to  obtain,  in   the    mod   gentle  manner,    . 
what  he   might   have  taken  through  the  plenitude  of  his 
r ;  but  he  knew  that  an  abfolutc  monarch  muft  reign 
in  the  minds,  as  well  as  over  the  bodies,  of  his   fubjec"ts. 
He  died  in  the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  life. 

1)  .gobcrt  fuccecded  his  father  in  the  kingdoms  of  Neu-  A.D.  Git, 
ftria    and   Burgundy,  partly  through  his  intrigues,    and  — — ■— — • 
partly  through  the  terror  of  his  army,  to  the  prejudice  of  ^aSoI>ert 
his   younger  brother   Chaiibert  :  who,  according  to  the  jitter 'in" 
cuftom,  not  to  fay  the  law,  of  the  Franks,  ought  to  have  au  his  do* 
had  at  lead  ono   of  thefe  kingdoms  '.     He  had  indeed  a  vrinions, 
fmall  party  for  him  :  after  a  faint  ftruggle  Dagobert  pre-  and  be- 
vailed.      By  the   advice   of    his    minifters,  however,  he  y™"A'*am 
beftowed  on   Charibert  the  country   between   the  Loire  nnrcn  0f 
and  the  Pyrenees  ;  upon  which  that  prince  took  the   title  France. 
of  king  of  Aquitaine,  and   fixed  his  refidence  at  Tou- 
loufe "'.     Dagobert  began  his  reign  by  viliting  the  kingdom 
of  Burgundy,  where   his  father  had  not.  been  in  perfon 
fince  the  office  of  mayor  of  the   palace  had   been   fup- 
prefled  ;  and  where,  having  no  fuperior,  the  nobility  had 
ran   into  great  exceffes  and  diforders  :  the  king  applied 
himfelfto  redreffing  thefe,  with  all  the  fpirit  and  diligence 
polhble.     He   was  not  only   acceffible,  but  affable  to  all 
forts  of  people,  and  borrowed  from  his  meals,  and  from 
his  fleep,  time  to  inquire  into  and  redrefs  grievances  "- 
But  all  his  conduct  was  not  after  this  manner  ;  for,  on 
his  return  from  this  progrefs,  he  repudiated  his  wife,  un- 
der pretence  that  flie  was  barren  :  and  having  once  tranf- 
grcfied  the  bounds  of  virtue  and   religion,  he  left  them 
every  day  at  a   greater  diftance,  infomuch   that   he    was 
not  afhamed  to  have  three  queens  at  a  time  °.     The  truth 
is,  Arnoul,  bifhop  of  Metz,  had  a  great  influence  over 
this  monarch,  who  had  bred  him  from  a  child  j  and,  fo 
long  as  he  remained  in  the  miniilry,  Dagobert  retained 

*  Frerleg.  Chrcn.     P.  Daniel.  '  Grit.  Dagobert,  Fre- 

degaiii  Cliron.  mGefta  Regurn  Francorun;.  n  Frecie- 

garti  Chron.     Geft.  Dagobert.  •  (Jelta  Regum  Franco- 

rum. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  R  the 


•  4 At  The  Hi/lory  of  Fran:?: 

the  character  of  being  the  greateft  prince  that  had  hither-1 
to  reigned  over  the  Franks:  but  Arnoul  having  quitted 
his  fee  and  his  employment,  for  a  life  of  folitude  and  re- 
tirement, Dagobert  became  carelefs  and  difiblute,  notwkh- 
ilanding  all  that  Pepin,  and  the  remains  of  the  old  mi- 
niftry,  could  fay  to  rellrain  him  ;  and  yet,  by  a  piece  of 
injuftice,  but  too  frequent,  the  people  of  Auftrafia  imput- 
ed to  the  miniilers  all  the  mifchiefs  to  which  they  were 
cxpofed,  and  earneftly  prefTed  the  king  to  »ive  up  Pepin 
to  their  refentment  j  but  Dagobert,  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  his  innocence,  had  both  the  courage  and  the  honour 
to  protect  him.  Charibcrt,  king  of  Aquitaine,  dying, 
Dagobert  took  pofleflion  of  his  dominions,  and  of  his 
treafures,  though  he  left  feveral  children,  who  were  the 
victims  of  their  uncle's  ambition :  an  action,  in  all  ref- 
pects,  as  iniquitous  as  it  was  unnatural  and  inexcufable. 
The  war  About  this  time  a  war  broke  out  with  the  numerous  and 

•witk  the      potent  nation  of  the  Sclavonians  ;  who,  like  the  Franks, 
Sdavom-     vvere  divided  into  feveral  tribes,  occupied  a  vail  country, 
tended    '     anc*  wcre  not  inferior  in  valour  to  any  of  their  neighbours. 
<with  many  They  had  at  this  time  for  their  king  a  ftranger,  who  came 
unforeiten    amongfl  them  at  firft  in  no  higher  a  character  than  that  of 
mndunto-      a  pedlar ;  his  name  was  Samon,  but  whether  a  native  of 
fal^jj*?'   France  or  of  Iiainault  is  very  uncertain.     He  managed 
his  private  affairs  fo  well  as  to  become  rich  ;  the  Sclavo- 
nians judged  from  thence  that  his  talents  might  be  ufeful 
to  the  public  ;  they  made  the  trial,  and  they  had  no  rea- 
fon  to  repent  it.     In  compliance  with  the  cuftom  of  the 
country,  he  married  twelve  wives,  by  whom  he  had  twen- 
ty-two  fons  and   fifteen   daughters.     He  was  wife,  and 
brave.     Dagobert  had  fent  an  ambafTador  to  complain  of 
fome  injuries  that  had  been  done  to  traders,  who  were  his 
fubjects  p.     This  minifter  was  very  unfit  for  his  employ- 
ment.   Samon  expreffed  a  concern  for  what  had  happened, 
and  offered  to  concert  proper  meafures  to  prevent  the  like 
for  the  future.      The   Franks  took  this  anfwer  ill,  and 
told  Samon  he  might  think  himfelf  and  his  people  ho- 
noured, if  they  were   confidercd  as  fervants  to  the  king 
his   mailer.      Samon  anfwered,   with  great  moderation, 
that  they  fhould  not  difdain  that  title,  provided  the  king 
honoured  them  with  his  friendship.  "Friendfhip!  replied 
the  Frank,  What  friendfhip  can  there  be  between  Chrifti- 
ans,  worfhippers  of  the   true  God,  and  fuch  pagan  dogs 
as  you  and  your  fubjects  ?"  "  Be  it  fo,  friend,  faid  Sam»n; 

r  Fred«g.  Chron.  cap.  68. 

but 


The  Ilijloty  of  France,  24.3 

jice  it  is  your  cuftom  to  cheat,  to  abufe,  and  to  in- 
fult  us,  you  mull  not  wonder  we  make  ufe  of  our  teeth, 
who  are  dogs,  or  that  we  bite  you  as  often  as  you  defer ve 
it."  Upon  the  reprefentation  of  this  accomplished  mi- 
nifler,  Dagobert,  having  firft  engaged  the  Allemans  and 
Lombards  to  act  as  his  allies,  began  the  war,  in  which  he 
was  very  far  from  being  fuccefsful q.  This  circumftance 
gave  him  fuch  an  averfion  to  thefe  barbarous  people  as 
■produced  an  action,  which  did  no  great  credit  either  to 
nil  religious  or  political  principles.  The  Bulgarians  being 
ill-treated  by  the  Abares,  with  whom  they  had  hitherto 
lived  united  as  if  they  had  been  but  one  people,  took  fliel- 

to  the  number  of  nine  thoufand,  in  the  country  of 
the  Bavarians,  who  were  fubjedts  to  Dagobert,  and  denred 
to  put  themfelves  under  his  protection.  They  had  winter- 
quarters  given  them  for  the  prefent,  and  a  promife  that 
lands  mould  be  afligned  them;  but  from  a  jealoufy,  or 
rather  timidity,  unworthy  of  a  great  prince,  orders  were 
fent  to  the  Bavarians  to  cut  them  off,  as  they  lay  difperfed 
through  their  country  ;  an  order  which  was  fo  completely 
executed,  that  not  above  (even  hundred  efcaped,  who 
threw  themfelves  into  the  territories  of  the  Sclavonians. 
About  this  juncture  Dagobert  aflilled  Sifenand  to  mount 
the  throne  of  Spain,  on  a  promife  that  he  mould  fend  him 
the  famous  gold  bafon,  weighing  live  hundred  pounds, 
which  the  Roman  general  Aetiusprefented  to  Torrifmond, 
4ting  of  the  Goths ;  but  he, not  being  able  to  keep  his  word, 
was  obliged  to  compromife  the  matter,  by  paying  him  an 
immenfe  fum  of  money.  The  Saxons  perceiving  how 
much  Dagobert  was  dilturbed  by  the  continual  irruptions 
of  the  Sclavonians,  which  with  all  his  care  he  could  not 
prevent  or  fupprefs,  conceived  this  to  be  a  proper  juncture 
for  them  to  be  rid  of  the  annual  tribute  of  live  hundred 
head  of  cattle  impofjd  upon  them  by  Clotaire  the  Firft. 
The  method  they  took  was  very  fingular  ;  for  inllead  of 
taking  up  arms,  or  joining  themfelves  to  the  Sclavoniatis, 
they  petitioned  Dagobert  to  remit  their  tribute,  in  confi- 
deration  of  their  defending  their  frontier  againft  the  Scla- 
vonians j  to  which  propofal  Dagobert  readily  confented  ; 
but  from  this  time  the  Saxons  did  not  either  pay  the  tri- 
bute, or  defend  the  frontier  r.  But  the  king  was  fo  much 
perplexed  by  the  depredations  of  one  nation  of  Barbari- 
ans, that  he  had  not  either  leifure  or  force  to  fubdue  the 

<  Gefta  RcgumFiancorum.  r  Fredcg.  Chron.  cap.  74. 

R  2  other; 


544  The  Hifiory  of  France* 

other  ;  fo  that  they  procured  by  their  cunning  what  they 
had  attempted  in  vain  by  force  of  arms. 
A  D.  635.       At  length  another  expedient  was  found,  which,  though 

it  might  not  be  very  acceptable  to  Dagobert,  he  the 

%^'r'  requiike  to  admit.  This  expedient  coufifted  in  declaring 
GaHrns  '  ^s  ^on  Sigebert,  then  a  child  of  three  years  old,  king  of 
obliges  the  Auftrafia.  He  appointed  Cunibert,  bifliop  of  Cologne, 
count  of  to  be  his  governor,  and  Aldalgife,  duke  of  the  palace,  a 
Bretagneto  different  office  from  that  of  mayor,  which  was  it  ill  pre- 
d0ktmland  fervec^  t0  Pepin,  though  others  believe  Adalgife  to  have 
dies  foon  been  his  fucceflbr,  and  that  the  king  chofe  rather  to  ap- 
after.  point  him  to   that  office  than  part  with  Pepjn  from  about 

his  perfon  s.  It  is  very  probable  that  the  people  of  Au- 
ftrafia found  great  inconvenience  in  the  king's  refiding 
conftantly  at  Paris,  or  at  fome  of  his  country  palaces  a 
fmall  dillance  from  that  city,  and  Mere  very  defirous  of 
having  a  court  of  their  own  ;  in  which,  though  a  child 
bore  the  title  of  king,  yet,  having  all  the  prerogatives  an- 
nexed to  that  dignity,  and  the  proper  officers  to  carry 
them  into  execution,  they  found  themfelvcs  much  more 
at  their  eaie  ;  and,  to  preferve  thefe  advantages,  a£tcd  fo 
vigoroufly  under  their  own  officers  on  the  frontiers,  that 
they  quickly  cured  the  Sclavonians  of  any  inclination  to 
appioach  them.  The  fame  year  the  king  had  another  fon 
bom,  to  whom  he  gave  the  name  of  Clovis.  The  rejoic- 
ings upon  this  occaiion  were  fcarce  ended,  when  the  pre- 
lates and  nobility  of  the  kingdoms  of  Neuftria  and  Bur- 
gundy intrtated  Dagobert  to  declare  him  his  fucceffor  in 
regard  to  thofe  two  crowns.  This  he  accordingly  did, 
and,  by  an  authentic  instrument,  fettled  the  manner  in 
which  ail  his  doc  /ere  to  be  divided  between  thefc 

two  infant  princes1.  The  French  hillorians  differ  much  in 
their  fentiments  as  to  the  reafons  which  induced  the  lords 
in  Neuftria  and  Burgundy  to  take  this  ftep  j  but  it  fecms 
pretty  evident,  that  the  king's  own  conduct  at  the  begin- 
ning of  his  reign  was  the  fource  of  it;  his  ambition  in- 
fpired  him  with  the  defign  of  making  himfelf  mafter  of 
the  whole  monarchy,  which  they,  judging  to  be  prejudi- 
cial to  their  interefts,  declared  they  were  refolved  to  avoid 
for  the  future  by  fuch  a  precaution.  The  Gafcons  and 
Bretons,  prefuming  on  the  indolent  temper  of  Dagobert, 
had  renewed  their  excurfions  into  his  dominions  ;  the  for- 
mer' were  the  moft  t'roublefome,   and  had  the  greateft 

*  Aimon.  Gefta  Reg  urn  Fiancoruiru        *  Gefta  Regum  Franco* 
rum.  Gelt.  Dagabert, 

force* 


The  II.'!  7  of  iFrah  245 

frircr.  Againft  them,  therefore,  Dagobert  fent  a  nu- 
merous army,  commanded  by  the  (lower  of  his  young  no- 
bili  oneral  in   years,  of  dillinguifhed  bravery  ' 

putation.  He  quickly  reduced  the  Gafcons 
ich  diftrefs,  by  clofing  up  their  eaves  and  burning  their 
.:s,  that  they  were  conitrained  to  implore  the  king's 
clemency,  which  Dagobert  was  fure  to  extend,  as  having 
nothing  more  in  view  than  to  fpend  his  days  in  quiet".  He 
then  fent  a  minifter  to  the  Bietons,  a  man  of  a  character 
different  from  him  who  occafioned  the  war  with  the 
Sclavonians  :  this  minifter  was  St.  Eloi,  originally  a  gold- 
fmith,  now  a  ftatefman,  and  afterwards  bifhop  of  Noi'on. 
He  managed  his  negotiation  with  fuch  addrefs,  that  he 
engaged  the  prince  of  Bretagne  to  renew  the  ancient  trea- 
ties, to  give  an  hoftage  for  the  due  performance  of  them, 
and  for  his  coming  in  pcrfon  to  Paris  to  do  homage  to 
Dagobert.  The  nam-  of  tins  count  of  Bretagne  was  Ju- 
diccael,  who  had  a  high  reputation  for  prudence  and  piety; 
him  the  k  ived  with  kindnefs,  and  difmifled  with 

honour.  The  uke  of  the  Gafcons  was  forced  to  follow 
his  example,  and  brought  chiefs  of  his  little 

nntion  with  him.  mult  have  been  very  grates  • 

ful  to  a  monarch  of  his  diipofition  ;  but  he  did  not  long 
furvive  the  lati  faction  re  him,  fince  he  died  of  2 

dyfentery,  on  the  19th  of  January,  in  the  year  638,  at 
Epinas,  a  paiate  of  his  upon  the  river  Seine,  not  far  from 
Paris,  in  the  frxteenth  year  of  his  reign  over  AuftraGa,  in 
the  tenth  from  the  death  of  his.  father,  and  the  thirty-Gxth 
of  his  age(M).  His  corpfe  was  carried  from  thence,  and 
interred  with  great  folemnity  in  the  abbey  of  Sc.  Denis*. 

At 
■  Frcdeg.  Chron.  *  Idem. 

(M)  Tt  is  no  very  eafy  talk  to  to   his  repudiating  her.     He 

rhe  number  and  the  order  had     next     kagretrude,     but 

of  this  prince's   wives.     It  is  whether  as    a    concubine     or 

pretty  plain,  that,  by  his  fa-  queen  may  be   doubted  ;    by 

direction,  Dagobert  firft  her,    however,    he    had   Sige% 

eipoufed      Gomatrude,      the  bert,    whom,    to  content  the 

younger  lifter  of  his  mother-  nobility  of  Auftrafia,  he  plac- 

in-law  Sichtlde,  and   the  aunt  ed  on  the  throne  before  he  was 

of  his  brother  Alibert  ;  which  well    out    of   the   cradle    i). 

very   probably  might   conrri-  After  thi%  with  fome  extraor- 

bute,  as  well  as  her  barrennefs,  dinary  deliberation,    and   the 

(1)  FredVgarii  Scholaftici  Epitome  &  Chronicon,  cap.  57. 

R  3  confer^ 


246  The  H'iflory  of  France^ 

Sivebert  II.  At  the  demife  of  this  monarch  the  wealth  of  the  king- 
king  of  Au-  dom  was  great,  and  there  were  few  courts  in  Europe 
firafia,and  move  fplendid  than  that  of  Paris.  St.  Eloi,  who,  as  we 
(Jo-vis  11.  before  obferved,  was  originally  a  goldfmith,  had  made  for 
Ncuflria  Clotaire  the  Second  a  chair  of  iiate  of  mally  gold,  and  a 
and  bur-  throne  of  the  fame  metal  for  Dagobert ;  but,  towards  the 
gundy.  clofe  of  his  reign  things  began  to  decline*.  At  this  period 

there  was  no  mayor  of  the  palace  in  Burgundy ;  but  re- 
commending one  of  his  minifters,  whofe  name  was  iEga, 
to  his  queen  Nantilde,  as  the  propereft  perfon  to  dire£b 
the  ailairs  of  the  young  king,  he  was  prefcntly  advanced 
to  that  important  poll  •,  upon  which  Pepin  and  fome  other 
A,  P.  639.  Auflrafian  lcrds  returned  into  their  own   country.      He 

,_  „ " '. —  fummoned   immediately  the  prelates   and  nobility  to  do 

homage  to  Clovis,  which  they  very  willingly  performed  ; 
fyut  at  the  fame  time  many  of  them  complained  that  they 
had  fuffered  injuftice  in  the  former  reign,  and  that  they 
hoped  redrefs  from  the  equity  of  the  prelent  government. 
The  new  minifler  promifed  to  content  them,  and  he  did 
all  that  wa.8  in  his  power  to  keep  his  word  y.  Soon  after 
came  ambafladors  from  Sigebert,  king  of  Auflrafia,  to  de- 
mand his  fliare  of  his  father's  moveables  and  treafure, 
purfuant,  as  is  very  likely,  to  that  king's  will.  A  confe- 
rence was  heW  for  this  purpofe  at  Compeigne,  where  the 
bifhop  of  Cologne  and  Pepin  affiftcd  j  there  one  third  of 

x  GtftaRegumFrancorum.  y  Fredeg.  Chron. 

confcnt  of  the  nobility,  he  which  it  is  faid  he  was  excited 
eipoufed  Nantilde;  but  one  by  a  very  ridiculous  accident, 
can  fcarcc,-  from  thefecircum-  not  worth  repeating;  but  in- 
Ilances,  conceive  that  ftie  was  afmuch  as  he  took  the  liberty 
at  this  time  a  mm,  and  that  it  to  fpoil  the  church  of  St.  Hi- 
was  by  the  content  of  his  no  wry  at  Poitiers,  the  bifhop  of 
bibty  he  took  her  out  of  the  that  diocefe  pretended  to  have 
cloiftef,  He  had  befides  two  feen  in  a  virion  the  foul  of  Da- 
imitreifes,  whofe  names  were  gobert  carried  by  demons  on 
Colgpude  and  Bertilde.  Not-  board  a  veflcl  bound  for  their 
withfhnding  this  licentious  fiery  regions,  and  cruelly 
conduct,  we  find  the  piety  of  beaten  in  his  paflage,  till 
Dagobert  magnified  by  the  St.  Denis,  having  taken  to  his 
monk  who  undertook  to  write  affiflance  St.  Maurice  and  St. 
the  hiitory  of  his  reign,  chiefly  Martin,  came  to  his  relief, 
on  account  of  his  founding  the  and  delivered  him  out  of  their 
monastery' of  St.   Denis;    to  hands  (2). 

(2)  Fredeg:.  Chron.  cap.  58.  Aimoni  Monachi  incliti  Ccenobii 
{?.  Germani  Libri  quinque  de  Geftis  Francorum,lib,  iv.  cap/20. 

the 


The  Hijlory  of  France.  2^7 

the  treafurcs  which  the  king  had  acquired  fiuce  his  mar- 
ipart  for  the   queen,  ami  the  remainder  di- 
vided between  his  fons.     This  was  one  of  the  la.it  ac^s  of   . 

iiiniilry,  who  died  loon  after  with  the  reputation 
of  a  faint. 

The  minority  of  the  two  kings,  Gigebert  and  Clovis,  Tht  reign 
gave    rife   to   tnat  extravagant  power    which    was  exer-  ofSigtbert 
1   in  fucceeding  times  by  the  mayor  of    the  palace,  *""' °^*« 
and  which  was  in  fome  meafure  grounded  on    the  be-  "raJxa' 
haviour  of  Pepin  and  ./Ega,  both  men  of  great  parts,  true 
piety,  and  uncorrupted  probity.     To  the  former  of  thefe 
fuccecded  his  fon  Grimoalde,  who  made  his  way  to  that 
poll  by  the  murder  of  Otho,  his  rival,  and  we  may  from 
thence  be  fatislied  that  he  was  no  faint.     His  intention  of 
removing  Rodolfe,  duke  of  Thuringia,  from  his  govern- 
ment, produced  an  infurreclion,  in  which  that  duke  was 
totally  defeated,  and  compelled  to  take  fhelter  in  a  for-  A.  D.  64.0. 
trefs,  or  intrenched  camp,  where  he  collected  all  the  re-  * 

mains  of  his  forces,  with  a  full  refolutiun  of  making  an 
obltinate  defence  ;  but,  in  all  probability,  this  would  have 
ended  in  his  own  deftru£tion,  if  a  fpirit  of  diflenfion  had 
not  broke  out  in  the  king  of  Auflrafia's  camp  j  for  Gri- 
moalde carried  his  mailer,  young  as  he  was,  into  the  field, 
but  thofe  who  hated  that  minifler  prevented  his  attacking 
Rodolfe  with  the  whole  of  the  army,  and  by  this  means 
that  part  of  it  which  did  attack  was  routed.  A  ncgocia- 
tion  enfued,  which  ended  in  a  peace  very  difhonourable  to 
the  young  king,  who  confented  that  Rodolfe  fhould  retain 
his  government,  upon  his  promife  to  be  faithful  for  the 
future z.  He  governed  after  this  event,  if  in  truth  h$ 
could  be  faid  to  govern  at  all,  fourteen  years,  or,  as  fome 
compute,  fixteen ;  but  we  know  nothing  of  what  he  did 
in  that  time,  except  that  he  built  and  endowed  monaftcries, 
from  whence  he  came  to  be  reputed  a  faint.  Grimoalde 
pretended  that,  in  defpair  of  having  a  fon,  he  adopted  his, 
and  defired  that  he  might  fucceed  him  * :  but  after  this, 
notwithfhnding,  he  had  a  fon,  named  Dagobert,  by  his 
queen  Innechilde,  whom  on  his  death-bed  he  recommend- 

v.  ith  great  tendernefs,  to  the  care  of  Grimoalde,  his 
mayor  of  the  palace.  This  monarch  died  at  Metz,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin,  in  the  fuburbs  of 
that  city;  from  whence  his  remains  were  removed  to 
Nancy,  on  the  demolition  of  that  church,  when  the  French, 

x  Gefla  Return  Francorum,  cap.  43.  Fredeg.  Chron.  cap.  79, 
L>u  Chefinc,  torn.  i.  p.  727 

R  4  in 


-:-. 


248  The  Hiftoiy  of  France. 

'in  I552>  were  preparing  to  fuftain  a  fiege  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  duke  de  Guile  b, 
IfcL"**  ^iovis  the  Second,  king  of  Neuitria  and  Burgundy,  was 
II.  and\he  care^"u^y  brought  upby  his  mother  queen  Nantilde  and 
injuji  ce  the  mayor  cf  the  palace  iF.ga.  After  the  deceafc  of  the 
d.ne  to  latter,  the  nobility  of  Neufiria  chofe  for  his  fucceflbr  Er- 
hu  memory  chinoald,  or,  as  he  is  commonly  called,  Atcharribaud, 
mnh  concerning  whofe  character  authors  differ  ;  but  if  we 
judge  from  his  a&ions,  he  appears  to  J  .  1  an  active 

and  an  honeft  minifter.  The  queen  would  alio  have  a 
mayor  of  the  palace  in  Eurgundy  ;  and  through  her  influ- 
ence the  nobility  chofe  Flaochat,  who  married  her  niece, 
a  man  of  fuch  pride  and  paflion,  that,  having  quarrelled 
witht  he  governor  of  the  Farther  Burgundy,  he  cauferl  him 
to  be  murdered,  though  h'e  had  been  reconciled  to  him  in 
the  molt  folemn  manner.  This  afiaflination  might  pro- 
bably have  excited  fome  diforders  in  the  ftatc,  if  Flaochat 
himfelf  had  not  died  foon  after  of  a  fever.  The  nobility 
of  Burgundy  did  not  replace  him,  fo  that  both  kingdoms 
were  governed. by  Archambaud.  This  minifter  havirtg 
prefented  to  the  king  a  very  beautiful  Have,  named  Batild, 
whom  he  had  bought  of  fome  Engiifh  merchants,  the  mo- 
narch became  quickly  fo  enamoured  of  her,*  that  he  took 
her  to  his  bed,  and  foon  after  declared  her  his  queen  c. 
She  muft  have  been  a  very  extraordinary  woman,  for  fhe 
is  highly  commended  by  all  who  mention  her,  (nice,  to  do 
her  honour,  the  vulgar,  inftead  of  reproaching  her  with 
the  meannefs'  of  her  former  condition,  invented  a  fable  of 
her  being  a  princefs  born.  The  only  remarkable  action 
of  Clovis's  life,  was  his  cauling  the  filver  mrines  in  the 
monaftery  of  St.  Denis  to  be  melted,  and  coined  into  mo- 
ney, to  purchafe  corn  in  a  time  of  fcarcity  for  the  relief 
of  the  poor  d.  Though  by  his  royal  authority,  with  the 
co'nfcnt  of  Landeric,  bifhop  of  Paris,  he  exempted  this 
convent  from  all  ecclefiaftical  jurisdiction,  yet  the  monks 
gave  out,  that,  for  this  act  of  impiety,  he  became  difor- 
vlered  in  his  fenfes,  and  that  the  Weaknefs  and  ftupidity  of 
the  father  became  intailed  upon  his  defcendants6.  Modern 
hiftorians  have  truly  obferved,  that  this  lying  judgment 
was  invented,  partly  to  deter  other  princes  from  having  re-" 
courfe,  in  times  of  public  calamity,  to  the  treafures  of  thei 
church,  and  partly  to  make  their  coifit  to  the  fecond  race 

b  Vita  Sanfti  Sigeberti,  n.  15.  c  Vita  S.  Bathildis.     Gefta  - 

Regum  Francortim.  d  Aimon.  lib.  iv*  cap.  41.43.  c  Fie-> 

<fle£.  Chron, 

4 


The  ITijlory  of  France. 

of  French  kings,  who  deprived  the  poilerity  of  Clovis  of 
.Itories,  under  the  plaufiWe  pretence  of  their  be- 
,>Ie  to  govern  them  (N).     He  had  by  his  queen 


three 


-••9 


)  When  it  is  f:iid,  as  we 
find  it  in  many  of  the  French 
hiftorians,  t!i  it  ^;..>'.  is  t; 

aupid 
lit    kings,  we    are  to 

(land  this  or'  I 
in  the  two  hit  years  ol  Li>  life, 

a  ttate  of  lunacy,    con- 
ing which   fomcthing  has 

..lid   in   the  text ;  but  in 

of  this  nature  it  is  always 
belt  to  derive  our  kuowlege 
from  original  authors.  The 
monk  then,  from  whole  rela- 
tion   all  that   other   hiitorians 

laid  is  borrowed,  ipeaks 
thus  :  "  'I  his  prince  ipent  all 
his  days  in  peace  ;  but  fo  for- 
tune would  have  it,  that,  to- 
ts the  dole  of  his  life,  he 
came,  as  if  it  had  been  to 
pray,  to  the  dormitory,  where 
St.  Dionvlius  the  martyr  and 
bis  fellow  faint-;  were  repofed, 
and,  being  defirous  to  have 
fome  of  their  relics  with  him, 
he  commanded  that  the  iepul- 
chre  mould  be  opened  ;  when 
looking  upon  thecorple  of  the 
blclled  and  excellent  martyr 
and  pried  Dionyfius,  with  an 
irreligious  and  covetous  eye, 
he  broke  and  feized  upon  his 
arm  bone,  and,  being  fiupified, 
fell  immediately  into  madnefs. 
Bttt  it  was  not  on  him 
that  this  tear  and  tenor  tell, 
put  on  thole  who  attended  him, 
which,  the  place  becon 
dark    of   a  fudden,    tci 


them  fo  much,  that  they  plac- 
ed all  fafety  in  flight.  Alter 
lbine  fpace  of  time,  in  order  to 
recover  his  fenfes,  he  gave 
certain  lands  to  the  convent, 
and,  cauling  the  bone  to  be 
richly  enmnned  in  gold,  let 
with  precious  Hones,  he  fent 
it  back  to  be  dcpolited  with 
the  body.  Some  lucid  inter- 
vals after  this  he  had  ;  but  in 
the  fpace  of  two  years,  with- 
out ever  recovering  his  fenfes 
.  he  finilhcd  his  life 
and  rcic;n.f'  Later  hiitoriana 
have  referred  the  king's  weak- 
nefs  or  mind  to  his  voluptuous 
courfe  of  lite,  and  to  his  ex- 
celles  in  wine  and  women  (i). 
out  it  was  lbmcwhat  ftrange, 
that  thofc,  who  had  good  fenfe, 
enough  to  rejedt  the  judgment, 
fhould  nev(  itnelefs  think  them- 
felves  obliged  to  account  for 
the  tact,  t  is  highly  probable 
they  v.  ere  both  true  alike,  or, 
in  plain  terms,  that  there  was 
not  a  fy  liable  of  truth  i 
ther  (2).  His  making  free 
with  the  treafures  of  this  rich 
convent  in  a  time  of  fcatcity  is 
bedifputed;  and  though 
olaeed  them,  and  . 
other  refpects  a  great  benefac- 
tor to  the  houle,  yet,  to  fet 
.alidc  what  they  eiteemed  fo 
dangerous  a  precedent,  the 
>  had  recourfe  to  this 
pious  fraud,  and,  as  it  came  to 
be    afterwards    countenanced 


(1)  Ahreg.  Chronologique  de  l'Hirloire  de  France  par  le  Sieur 
de  Mczeray,  Rfcueil  des  Rois  de  France  leur  Couronne  Sc  Mai  Ton 
par  Jean  ciu  Tillet.  (t)  DiHertation  au  Sujetde  nos  dernier* 

Re-is,  &c.  par  I'Abbe  Vcrtot. 

from 


i$0  "The  H'yhry  of  France. 

three  Tcms,  Clotaire,  Chiideric,  and  Thicrri.     We  muft 
now  return  to  AuiTrafia. 
Dagobert         Grimoalde,  as  far  as  can  be  discovered,  caufed  Dago- 
4tf>o/ea  and  bat,  the  fon  of  his  matter  Sigebert,  to  be  proclaimed  and 
txiied,        acknowleged  king  ;  but  how  long  he  fuffered  him  to  wear 
rtn*!"!1;    tnat  titie  is  verY  uncertain  f.     He  had  nor  the  cruelty  to 
dtpofed,       Fut  nim  t0  deatn  ;  but  having  employed  Didon,  bilhop  of 
and  ChUJt-  Ppitiers,    to  fnave  him,    he   fent    him  to   a    munailery, 
nc  placid   in   fome  of  the  weftern  iflands  cf  Scotland,  and  then, 
ff     '         giving  out  he  was  dead,  advanced  his  own  fon   Childe- 
bcrt,    under  pretence  of  his   mailer's  adoption,    to   the 
throne;  which,  however,  he  did  not  long  enjoy  g.     It  docs 
not  appear,  that  the  nobility  had  any  fufpicion  of  Dago- 
bert's  being  alive  ;  but  they  had  no  opinion  of  Grimoa!de*a 
fetting  up  his  fon  ;  and  therefore  they  encouraged  queen 
Inncchildc  to  go  to  the  court  of  king  Clovis,  and  to  de- 
mand his  protection  and  fupport.     This  (lep  fpeedily  pro- 
duced a  revolution;  for  Archambaud,  who  was  hxmfelf, 
allied  to  the  royal  line,  came  with  an  army  into  Aullra- 
fia,  where  he  depofed  Childebert,  carried  away  Grimo- 
akle prifoner  to  Paris,  where  he  pcrifhed  not  long  after, 
and  placed  his  mailer's  fecond  fon  Chiideric,  then  about 
three  years  old,  upon  the  throne  h.     It  does  not  appear 
what  became  of  Childebert;   but,  in  all   probability,    his 
youth,   and  his  being  barely  the  inftrument  of  his  father's 
ambition,  faved  him  from   punilhment.     Clovis  did  not 
furvive  this  great  event  any  long  time  ;  he  is  laid  to   have 
been  addicted  to  women  and  to  wine,  and  is,  properly  fpeak- 
ing,  the  firil  of  thofe  on  whom  the  French  writers  have 
bellowed  the  opprobrious  name  of  Les  Rois  Faineans,  that 
is,  Incapable,  or  Indolent  Princes;  though  fome  late  wri- 
ters have  fufpefted  this  was  rather  contrived  to  gratify  the 
defeendents  of  Pepin  the  Short,   than  the  real  fenfe  of  the 
people  who  lived  under  them'. 
Ck'.aire  Clotaire  III.  was  immediately  declared  king  of  Burgun- 

lli  dies  dy  and  Neuftria,  being  about  five  years  of  age,  under 
without 

ijfue,  and  f  Gcfta  Regum  Francorum,  tap.  43.  Vita  Sanfli  Stgebertl. 
hisbrother  ^  Aimon.  cap.  41.  Gefta  Regum  Francorum.  Vita  San6ti  Sige- 
Childenc      berti-  *  Vita  Sanfli  Boniti.  i  M.-meire  pour  etab- 

fucceeds  lir  que  le  Royaume  de  France  Acte  fucceffif — Heicditaire  dans  la 
him*  Primiere  Race,  par  Mr.  De  Foiigemagne. 

from  a  maxim  of  ilate,  we  need  tales  of  the  like  nature  were 

n<,r  wonder  that  ir  gained  be-  invented  upon  other  occalions, 

lief.     We  (hall  fee  that  this  at-  and  met  with  the  fame  fortune, 
tempt  having  luccceded  fo  well, 

the 


Tie  Hijlory  of  France,  251 

the  tuition  of  his  mother,  queen  Batilde,  Ebroin  being 
...  lyor  of  the  palace.  We  find  different  and  very 
oppolite  characters  ol  this  minifter,  fince  the  beft  part  of 
•  is  ilyled  the  hiilory  of  France,  under  this  period,  is 
drawn  out  of  the  lives  of  certain  ecclefiaftics,  who  were 
repi'  ,  and  lived   in  thefe  times.     Accordingly, 

therefore,  as  thci'c   faints  lived  upon  good  or  bad  terms 
with  Ebroin,  his  character  appears  in  the  writings  of  their 
panegyrifts.     This  feems  to  be  tolerably  clear,  that,  while 
the  queen  had  no  other  minifter  than  him,  (lie  maintained 
the  character  of  a  wife  and  virtuous  princefs,  governing 
with  great  reputation  and  tranquility,  and  her  fon  had  all 
the  refpe£t  and  obedience  (hewn  that  his  birth  and  dignity 
required ;  but  after  fhe  brought  Leger,  bifhop  of  Autun, 
and  Sigebrand,  who  was  alfo  a  bifhop,  into  her  cabinet, 
there  was  nothing  but  jealoufy  and  confufion.      This  lafl 
prelate   was  not  only    a  man  of  a  troublefome  temper, 
which  embroiled   him   with   Ebroin,  but  of  a  fufpicious 
character  likewife,  which  drew  fome  cenfures   upon  the 
queen,  and  in  a  popular  infurrection,  proved  the  caufe  o£ 
his  being  faciificed  to  the  public  hate.     That  princefs  was 
fo  much  offended  at  this,  that  fhe  not  only  quitted  the  re- 
gency of  her  fon's  dominions,  and  the  court,  but  with- 
drew likewife  from  the  world,  retiring  to  the  monaftery  of 
Chelles,  which  fhe  had  rebuilt,  and  in  a  manner  refound- 
ed,  and  where  fhe  paffed  the  remainder  of  her  life  in  the 
moft  irreproachable  manner,  univerfally  refpected  and  re- 
vered11.    Ebroin,  now  left  to  himfelf,  became  in  reality 
what  his  enemies   reprefent  him   to   have  always  been; 
that  is,  haughty  and  covetuous,  vindictive  in  regard  to  his 
enemies,  and  opprcfiive  with  refpect  to  the  people,  a  dif- 
pofition  which  excited  univerfal  difcontent.     While  things 
were  in  this  critical  fituation,  Clotaire  died,  when  he  had 
reigned  fourteen,  and  lived  about  nineteen  years'.     Up- 
on tliis  event  Ebroin  caufed  Thierri,  who  being  a  child  at 
the  breait  when  his  father  died,  had  no  provifion  made 
for  him,  to  be  proclaimed  king.      The  nobility  and  the 
people,  confidering  his  tender  age,  and  conceiving  there 
would  be  no  alteration  in  government,  rofe  up  immedi- 
ately in  arms,  plundered  the  palace,  feized  the  wealth  of 
£broin,  who  retired  to  a  monaftery  to  fave  his  life;  and,  A. D.  673. 
pot  content  with  this,  caufed  Thierri  likewife  to  be  thrult  - 

k  Vita  Sanfti  Leodegarii.    Vita  SanAse  Bathildis.  '  Ficdeg. 

Chi  on.  cap.  92.    Gefta  Regum  Krancoj  um. 

into 


2$z  The  fflffoiy  of  Trance. 

into  a  convent  and  fhaved  ;  though  it  was  not  fo  much  as 
pretended  he  had  given  the  leaft  caufe  of  complaint. 
CktUtrit  Childeric,  king  of  Auftrafia,  being  called  to  the  throne, 

atfirji   t-    jn  jjjjg  tjme.  0f  confuuon,  very  readily  accepted  it:,  and, 
tvijtly,  but  cormrig  to  ta^e  fwfleffion  of  his  new  domi;:  >,ris, 

becomes        fome  oi  the  nobility  pre'ented  his  brotK  i  to  him. 

fpeeaily  a     The  king  feeing  him  in  the  habit  of  a  private  man,  and 
^"ih  w^tn  Jr-S  locks  (horn,  {hewed  great  tendert,  :on- 

miftrakh     cern»  3rK*  ?^ked   him,  what  he  could  do  for  him  to  com- 
fort him  in  his  diflrefs  ?  Thierr  .his 

t&  entirely  in  the  hands  of  God,   who,  in  due 
would  avenge  him  of  rhoie  who  thus  ir.fulted  him' 

without  the  leaf!  provocation.    The  king  or 
beft  apartments  in  ,the  monastery  of  SfL  Dennis,   with  li- 
beral appointments  for  his  fupport:     The  nobility,  as  fddfl 

!:e  ferment  was  a  little  ceafed>  held  a  kind  of  ge: 
aii'embly,  in  which  they  recommei  iv.vcs 

to  their  new  king*,  fuch  as,  that  he  would  rcftore  vigour  to 
the  laws,  oblige  the  governors  of  provinces,  and  other  mini- 
fters,  to  act  according  to  them,  and  that  for  the  future 
he  would  not  repofc  ids  entire  confidence  upon  any  fingle 
minifter.  Childeric,  defirous  of  peace,  and  of  enjoy- 
ing his  pleafures,  promifed  them  whatever  they  allved™. 
But,  notwithstanding  this  promile,  "Wulfoade,  who  had 
been  mayor  of  the  palace  h>  Auftrafia,  continued  to  aft  in 
that  capacity  in  all  the  three  kingdoms;  but  it  muft  be 
owned  his  mailer  did  not  rely  entirely  upon  him  ;  Legfer, 
bifliop  of  Autun,  who  had  been  his  mother's  minifter,  and 
the  principal  author  of  this  revolt,  had  a  great  fhare  in 
his  cftcem.  He  was  a  man  of  a  Angular  character  ;  for, 
with  great  piety  and  incorruptible  probity,  he  was 
obitinate  and  conceited.  He  treated  the  king  as  if  he  had 
been  his  fcholar;  a  circumflanee  which  in  a  little  time 
diiguded  him,  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  fufpecting,  or  pre- 
tending to  fufpeft,  him  .of  treasonable  practices,  he  cauf- 
cd  him  to  he  apprehended,  and  knt  him  to  the  mo- 
naftry  of  Luxeu'iJ,  to  pafs  the  reft  of  his  clays  in  retreat. 
It  was  to  this  very  convent  that  Ebroin  had  retired,  and 
their  misfortunes  havingextir.guifhcd,  or  at  leaft  fu-fpertded, 
their  hatred,  they  became  in  appearance  very  good  friends, 
and  took  their  meaiur.s  together  how  to  get  once  more 
abroad;  for,  having  been  fo  long  ufed  to  courts,  neither- 
of  them  could  digeft  the  aufterities  or  the  privacies  of  a 
convent.     In  the  mean  time  Childeric  was  employed  in, 

i  »  Vita  5anc!ti  Lecdegarii.    Gefta  Regum  Francorum,  cap.  47. 


The  Hijloty  of  France.  25 J 

paving  the  way  to  his  own  ikilrudion.  He  was  naturr.lly 
light  ami  incondant,  ami  being  young,  without  expcri- 
,  and  without  the  afliitance  of  wife  miniiteis,  ga 
/lis  pamons;  confideting  whatever  contradi. 
them  as  an  a£t  of  difobedience,  though  founded  in  reafon 
and  rcl'peci  to  the  laws  :  he  became  at  firft  wanton  and 
wilful,  and  in  the  end  cruel.  This  conduit  excited  ge- 
neral difcontent ;  and  the  Franks  were  not  in  thefe  days 
(Uent  when  difpleafcd*.  Bodillon,  a  man  of  quality, 
having  reprefented  fome  grievances  to  this  prince  pretty 
hen  he  happened  to  be  in  an  ill  humour,  Chil- 
deric  ordered  his  guards  to  lay  him  flat  on  the  floor,  and 
beat  him  feverely.  Bodillon,  who  was  very  brave,  and 
had  many  friends,  afiembled  them  as  foon  as  he  was  able, 
furprifed  the  king  while  lie  was  hunting  near  one  his  coun- 
try palaces,  and,  after  reproaching  -him  bitterly,  thrult 
him  through  with  his  fword.  It  had  been  well  if  his  ven- 
geance had  {topped  here;  but  proceeding  to  the  palace, 
with  thofe  who  had  perpetrated  this  murder,  he  there  kill- 
ed the  unfortunate  queen  Blitide,  or  Bilichilde,  then  preg- 
nant and  near  her  time,  and  the  innocent  prince  Dago- 
bert,  in  his  infancy  ;  but  another  young  prince,  afterwards 
named  Daniel,  efcaped  this  mufl'acre,  and  came  in  pro- 
cefs  of  time  to  wear  his  'father's  crown  ".  There  never 
was  certainly  a  country  in  a  more  wretched  and  deplor- 
able condition  than  France  at  this  time,  without  king, 
without  magiflratc,  without  law,  a  wild  and  bloody  anar- 
chy prevailing.  Others,  imitating  the  example  of  Bodil- 
lon, and  being,  or  believing  themfelvce,  injured,  armed 
their  friends  and  dependents,  and  wreaked  their  re  fen  t- 
ment  without  mercy,  or  gratified  their  avarice  and  their 
hate,  almoft  without  giving  chemfelves  the  trouble  of  co- 
vering them  with  fpecious  pretences  p. 

Wuifoade,  mayor  of  the  palace,  thought  himfelf  fo  lit-  Sigebertre^ 
tie  in  fafety,  that  he  retired  with  what  friends  he  had  into  fiorea ( ',' '*"' 
Auftrafia,  in  hopes  of  reftoritig  fome  form  of  government  „iAio'itu 
to  that  kingdom,  and  p.rhaps  of  aflembling,  by  degrees, 
a  (trcngth  fqfhcient  to  put  an  end  to  thefe  diforders.  Some 
think  that  with  this  view  he  proclaimed  Dagobert  II.  fon 
to  king  Sigebert,  who  was  returned  out  of  Scotland,  with 
Wulfrid,    afterwards  archbifhop  of  York,  king  of  that 
part  of  Aultrafia  which  lay  on  the  other  fide  the  Rhine  % 

■  Frodeg.  Chron.  cap.  98.  °  Aimon.  lib.  iv.    Adon. 

Chroii.  p  Vita  Saudi  LroJcgarii,  cap.  7.  *  Uuu- 

chen.  de  tribus  Dagobcrtis. 

It 


2  54  ¥he  Hiflory  of  France. 

It  fecms  more  probable  to  others  that  he  found  him  already 
king ;  Childeric,  who  had  a  great  refpect  for  his  mother 
Innechilde,  having  confented  that  he  fhould   enjoy  that 
part  of  his  father's  country  r.     But,  taking  advantage  of 
thefe  confufions,  it  is  allowed  that  he  extended  his  terri- 
tories, and  recovered  at  length  the  heft  part,  if  not  all,  of 
his  father's  kingdom ;  which  he  enjoyed,  however,  but  a 
few  years,  being  treacheroufly  killed  as  he  was  hunting, 
together,  as  fome  writers  fay,  with  his  fon  Sigcbert,  by 
the  remnant  of  the  inveterate  faction  of  Grimoalde,  who 
in  the  end  exterminated  the  whole  race  of  Clovis.     The 
bodies  of  Uagobert  and  Sigcbert  were  interred  at  Stenai, 
where  the  former  was  invoked  as  a  faint  *. 
Thierri  it        I"  «  fhort  time  after  his  brother's  death,  Thierri,  quit- 
frodaimed  ting  the  monaftery  of  St.  Denis,  where  he  had  lived  as  a 
king,  and  is  prjvatc  man,  but  not  as  a  monk,  went  to  Nogent  on  the 
compelled  to  cjejpe>  now   Q^\\tA   §t.    Cloud,    and,  being   attended  by 
Ebroin  for    many  of  the  nobility,  declared  Leudefie,  the  fon  of  Er- 
kis  mayor    chinoald,  mayor  of  the    palace.     The  bifhop  of  Autun, 
of  the  fa-    who,  with  Ebroin,  had  quitted  his  monaftery  and  refumed 
iaie'  his  epifcopal  function,  quickly  joined  the  king,  and  was 

very  gracioufly  received,  though  he  had  been  the  principal 
author  of  that   revolt  which  occafioned  his  depofition  x. 
A.D.  673.  But  the  hopes  that  had  been  conceived  of  Ebroin's  fubmit- 
-  ting  were  quickly  dilli  pared.     He  drew  together  his  old 

friends,  and  chiefly  fuch  as  had  fuffered  for  him,  and  to 
thefe  he  added  fuch  of  the  banditti  of  all  parties  as 
thought  it  inconfiftent  with  their  interefts,  as  well  as  repug- 
nant to  their  inclinations,  to  fubmit  to  any  government. 
His  party  being  very  ftrong,  he  drove  the  king,  through 
fear,  from  place  to  place,  though  he  did  not  pretend  to 
queflion  his  title  ;  but  infilled  that  he  himfelf  ought  to  be 
replaced  in  his  employment u.  He  pufhed  his  diflimulation 
fo  far  as  to  invite  Leudefie,  who  then  held  it,  to  a  confer- 
ence i  to  which  the  latter,  fincerely  defirous  of  reftoring 
peace,  willingly  confented  ;  but  in  his  way  thither  was 
aiTaffinated.  This  outrage  railed  fo  general  and  fo  jufl  an 
averfion  to  Ebroin,  that  he  law  it  would  be  more  difficult 
for  him  than  ever  to  fucceed  in  his  defign  ;  upon  which, 
retiring  into  Auftrafia,  he  fet  up  an  unknown  youth,  upon 
whom  he  bellowed  the  name  of  Clovis,  and  the  quality  of 
fon  of  Clotaire,  which  gained  him  fo  great  an  accellion  of 

r  Vita  S.  Wilfr'uli.  s  ValefiiGefta  Francorum*  'Aimon. 

lib.  iv.  cap.  45.    Adon.  Cluoa.  ■  Uilinus  in  Vita  Lcodc- 

garii. 

ftrength, 


The  H'Jlory  of  France.  25$ 

ftrcngth,  more  efpeci.illy  as  he  affirmed  that  Thicrri 
dead,  that  he  became  more  formidable  than  ever.  The 
firit  ufe  lie  made  of  his  power  was  to  fend  a  ftrong  body 
of  forces,  under  the  command  of  fome  lords  as  abandoned 
as  himfelf,  and  two  bifhops,  who  had  been  depofed  for  a. 
ty  of  crimes,  to  invert:  Autun  ;  where,  to  preferve 
the  city,  the  bifhop,  who  was  the  object  of  his  vengeance, 
furrendercd  himfelf  into  their  hands  ;  and  they,  by  his 
directions,  put  out  his  eyes,  and  would  have  left  him  to 
itarve,  if  the  duke  of  Champagne,  out  of  pure  humanity, 
had  not  relieved  him  w. 

It  might  have  been  imagined,  that  the  miferable  Gtua-  After  many 
tion  of  the  bifhop  of  Autun  would  have  fatisfied  the  ma-iw'"  9' 
lice  of  Ebroin,  and  that  the  king's  accepting  him  in  qua-  £^""J* 
lity  of  mayor  of  the  palace  might  have  gratified  his  am-  mayorof 
bition  *.     Ebroin,    however,    was  not  either  appeafed  or  the  palace, 
content.     He  published  a  general  amnelty,  that  he  might  » <>iajfinat- 
fix  his  own  power  upon  the  lirmeft  bafis  ;  and,  when  he  ' 
had  brought  tilings  into  tolerable  order,  he  made  no  fcru- 
ple   of   declaring,    that,    notwithstanding   this  amnefty,  A.  D.  6Sj. 
there  were    two  points,  into  which,  for  the  fafety  of  the  — — — 
ftate,  it  was  abfolutely  necefi'ary  to  enquire  ;  the  firft  was 
the  depofition  of  Thierri,  and  the  fecond  the   murder  of 
Childerie.     By  this  contrivance  there  were  none  left  inno- 
cent, whom  he  had  a  mind  to  confider  in  another  light. 
The  bifhop  of  Autun  and  his  brother  were  charged  with 
procuring  the  death  of  Childerie  ;  the  former  had  his  lips 
and  part  of  his    tongue   cut  off,  the   latter  was  f toned. 
Two    years     after     the    bifhop,     upon     a    new    accu- 
fation,  was  condemned,  degraded,    and   put    to    death. 
Others,  who  had  provoked  him,  felt  the  weight  ofEbroin's 
refentmentin  as  high  a  degree;  the  king,  who  was  no  lefs 
in  his  power  than  his  fubjec"ts,  not  daring  to  interpofe. 
We  need  not  wonder,  therefore,  that  the  nobility  of  Au- 
ftrafia,    though    rent  into  factions   amongft  themfelves, 
were  univerfally  difpofed  to  hinder  Ebroin  from  extending 
his  power  into  that  country;  to  prevent  which  they  fee 
up  two  rich  and  potent  men,  who  were  coufins,  and  be- 
llowed on  them  the   title  of  dukes  of  Auftrafia.      The 
names  of  thefe  two  dukes  were   Martin  and  Pepin  ;  the 
former  had  the  greater  intereft,  but  the  latter  was  the  abler 
man  y.     Ebroin,  who  had  a  numerous  and  well-difciplined 
aimy,  marched  againit  them  as  if  they  had  been  rebels  to 

w  Urfinus  in  Vita  San&i  Leodegarii.  x  Aimon.  lib.  iv. 

cap.  46.    Adon.  Chron.  f  Annales  Mctenfer. 

Thierri, 


2 $6  Tie  iJ'iftory  of  France. 

Thiern,  which  they  really  were  not.  He  had  the  good 
fortune  to  defeat  them  in  battle,  and  afterwards  befieged 
Martin  in  the  city  of  Laon  •,  where,  having  prevailed  upon 
him  to  furrender  that  place,  upon  a  promife  of  fafety 
made  by  the  bifnops  of  Paris  and  Rheims,  he  was  no 
fooner  mafter  of  it  than  he  caufed  him  to  be  beheaded. 
Pepin  in  the  mean  time  had  recruited  his  forces,  and, 
having  chofen  a  ftrong  camp,  refolved  to  defend  himfelf 
there  to  the  laft  extremity.  The  mayor  of  the  palace  was 
preparing  to  attack  him,  when  he  fell  by  the  hand  of  an 
enemy  whom  he  did  not  fufpect.  Ermenfroi,  who  was 
fteward  of  the  king's  houfhold,  had  been  guilty  of  oppref- 
fions,  for  which  Ebroin  had  caufed  him  to  be  deeply  fined. 
This  man  had  a  refentment  quick  as  his  own,  and,  having 
engaged  fome  of  his  friends  to  aifift  him,  they  attacked 
the  mayor  of  the  palace  as  he  was  going  to  his  devotions 
on  a  Sunday  morning,  and  difpatched  him  with  their 
knives,  being  without  other  arms,  to  prevent  fufpicion ; 
after  which  execution,  they  fled  to  the  camp  of  Pepin, 
who  very  readily  granted  them  his  protection  z.  Upon 
this  foundation  fome  have  fuppofed  him  to  be  the  author 
of  the  murder. 
A.  D.  689.      The  nobility  elected  Waraton  to  fucceed  him  as  mayor 

of  the  palace,  by  which  means  they  put  into  his  hands  the 

Pepin  com-  fupreme  direction  of  ah" airs  in  the  kingdoms  of  Neuftria 
felt  7 /item  an(j  Burgundy.     He  was  a  man  of  a  mild  and  peaceable 
to  recei-ve    difpofition,  w]l0  feemed  to  have  been  raifed  to  that  emi- 
trniyor  of     nent  employment  rather   out  of  refpect    to  his   quality 
the  palace,    than  his  talents.     He  carried  on  the  war  againft  Pepin  ti- 
moroully  and  tardily,  a  circumftance  which  provoked  his 
fon  Gillemar  to  fupplant  him  in  a  pod  for  which  he  was 
much  fitter3.     He  preiled  the   Auftrafians  exceedingly, 
and  in  all  probability  would  have  determined  the  war  in 
his  own  favour  at  laft,  if  not  in  his  mailer's,  had  not  death 
interpofed,  and  removed  him  at  a  very  critical  conjuncture. 
He  was  fucceeded  by  his  brother-in-law  Bertaire,  a  man 
of  a  haftv  and  haughty  difpofition,  who  treated  the  nobi- 
lity with  fuch  difrefpect,  that  fome  of  them  retired  into 
Auflrafia,  and  many  more  began  to  enter  into  intrigues 
with  Pepin,  whom  they  fought  to  draw  into  Neuftria,  af- 
furing  him,  that  they  had  much  rather  fee  him  at  the  head 
of  their  councils  and  armies  than  Bertaire,  who  had  treat- 
ed them  fo  unworthily.     Pepin  proceeded  flowly  and  cau- 
tioully :  before  he  would  invade  either  Neuftria  or  Bur- 

*  Cont.  Fred.  cap.  100*  *  Annales  Metenfes. 

gundy, 


The  Hijlory  of  Frame*  I57 

gundy,  he  fent  deputies  to  intreat  Thierri  to  refloTC  the 
jt  had  retired  to  him,  to  theirpofts  and  patrimo- 

.  ami  to  redrefs  certain  grievances  that  were  highly 
detrimental  to  the  nation  in  general.  This  demand  was 
ted  with  great  contempt :  upon  which  Pepin  advanced 
towards  the  frontiers  with  his  forces.  Thierri,  and  his 
mayor  of  the  palace,  marched  with  a  numerous  army  to 
meet  them  in  the  Vermandois  j  they  engaged,  and  though 
the  royal  army  behaved  well,  and  difputed  the  victory  for 
many  hours,  yet  in  the  end  it  was  defeated.  The  king 
fled  to  Paris,  and  Bertaire  much  farther  ;  but,  being  much 
cmbarrafled  with  his  treafures,  his  own  foldiers  confpircd 
^igainlt  him,  murdered  him,  and  fliared  his  wealth  amongft 
them  b.  This  tranfacTion  put  an  end  to  the  difpute,  and 
delivered  into  the  hands  of  Pepin  both  the  king  and  his 
kingdom. 

It  is  requifite  to  fay  fomething  more  particularly  of  this  leaves  the 
great  man,   who  had  himfelf  the  power,  and  whofe grand-  ,^7/ 
fon  aflumed  the  title  of  king  of  Prance.     He  is  commonly  andaffumet 
called  Pcpln  d'Heriftal,  from  a  palace  of  his  on  the  Meufe,  abfolutely 
about  three  miles  above  Liege,  where  there  is  now  a  town  the  feve- 
of  the  fame  name.     He  is  fomctimes  denominated,  from  *■«?"'>  °f 

figure  of  his  perfon,  Pepin  le  Gros,  or  Pepin  the  Fat.  *'* 
"We  find  him  fomctimes  ftyled  Pepin  le  Vieux,  or  Pepin 
the  Oldy  in  oppofition  to  his  grandfon  Pepin  the  Short ; 
and  fometimes  Pepin  lejeuiie,  ox  Pepin  the  Youngt  to  dif- 
tinguifh  him  from  Pepin  de  Landen,  who  was  mayor  of 
the  palace  to  Stgebert  II.  This  Pepin  d'Heriftal  was,  in 
all  refpecls,  one  of  the  greateft  men  that  age  produced, 
extremely  brave  in  his  perfon,  affable  in  his  manner, 
eafy  of  accefs,  mild  in  his  difcOurfe,  very  ambitious,  and 
withal  modeft  and  moderate  in  appearance :  in  fhort,  a 
great  captain,  a  consummate  ftatefman,  and  fo  prudent 
in  every  thing  lie  did  and  faid,  that  he  feldom  loft  a 
friend,  and  never  created  an  enemy c.  He  received 
Thierri  as  if  he  had  intended  to  he  the  mod  humble  and 
the  moft  dutiful  of  his  fervants :  he  paid  him  all  the  ie- 
fpect,  pofiible,  and  took  all  the  care  he  could  to  hide  his 

is  from  himfelf  and  the  public.  Whenever  it  was  ne- 
ceflary  for  him  to  appear,  he  appeared  in  date.  A  cha- 
riot, drawn  by  oxen,  rolled  him  along  the  ftrect,  fur- 
rounded  by  guards,  partly  for  pomp,  partly  for  fecurity, 
Jbut  chiefly  to  prevent  any  from  approaching  him.     He 

b  Conr.  Fred.  cap.  100.  e  Annates  Mcttnf.  Gcfta  R«- 

gvm  Francorum.  • 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  S  javc 


15  8  Tee  Hijlory  of  Prancf, 

gave  audience  to  ambafladors,  he  received  homage  frorii 
tiibutary  princes,  and  was  prefent  at  all  public  folemni- 
ties;  with  a  pageantry  that  at  once  plea  fed  and  deceived 
the  people.  The  reft  of  his  time  he  fpent  at  fome  coun- 
try palace,  where  he  had  a  good  table,  kept  his  great  of- 
ficers, arid  a  competent  number  of  domeftics,  but  he  was 
not  troubled  with  affairs'1.  Pepin  bellowed  the  com- 
mands in  the  army,  diftributed  provinces,  appointed  dukes 
and  counts,  and.  in  fhort,  fuftaincd  all  the  fatigues  of 
fovereignty,  though  he  was  fo  humble  as  to  content  him- 
felf  with  the  title  of  duke  and  prince  of  the  Franks. 
Here  in  fail  ended  the  empire  of  Clovis  Pepin  d'Heri- 
Ital  might,  with  propriety  enough,  be  faid  to  put  an  end 
to  the  Merovingian  race,  fince  from  this  time  they  loll  all 
authority,  and  were,  in  reality,  not  more  than  breathing 
fhadows,  and  phantoms  of  royalty,  which,  except  their 
hair  and  their  robes,  had  nothing  in  them  of  kings  e. 
fefin  At  the  entrance  on  his  adminiftration,  Pepin  applied 

l>>i*cspuf-  himfclf  vigoroufiy  to  correct  the  faults  of  his  predecelTors, 
"rs      and  to  bring  all  things  into  order  :  but  he  began  very  wifely 
j'  with  popular  meafures  ;  he  recalled  fuch  as  were  exiled  ; 

red  many  to  their  employments,  and  many  more 
to  their  patrimonies  ;  he  heard  grievances  patiently,    and 
redreifed  them  willmgty;  he  (hewed  profound  refpect  to 
fvxutrs.        tjie  cicrgVj  Dut  conltrained  them  to  maintain  an  exact  dif- 
»lme  ;  he  brought  the  finances  into  good  order,  and  ob- 
liged the  dukes  and  counts  to  govern  the  people  according 
to  the  laws,  and  to  be  obedient  to  them.     He  received  the 
ties  at  the  beginning  of  March,  at  which  the  prelate?, 
I  as  the  nobility,  were  prefent;  where  laws  were 
made  and  repealed,  and  where  the  (tare  of  the  empire,  in 
all  1  was  ftri£tly  and  punctually  examined f.     .In 

tIkTc  aflemblies  Thicrri   was  always  prefent,  fcated  on  a 
throne,  and   furrounded  by  his  officers  ;  all  proceedings 
being  in  his  name,  and  all  grants  faid  to  ilTue  through  his- 
A.  D.  69a.  favour.     This  fudden  and  extraordinary  alteration  render- 

— ■ ed  Pepin  fo  famous,  that  not  only  the  Sclavonians  and  the 

i  [uns,  but  the  king  of  the  Lombards,  alfo  the  Greek  em- 
peror Jullinian  II.  and  even  the  Saracens,  fent  their  am-> 
b.ifiadors  to  the  court  of  France,  where  they  made  their 
preients,  and  paid  their  refpedts  to  Thicrri,  and  faw,  with 
allonifhment,  the  plainnefs  and  fimplicity  of  Pepin's  ap- 
pearance, who  took  all  the  pains  imaginable  to  hide  from 

n  /Virion,   lib.  iv.  cap.   67.     Adonis  Chron.  «  Aniialeg 

Mttenf.  Gefta  Regum  Francorura.  *  Aimon.  lib.  iv.  cap.  46. 

the 


The  !liflo)y  of  France,  25^ 

the  public  that  love  of  power  which,  notwithstanding,  oc- 
cupied his  whole  thoughts.     Thlerri  furvived  this  change 
it  three  years,  and  then  died,  under  forty  years  of  age, 
•ig  by  his  wife  Clotilda  two  fons,  Clovis  and  Childe- 

On  the  demife  of  Thierri,  Pepin  proclaimed  his  elded  Clovis  111. 
fon  Clovis  III.  then  about  ten  years  old,  without  taking  any  t"gS0c" 
notice  of  the  younger,  as,  perhaps,  not  caring  to  have  the  /.,•„. 
trouble  of  two   ions.     This  young  prince  bore  the  regal 

about  lour  years  ;  during  which  fpace  Pepin  was  em- 
ployed in  bumbling  the  Frifons,  and  other  barborous  na- 
tions, who,  difdaining  to  be  the  tributaries  of  the  mayor 
of  the  palace,  to  have    fllaken    off  the   yoke   of 

ranks;  irt  which,  hope,  however,  they  found  them- 
extremely  mlftnkenb*     After  the   demife  of  Clo- 

his  brother  Childebert  was  faluted  king,  and  led 
the  lame  inactive  life  his  father  hail  led,  while  Pepiu 
humbled  the  AHemans,  the  Bavarians,  and  other  nations. 

arc  of  the  public  did  not  hinder  bis  being  very  af- 
fidnous  in  providing  for  his  family  :  he  had  by  bis  firit  wife 

rude  two  fons;  Drogon,  whom  he  made  duke  of 
Burgundy,  and  Grimoalde,  who  was  mayor  of  the  palace 
to  Chlidebert1.  Being  divorced  from  her,  he  married 
Alpaide,  and  had  by  her  two  fons  alfo  ;  Charles,  furnamed 
Martel,  and  Childebrande  :  but  Ple£trude  being  reftored 
to  his  favour,  they  we're  not  railed  to  any  great  port:  during 
the  life  of  their  father.     As  for  Drogon,  duke  of  Burgun-  A.  D.  711. 

■>.e  was  of  a  warm  and  active  difpofition,  brave,  libe- — • 

ral,  and  magnificent  5  but  he  died  in  the  flower  of  his  age, 
and,  as  fonie  fav,  not  without  iflue.  Grimoalde  was  of 
quite  another  character,  mild,  humane,  pious,  but  with- 
al a  man  of  great  parts  and  prudence,  which  rendered  him 
the  favourite  of  his  fatiier,  who  depended  upon  him  for 

Support  of  his  houfe.  Childebert  II.  dying,  after  a 
teen  years,  his  fon  Dagobert  II.  was  declared 
king,  and  (irimonhle  mayor  of  the  palace  :  he  a£\ed,  how- 
,  entirely  under  his  father's  orders,  and  obeyed  him 
with  all  the  exactnefs  portlble  k.  His  power,  and  his  good 
fortune,  could  not  defend  him  from  the  effects  of  aee  and 
infirmities.  In  the  third  year  of  Dagobcrt's  reign,  he  had 
a  dangerous  fit  of  ficknefs  at  Jutil,  not  far  from  Ilerillal  : 
as  it  was  believed  he  could  not  recover,  the  enemies  of 

s  Cont.  Frerlegarii,  cap.  lot.  *  Annalfs  Metenf.    Gerta 

Regum  Franco!  urn.  »  Cont.  Fredeg,  cap.  ioi.  k  Adon. 

C'hronicon. 

S  J  Hi 


af5d  The  Wfiory  of  France. 

his  family  rcfolved  to  take  this  opportunity  of  deflroying 
it,  and  with  this  view  entered  into  a  confpiracy  againlt 
Grimoalde,  who,  in  other  refpects,  had  no  ways  deferved 
it ;  and  Rangaire,  who  was  at  the  head  of  this  plot,  ftab- 
bed  him  as  he  was  at  prayers  in  the  church  of  St.  Lambert 
at  Liege.     Pepin  recovered,  and  revenged   himfelf  with 
great  feverity  on  all  who  were  embarked  in  that  confpi- 
racy ;  and,  to  (hew  his  great  power,  as  well  as  his  warm 
affection  for  his  ton,  he  appointed  his  only  child  Theudo- 
alde  mayor  of  the  palace,  though  he  was  then  but  fix  years 
old.    This  was  one  of  the  lafl  a£ts  of  his  life,  for  he  died  not 
long  after,  in  the  twenty-eighth  year  of  his  adminiflration  '. 
Daecbert,        Ple£tnule,  in  quality  of  tutorefs  to  her  grandfon,  afTumed 
kmg  under    the  direction  of  affairs,  and  had  the  honour  to  be  at  the 
the  tutelage  ]acaj  0f  fuch  a  government,  as  fcarce  any  hiflory  can  pa- 
of  an  o  J     ra]]c] .   a  woman  and  a  child  prcfuming  to  rule  three  king- 
and'ayounr  doms,  while  the  king  was  alive,  and  in  full  health  !    It 
child,  would  have  been  furprifing   if  fhe  could  have  carried  on 

this  government  \  and  yet  it  cannot  be  faid  to  have  failed 
through  her  imprudence.  She  was  apprehenfivc  of  fome 
trouble  from  her  fon-in-law  Charles  Martel :  to  prevent 
which,  fhe  caufed  him  to  be  imprifoncd  ;  fhe  fecured  the 
treafure  of  her  deccafed  hulband  ;  and  (he  fpared  no  pains 
in  carcfling  the  nobility  whom  Pepin  had  intrufted  with 
the  principal  employments.  She  quickly  found,  that  thefe 
precautions  were  to  little  purpofe  •,  the  remains  of  that 
faction,  which  hadoppofed  her  hufband,  took  up  arms  to 
refcue,  as  they  gave  out,  Dagobert  from  his  confinement. 
Pledtrude  had  recourfe  to  the  Auftrafians,  who,  out  of 
clion  to  the  family  of  Pepin,  raifed  a  formidable  army, 
which,  however,  was  defeated  by  that  of  Dagobert  and 
Rainfroi,  whom  the  nobility  had  elected  mayor  of  the  pa- 
lace ,7,«  Theudoalde  was  with  difficulty  faved,  and  died 
not  long  after  •,  fo  that  the  vail  ftru£ture  which  Pepin  had 
erected  was  in  great  danger  of  being  overthrown,  and  the 
old  ccnttit-iition  reftored.  It  was,  however,  preferved  by 
an  accident;  for,  in  the  miclft  of  this  confufion,  Charles 
Martel  made  his  efcape,  and  going  into  Auftrafia,  was, 
without  hesitation,  received  there  as  duke,  and  quickly 
collected  a  good  body  of  troops  out  of  the  army  that  had 
been  defeated.  As  forPledrude,  fhe  had  ft  ill  a  ftrong  party, 
which  enabled  her  to  retire  to  Cologne,  with  the  treafures 
of  her  hufband.  Dagobert  refolved  to  purfue  her  thither, 
and  was  on  the   point  of  undertaking   that  expedition, 

*  Airaon.  lib,  iv.  cap  4$.        m  Annates  Metenfes. 

when, 


7he  Hijlojy  of  France.  a^i 

when,  vcr  ttcly  for  the  family  of  Pepin,  he  was  re- 

v  death,  in  the  fifth  year  of  his  reign,  having  an  A.  D.  716. 
rii,  furnamed   from  the  place  of  his  bir:h  '     • 

.  at  the  bread. 
cident  threw  the  mayor  of  the  palace  Rainfroi,  Chilperic 

ility  of  Neuftria,  into  great  diforder  ;  they  /^""iw" 
king  for  their  own  fecurity,  who  had  fome  &*-  an[iCh*rtt\ 
acity  and  courage;    and,    therefore^- fetting  Mattel 

Thierri,  they  drew  out  of  a  convent  Daniel,  the  fon  d»ht  rf 
of  Childtric  II.  though  a  clerk,  and  having  beftowed  on  AuPafa 
him  me    of    Chilperic,    advanced    him    to    the 

throne  n.  In  fpite  of  his  education  and  misfortunes,  this 
young  king  (hewed  a  fpirit  fuitable  to  his  birth  :  putting 
himfelf,  with  the  mayor  of  the  palace,'  at  the  head  of  his 
army,  he  profecuted  the  defign  of  his  predeceflbr,  and 
marched  dircclly  into  Auftrafia0.  He  at  the  fame  time 
entered  into  a  negotiation  with  the  duke  of  theFrifons,  who 
fpeedily  aflembled  a  great  army,  and  with  it  marched  di- 
rectly towards  Cologne.  Charles  Martel  found  himfelf 
between  two  armies,  and  his  forces  much  inferior  to 
either;  he  ventured,  notwithstanding,  to  give  battle  to  the 
Frifons,  over  whom  he  gained  no  advantage  p.  This  check 
put  it  out  of  his  power  to  prevent  the  junction  of  their 
forces  with  thofe'  of  Chilperic,  who  thereupon  laid  fiege  to 
Cologne.  Ple&rude  had  a  (trong  garrifon,  and  feemed 
difpofed  to  make  an  obilinate  defence  ;  but,  however,  (lie 
offered  the  king  and  his  allies  3  very  large  fum  of  money  if 
tlicy  would  raile  the  fiege.  In  all  probality  this  tempted 
the  Frifons,  and  the  king  found  himfelf  under  a  neceflity 
of  complying  with  his  allies.  However  it  happened,  tin; 
propofition  was  accepted,  the   money   received,  and  the 

ruifed.  The  Frifons  retired  into  their  own  country  ; 
and  the  king,  finding  it  difficult  to.  fubfift  his  army,  was 
obliged  to  retreat.  Charles  Martel  dividing  his  forces  in- 
to fcveral  bodies,  harrafled  the  king's  army  continually, 
and,  in  the  foreft  of  Arden,  entering  the  camp  by  fur- 
prife,  cut  ofF  a  great  number:  this  exploit  railed  his  re- 
putation highly,  more  efpecially  a,s  he  treated  his  pri«» 
loners  kindly,  and  difmifled  them  without  ranfom.  It 
alfo  revived  the  fpirits  of  the  Auftrafians  ;  fo  that,  in  a 
fhort  time,  he  found  himfelf  at  the  head  of  a  very  nume- 
rous army,  and  in  a  condition  of  acting  offenfively  againft 
his  enemies. 

■  Geftn  Regum  Francorum.        9  Annalei  Meteaf.        »  Cont. 
Frcdegnjii. 

S  *  \  Tho 


»— 


2,6z  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

Charles  The  virtues  of  Pepin  were   inherited  by  Charles ;  he 

JAatttl        knew  perfectly  how  to  improve  good  fortune,  as  well  as 
eompth  the  j>ow  to  fUpport  tjie  Vvant  of  it.    He  marehed  his  forces  to 
him  for  "     war^3  Cambray,  where  Chilperic  and  the  mayor  of  his  pa- 
wnor of      tace  bad  eftablifhed  their  head-quarters.     Being    arrived 
ho  palace,     between  Arras  and  that  city,  he  did  not  immediately  give 
the  king  battle,  but,  on  the  contrary,  entered  into  a  ne- 
gotiation, declaring,  that  he   fought   no  more  than  to  be 
retlored  to  what  his  father  poffefTed,  and  that  thofe  who 
had  fullered  with  him  might  likewife  (hare  in   this  change 
of  fortune,  a  demand  which   was  immediately  rejected. 
By  this  meafure  he  convinced  his  troops  that  he  had  a  pro- 
per concern  for  their  fafety  .  he  perfuaded  them  that  right 
was  on  their  fide,  and  that,  without  victory,  they  were 
not  to  expecl:  either  fafety  or  julhice  °i.     The  expedient 
had  a  proper  effecl  ;  his  troops  attacked  thofe  or  the  king 
with  fpirit,  and  continued  the  engagement  with  fuch  refo-j 
lution,  that  they  gained  a   complete  victory,  on  Sunday 
ji.  D.  717.  the  19th  of  March,  according  to  the  bcil  co:i  putations  ; 
—  after  which  he  ravaged  all  the  country  as  far  as  Paris,  an4 
then  returned  into  Auftrafia.    His  view  in  taking  this  ftep 
was  to  reduce  Cologne,  and  get  thereby  into  hie  hands  the 
treafures  of  his  father  Pepin,  an  aim  which  he  accomolifh- 
ed  without  much  difficulty  j  for  having  perl,  ..led  Pie£f.- 
rude  to  admit  him  into  the  city,  a  fedition  prefentiy  en- 
fued,  which  put  him  in  pofleffion,  and  her  in  his  power  r. 
He  ufed  his  fortune  in  this  cafe  with  great  moderation  ; 
but  perceiving   that  Chilperic   would  not    liften   to    any 
terms,  and  that  the  people  of  Auftrafia  were  defirous  of  a 
king,  he  took  the  fame  flop  that  Ebrcin  had  done  in  like 
circumftances,  and  fct  up  Clotairc,  a  prince  very  probably 
of  the  royal  blood  ;  but  how,  or  from  whom  defcended,  net 
hiftory  informs  us.     Chilperic,  and  Rainfroi,  the  mayor 
of  his  palace,  faw  clearly,  that  nothing  was  now  to  be  ex- 
pected but  from  arms,  and  therefore  they  had  recourfe  to 
Eudes,  duke  of  Aquitaine,  who,  in   the  courfe  of  thefe 
troubles,  had  made  himfelf  mafter  of  all  that  the  Franks 
|iad  poffeffed  on  the  other  fide   the    Loire,    and  promifed 
him,  if  he  would  affift  them  with  his  forces  againft  the 
Auitrafians,  to  acknowlege  his  right  to  the  provinces  he 
had  feized  s.     Perhaps  Eudes  little  regarded  this  function, 
fince  he  was  very  well  able  to  defend  againfl  them  what  he 
had  acquired  5  but  it  was  his  intereft,  as  well  as  their's,  tq 

Annales  Metenfes.  r  Chron.  Fontallenfe.     Gefta  Regum 

Fraucyrum.  '  s  Vita  S  Rigobe;ti. 

•  leffen 


T'.e  Hiftory  of  France.  26  J 

.  the  power  of  Charles,  who  might,  fome  time  or 
deavour  to  recover  this   country  to  the  Franks ; 

nibraced  therefore  the  offer  that  was  made  him,  and 
ry  numerous  army  joined  that  of  the  king.  They 

fcarce  time  to  deliberate  on  the  propcreit  method  for 

ying  on  the  war,  fince  Charles  Mattel,  who  had  now 

til3    of  augmenting    and    maintaining    an   army,  , 

advanced  as  far  as  Soiflons,  and  fecmed  difpofed  to 
find  them  out,  and  give   them  battle.     This  unexpected 

b  of  the  Auftrafiuns  vifibly  dilconcertcd  diem  :  whiie 
endeavoured  to  delay  coming  to  action,  their  forces 
dwindled  and  difbanded;  and  being  rather  driven  than 
defeated  by  Charles,  Rainfroi  marched  one  way,  and  the 
king  and  the  duke  of  Aquitaine  another  \  Chilperic  car- 
ried with  him  his  treafures,  and  perfuaded  Eudes  to  aug- 
ment his  army,  that  they  might  again  try  their  fortune  in 
the  held  ;  but  Charles  demanded  the  king  ami  his  treafures,  A-  D«  7>9- 
and  promifed  the  duke,  if  they  were  delivered  up,  his  - 

friendship,  and  the  peaceable  poffeflion  of  all  that  he  now 
held.  Eudes,  entirely  guided  by  his  own  intereft,  and 
having  no  reafon  to  expect  greater  advantages  fioni 
fupporting  any  longer  the  fide  he  had  taken,  accepted 
thefe  terms,  and  delivered  up  Chilperic  and  his  trea- 
fures u. 

The  reception  offered  the  king  by  Charles  Martel  was  The  civil 
as  honourable  and  as  kind  as  his  circumilances  would  per-  war  ended, 
mit :  Clotaire  dying  about  this  time,  he  caufed  him  to  be  «"•''/" 
acknowlegcd   in   Auflrafia ;  and,  as  it  appears  from  char-  chilperic 
tcrs,  and  other  authentic  infhuments,  he  was  owned  for  after  an 
the  fovereign  of  all  the  dominions  of  the  Franks.     Rain-  uneniy 
froi  was  not  fo  eafily  reduced  ;  he  had  an  intereft  amongft  Ttig». 
the  nobility:  they  faw  clearly  that  his  caufe  was  their's ; 
and  that  if  he  was  once  reduced,  as  they  had  nothing  to 
hope  from  the  favour,  fo  their  fafety  muft  depend  upon 
the  clemency  of  the  victor.  Charles  took  the  fame  method 
to  put  an  end  to  this  war,  that  he  had  ufed  with  regard  to 
the  former  v.     He  pufhed  Rainfroi  vigoroufly,  till  he  had, 
fhut  him  up  in  Aungier,  where  he  offered  him  the  county 
of  Anjou,  with  the  ftrongeit  affurance  of  his  enjoying  it 
peaceably,    whieh   Rainfroi    readily   accepted  ;    and    the 
terms,  thus  fettled,  were  very  honourably  maintained  on 
both  lidcs  x.     Charles  was  equally  fuccefsful  in  reducing 

X  Contin.  Fredeg.  •  Annnles  Metenfe*.  w  Adon- 

Chron.  *  Nouvellc  Hilloirc  de  France,  par   I.e  Gendre 

1\  Daniel, 

S  4  thofe 


264  The  H'ftory  of  France. 

A  D-  715.  thofe  who  had  thrown  olt  the  yoke  of  the  Franks :  lie  de* 
*■  fcated  the  Suevians  by  fea,  the  Frifons  by  land  ;  twice  he 

routed  the  Allemans,  and   gained  no  leis  than  live  victo- 
ries over  the  Saxons,  fomuch  the  more  acceptable  to  him, 
as  they  were  purchafed  at  a  imall  exper.ee  of  blocd.     Mis 
prudence  in  taking  his  meafures,  and  his   promptnefs  in 
$he  execution  of  them,  were   the  principal  caufes  of  his 
conftant  victories  •,  which,  while  he  was  purfuing,  Chil- 
peric,  who  had  a  deep   fenle    of   his  misfortunes,  died, 
after  a,  fhort,  as  well  as  a  refllefs  and  unhappy  reign.  The 
critics  in  French  hiflory  have  very  juftly  excluded  the  name 
of  this  monarch  from  the  lilt  of  the  Faineans,  us  he  was 
perfonally  prefent  in  three  battles,  and  upon  all  other  oc- 
cafions   gave  incontellabie  proofs  of  his  aclivity  and  ad- 
drefs  ;  fo  that  there  ieemed  to  be  nothing  wanting  to  ren- 
der him  a  great  prince,  but  a  little  better  fortune,  or  lefs 
courage  or  capacity  in  his  competitor  t. 
Thierri  IV,       Thierri  of  Chelles  was  brought  out  of  the  convent  upon 
or  1 hum     this  occafion,  and  proclaimed   king  of  Aultralia,  as  well 
afC.kt'is     as  Ncuftria  and  Burgundy:  he   is  ufual'y   flyled  Thierri 
ih!Ured d    *If'  kllt  w"h  greater  propriety  Thierri   IV.  and,  at  the 
Charles        t'rnc   of'-his   acceilion,  coujd   not   be    above   feven   years 
4\!a-tet  his   old.     His  name  was  all  that  was  of  any  ufe  to  Charles, 
ma\er  of      ai:c{  that  indeed  Hood  him  in  great  Head.     He  was  always 
tk+fQlaii.  jn  arms,  and  always  in  the  caufe  of  the  king  of  the  Franks; 
the  dukes  and  the  counts  who  controverted  his  orders  he 
confldcred  as  rebels  to  the  king ;  the  barbarous  nations  that 
did  not  pay  their  tribute  were  the  enemies  of  the  Franks. 
Thus  he  never  wanted  fpecious   pretences   for  perpetual 
expeditions,  which   kept  up  a   numerous  army,  without 
being  either  a  burthen  or  a  terror  to  his  own  fubjects,  for 
the  vanquifhed  always  bore  the  expence  of  the  war,  the 
Bounds  of  the  eropive  were  continually  enlarged,  the  clergy 
were  conftantly  fent  into  the  new  conqueils,  and  large 
grants  to  the  church  were  to  him  equivalent  to  garrifons, 
in  which  policy  he  followed  the  maxims  of  his  father  Pe- 

f)in  ;  and  whether  his  actions  were  good  law  or  ill,  they 
md  always  a  fair  colour,  which,  with  full  coffers  and  ve- 
teran troops,  fecured  his  fame  and  fortune?;  but  the 
quality  which,  of  all  others,  contributed  moft  to  his  great- 
nefs,  was  his  fagacity  in  forefeeing,  and  his  activity  in 
taking  his  meafures.  In  confequence  of  his  forefight 
Eudes,  duke  of  Aquitaine,  had  more  than  once  infringed, 
t£e  treaty  he  made  with  him,  and  intended  to  proceed, 

y  Annsles  Metenfe?.  z  Ccntim  Frcdeg. 

fajthey, 


The  Hijloty  of  France.  26$ 

'■r,  if  fortune  hud  favoured  him  ;  but  Charles  had 
bis  army  at  hand  to  check  him,  and,  by  ravaging  his 
try  in  revenge,  obliged  him  to  renew  the  peace  he 
Token  a  That  prince  might,  however,  fome  time 
or  other,  have  created  him  much  uneafmefs,  had  he  not 
had  his  hands  full  with  another  no  left  potent  enemy,  the 
Moors,  who  were  mailers  of  Spain.  lie  was  continually 
ernbarrafTed  with  them  for  fevered  years  together,  being 
ibmetimes  in  war,  fometimes  in  league  with  their  chiefs, 
one  of  whom  he  tempted  to  revolt  by  giving  hftn  his 
daughter;  but  he  being  defeated  and  liain,  the  duke  of 
Aquitainc  found  himfelr  in  a  very  diltreflcd  condition. 
Abderaman,  governor  of  Spain  for  the  khaiif,  meditated 
not  only  the  puniihment  of  Eudes,  and  the  conquelt  of 
his  country,  but  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of  France, 
and  to  eitablUh  there  the  enormous  fwarms  of  Moors  who 
were  continually  tranlporting  themfelves  from  Africa. 
Eudes  penetrating  his  defign  from  the  prodigious  army  he 
underilood  was  forming,  and  knowing  how  unable  he  was 
to  defend  himfelf  and  his  country  from  fuch  an  inundation 
of  infidels,  applied  himfelf,  though  unwillingly,  to  the 
duke  and  prince  of  the  Franks.  Charles  readily  promifed 
him  his  aifiitance  ;  and,  having  long  before  expected  fuch 
an  invitation,  had  his  troops  in  perfect  readinefs,  and  had 
brought  into  the  field  many  thoufands  of  his  fubjeels  from 
beyond  the  Rhine, 

Abderaman  broke  like  a  torrent  into   Aquitaine,  with  CharUs 
an  army  fo  numerous,  that,  in  attempting  to  defcrtbe  it,  Martdtn- 
fome  hiltorians  have  rendered  their  accounts  incredible.  g*gtstht 
Duke  Eudes  was  fo  little  in  a  condition  to  refill,  that  all  Moors  an<* 
the  forces  he  could  raifeferved  only  to  form  a  flying  camp,  f^y^ 
and  this  was  all  that  Charles  expected.     The  Moors  wall-  ytferj. 
ed  all  the  country  as  they  proceeded,  took  and  deftroyed 
the  great  towns,  and  feemed  to  place  the  hopes  of  their 
poiTcdion  in  leaving  no  places  of  llrength  to  which  the  in- 
habitants might  retire.     Charles  marched  with  his  army 
-to  meet  them,  but  flowly,  and  in  good  order.     Between 
Tours  andPoitier  the  armies  camein  light,  and  fpent  feven 
in  ikirmiihes;  at  length  they  came  to  a  decifive  bat- 
tle, in  which  the  troops  from  beyond  the  Rhine  did  won- 
ders;  their  gigantic  fize  in  comparifon  of  the  Moors,  and 
the  weight  of  their  battle-axes,  ballanced  the  inequality  of 
number*.     Abderaman  behaved  like  a  great  captain,  and 

*  £don.  Chronf 

his 


2^6  The  Nlftory  of  France. 

his  forces  defended  themfelves  with  great  intrepidity ;  the 
Chriilians  fought  with  much  bravery  and  fpirit;  but 
though  they  killed  multitudes,  the  infidels  did  not  break 
or  give  way.  At  length  a  multitude  appeared  flying,  and 
a  great  cloud  of  fmoke  and  duft  rofe  behind  the  army  of 
the  Moors,  the  duke  of  Aquitaine  had  bioke  into  their 
camp,  ftaughtered  their  women,  children,  and  fervants, 
and  fet  fire  to  their  tents  ;  this  circumftance  determined 
the  fate  of  the  day,  and  obliged  the  Moors  to  retreat  as 
jaft  as  they  were  able.  Charles  did  not  profecute  his  vic- 
tory, which  feems  to  fee  a  clear  proof  that  his  lofs  was 
much  greater  than  thofe  hiftorians  make  it,  who  fay  it  did 
not  coll  him  above  fifteen  hundred  men  *.  Next  year  the 
infidels  made  another  attempt  on  Aquitaine,  to  no  pur- 
pofe;  but  they  had  better  fortune  in  Provence,  which 
■was  betrayed  into  their  hands  by  its  governor.  This  event 
drew  Charles  into  thofe  parts  with  a  numerous  army,  with 
which  he  made  himfelf  matter  of  Avignon  h.  He  foon 
transferred  the  war  into  Languedoc,  and  gained  another 
great  victory  over  the  Saracens,  but  he  was  not  able  to 
make  himfelf  mailer  of  Narbonne  ;  he  would  perhaps  have 
carried  the  fuccefs  of  his  ;:rms  farther,  but  that  he  was 
obliged  to  attend  particularly  to  domeftic  concerns.  He 
granted  the  duchy  of  Aquitaine  to  Hunald,  the  fon  of 
Eudes,  but  upon  exprefs  condition  of  being  his  vafTal, 
without  mention  of  theking;  and  Thierri  dying  about  this 
time,  he  made  nohafte  to  declare  a  fucceffor.  He  routed 
the  Frifons,  and  killed  their  duke  with  his  own  hands:  he 
difiipated  more  than  one  confpiracy,  made  a  league  with 
the  Lombards,  and  undertook  to  a£t  as  a  mediator  be- 
tween them  and  pope  Gregory  III.  who  made  choice  of 
him  for  his  protector,  feut  him  the  keys  of  the  tomb  of 
St.  Peter,  offered  to  {hake  oft  his  dependence  on  the 
Greek  emperor,  and  to  proclaim  Charles  conful  of  Rome 
Thefe  proportions  plcafed  him  extremely  ;  but  while  this 
affair  was  in  agitation,  all  the  great  perfons  interelv- 
ed  therein  were  removed  by  death,  the  emperor  Leo  on 
A-p  7*T-  the  1 8th  of  June,  Charles  Martel  on  the  22c!  of  Odober 
*"  (O),  and  the  pope  on  the  28th  of  November c. 

The 

a  Ifidor.  PacenT  t*  Roderic  Toletan.  Hi  ft  Arabum.  A.ion. 

Chron.  Annales  Metenfcs.  c  Contin.  Fiedep. 

(O)  The  fecond  race  of  the     lovingians,  from  this   Charles 
French  kin?s   are  ftyled.  Car-     Martel.     The  name    of   his 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  267 

The  lingular  fortune  which  had  attended  Charles  Mar-  Carhman 
rough  his  whole  life,  feemed  to  be  consigned  by  him  ouJ Pept* 
iniiy.     In  an  afi'embly  of  the  nobles,  held  a  little/1"''"' 
.j  death,  he  afligned   Auffrafia  to  his  eldeft  fon  tkirand 
oman  j  Neultria  and  Burgundy  to  his  fecond  fon  Pc-  thiinter- 
pin,  furnamed  lc  Bref,  or  the  Shorty  becaufe  he  was  fliort  re^num 
in  ftature,  th«Mi£h  very  ftrong  and  well  made.  Thefe  were  (onilnuti- 
the  children  of  his  firit  wife  a.     His  fecond  furvived  him, 
and  to  her  fon  Gripon,  or  Griffon,  he  alfigned  only  fomc 
]%im\s  in  the  heart  of  France,  with  whieh  he  was  fo  little 
fatisiied,  that  he  prefently  railed  an  infurreclion,  and  (hut 
up  himfelf  and  his  mother  in  the  city  of  Laon.    Carloman 
and  Pepin  followed  him  thither  with   an  army,  inverted 
the  place,  and  pufhed  the  fiege  with  fuch  vigour,  that 
Griffon    was    obliged  to  furrender   at  difcretion  j    upon 

«>  Chronicon  Fontallenfe. 


firfr.  wife  was  Rotrude,  by 
whom  he  h'ad  four  fons  and 
three  daughters  :  Carloman, 
duke  of  .^ultrafia,  afterwards 
a  monk,  who  died  at  Viennc 
in  74.7  ;  Pepin,  who  afTumcd 
the  title  of  king  of  France;  Ber- 
nard, who  hadfcveral  children  ; 
and  Jerom.  By  Sonnechilde, 
or  Suanechild,  Charles  Mattel 
had  Griffon,  of  whom  enough 
has  been  laid  in  the  hiftory; 
he  had  alio  a  baftard  ion,  Re- 
my,  who  was  bifhop  of  Rouen 
( 1  J.  As  he  had  made  free  vyith 
the  trea  lures  of  the  church  to 
defend  France,  and  indeed  all 
Chrillcndom,  againft  the  Sa- 
racens, the  monks  were  pleaf- 
ed  to  give  out  that  he  was 
damned.  The  tale  was  pro- 
bably whifpered  in  fecret  very 
near  his  time  ;  but  the  clergy 
Were  lb  fond  qf  it,  that  we  find 
the  biihops  of  two  provinces 
jn  a  letter  addrefled  to  Lewis, 


king  of  Germany,  A.  D.  858, 
telling  him  with  great  folem- 
nity,  that  Eucher,  bifhop  of 
Orleans,  after  the  death  of 
Charles  Martel,  had  his- con- 
dition revealed  to  him,  and 
that,  at  ins  requefl,  Boniface, 
bifhop  of  Metz,  and  Fulrade 
bifhop  of  St.  Denis,  and  chap- 
lain to  king  Pepin,  caufed  his 
tomb  to  be  opened,  in  which 
they  found  only  a  monltrous 
dragon,  which  prefently  dif- 
appeared,  leaving  behind  a 
great  cloud  of  fmoke(2).  It 
is  true  that  Charles  Martel  ba- 
nifhed  this  Eucher  and  his  fa- 
mily, fo  that  he  was  as  fit  a 
man  as  any  upon  whom  to  fir 
this  tale  ;  but  it  happened  un- 
luckily for  the  credit  of  the 
ftory,  that  this  prelate  died 
fome  years  before  Charles 
Martel,  and  fo  could  not  poffi- 
bly  be  the  author  of  it,  as  is 
fuppofed. 


(0  Recueil  des  Roy  de  France,  leur  Couronne  &  Maifon,  par 
Jean  du  Tiilct.  (*)  Capitul.  Caroli  Calvi,  tit.  13. 

which 


258 


Tktf  aH 

thither  in 

vt-iuting 

Odilon, 

4mke  »f 

Bavaria, 

guJ  ike 

Gtrmim 

4GMjtdera- 

V- 


The  Hijloiy  of  France. 

which  they  fent  his  mother  to  a  convent,  and  him  to  s. 
eaitle  in  the  foreit  of  Arden  e.  This  troublefome  bufinefa 
being  happily  dit cuffed,  the  two  brothers  concerted  to- 
gether the  proper  meafures  for  fettling  the  empire  of  the 
Franks ;  took  fuch  precautions,  with  regard  to  the  tribu- 
tary nations  and  the  duke  of  Acjuitaine,  as  rendered  fome 
attempts  they  made  to  throw  off  their  dependance  ineilec- 
tual  •,  and  acted  on  all  occafions  with  fuch  a  perfect,  under- 
ftanding,  and  fo  entire  a  confidence;  in  each  other,  as  filled 
their  contemporaries  with  admiration,  and  prevented  their 
power  from  fuffering  the  fmalleff  diminution  f. 

When  the  ftate  of  things  would  permit,  Carloman  went 
into  Auftrafia,  that  he  might  attend  more  affiduoufly  to 
his  own  concerns.  Pepin  perceiving  that  there  wanted 
Something  more  than  his  own  authoiity  to  rellrain  the  no-, 
bilitv,  in  two  large  kingdoms,  within  fo<ne  order,  pro- 
claimed by  his  own  authority  Childeric,  the  fon  of  Xhi- 
erri  of  Chclles,  king.  His  brother  Carloman  did  not  con- 
cur in  this  meafure,  or  acknowledge  Childeric  ;  not  that 
there  was  any  difpute  or  difagreement  between  the  two 
brothers,  but  becaufe  Carloman  looked  upon  Auftrafia  as 
a  fovereignty,  in  fome  meafure  become  hereditary  in  his 
family  -,  and  having  the  good  fortune  to  eftablifh  this  opi- 
nion among  the  inhabitants,  it  was  never  afterwards  call- 
ed in  queftion  s.  It  was  in  this  quality  of  duke  and  fove- 
reign  of  Auftrafia  that  he  called  the  council  of  Eflines,  the 
ruins  of  which  town  are  ft  ill  to  be  fcen  near  Binche  in 
Hainault,  where,  by  the  advice  and  with  the  affent  of  his 
clergy,  he  regulated  many  abufes,  and,  in  the  preface  to 
thefe  canons  he  fpeaks  abfolutely  in  the  ftyle  of  a  fovc- 
'  reign.  But,  notwithstanding  this  flow  of  good  fortune, 
the  two  brothers  found  themfelves  very  quickly  obliged 
to  vindicate  their  title,  fuch  as  it  was,  by  their  arms. 
Sonnechilde,  their  mother-in-law,  who  was  nearly  related 
to  Odilon,  duke  of  the  Bavarians,  had  drawn  to  their 
party  their  lifter  Hihrudc,  by  negociating  for  her  a  mar- 
riage with  that  prince.  Though  they  were  fo  lucky  as  to. 
thruft  Sonnechilde  into  a  convent,  and  her  fon  Griffon 
into  3  prifon,  yet  Hiltiude  found  means  to  efcape,  and 
friends  who  conducted  her  into  Bavaria,  where  Odilon 
efpoufedher;  and  knowing  that  this  ftep  would  be  at- 
tended with  a  war,  formed  a  confederacy  for  his  own  fup- 


e  Contin.  Fredegarii.  Adon.  Chron, 
fContin.  Frcdeg. 


*  Annales  Mctenfes, 
port. 


i  69 

ch  it  required  all  the  force  the  two  brothers  could 

>mbath.     Odilon  very  well  knew  that  his  netg&j 

re  as  little  difpofed  to  lubmit  to  Carloman  as  him- 

and  therefore  he  represented  to  Theodobald,  duke  of 

the  Allemans,  and  Tbeodoric,  duke  of  the  So  oris,  that 

r  there  was  a  time  favourable  to  their  delircof  I 
dering  themfelvcs  independent,-  it  was  at  this  juncture,  by 
the  means  of  a  itriclr  alliance;  he  likewife  drew  the  duke  of 
Aquitaine  to  concur  in  this  fcfaeme,  and  to  engage  to  pafs 
the  Loire  with  a  potent  army,  as  foon  as  Carloman  and 
Pepin  ihouhl  bend  their  march  towards  Germany  '.  The 
brothers  had  fome  fufpicion  of  this  defign  ;  but  the  army 
afiembJed  by  the  confederates  in  Germany  was,  notwtth- 
itanding,  fo  great,  that  they  found  it  requifite  to  march 
in  perfon  againft  them,  with  the  whole  power  of  the 
Franks,  and  fruit  the  repreffing  and  punUhment  of  the 
duke  of  Aquitaine,  in  cafe  he  Ihould  execute  the  engage- 
ment he  had  taken,  to  the  next  campaign11. 

The  confederates  having  drawn  together  a  very  numerous  <if,e  £„$& 
and  gallant  army,  took  poll  behind  the  Lech,  ami  acted  en-  Or/wwre 
tirely  on  the  de  ten  five*    Carloman  and  Pepin  encamped  on  and  Pep1* 
the  other  fide  of  the  river,  and  fpent  fome  days  in  attempt-  y£*\  ,  \ 
ing  to  provoke  the  confederates  to  pafs,  but  without  e fleet:  Bavaria  • 
the  three  dukes  knew,  that  if,  by  covering  their  country,  with  lit 
the  Franks  were  obliged  to  retire,  they  fhould  not  only  carry  alliu. 
their  point,  but  have  a  fair  opportunity  of  ruining  their 
forces  in  a  long  retreat ;  but  while  the  Franks  feemed  to 
be  employed  in  fkirmifhing  and  infulting  the  Bavarian?,  »  . 

they  with  great  fecrcfy  caufed  the  river  to  be  founded,  and 
found  that  it  was  fordable  at  fome  diftanee,  both  above  and 
below  the  camp  of  the  confederates.  At  the  clofe  of  the 
evening  the  Franks,  after  making  the  ufual  fignals,  and 
lighting  fires  in  all  their  quarters,  decamped  without  noife, 
and  Carloman  marching  up  the  river  with  his  troops,  and 
Pepin  following  the  courfe  of  the  ftream,  both  pafled  it 
without  oppofition,  and  both  were  before  the  camp  of  the 
confederates,  almoft  at  the  fame  inftant,  and  when  they 
were  leaft  cxpedtcd.  Odilon,  and  the  two  dukes  his  confe- 
derates, made  a  gallant  defence  for  near  five  hours  ;  but  at  a#T>.  74*. 
length  the  camp  was  forced  on  both  fides  with  great  flaugh-  -  *  — 
ter;  the  duke  of  the  Bavarians  retired  with  the  fmall  remains 
of  his  forces,  and  took  flicker  behind  the  Inn.  The  Franks 
ravaged  and  plundered  the  country  for  fiftv-two  days:  Car- 
loman, with  a  ftrong  detachment, entered  the  country  of  the 
Saxons,  and  made  their  duke  Theodoric  prifoner.  The 
*  Aom\.  MerenfM.        *  AdoD.  Chronicon,        k'Contin.  Fredeg. 

dole 


2)& 


Carloman 
mjter  re- 
ducni%  the 
revolted 
German 
tt^t'om,  re- 
tires, of  his 
#w«  ac- 
cjrJ,   to  a 
ton-vent. 


A.  P.  746 


The  Hijlory  of  France. 

clofe  of  th&  campaign  and  the  war,  brought  all  thefe  diikcS 
to  renew  their  homage,  and  to  promife  the  moft  exact 
obedience*  There  was  not  time  left  to  chaftife  Hunald, 
duke  of  Aquitaine,  who,  in  difcharge  of  the  promife  he 
had  made  to  the  confederates,  pafled  the  Loire^  deftroyed 
all  the  country  with  fire  and  fword,  and  made  himfelf* 
matter  of  Chaftres,  which,  upon  the  approach  of  the 
Franks,  he  abandoned,  after  having  reduced  to  afhes  the 
beft  part  of  the  city,  and  the  magnificent  cathedral,  dedi- 
cated to  the  Blefied  Virgin.  Pepin,  next  year,  entered 
with  a  numerous  army  into  his  dominions,  where  they 
lived  at  difcretion,  till  the  duke,  in  pity  to  his  fubjecls, 
and  to  extricate  himfelf  out  of  lb  unlucky  an. affair,  fub- 
mittcd  to  the  hard  terms  that  were  prefcribed  ;  and  fwore 
once  again,  in  the  moft  folemn  terms,  to  remain  a  faithful 
vafi'al  j  on  account  of  which  oath,  and  of  the  cruelties 
committed  at  Chartres,  he  thought  fit  to  refign  his  domi- 
nions to  his  fon,  and  retjrc  into  a  convent,  there  to  pafi 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  acts  of  penitence,  as  a  pri- 
vate man,  for  the  wickednefs  and  folly  of  which  he  had 
been  guilty  in  his  public  character  m. 

The  two  next  years  were  fpent  by  both  brothers  in  va- 
rious expeditions  againit  the  Saxons,  and  other  German 
nations,  whom  interefl  am!  inclination  led  to  revolt,  as 
foon  as  the  army  that  had  reduced  them  was  withdrawn  : 
in  thefe  excursions  they  were  generally  fuccefsful ;  Carlo-* 
man  was  fo  fortunate  as  to  make  Theodoric,  duke  of  the 
Saxons,  prifnncr  a  fecond  time.  He  again  treated  him 
with  lenity,  and,  having  exacted  a  frefh  oath  of  obedience, 
reftored  him  to  his  liberty.  It  appears,  from  the  whole 
feries  of  his  actions,  that  Carloman  was  a  prince  of  great 
courage,  and  of  equal  capacity ;  of  ftrict  morals,  great 
fweetnefs  of  temper,  and  lincere  piety  :  he  faw  every  day 
things  that  di'pleafed  him  •,  and  that  greatnefs  and  powerj 
which  had  fo  many  charms  for  others,  were  neccflarily  at-* 
tended  with  fo  many  acts  of  feverity  and  injuftice,  as  ab- 
folutely  difgu fled  him.  He  had  formed  a  defign  of  quit- 
ting the  world,  and  had  communicated  it  to  his  brother  ; 
but  Pepin,  in  difluading  him  from  the  immediate  execu- 
tion, imagined,  perhaps,  that  this  humour,  like  a  fit  of 
melancholy,  would  be  diffipated  by  time,  and  a  variety  of 
events.  It  happened  quite  otherwife  ;  Carloman  was  of  a 
ferious,  not  a  fplenetic  difpofition ;  time  and  experience 
ferved  only  to  confirm  him  in  his  refolution  n.     He  left  a 


*  Annal.  Metenn        »  Adon.  Chron.         n  Contin.  Fredes. 


fon 


The  Hijlory  of  Frame. 

Dragon,  and  perhaps  fomc  other  children,  who*  it  is 
re  Oiiit  up  in  convents  by  their  uncle;  but  this 
is  fomewhat  obfeure  °:  all  we  know  of  the  matter 
u  Carloman  went  to  Rome,  with  an  equipage  fuit- 
nble  to  his  birth  and  dignity,  made  gieat  prefents  on  the 
•  of  Pepin,  as  well  as  himftlf  to  the  pope  ;  at  length 
;  (haved,  and  having  taken  the  clerical  habit,  built  a 
monalterv  upon   Mount  Soracte,  at  the  diftance  of  fome 
leagues  from  Rome  ;  but  the  rcfort  of  French  lords,  and 
other  men  of  quality,  incommoded  him  fo  much,  and  in- 
terfered to  fuch  a  degree  with  his  defign,  that  he  left  this 
convent  alfo,  and  retired  to  Mount  Calfin,  where,  in  the 
famous  benedicftinc  abbey,  then  governed  by  Optatus,  he 
fpent  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  privacy  and  quiet,  def- 
pifing.  however,  the  practice  of  aufterities,  dictated  only 
childiuS  fuperftition  p. 
Pepin  was  now  in  pofl'effion  of  all  \  but  notwithstanding  Gritf**, 
it  fome  have  fuggefted,  it  does  not  appear  from  his  ac-  tfougk 
tions  that  the  acquitition  of  his  dominions  confoled  him  for  y"^ 
the  lofs-of  his  brother.     For,  immediately  after  the  retreat  /j£*  ,„,,£. 
of  Carloman,  he  took  Grift  on  out  of  prifon,  lodged  him  revolts  and 
in  his  own  palace,  gave  him  a  great  many  counties,  and  a  en^agtt  the 
confidcrable  revenue;  and,  fuppofing  that  time  and  his  Germaasu 
misfortunes  might  have  cured  him  of  his  wild  and  head-  J0,a    m' 
itrong  difpofition,  lie  treated  him  with  all  the  kindnefsand 
confidence  pofllble.     Some  time  after  this  event,  he  held  a.  D.  747. 
at  Duren,  a  place  between  Aix  la  Chapelle  and  Cologne,  ■- 

a  kind  of  council,  in  which  he  made  feveral  civil  and  reli- 
gious regulations,  particularly  in  regard  to  the  neceflary 
provifions  for  men  destitute  of  neceflary  fubfiftence,  for 
widows  and  for  orphans,  for  the  repairing  and  rebuilding 
churches  deftroyed  in  the  wars,  and  for  eftablifhing  tribu- 
.nals  for  the  adminittration  of  juftice  throughout  his  domi- 
nions *.  But  while  he  was  thus  employed,  GriiTon  wa3 
very  far  ftom  being  idle.  If  his  brother  Carloman  was 
difgufted  with  foveTeignty,  this  was  not  at  all  his  cafe,  and 
therefore  he  took  under  hand  all  the  meafures  poflible  to 
fuccced  him.  Having  drawn  many  of  the  nobility  to  his 
intercit,  and  refolving  to  place  himfelf  at  the  head  of  tliofe 
%vho  had  ever  been  the  enemies  of  his  family,  he  fecretly. 
quitted  his  brother's  palace,  and  retired  to  Theodoric, 
duke  of  the  Saxons,  who  received  him  with  open  arm*-, 
and  revolted,  for  the  third  time,  in  his  behalf.  His  firil 
exploits  were  fome  incurfions  into  Thuringia  ;  but  Pepin 

•  Annal.Mctenfei.        r  Adon.Chron.        *  Conrin.  Fredeg* 

did 


272  Tfc  Hijfory  of  France* 

did  not  give  him  much  time,  for  lie  advanced  fpeedily  with 
an  army  towards  the  country  of  the  Saxons,  notwithstand- 
ing the  forces  of  Theodoric  were  more  numerous  r.  The 
great  inequality  of  numbers  made  his  conduct  appear  the 
effec"r.  of  refentment,  or  of  rafhnefs.  It  was  not  long  be- 
fore it  took  another  colour  ;  the  Sclavonians,  whom  in  the 
war  of  Bavaria  he  had  treated  with  great  generofity,  fell 
upon  the  Saxons  with  an  army  of  one  hundred  thoufand 
men.  Pepin  charged  them  at  the  fame  time,  and  Theo- 
doric being  a  third  time  taken,  he  was  not  inclined  to  truft 
him  any  more,  fo  that  we  hear  nothing  of  him  from  this 
time.  The  miferable  people  implored  mercy  upon  any 
ns  ;  Pepin  extended  his  compaflion  towards  them,  upon 
condition  that  they  became  Chriflians.  Griffon  having 
given  fhelter  to  the  flying  Saxons,  chofe  a  flrong  camp, 
I  fortified  it.  Pepin  advanced  towards  him  ;  but  when 
rhey  were  upon  the  point  of  engaging.  Griffon  fent  to 
)iw.ke  him  fomc  propofitions,  to" which  Pepin  anfwered, 
that  if  he  would  lay  down  his  arms  and  return-  to  him,  he 
would,  notwithflanding  all  that  Was  paffcH,  receiva  him  33 
his  brother;  at  the  fame  time  he  retired  with  his  forces,  that 
he  might  have  leifure  to  reflc£l  upon  his  offer  s.  The  true 
defign  of  Griffon  was  only  to  gain  time;  he  began  to  diftrufr. 
the  Saxons,  and  was  defirous  of  quitting  their  country.  It 
w;;s  not  long  before  he  did  it,  in  a  manner  that  revived  his 
ambition  and  his  hopes,  but  which,  at  the  fame  time,  did 
no  great  honour  to  his  reputation  '. 
A.  Di  748.  Odilon,  duke  of  Bavaria,  dying,  left  behind  him  an  In- 
■    »  fant  fon  Taffilo;i,  by  Hiitrudc,  the  filter  of  Pepin,  and  the 

On  the         half-fifter  of  Griffon.     This  princefs,  who  had  been  al- 
n^!*^       ways  fecretly  in  his  interefl,  offered  him  a  retreat  in  her 
duke  of  Ba-  dominions,  which  he  accepted  ;  and  being  quickly  joined 
•variety         by  a  flrong  body  of  malecontent  Franks,  he  fcized  his  fif-„ 
Griffon        ter  and  her  fon,  and  caufed  himfelf  to  be  proclaimed  duke1 
ujurps  the    0f  Bavaria.     He  was,  however,    fo   apprehenfive  of  Pc- 
uety  jrom     .  ,    obliging  him  to  defift  from   this  ufurpation,  that  he 
applied  himfelf  to  pope  Zachary,  to  the  abbot  Uptatus, 
and  to  his  brother  Carloman,  to  intreat  their  interpofition 
in  his  favour.     They  accordingly   interpofed   their   good 
offices,  but  they  fignified  little;  Pepin  was  inexorable  ;  he 
faid  it  was  one  thing  to  forgive  injuries  done  to  himfelf, 
and  another  to  indulge  an  intruder,  who  had  defpoiled  a 
widow  and  an  orphan.     He  took,  therefore,  proper  mea- 
fures,  in  the  firft  place,  to  prevent  any  trouble  or  dif- 

»  Annal.  Metenfes.         »  Adon.  Chrgn.         «  Contin.  Fredeg. 

turbancc 


"(lory  of  '.  273 

turbancc  in   the  kingdom  during  his  abfence,  and  then 
I  with  .1  potent  army  into  Bavaria ;  where,  \\iih- 
ny  propofitions,  he  pufhed  Griffon  from 
dl,  till  at  length,  having  dilupated  his  troops,  he 
.  him  and  the  chief1  performs  of  his  party  prisoners,    lie 
iv  Taifilqn  to  the  duchy,  under  the  tui- 
of  Ins  mother,  and  he  brought  his  brother  Gii 
alon  m  into  France  "  :  lie  did  not  fo  muclwis  re- 

proach him  with  any  thing  that  was  palled;  he  only  ad- 
him  not  to  make  any  farther  trials  of  his  patience  for 
the  time  to  come  :  he  explained  to  him  the  interefts  of 
their  family  ;  he  (hewed  him  that  thofe  who  folicited  him 
to  thefe  revolts  would  be  the  firlt  to  ruin  him,  when  he 
had  anfwered  their  purpofes ;  and,  that  he  might  have 
no  temptation  to  enter  into  frefh  cabals,  he  gave  him  the 
town  ot  Mans  for  his  residence,  with  twelve  counties  for 
the  m  nee  of  his  houlhold,  and  the  title  of  duke. 

All  this  generality  hat!  no  effect,  he  began  inftantly  to  ca- 
bal again  ;  and  knowing  that  the  German  nations  were  fo 
thoroughly  humbkd  that  they  durft  not  ltir,  he  addreffed 
him  fell  to  the  duke  of  Acjuitaine,  the  only  enemv  his  bro- 
ther had,  and  therefore  the  only  pcrfon  he  chofe  for  his 
friend.  Wc  mail  fee  in  the  next  icclion  what  was  the 
it  of  this  new  confpiracy  x. 
The  empire  of   tl  .3  was  now   fo   firmly   cfta-  p(pn 

bliflied,  the  tributary  nations  were  fo  effectually  humbled,  eom»s  in  a 
the  neighbouring  dates  fo  little  in  a  condition  to  dillurb  re/elation 

(Irong  and  fpreading  power,  that  Pepin  grew  weary  °r  aflum*»Z 
of  the  inferior  titles  of  mayor  of  the  palace,  and  duke  and  a,%'1'jf„ffv 
prince  of  the  Franks,  and  therefore  refolved  to  execute  the  as  ix'eil  as 
n  which  his  anccflor,  of  the  fame  name,  had  formed,  the'powtr 
Having  no  farther  ufe  for  the  unfortunate  Childerie,  who  °J  k,"S' 

itberto  worn  the  empty  title  of  monarch  of  the  Franks, 
but  with  lefs  pomp  and  much  lefs  refpect  than  was  {hewn 
to  any  of  his  prcdecefibrs,  he  determined  to  lay  him  en-  A.  D.  750. 
tirely  afide,  and  put   an  end  to  the  race  of  Merovingian  ■ 
princes,  who,  for  a  furies  of  years,  had  been  mere  p! 
toms  or  idols  of  royalty,  rather  than  kings  '.     To  refolve 
and  to  execute  in  this  cafe  was  {or  him  equally:  eafy,  as 
rig  him  no  other  trouble  than  what  it  might  give  his 
conference  ■,  the  meafures  he  took  to  e  I  gn,  and 

to  quiet  his  mind  ...  as  effected,  will  appear  in  the 

next  feci  ion. 

v  Anail.  MetenVet.        >  Adon.  Chron.        y  Contin.  Predtgarii 
Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  T  SECT 


2  74         v  $he  Hijlory  of  France. 


SECT.     II. 

the  Reign  of  Pepin  le  Bref  or  the  Shorty  in  whom  began 
the  fecond  Race. 

P  t>i   It       WJ1^^  Pepin  formed  the  defign  of  feating  himfelf  on 
Bref  af-  tne  throne  of  France  he  had  all  the  advantages  he 

etmdstht      could  defire.     He  was  in  the  very  flower  of  his  age,  being 
throm,         in  his  thirty-eighth  year;  he  had  the  bifliops  and  clergy  at 
a»d  the        ^js  devotion,  to  whom  he  had  been  a  great  benefactor,  and 
'trinctt  of    na(^  amply  repaired  thofe  injuries,  which  they  pretended  to 
the  male      have  received  from  his  father  Charles  Martel ;  moil  of  the 
Hie  are        counts  and  dukes  throughout  the  kingdom  owed  their  pre- 
Jbutuj>.        ferments  to  him  and    his   family;  his  gracious  and  affable 
behaviout  had  rendered  him  very  acceptable  to  the  people, 
who,  on  the  other  hand,  were  taught  to  contemn  and  de- 
fpife  king  Childetic  as   a  weak  paralytic  creature,  infirm 
alike  in  mind  and  in  body  a.     There  is,  therefore,  nothing 
morecafy,  more  natural,   or  more  probable,   than  the  fim- 
ple  and  ihort  account  given  in  the  old  chronicle,   that,  in 
the  annual  affembly  of  the  great  men,    in  the   month  of 
March,  it  was  propofed  to  remove  Childeric,  and  to  place 
Pepin  on  the  throne ;    which  meafure   being  unanimously 
refolved,    was  with  little  ceremony  b  executed.     The  com- 
mon account  is  better  digefted   and  more  plaufible.     We 
are  told,   that  the  predeceffor  of  Pepin  had  always  enter- 
tained a  fair  correfpondence  with  the  pones;   that  he  had 
himfelf  practifed   the  fame  policy,   with   the  fame  view  ; 
that,   by  permitting  the  bifliops   of  Rome  to  exercife  au- 
thority in  the  dominion  of  the  Franks,  the  way  was  pre- 
pared to  gain  an  entire  fuhmiilion  to  that  authority,  when, 
in   fo  capital  a  point  as  this,    it  fhould  be  exercifed  in  his 
favour.    It  is  alio  affirmed,  that  Burcard,  bifhop  of  Wirtz- 
bouig,  and  Fulrade,  abbot   of  St.  Denis,   were  fent  am- 
bafiadors  to  pope  Zachary  at  Rome,  to  lay  before  him  the 
ftate  of    affairs   in    France,  and  to   intreat  him  to  decide 
whether  the  regal  dignity  fhould  remain  in  one  fo  little  ca- 
pable to  execute  it,  or  whether  itfhould  betransferred  to  an- 
ther,   upon  whom  the  welfare  of  the  flate  had   fo  long  de- 
pended, and  who  was  capable  of  adding  luflre  to  the  crown 
lie  received  from  his  perfonal  meritc.    It  is  added,  that,  to 
give  the  greater  weight  to  thefe  arguments,  it  was  hinted 

a  Aimon,  lib.   iv.  cap.  60.        b  Annates  Bertinian.      Annates 
Franc.  Breves.        t  Adon.  Chron. 

t» 


Ibe  Hiftory  of  Frame,  275 

to  the  pope  how  effectually  he  might  be  fupportcd  ajfai    ft 

lards,   and  releaied  from  all  dependence  on   the 

iperors,  if  he  paid  a  proper  regard  to  this  repre- 

tion.     Up  n  this  reprefentation,  it  ia  fuppofed,    he 

ired  it  lawful  to  exclude  one  prince,  and  to  let  up  art- 

this  might  be  done  in  a  manner  the  molt 

fatisfactory  that  could  be  to  the  people,  St.  Boniface,  bifhop 

ofMentz,    the   pi  re,  performed  the  ceremony  of 

his  inauguration  at  Soiflbns :  fome,  forgetting  that  of  C 

Pay    that    this    was    the  iirft  folemn  coronation,    with 

unction,  that  was  ever  feen  in  France  ;   and  that  Pepin 

particularly  pleafed  to  have  this  ceremony  compared 

to  the  anointing  of  David  by  Samuel,  upon  the  rejecting  of 

Saul*. 

But  to  the  whole  of  this  (lory  there  are  fome  very  ftrong  OhjtBhnt 
objections.  Such  as,  that  the  ancient  chronicles  areequally  to  the 
filent  as  to  the  concurrence  of  the  pope,  and  as  to  this  hifl*rj§f 
folemn  coronation  ,  that  the  pupil  of  this  faint  Boniface        '*?"" 

n  ,  •  r     i-  i.i,       1  juration  by 

an  entire  ftranger  to  this  traniadion  ;   am!  that,    long  %oniface 

after  the  fuppofed   fanction   and  coronation,   Pepin's  con-  etrcibijkp 

fcience  was  uneafytill  bis  fcraples  were  cured  by  another  o/Mntx, 

pope.      But,  whatever  incertainty  there  may  be  as  to  the 

means,  there  was  none  at  all  as   to   the  fail e.    Childeric, 

after  having  his  hair  cut  off,    was  conducted   to  the  mo- 

naitery  of  Sithieu,  in  the  diocefe  dfTerovenne,  now  tie 

abbey  of  St.  Bertin  at  Omers.     Therehe  vedasa 

monk  by  the  abbot  Nanthaire,  and  breathed  his  laft  in  this 

pi  ice,    about  three  or  four  years  afterwards  ;  his  con  fore 

lie  was  lil  it  into  a  convent ;  and  their  fonThi- 

crri,   being   (haved,    pa  fled  the  remainder  of  his   days  in 

the  monaftery  of  Pontandle,   or,  as  it  is  now  fly  led,  Van- 

diille,  in  Normand 

Th  igilance  and  activity  which  Pepin  had  found  ptp\n  re- 

requifite  in  acquiring  the  crown,  became  no  left  necefTary  duces  the 

to  keep  it.     The    Saxons,   notwithftandirtg    all   they    had  Saxtmi, 

fuflered,  were  again  in  arms  ;  aerunft  whom  Pepin  marched   Is A 
•  1  :  -r   1 . 1  ,-  1  1  Griffon  is 

an  army,  cnaltlied  them  very  leverely,  and  augmented  ^7^/    a<j 

their  annual  tribute.      At  his  return  from  this  war  he  had  he  humbles 
count  of  the  death  of  his   brother  Griffon  j  in  relat-  '*•  Br>itns 
ing  which,   however,   authors  arc  not  wc'l  agreed.     Pepin  at^o:hen, 
fent  a  herald  t.>  demand  him  from  the  dv.liv  of  Aquitai 
and  that  duke  abfolutely  refilling  to  deliver  him  up,  he  re- 
mained fome  time  at  his  court;    but  conceiving,  as  fome 
piciOOj  that,   if  he  iliouid  be  once  attacked,  the 

<•  Contin.  Fic.f  ulei  e  An.ift.  in  Vita 

S'.^lian.  III.  m.  FonUri.     Chro.i.  Sithucn. 

duke 


27 6  The  Hi/lory  of  France. 

duke  would  make  his  own  peace  at  bis  expence,  or  elfe 
fluttering  himfelf  with  hopes  of  being  better  fupported  by 
Aftolphus,  king  of  the  Lombards,  he  endeavoured  to  re- 
tire into  Italy  ;  but  finding  the  pafs  of  Maurienne  guarded 
by  a  corps  of  troops  commanded  by  Theodon,  count  of 
Vienne,  and  Frederick,  governor  of  Burgogne  Tiansju- 
rane,  or  the  Farther  Burgundy,  he  boldly  attacked  him 
with  a  handful  of  forces  he  had  with  him,  in  which  ac- 
tion all  the  three  chiefs  fell  s.  Others  allege,  that,  falling 
in  lo^e  with  the  duke  of  Aquitaine's  wife,  who  was  one 
of  the  bandfomeft  women  of  that  age,  the  duke  became  fo 
jealous  of  him,  that  Griffon  found  it  requisite,  for  his 
own  fafety,  to  retire  into  Italy,  and  was,  by  that  prince's 
order,  aflaffinated  in  his  pafTage.  Be  that  as  it  may,  it 
was  a  great  piece  of  good  fortune  to  Pepin,  who  Jolt  in 
this  brother  the  molt  bitter  and  determined  enemy  he  ever 
had,  ami  who,  as  long  as  he  lived,  would  never  have  de- 
fifled  from  giving  him  trouble.  The  Bretons  having  made 
fome  incurlions  during  Pepin's  abfence,  he  made  an  inva- 
lion  into  their  country,  and  forced  the  count  to  purchafe 
peace  by  renewing  his  homage  h.  This  fuceefs  raifed  his 
reputation  fo  high,  that  a  noble  Goth,  whofe  name  was 
Anfimonde,  having  feized  the  towns  of  Nimes,  Maga- 
lone,  Agde,  and  Bcficrs,  and  gallantly  defended  them 
againft  the  Moors,  demanded  of  his  own  accord  the  pro-, 
.lection  of  Pepin,  and  became  his  vaffal.  This  event  open- 
ed a  pafTage  for  the  Franks  into  the  country  which  the 
Goths  formerly  held,  and  which  was  now  po  fie  fled  by  the 
infidels,  and  gave  Pepin  an  opportunity  of  inverting  Nar- 
bonne  j  the  fiege  of  which  his  father  had  been  forced  to 
raife.  He  found  it  fo  flroug,  and  fo  well  defended,  that 
he  was  obliged  to  turn  his  fiege  into  a  blockade,  and,  after 
it  had  lafted  three  years,  it  was  rendered  into  his  hands: 
an  acquisition  equally  valuable  in  its  nature,  and  honour- 
able in  the  world's  opinion  '. 
PopeSte-  An  affair  of  greater  confequence  now  demanded  theking's 

fhtn  III.  attention.  The  popes  had  long  thought  themfeb'es  in  a 
JJJJjJgJJw  difbreft  and- precarious  condition,  and  Stephen  the  Third! 
and  comes  looked  upon  his  cafe  to  be  defperate.  On  one  fide,  Aftol- 
ltinto  phus,  king  of  the  Lombards,  had   made  himfelf  mafier  of 

France  to      the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,    and  almoft  all  that  the  Greek 
receive  it.    emperors  held  in  Italy,  infilled   upon  being  acknowleged 
king  at  Ptome,  and  threatened  the  city  with  a  fiege  if  the 

%  Adon.  Chron.  *»  Aimon.  lib.  iv.    Annates  Franc. 

1  Annates  Mctenfes. 

pope 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  277 

pope  did  not  comply  k.     On  the  other  hand,   the  emperor 

>pronymus,  treading  in  the  footlleps  of  his 

r,  was  zealous  in  the  fupportof  the  [conoclaftf, 

-breakers,  whom  the  pope  treated  as  heretics,  and 

from  whom,  therefore,  he  could  expect  but  little  affiltmce. 

In  this  critical  conjuncture,  he  firit  defired  to  have  a  fafe 

conduct  to   come   to   Pavia  to  tre.it  with  Aitolphus  ;   and 

i  he  found  him  not  to  be  moved  by  prefents,  prayers, 
or  tears,  he  demanded  leave  to  retire  into  France.  In 
this  demand  fa  onded  by  the  French  ambatTadors, 

fo  iJiat  Aitolphus,  though  eery   unwilling,  was  obliged  to 
confent,  and  the  pope  accordingly  proceeded  in  his  jour* 

.  On  his  arrival  Pepin  paid  him  all  poflible  relpect, 
lodged  him  in  the  abb  :y  of  St.  Denis,  and  took  all  the  care 

i  lable  of  him  during  a  long  ficknefs.  In  return,  the 
pontiff  ihewed  himfelf  ready  to  gratify  him  in  whatever  he 
could  defire,  and  particul  irly  abfolved  liim  for  the  breach 
of  his  oath  to  his  mailer  Childeric  :  he  alfo  crowned  him 
in  the  church  of  St.  Denis,  together  with  his^qucen  Ber- 
trade,  bellowing  at  the  lame  time  the  regal  unction  upon 
his  fons  Charles  and  Carloman  ;  addirig  to  all  this,  the  title 
of  Romanorum  Patricio*,  for  him  and  each  of  his  fons, 
which  was  to  be  interpreted,  declaring  them  patrons  or 
protectors  of  the  Horn  an  people;  an  honour  of  which  the 
pope  fufficiently  availed  himfelf  m. 

The   king  of  the  Lombards,  who  very  eafily  faw  what  P/^n  t?1' 
all  this  would  end   in,    lent  for  Optatus,   abbot  of  Mount  t^se^tk 
Caffin,  to  whom,  having  represented  the  mifchievouscon-  tn'oltay 
fequences  that  would  attend  a  war  in  Italy,  he  compelled  -wih  an 
the  abbot  to  enjoin  Carloman  to  go  with  all  polhblc   fpeed  *rmf* 
to  his  brother's  court,  to    diffunde  Pepin  from   coming  to   I'/'ul 
extremities.  Carloman  obeyed  his  abbot,  went  into  France,  l0  a  pta:t^ 
and,   as  a  certain  hidorian  fays,  pleaded  fo  zealoufly  for  nuhukht 
his  client,   that  he  equally  offended  the  king  and  the  pope,  breaks  jot* 
infomuch  that  the  formet,  at   the  perfuafiou   cf  the  latter,  a^l,r' 
put  his  children  into  convents,    and  fhaved  them  ;   which 

.  ity,  with  other  ill  ofage,  had  fuch  an  eifect  upon  the 
mind  of  that  virtuous  and   honed    prince,   that  he  did  not 

furvive  it.  \  His  difcourfe,  however,  made  fuch  an 
impreffion  upon  the  French  lords,  that  they  were  by   no 

is  inclined  to  enter  into  the  war,  but  infilled  that  am- 
bafladors  fhould  be  fent  lo  AftcJphus,  to  try  whether  ih« 
difpute  might  not  be  ad j lifted.  He  made  great  conceffions; 
but  the  pope    would    not  be  fatiilied,   and  at   length    fo 

k  Amft.  in  Vita  Srtphan.  III.  '  Cont-n.   Chron.    Fredeg. 

Paul.  Diacoa.  li::t.  Long.  h->.  vi.  i  Ann* \tt  Mcterfle* 

T  3  wrought 


2j 8  y&  Hiftory  of  France. 

wrought  upon  the  nobility,  by  his  intreaties,  that  the  war 
was  refolved.  Pepin  conducted  the  pope,  with  an  army, 
back  into  Italy,  and,  having  forced  the  pafs  of  Mauriennc, 
befieged  Aflolphus  in  Pavia,  and  obliged  him  not  only  to 
renounce  all  pretenfions  to  the  fovereignty  of  Rome,  but 
alfo  to  relinquish  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  and  all  his 
conqueits  :  for  the  due  performance  of  which  tieaty,  in  all 
its  points,  he  took  the  king's  oath,  and  that  of  his  princi- 
pal nobility  °.  Being  thus  mafter  of  Ravenna,  he  bellowed 
it,  as  a  free  gift,  if  the  French  hiftorians  may  be  credited, 
on  the  pope  and  his  fucceflbrs,  and  at  the  fanie  time  fent 
the  pontiff  to  Rome,  under  the  efcoit  of  a  conuderable 
body  of  troops,  commanded  by  his  natural  brother  Jerom. 
How  generous  foever  Pepin's  intentions  might  be,  or  how 
grateful  foever  the  pope  might  fcem  for  this  benefit,  yet 
he  had  a  fecret  referred  right,  by  which  he  difpenfed  with 
the  notion  of  accepting  this,  in  the  light  of  a  donation  p. 
The  exarchate  of  Ravenna  had  belonged  to  the  emperor 
Conftantine  Copronymus,  whom  he  confidered  as  a  here- 
tic ;  in  that  light  he  ceafed  to  have  any  tight  to  hold 
it;  and,  as  the  fpoil  of  a  heretic,  it  belonged  to  the  church. 
This  lingular  and  extraordinary  right  could  not  be  defeated 
either  by  the  conqueft  of  the  king  of  the  Lombards,  or  by 
the  taking  it  from  him  by  the  king  of  the  Franks ;  lb  that 
the  bounty  of  Pepin,  in  the  pope's  fenfe,  was  only  putting 
him  in  poiTefTJon  of  a  thing  to  which  he  had  a  ju(t  title, 
and  which  had  been  withheld  from  him  by  force.  If  the 
pope  had  his  referves,  Aflolphus  had  likewife  his  fecond 
thoughts,  which  were,  that  he  had  paid  too  high  a  price 
for  railing  the  fiege,  and  therefore,  as  loon  as  the  Franks 
were  retired,  he  refufed  to  comply  with  the  treaty,  or  to' 
part  with  a  iingle  town  of  his  conqueits  •,  the  pope,  as  loon 
as  he  was  informed  of  this  refufal,  difpatched  abbot  Ful- 
rade  to  carry  his  complaints,  and  to  demand  frefli  aiuilancc 
from  king  Pepin  i. 
Teb'mre-  Aflolphus  had  forefeen    the   ftep  the  pope  would  take, 

turns  to        and,  therefore,  to  complete  hisfcheme,  invefled  Rome,  in 
t/u pope's     the  month  of  January,  demanding  of  the  inhabitants   to 

affiilance,      navc  tne  n0pe  delivered  into  his  hands  ;   in  which  cafe  he 
an.i  ompels  -,■    , '     '  ,      ,  •  ,  ,  .  ,  -r    „      , 

j/ji'fitJi      promited  to  do  him  no  hurt,    threatening  otherwile  to  de- 

uumore      molifli  the  city,  and  put  them  to  the  fword.     The  people, 

no/a-        having  (o  recent  an  example  of   the  king's  preferring  his 

intereft  to  his  engagements,  rejected  the  proportion,  and 


mo  as 
ft  act 


°  Cont.  Fredcgnr.  p  Anaft.  in  Vita  Stephan.  Ill-    Adon. 

Citron,  i  Paul,  Biacon.  fciili.  Long.  Hiitoire  de  France,  par 

.Daniel, 

prepared 


TI.c  Hijlory  of  Fram  c.  27) 

prepared  to  make  a  vigorous  defence.   Aftolphus  dcftroyecl 
all  their  country  palaces,  and   ruined  every  thing    in    the 

ibourhoodof  Rome;  outrages  which  ferved  only  to 
provoke  them,  and  diftrefs  his  own  troops.     Thefc  nlsof 

ity  took  from  the  Romans  all  thoughts  of   f.ifety  hut 

.  ;i  brave  defenc   •,  which,  with  the  help  of  the  French 
fo  well  conducted,  that    Aftolphus  was  (liil 

re  Rome  when  he  heard  the  news  that  Pepin  had  re- 
paired the  Alps,  bad  inverted  Pavia,  and  that,  in  fliort,  he 
was  on  the  point  of  lofing  his  capital,  and,  perhaps  his  da- 
minions  r.    He  was  conftrained,  therefore,  to  make   peace 

ond  rime,  upon  terms  infinitely  worfe  than  thofe  to 
which  he  fubmitted  before.  Befldes  abandoning  Ravenna 
and  all  his  conquefts,  with  the  addition  of  Comachio,  he 
was  obliged  to  pay  a  large  fum  of  money,  under  the  title 
of  the  expences  of  the  war,  and  to  fubmit  to  the  revival 
of  the  old  tribute,  which  hid  been  reliuquilhed  by  Clotaiie 
the  Second.  The  peace  being  made,  Pepin  made  a  tour 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  received  with  great  pomp; 
but  finding  that  his  flay  gave  great  uneaiinefs  to  the 
Greeks,  and  was  not  very  acceptable  to  the  pone,  he  quickly 
left  the  city,  having  renewed  and  confirmed  his  donation. 
Having  conitrained  Aftolphus  to  perform  the  rreatyinevcry 
refpecl,  he  fent  the  keys  of  Ravenna  and  the  rclt  of  the 
cities,  by  the  abbot  Fulrade,  who  was  his  chancellor,  to 
Rome;  who  offered  them  on  the  tomb  of  St.  Peter,  in  an- 
fwer,  as  it  may  be  fuppofed,  to  the  letter  which  the  pope 
tranfmitted  to  him  during  the  fiege,  and  which  wis  penned 
in  the  name  of  that  apoftle  s.  In  all  probability  things 
might  have  once  more  changed  their  face,  if  Aftolphus 
bad  not;  fallen  from  hishorfe,  as  he  was  hunting,  and  broke 
his  neck.  This  accident  produced  great  confufion  ;  for 
he  had  mounted  the  throne  upon  the  abdication  of  his  bro- 
th' r  R.ichis,  who,  of  his  own  accordj  retired  to  the  mo- 
nailery  of  Mount  Callin,  and  lived  there  with  duke  Car- 
loman.  The  throne  being  now  vacant,  mo:l  of  the  nobi- 
lity invited  him  to  reafcend  it  ;  while,  on  the  other  h  md, 
Didier,  general  of  Altolphus's  forces,  was  very  defirous 
of  exchanging  his  fword  for  a  feepter '.  The  talk  was  dif- 
ficult ;  he  had  not  fo  much  as  the  colour  of  a  title;  bur, 
to  fupply  this  defect,  he  had  recoiufe  to  the  pope,  ami  be- 

vith  fulfilling  the  late  tieaty  to  the  utmoir.  ;  next  he 
made  a  prefent  of  the  city  of  Bologna  and  its  dinner. ;  and 

'  Cont.  Freileg.      Annft.    in  Vita  S-.epIiam    III.                  'An- 

FuUlenf.       AJon.    Chron.  '  Paul  Diacon.  Mitt. 
Longobard. 

T  4  laftly 


280  The  Hiftory  of  France. 

laftly  he  promifedthe  moil  profound  obedience  for  himfelf 
and  his  fucceflbrs.     Upon  thefe  advances,  the  pope  repre- 
fented  to  Rachis,  that  his  endeavour  to  refume  the  crown 
was    a  wicked  and    facrilegious    attempt ;    a   declaration 
which  his   piety  induced  him  to  believe;  fothat,  retiring 
back  again  to  his  convent,  he  left  the   kingdom  to  Didier, 
and  the  pope  in  pofleffion  of  the  places  he  had  difmem- 
bered    from   it,  with  fome  other  advantages  arifing  from 
his  fanction  afforded  to  this  fettlementu. 
^  D  _55#      Pepin,  after  his  return  into  his  own  dominions,  employ- 
_  t>A  hinvCiAf  chiefly    in   regulating   public   affairs;  and,  for 
After  hit      this  purpofe,  held  the  annual  aflembly  of  the  dates  atCom- 
retwn  the    piegne,  not  in  the  month  of  March,  as  the  ancient  cuftom 
kutf  fettles  was^  jjUt   jn    ^,jay  .   wnjch  alteration,  we  are    told,  took 
rioreo-        place  from  their  having  now  cavalry  in  their  army  ;  where- 
tvernmmt     as,  in  the  earlier  times,  the  forces  of  the  Franks  confifted 
of  his  entirely  of  foot ;  and,  as  thefe  aflemblies  were  held  im- 

realm,  and  mediately  before  they  took  the  field,  it  was  neceflary  they 
"'ft**"/'.      mou^    wait  till   there    was  forage  w.     In  the  aflembly  of  . 
"fairs.  this  year,  Taffilon,  Pepin's  nephew,   and  duke  of  Bavaria, 

did  homage  for  his  dominions.     The   king  of  the  Sclavo- 
nians,  of  his  own  accord,  demanded  the  protection  of  Pe- 
pin, and  did  the  like.     The   Greek   emperor  fenthisam- 
baffadors,  to   reprel'ent  the   injuflice  that    had    been  done 
him,  in  giving   the  pope  the  exarchate   of  Ravenna  and 
other  diftricts  in  Italy,  and  at  the  fame    time    made  him 
very  magnificent  prefents.      Amongft  thefe  was    the   firft 
organ  ever  ken  in  France,  which    was   given  by  the  king 
to   the   church  of  Compiegne.     Next  year  died  the  pope; 
and  his  brother  Paul,  being  chofen  his   fucceffor,  fent  to 
intreat  king  Pepin  to  continue  to  him  his  protection;  which 
the   king  very  kindly  promifed,  and   very  punctually  kept 
his  word  x.    In  the  courfe  of  the  following  year  the  Saxons 
made  a  general  revolt,  which  conftrained  the  king  to  turn 
the  forces  of  his  dominions  on  that  fide.     This  diVerlion 
gave  the  Lombards  an  opportunity  of  difturbing  the  pope, 
ami  endeavouring,  in  conjunction  with  the  Greek  emperor, 
to  recover  -all  the  places  that  had  been  yielded  to  the  fee  of 
Rome;  but  Pepin,  returning  victorious,  and  having  con- 
ftrained the  Saxons,  not  only   to  fubmir,  but  to  add  like- 
wife  to  their  former  tribute  three  hundred  horfe,  to  be  pre- 
sented annually  in  the  aflembly  held  in  the  month  of  May, 
had  leifure  to  look  abroad,  and  to  give  the  pope  that  pro- 

u   Anaft.  in  Vita   Stephan.  III.    Adon.  Chron.  w  Annnles 

Mctcnles.    Hiiioire  de  Fran,  par  P.  Daniel.  *  Cont.  Fredeg. 

tcction, 


The  ll'iflory  of  France,  281 

n,  of  which  he  flood  in  great  need.  He  font  for  this 
>fe  his  ambaffadors  to  ravia,  to  declare  to  king  Di- 
dicr,  that,  if  he  did  not  immediately  put  all  tilings  on  the 
of  the  treaty  made  when  he  was  lalt  in  Italy,  he  would 
return  thither  with  an  army,  and  regulate  them  in  fuch  a 
manner  as  lhould  put  it  out  of  his  power  to  create  any  far- 
ther dillurbances.  Didier  was  conft  rained  to  fubmir,  and 
to  promife  all  that  was  demanded ;  but  with  a  full  inten- 
tion not  to  keep  his  word,  in  c.ife  any  opportunity  fliould 
oiler  of  breaking  it  with  impunity  r. 

fre,  or  Va»far,  duke  of  Aquitaine,  regarded  the  prof-  ^  p.  -g^ 

perity  of  Pepin  with  an  envious  eye;   and,  on  the  other  , . 

band,  that  monarch  wanted  only  a  fair  opportunity  to  de-  War  with 
fpoil  him  of  his  dominions.  This  difpofition  in  both  ren-  t^eaukeof 
dered  them  perpetually  reltlefs  and  uneafy.  Vaifar  fpoiled  A<iuita<«e' 
fume  churches  of  their  lands,  the  bifliops  of  which  had  put 
themfelves  under  the  protection  of  France.  Pepin  de- 
manded restitution  by  his  ambafTadors;  hut  the  negotiation 
proceeding  but  flowly,  he  palled  the,  Loire  with  an  army, 
obliged  him  to  promife  what  he  had  demanded,  and  to 
give  holtages  for  the  performance  of  what  he  .promis- 
ed z.  Next  year,  when  Pepin  was  at  a  great  dill  nice,  re- 
gulating affairs  in  his  German  dominions,  the  duke  of 
Aquitaine  fent  an  army  to  Burgundy,  where  they  ravaged 
the  country  as  far  as  Chalons  ;  and,  having  burned  the 
fuburbs  of  that  city,  returned  loaded  with  booty.  Pepin 
was,  by  no  means,  of  a  humour  to  endure  fuch  an  infult ; 
he  returned,  therefore,  with  all  poffible  expedition,  pafled 
the  Loire  with  his  army>  ravaged  all  the  country  as  far  as 
Limoges;  an  I,  that  it  might  remain  in  a  defcncelefs con- 
dition, razed  all  the  ca files  in  Auvergne  J.  Next  year  he 
pafled  the  Loire  for  the  third  time,  laid  fiege  to  Bourges, 
and,  having  made  himlelf  mailer  of  it  after  a  long  defence, 
repaired,  and  placed  in  it  a  good  garrilbn.  He  pufhed 
things  lb  far  this  campaign,  that  Remiflain,  uncle  to  duke 
w,  believing  the  ruin  of  his  nephew  to  be  inevitable, 
iiirted  to  the  king,  and  was  extremely  well  received. 
The  fpriug  following,  Pepin  aiTembled  a  numerous  army 
at  Nevers  ;  with  which  he  palled  the  Loire,  walling  all 
the  country  before  him  with  fire  and  fword,  under  a  full 
perfuafion,  that,  before  the  end  of  the  fummer,  he  lhould 
drive  the  duke  out  of  his  dominions :  and  it  is  highly  pro- 
bable this  would  have  happened  if  an  onforefeen  accident 

t  P.ml.  Diacon.  Hilt.  Long.  7  Anaft.  in  Vila  Stryhan.  III. 

Adon.  Chrou.  •  Ciuou.  Fuld. 

had 


282  The  Hijiory  of  France. 

had  not,  for  the  prefent,  entirely  changed  the  face  of  af- 
fairs b. 
AD.  763.       Taffilon,   duke  of  Bavaria,    his  nephew,  had  remained 

at  his  court  from   the   time  he  did  him  homage,   and  even 

Ike  duke  h^j  attended  him  in  fome  of  thefe  expeditions;  but,  about 
riarttires  ^ie  t'me  °^  the  rendezvous  at  Nevers,  he  feigned  an  in- 
intohis  difpofition,  ant),  while  his  uncle  was  in  the  field,  retired, 
owh  do-  with  all  poffible  fpecd  and  fecrefy,  into  his  own  dominions. 
mmions,       There  he  acted  as  an  independent  prince,  married  adaugh- 

at*drt-  ter  of  the  kin?  of  the  Lombards,  and  difcovered  plainly, 
nounces  his  .«    .  v      ...  .   **  .      ..  ,  -      -,  r    *         ,J' 

himteeto  that  ne  (U"  not  inc'ine  to  be  a  tame  ipectator  of  the  dc- 
Ttb'm.  ftru&ion  of  the  duke  of  Aquitaine.     Pepin,  upon  the  firit 

intelligence  of  his  nephew's  retreat,  repaired  the  Loire, 
leaving  behind  him  many  flagrant  proofs  of  his  indignation 
againlt  both  dukes,  and  of  his  defire  to  make  them  feel 
the  full  weight  of  bis  refentment c.  He  was,  however,  far 
from  departing,  even  in  thefe  circumftances,  from  the 
character  which  he  had  eftablifhed  for  prudence  ;  he  de- 
termined to  chaftiie  thefe  princes,  but  he  would  not  take 
any  fuch  violent  meafures  as,  in  their  confequences  at 
leafr,  might  challife  his  fubjrcls  and  himfelf.  lie  aug- 
mented the  fortifications  and  the  garrifon  of  Bourges;  he 
repaired  feveral  orher  places  on  the  frontiers,  and  filled 
them  with  troops.  By  this  difpofition  he  covered  his  own 
country,  while  that  of  his  enemy  was  expofed  to  continual 
incurfions.  He  reckoned  himfelf,  therefore,  fee u re  on 
this  iu\ey  and,  for  the  two  fucceeding  years,  held  the  an- 
nual aiTerriblies  in  May,  in  the  city  of  Worms;  having 
always  about  him  fuch  an  army,  as  obliged  the  duke  of  the 
Bavarians  to  refpecf.  the  king  of  France,  though  lie  had 
vifibly  difregarded  him  as  his  uncle.  T.illilon  was  a  young 
prince  of  parts  and  of  difcernment ;  he  had  a  mind  to  be 
independent,  and  he  was  jealous  of  the  power  of  Pepin  ; 
he  was  fenfible  of  his  dilpleafure  j  but,  as  things  flood,  he 
faw  it  was  not  his  intereft  to  pufh  farther,  by  committing 
hoftilitiesd.  Pepin  had  his  reafons  likewifefor  keepingon 
thedefenfive ;  he  was  endeavouring  to  detach  the  king  of  the 
Lombards  from  his  alliance  with  the  Greek  emperor,  and 
he  had  another  negotiation  on  the  carpet  with  thatemperor, 
who  had  his  ambafiadors  at  hi;  court,  labouring  to  perfuade 
him  not  to  hinder  his  recovering  Ravenna,  and  at  the  fame 
time  propofing  a  marriage  between  prince  Leo  and  the 
princefs  Gefilie,  daughter  to  Pepin.  As  to  the  firft,  he 
anfwered  plainly,  that  he  had  conquered  Ravenna  from 
the  Lombards,  that  he  had  given  it  to  the  fee  of  Rome, 

&  Contin.  Fredeg.     Adon.  Chron.  c  Annales  Metenfes. 

«*  An  aft.  Bibiioth. 

aW 


Ifr/lory  of  I  283 

that  be  would  maintain  the  pope  in  his  poffefli 

Litter,  he  raifed  difficulties  from  the  emperor,  at- 
ient  to  the  Iconoclafts.  .  .      ,  .   ^ 

In  the  mean  time  the  duke  of  Aqmtatne,  perceiving  how  A.D  7G$. 
diftreffedbythisnew  manne 
andtl  paring  to  pafs  the  Loirt :agair .with  *£%* 

a  numerous  army,   had   recourfc  to  a  very  fingular  and  ilukt(if 
Orange  expedient.     He  difmantled  molt  of  the  great  towns  A,,ul_ 
that  v  ireft  the  enemy,  fortified  a  few  of  the  ftrongeit  tmim, 

.  he  had  j  and,  affembling  a  great  army,  refolyed  to  «WW 
Jry  his  fortune  in  the  Held.  Pepin,  having  palled  the  Lone    »**£  / 
in  ro  repair  and  fortify  the   places  which  the  duke  had  J/wWi 

,  to  prevent  which  defignVaifar  advanced  di-  peactt 
,■  towards  him  with  his  forces,  and  gave  him  battle  c. 
He  had  the  misfottune  to  be  totally  defeated  5  and  this  de- 
feat had  fuch  an  efieft  up011  his  fPirits>  that  hf~nt  \°  dfT 
(ire  peace,  almolt  upon  any  terms  that    the  vidor  ihould 
ribe.     Pepin  paid  little  regard  to  his  propofinon,  pur- 
fried  his  own  fcheme  of  rcltnring  the    d.fmantled  towns, 
receiving  into  his  protedion  all  who  lubmttted.     Hi 
nephew,  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  who  had  exad  intelligence 
of  his  uncle's  proceedings,  thought  it   high  time  to  make 
his  own  peace,  and  not  run  the  hazard  of  being  treated  as 
lukeof    \quitaine  was,,  when   he  fhould  be  undone. 
king  made  no  difficulty  of  accepting  his  fubmiffionj 
which,  indeed,  was  all  tiuu  he  wanted,  and  wa«,  with  good 
rcafon,  well  pleafed  with  obtaining  all  the  eiFeds  of  vie- 
tory,  without  fo  much  as  running  the  hazard  of  a  war. 

To  give  fome  content  to  the  Greek  emperor  Conltantine  *•  "■  7t>~- 
Copronymus,  and  that  his  own  proceedings  mightajmear  w,  „ 
the  more  impartial,  Pepin  ordered  a  general  aiicmbly  ot  rflurni  f# 
tj-lC  |  •  ,  be  held  at    Gcntdli,    a   royal  villa  about  a  ,/,, 

league  from  Paris;  where   the  great  point    of   image:,    in  of  hunt- 
churches  was  folemnly  difcuffed.     But  what,  or,   indeed,  M; 
whether  any  relblution  was  taken,  docs  n  '• f.    This   ^."^  ^  fj 

affembly  feems  to   have  been  held  about  Cbrittmas  ;  and  td 
r,  notwithstanding  the  rigour  of  the  leaion,  the  ha., 
3  iixth  expedition   into  Aquitaiuc,   whei 
..ed  fouloufe,  and  all  the  adjacent  country.     He 
,-  at  Vienne;   and  the  fummer  b 
hot,  put  his  army  into  quarters  of  cantonment.   At  length, 
in  the  month  of  Auguft,  after  having  hold  another  affembly  ■ 

of  the  nobilir  ges,  he  ordered  his  forces  to  take  the 

,  ;\m\  advance  towards  the  Garonne  ;    •  gra- 

duallyforced  all  the  fortiBed  pofts,  and  at   length  pulhed 

*  Annaiei  Mfttnfct,        f  F-inard  ad  an.  predict  Adan.  Gfcr»*. 

their 


2S4 


A.  D.  76S 

Ihe  -war 
in  Aqu- 
Jaine  car- 
ried on 
ivith  qji- 
gour,  anJ 
xu,tk  a 
view  to 
ute 

CQIiquefi. 


The  Hiftory  of  France. 
their  conquefls  as  far   as   the  Upper  Auvergne  *.     In  the 

recced  b^tCrPaign'  ^5^  who  ^  ^  *>  - 
received  by  the. king,  returned  again  to  his  nephew;  and 

to  make  an  atonement  for  bis  defertion,  as  well  a    to  con- 

change,  headed  agamit  the  French  with  cruelty  as  well  as 

curiions.  As  the  lengrh  of  this  ruinous  war  had  fence 
left  the  poffihhtyof  fubfiftenccin  a  fettled  condnfo  ?  1  e 
country  fwarmed  with  men  ready  to  undertake  any  thing 

of  thefe,  Remdhnn  performed  fome  confiderabie  exploits. 
Pepin,  equal  y  piqued  at  the  depredations  he  made,  and 
his  ingratitude    not   only  difpatched  feveral  parties  to      - 
prefsh  mand  Ins  allocates,  but  alfo   gave  eiprefs  direc- 
tions, t;at,   f  p^blC|  th      (hould  k.Jh.         1  - 

at  length,  they  did  ;  and,  having  brought  him  into  Pepin' 

fs^Js^r rcproachi,,g  him  fcvc^>  J™< 

*Trn  fC?ln5  aI!  thi"gS  prePareii  to  his  m!^,  and  having 
no  reafon  to  doubt  the  iuecefs  of  his  fehemes,  marched 
next  fummer  with  a  numerous  army,  to  the  banks  of  the 
river  Garonne,  fully  determined  to  put  an  end  to  the  war, 
by  a  judicious  and  v.gorous  exertion  of  the  fuperioritv  he 
hadmhishands.    Hie  people  and  the'  nobility,  equally  tern- 

hedandam,7ed,  fent  leputiestointreathiselemencvtowards 
thufe  who  were  no  longer  able  to  refill  him.     The  kine  of- 
fered to .take  them  immediately  inro  his  protedion,  upon 
their  fubmiflion,  and  taking  a,  oath  of  obedience.     They 
willingly  accepted  thefe  conditions:  upon  which  the  mo- 
ther, the   filler,  and   the  niece   of  Vaifar,    came  in,  and 
were  prefented  to  Pepin,  who  received  them  kindly.  Eoric 
who  had  married  another  lifter  of  the  duke's,  fur'rendered 
l.kewife,  and  met   with  the  like  treatment  K     It  now  ap- 
peared plainly    that  Pepin   hud   in  view  the  entire  and  ab- 
folute  conquefl  of  Aqoitaine,  a   defign  which   drove    the 
unfortunate  cuke  to  defpair.     He   retired,    with   a   fmall 
body  of  determined  men,  into  Saintqnge,  there  to  fell  their 
Jives  and  liberty  as  dear  as  poffible;  the  fmallnefs  of  his 
forces  leaving  him  fcarce  a  chance  for  victory,  and  the  fix- 
ation of  the  country  taking  from  him  all  hopes  of  efcape '. 
At  Home,  a .layman  hiving  feated  himfelf  in    the  chair  of 
t       u     "i'  thr,ou^h   the    countenance  of  the  king   of  the 
Lombards,  addreffed  himfelf  to  Pepin  for  fupport,  as  be- 


p  Com,  Fredeg. 
Fredeg. 


h   Ai;non.  lib.  iv.  cap.  67.  i  Cont. 


lievi 


f&g  Hiflory  of  France,  285 

:n  the  more  powerful  patron  of  the  twok;  but 
'on    was  well    made,  he   was  depofed, 
itephen  the  lourth  advanced  to  the  fee  of  Rome  ;  who 
likewife  fent  ambafladors  to  acquaint  Pepin  with  hip  ele- 
11  d  defire  his  protection  '. 
The  king,  eagerly  defiling  to  put  an  end  to  the  war,  and  Duie  o( 
to  accomplish  his  great  fcheme  of  uniting  Aquitaine  once  Aquitant 
more  to  the  crow:)  of  France,  leaving  big  queen  and  court  J1*1"1*  an<* 
..intes,  marched  to  attack   the    duke  in   his   fortified  J"* 0ftf>'* 
.     Authors  relate  very  differently  the  iflue  of  this  laft  adrotfy 
difpute.     Some    fay,  that,   after  being  defeated  in  battle,  at  S  . 
.rrounded  and  cut  to  pieces  as  he  endeavoured  Denis. 
to  make   his  efcape.     Others  allege,  that,  feeing  the  day 
loft,  his  own  people,   in  hopes  of  making  their   court  to 
the  victorious  monarch,  and  weary  of  fharing  the  misfor- 
tunes of  a  prince,  from  whom  they  could   now  expect  no 
reward,  put  an  end  to  his  forrows  and  his  life  .  However, 
it  is  univcrfally  allowed,  that  he  perifhed  with  his  arms  in 
his  hands  ;  and  that  he   died    unhappy,  but  uncpnquered. 
Thus,  in  the  fpace  of  nine  years,  Pepin  finilhed  his  con- 
quers, and  re-annexed  Aquitaine  to  his   dominions,  from 
which  it  had  been  detached  near  hill'  a  century.     He  had 
fcarce   time    to  taile  the  joy  of  ibis  great   event,    being 
fcized,  at  bis  return  to  Xaintes,  with   a   icver^  which  in- 
creafed  upon  his  being  carried  to  Tours,  out  of  devotion 
to  St.  Martin;  and,  being   conveyed    from    thence   to  St. 
Denis,  he   there  expired  of  a  dropfy,   and  a  complication 
of  diforders,  on  the  2jd  of  September,  in  the  year  768,  in 
the  fevenrcenth  of  his  reign,  and  in  the  fifty-fourth  of  hi* 
life".     He  was  interred  in  the  church  of  that  monaftery, 
with  all  poffible  honours,    and  his   death    deplored  by  all 
of  people  as  a  public  calamity  j  for  tiil  that  time  the 
French  had   not  feen    a    more   wife,  active,  or  fortunate 
prince;  one   who  had  maintained  peace  and  tranquility  at 
home,  and  at  the  fame  time  fupported,  and  even  augment- 
ed, the  credit  of  the  nation  abioad. 

His  figure  was  fo  far  from  having  anv  thing  in  it  majef-  TX/««- 
tic,  that    it  was  rather  the  contrary.     In  point  of  Mature,  jure  he  took 
we  are  told,  that  he  wanted  fix  inches  of  five  feet,  whence  ,0  t"ez'"'f 
he  was  fumamed  the  Short  ;  but  in  regard  to  fize,   he  was  Bf  "up",]^ 
of  fuch  a  make  as  procured  him  likewife  the  appellation  of  jr0m  ie»- 
:itht  Giofs,  or  the  Ftt.  Themonkof  St.  (Jul,  amongit  J*ri*$ku 
many  idle  ftories,  has  preferved  one  of  thiy  piince,  which  *'*""*'■ 

cat:  n..  t- 
'*■  Annul    RmM.  I  Anaft.  in  Vita  S'cplnn.  IV,  »  Egi-  Mt, 

nnrd  m  Vita  wV  <>rlt is  Cnoli  Magni,  Adon.  CiuOi),  A:mon.  Iib.iv. 
vap.  67. 

rr.oft 


285  Tfo  Hijiory  of  France. 

mod  of  the  hiftorians  have  tranfcribed,  and  which  indeed 
ought  to  be  preferved  n.  Pepin  had  been  informed  that 
fome  of  his  principal  commanders  had  made  themfelves 
merry  with  his  figure  ;  he  invited  them,  therefore,  to  a 
fpedtacle  at  Ferriers,  which,  in  that  age  was  not  uncom- 
mon. This  was  a  combat  between  a  lion  and  a  bull:  the 
king  was  feated  on  his  throne,  and  all  his  great  officers 
about  him,  when  the  beads  were  let  out.  The  lion  imme- 
diately leaped  upon  rhe  bull,  and  brought  him  to  the 
ground,  and  was  on  the  point  of  itrangling  him.  "  "Which 
of  you,  faid  Pepin,  will  make  that  bead  let  go  his  prey  ?" 
Hisgreatlords  gazed  in  filence.  "  That  talk  muft  be  mine," 
added  Pepin  ;  and  deleending  from  his  royal  feat,  advanced 
with  his  fword  drawn  directly  towards  the  beads.  Tin- 
lion,  turning  his  eyes  towards  him,  began  to  raife  himfelf 
upon  the  bull,  when,  at  a  fingle  blow,  the  king  divided 
the  head  from  the  body.  As  he  turned  to  his  throne,  He 
faid,  without  any  emotion,  "  David  was  a  little  man,  and 
yet  he  triumphed  over  Goliath  ;  Alexander  too  was  a  little 
man,  but  his  arm  was  fhonger,  and  his  heart  more  intre- 
pid, than  thofe  of  many  of  his  captains,  who  were  taller 
and  handfomer  than  he."  This  taught  his  officers  difcre- 
tion,  and  his  people  refpecX  We  may,  from  thefe  re- 
marks, with  great  certainty  infer,  that  this  founder  of  the 
fecond  race  of  French  kings  had  great  pe'rfonal  merit,  and 
might,  therefore,  have  deferved  a  more  honourable  in- 
fcuption  than  that  which  is  placed  upon  his  tomb,  Cy  gift 
Ic  Per c  de  Charlemagne  \  that  is,  Here  lies  the  father  of 
Charlemagne  °.  It  is  true,  this  fecond  race  are  ftyled  Car- 
lovingians ;  but  it  is  not  decided,  whether  in  honour  of 
Charles  Martel,  the  father  of  Pepin,  or  of  Charles  the 
Great,  his  ion.  Be  that  as  it  will,  Pepin  atchieved  what 
the  one  left  imperfeel,  and  opened  that  path  to  glory, 
which  the  other  purfued  with  fo  great  applaufe. 

»  Fauchet.  °  Mceur&  &  Coutumes    des  Francois,  P. 

Daniel. 


SECT. 


The  Hifiory  oj  Fra.  207 


SEC   T.     III. 

.  I   g  -/  of  Chirks   the  Great,  King  of 

f»HAK.LES  and  Carloman  fucceeded  their  father  Pepin,  charUt 
according  to  the  defire  that  monarch  expreifed  to  the  aUer- 
lity  that   were  about  him,  at  the  time  of  his  deceafe,  wards f*r- 
aii'l  were  folemnly  proclaimed  fix  teen  days  alter  his  death,  n,n!   , 
Charles  at  Noyon,  and  Carloman  at   Soifibns  ".     Charles  IHLJie 

time,  in  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  age,  ami  and<Mrl*- 
inarkably  tall  a;  his  father  wa3  lhort,  being  near  feven  man  fuc- 
11  proportioned,  but  rather  inclining  tj  '"^'**r 
tat,  a  frefli  floiid  complexion,  a  maje(lic   air,  very  robulT  p  Jff. 
in  his  conftitution,  gay  and  fprightly  in  his  temper,  very 
id  capable  of   bearing    much    fatigue;      i  i is  mind 
truly  heroic;  generally  fpeaking,  equal  and  compofed 
in  his  conduct,  fo  much  fuperior  to  fortune  as  never  to  be 
elthei  or  elated  1  focomrjrehenfivea  genius,  that  he 

not  only  afpired  to,  but  excelled  in,  ail  that  became  a  great 
prim    .  nt    officer,    an  able    ftatefriian,    a:, 

veiled  in   letters  as  any  man  of  hi-,  time  ;  zealous  in 

religion,  and  exact  in  bi&  devotion.     His  character,  fair 

•  wanted  not  bleroilhes,  which  arofe  chiefly  from 

imbition,  and  a   notion  he  received  from  thence,  that 

many  things  might  be  difpenfed  with  flora  rcafons  of  flute. 

■Ac  instances  he  was  certainly  not  mailer  of   his  paf- 

Goqs  ;  in  others  he  was  milled  by  the  errors  of  the  times ; 

but   Lake   him    in   the  whole  circle  of  his  character,  with 

tlmfe  allowances  that  are  commonly  made  for  fuch  as  acl  in 

fo  high  a  fphere,  and  he  mult  be  acknowledged  as  wife  and 

brave  a  monarch  as  th.it  or  perhaps  any  other  age   pro^lu-  • 

His  younger  brother  Carloman  refembled  him  very 

little  ;  his  virtues  or  his  vices  were  not  very  coufpicuous  j 

but  he  was  chiefly  diftinguiftied  by  a  content  ici- 

peevifh  difpofaion,  ft  him  iu.the    hands  of 

of  his  confi- 
!  who  gained  it  by  thi  trfl  in 

his  wav,  which  kept  him  pi  and  atfacl 

to  thole  who  made  him  th  the  br 

ible  to  their  birth  or  i 
relt,  and  both  were  too  much  ftrangers   to  bufinefs,  from 

•  Contin  FreoVgarit  b  V.ta  ct  Ofta   Carol i  Mi 

lum. 

the 


288 


A.D.  76S. 


The  old 
duke  of 
A}u\ta\ne 
caujes  the 
people  of 
that  coun- 
try to  re- 
iolt,  but  is 
quickly  dt- 
Jcuted. 


The  Hijiory  of  France, 

the  warm  and  enterprifing  humour  of  their  father,  who 
loved  to  execute  every  thing  himfelf.  It  feems  to  be,  in 
fome  meafure  certain,  that  a  divifion  of  Pepin's  dominions 
was  projected,  and  perhaps  fettled  between  them,  but  it  is 
very  uncertain  in  what  manner;  for  the  old  writers  con- 
tradict: each  other,  and  the  modern  hiftorians,  in  order  to 
reconcile  them,  fuppofe  that  there  were  two  divifion*,  and 
that  by  the  latter  Carloman  had  Auftrafia,  which  in  the 
former  had  been  given  to  Charles c.  But  it  feems 'to  be 
more  probable  that  the  divifion  was  never  executed ;  but 
that,  the  brothers  difngreeing,  the  difpute  was  left  to  be 
decided  in  the  next  aficmbly  of  the  prelates  and  peers. 
This  want  of  union  between  the  two  kings  revived  the 
hopes  of  thofe  who  were  enemies  to,  or  at  lead  jealous  of, 
both.  Didier,  king  of  the  Lombards,  andTaflilon,  duke 
of  the  Bavarians,  began  to  incrcafe  their  forces,  and  to 
enter  into  intrigues ;  but  the  ice  was  broke,  and  a  war  be- 
gun by  a  prince  of  whom  the  kings  had  not  the  lealt 
jealoufy,  and  with  whom  their  enemies  had  little  inter- 
courfe  d. 

Hunalde,  or  Munaud,  who  rcfigncd  the  duchy  of  Aqui- 
taine  to  his  fon  Vaifar,  after  fpending  between  twenty  and 
thirty  years  in  a  monaflery,  quitted  it  to  return  into  his 
old  dominions,  fuppofing  this  a  favourable  opportunity  of 
recovering  his  dignity,  and  reftoring  independency  to  that 
great  principality  e.  He  met  in  this  attempt  with  more  faci- 
lity than  he  had  any  reafon  to  expect  ;  for  though  his  being 
untverfally  hated  was  one  great  caufe  of  his  refigning,  yet 
he  was  now  untverfally  received  with  all  the  marks  or  reve- 
rence and  affection,  moll  of  the  great  towns  opening  their 
gates  to  him;  fo  that  this  great  conqueft,  which  had  been 
the  bufinefs  of  Pepin's  life,  was  in  a  manner  loft,  in  a  few 
weeks  time.  Charles  fuw  that  the  recovery  of  Aquitaine 
was  not  of  greater  importance  to  the  French  nation,  than 
to  his  own,  and  to  his  brother's  character.  For  this  reafon, 
he  reprefented  it  in  the  ftrongelt  terms  to  Carloman,  who 
confented  to  aflemble  his  forces  with  the  utmoft  expedition, 
and  to  march,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother,  againft 
their  common  enemy  :  but  by  that  time  the  army  was  af- 
iembled,  he  altered  his  fentiments,  withdrew  the  forces 
under  his  command,  and  left  his  brother  to  act  or  to  retire 
ashe  thought  fit  f.  Charles,  riotwithftandingthis  flrauge  be- 
haviour, and  the  unexpected  diminution  of  the  fortes  that 

c  Vita  Caroli  "Magni  a  Monacho  Carohii  Engolifmenfu. 
6  Annates  Kerumr  rancoruiu.  c  Eginard.  Viu  CaroliMag. 

i  Adon  Chron. 

were 


The  Hijlory  of  Franc?.       '  289 

■were  to  be  employed  in   the  war,  marched  directly  info 
id  having  defeated  Hunalde,  would  have  in- 
liim   priloncr,  but  for  his  perfect  knowlege 
.ntry,  the  people  abandoning  him  in  hisdiilrcfs,  as 
lightly  as  they    had  followed    him  upon  his  firil   coming 
amongfl  them  ;  which  defection  obliged  him  to  take  fheker 
in  the  territories  of  Lupus,  duke  of  Gafcony,  who  had  been 
tii->  tributary  }  but  who,  during  the  war  between  Pepin  and 
Vaifar,  had  erected  his  feignory  into  an  independent  prin- 
cipality «.     Charles  made  the  right  ufe  of  his  victory,  in  a.  P. -59. 
building  the  fortrefs  of  Froufac  on  the  Dordogne:  while  m 

this  was  doing,  he  advanced  with  his  forces  to  the  frontiers 
tfcony,  fending  a  herald  to  duke  Lupus,  to  demand 
the  perfon  of  Hunalde,  who  was  accordingly  delivered  up, 
and  confined  for  the  reft  of  his  life.  This  expedition  eftab- 
lilhed  the  character  of  Charles  at  home  and  abroad,  brought 
the  nobility  to  court  his  favour,  and  all  his  neighbours  to 
treat  for  his  friendfhip  h. 

Amongfl  thefe  was  Didier;  who,  though  naturally  an  By  the 
enemy  to  the  French,  and  willing  to  have  taken  theadvan-  death  of 
tage  of  Pepin's  death,  yet  perceiving  thatCharles  inherited  Carloman, 
his  capacity  together  with   his  dominions,  he  demanded  cfsarles  be~ 
his  filler  Gillette  for  the  prince  his   fon,  and  offered   his  f™t'maj{tT 
daughter  Hermengarde  either  to  Charles   or   his  brother.  0f  the 
This  propofal   alarmed  pope   Stephen  IV.   who  wrote  to  French 
Charles  in  the  ftrongeft  terms,  befeeching  him  not  to  bring  monarchy, 
a  fcandal  on  the  catholic  faith,  by  putting  away  his  wife, 
for  the  fake  of  taking  one  out  of  a  houfe  which  God  had 
curfed   with   a  leprofy ;  or,  after  refufing  his  filler  to  the 
firft  prince  in  the   world,  the  fon  of  the  Greek  emperor, 
beftow  her  on  him,  whofe  father  became  a  king  but  by  his 
favour  '.      The   queen-dowager,   however,  had  a   better 
opinion  of  the  match,  went  in  perfon  into  Italy  to   nego- 
ciate  it,  and  had  fo  ftrong  an  influence  on    Charles,  as, 
notwithstanding  the  pope's  letters,  to  induce  him  to  com- 
ply with  it.  In  the  courfe  of  her  progrefs  fhe  paid  a  vifit  iirit 
to  her  fon  Carloman,  and  afterwards  to  the  pope,   whom 
(he  pacified,  by  .((luring  him  that  fhe  would  ufe  herintereft 
with  Didier  to  relinquish  fome  places  which  he  ilill  with- 
held from  the  fee  of  Rome ;  which  promife  having  per- 
formed,   flic    conducted   her    new  daughter-in-law   into 
France  k.    There  fhe  found  things  in  fome  diforder;  for, 
notwithstanding  all  the  pains  flic  had  taken,  Carloman  had 
full  fo  ftrong  a  diftafte  to' his  brother,  that  he  was  preparing 

t  Eginard.  Vita  Caroli  Mag.        "  Annalei  Rerum  Francorurn. 
Monach  Eiigohhuenlii.  *  Adon.  Cluon. 

U  to 


z^o 


A.D.  771. 


Revolt  of 
the  Saxons, 
on  ivhich 
Charlts 
marches 
againft 
them,  and 
reduces 
them  to 
fubmijfion. 


The  Hijlory  of  France. 

to  attack  him,  when  he  was  fuddenly  removed  by  death. 
His  queen,  inthefiriltraiifports  of  grief  and  fear,  beingpro- 
bably  excited  to  it  by  thole  who  had  been  the  principal  au- 
thors of  the  mifunderftandings  between  the  two  brothers, 
and  who  were  apprehenfive  of  feeling  the  weight  of 
Charles's  refentment,  withdrew,  with  her  two  fons,  her 
hufband's  treafures,  and  thefe  counfellors,  into  the  domi- 
nions of  the  king  of  the  Lombards1.  Charles  ex pre fled 
fome  concern  at  the  news  ;  but  he  immediately  advanced 
with  a  body  of  troops  to  the  frontiers  of  his  brother's  ter- 
ritories ;  and,  with  the  confent  of  the  prelates  and  peers, 
took  pofleifion  of  the  kingdom  that  was  thus  abdicated  ; 
and,  to  exprefshis  fenfe  of  Didier's  protecting  the  widow 
and  her  fons,  he  repudiated  the  queen  whom  he  had  fo 
lately  married  m. 

The  Saxons,  who  commonly  revolted  at  the  beginning 
of  every  reign,  attempted  to  throw  off  the  yoke  at  the  en- 
trance of  this,  a  circumftance  which  obliged  Charles  to 
turn  his  arms  on  that  fide.  As  this  war  was  the  capital 
bufir.efs  of  his  reign,  and  lafted,  though  by  intervals,  for 
thirty-three  years,  it  is  requifite  to  fay  fomething  fuccind~Hy 
of  the  country  and  the  people,  though  this  fubjecT:  mufl 
be  more  largely  treated  of  in  another  place.  The  territory 
of  the  Saxons,  at  this  time,  comprehended  a  country  of 
vaft  extent,  bounded  on  the  weft  by  the  German  ocean, 
Bohemia  on  theeaft,  on  the  north  by  the  fea,  and  on  the 
fouth  by  the  Germanic  France,  extending  along  the  Lower 
Rhine,  and  from  the  Iffel  beyond  Mentz.  This  was  di- 
vided into  three  parts  •,  the  Weftphalians  inhabited  that  to- 
wards the  ocean,  from  whence  the  name  of  Weftphalia 
remains  to  a  fmall  part  of  their  country  :  the  Oft,  or  Eaft- 
phalians  held  that  part  bordering  on  Bohemia  ;  the  middle 
belonged  to  the  Angrians,  who  were  the  immediate  neigh- 
bours to  the  French.  Under  each  of  thefe  names,  many 
nations,  or,  generally  fpeaking,  tribes,  were  comprehend- 
ed, each  commanded  by  its  own  chief  or  duke  n.  Hence 
their  readinefs  to  revolt,  and  the  difficulty  of  holding  them 
to  any  terms ;  becaufe,  whenever  a  few  mutinous  dukes 
confpired  together,  they  made  inroads  into  the  French  ter- 
ritories •,  and  when  the  troops  of  that  kingdom  invaded 
their  country  in  return,  the  whole  Saxon  nation  was  in- 
volved in  the  revolt,  from  a  principle  of  felf-defence.  Their 
religion  was  another  caufe  of  thefe  frequent  infurre6Hons, 


l  Monacho  Engolifinenfis. 
Poeta  Saxonicus. 


«■  Eginard.  Vita  Caroli  Mag. 
for 


•  Hijlory  of  France.  20i 

for  tliey  were  ,  their  principal  deity  being  tne god  of 

Charles  no  iooncr  heard  they  had  refufed  the  ni'iul 
utc  than  he  entered  the  country  with  a  numerous  ar- 
my; and  having  worfted  them  in  feveral  fmall  engage* 
ts,  advanced  to  their  capital  poft  of  Erefbourg,  nearl'a- 
dcrborn,  where  was  the  temple  of  their  god,  Irminful,  re- 
prcfented  as  a  man  completely  armed,  with  a  flandard  in 
hand,  placed  on  a  column  °.  The  natural  courage  of 
the  people,  joined  to  their  religious  zeal,  animated  them 
to  make  an  obftinatc  defence  ;  the  place  too  being  Itrong 
by  fituation,  and  fortified  to  the  beft  of  their  lie  ill.  Charles 
forced  it  at  la  ft,  but  not  without  confiderable  lofs,  and  em- 
ployed his  army  three  whole  days  in  demolifhing  effectu- 
ally this  monument  of  fupcrftition,  in  which  great  trea- 
fures  were  found  in  gold  and  filver.  This  work  being 
performed,  Charles  continued  his  march  dire&ly  towards 
the  Wefer,  refolved  to  break  the  force  of  this  intractable 
nation  fo  effectually,  as  to  deprive  them  of  the  power  of 
difturbing  him  again  P.  But  they  were  already  fo  terrified 
with  the  deftruction  of  their  temple,  and  faw  fo  little  hopes 
of  oppofing  in  the  field  troops  who  had  defeated  them  with 
fuch  advantages,  that  they  fent  deputies  to  implore  his 
clemency.  Charles,  upon  their  fubmitting  to  the  terms 
he  prefcribed,  and  delivering  twelve  hoflages  for  the  due 
performance  of  them,  granted  them  peace;  the  change  of 
affairs  in  Italy  making  that  meafure  as  expedient  for  him 
as  for  them,  at  this  juncture  •».  But,  before  his  return, 
he  gave  directions  for  fortifying  proper  pofts,  andeitablifh- 
ing  a  certain  number  of  troops  on  the  frontiers,  to  keep 
thefe  people  in  awe.  The  next  favourable  opportunity, 
however,  tempted  them  to  excite  frefh  troubles,  though, 
in  confecjuence  of  fuch  continual  wars,  fome  part  of  their 
country  was  but  thinly  peopled,  and  the  fubfidies  they 
lometimes  drew  from  the  enemies  of  France,  made  but 
poor  amends  for  the  lofies  they  fuffered  r. 

Didier,  king  of  the  Lombards,  haved  feized  and  frighted  He  males 
Stephen  IV.  into  his  grave,  laboured  all  he  could  to  reduce  an  irruPm 
his  fucceffor  pope  Adrian  I.  to  a  ftate  of  dependence  :  he  ;?"/'"? 
not  only  refumed  a  great  part  of  what  had  been  yielded  by  t-lociifler* 
the    treaty   of    Pavia,  but  alfo   tried  to  furprife  the  per-  nutes, 
fon  of  the  pope  ;  and,  failing  in  that  defign,  made  an  at-  w*fi  a 
tempt  upon    the  city   of  Rome.     Adrian,  in  this  diftrefs,  £'''•»*«"*" 
fent  ambaffadors  by  fea  into  France,  to  give  a  true  account  *#• 
of  the  diftrefs  he  was  in,  and  to  implore  the  protection  of 

•  Eginard.  Vita  Caroli  Mag.        p  Annales  Rerum  Francorum. 
r  Monacho  EngolilincQnt.  r  Adon.  Cbion, 

U  2  Charlet, 


tyz  the  H'/ftory  of  France. 

Charles.     It  was  this  particular  that  induced  him  to  liflerl 
fo  readily  to  the  Saxons ;  and  if  he  had  followed  his  own 
inclinations,  he  would  immediately  have  poured  his  forces 
into  Italy  :  but  the  nobility   of  France,  always  averfe  to 
thefe  expeditions,  (hewed  fo  much  backwardnefs  on  this 
occafion,  that  he    was   obliged  to  acl:   with  great  caution 
and  circumfpection.     He  fent  therefore  feveral  embaffies  to 
Didier,  in  which  he  expreffed  a  great  defire  to  preferve  a 
perfeit  harmony  between  the  two  nations,  made  very  mo- 
derate demands,  and,    at  length,  offered   to   give   him    a 
large  fum,  in  ready  money,  if  he  would  reftore  the  places 
he  hid    taken    from    the  pope  s.     All   thefe    propoiitions 
were  civilly  rejected,  a  rcfulal  which  was  what  Charles  ex- 
peeled  and  defired,  for  it  gave  him  fufficient  leifure  to  form 
magazines,  to  draw  together  a  great  army,  and   to  make 
his  fubjec"ls  believe  that  he  did  not  embark  in  this  war  fo 
much  through  choice  as   by  force.     The  motives  that  in- 
duced Didier  to  act  as  he  did,  were,  the  hope  of  reducing 
the  pope  before  he  could  he  fuccoured,  his  ambition  to  be- 
come lord  of  all  Italy,  and   his  refentment  againft  Charles 
for  repudiating  the  queen.     On  the  other  hand,  that  mo- 
narch, exclufive  of  his  zeal  in  the  caufe  of  the  pope,   had 
fome  reafons  of  a  perforial  nature  :   Didier  had  given   him 
caufe  to  be  offended  with  the  correfpondence  he  had  held 
in  France  from  the  beginning  of  his   reign  ;  and  the   pe- 
remptory manner   in   which  he  had  demanded  of  Adrian 
the  crowning  of  Carlorrran's  two  fons,  had  given  Charles 
A.D.  77*-  inexpreflible  uneafmefs l.     For  thefe  caufes,  therefore,  he 
—    '•■■  ■ —  held  the  general  affembly  in  the  month  of  May  at  Geneva  ; 
where,  by  a  pathetic  lcprefentation  of  the  pope's  dillrefs, 
and  the  indignities  himfelf  had  received,  he  procured  the 
confent  of  the  nobility  to  the  war,  and  immediately  march- 
ed with  a  potent  army  to  enter  Lombardy,  by  mount  Ce- 
nis,  while  be  fent  a  fmall,  but  choice  corps  of  troops,  un- 
ihe  command  of  duke  Bernard,  natural  fon  to  Charles 
Mattel,  to  force  the  pmTage  of  mount  St.   Bernard,   hav- 
ing taken  all  poihbJe  methods  to  render  his  expedition  fuc- 
cefcfui  u. 
gjfa  Didier;  who  was  well  informed   of  the  general  diflike 

r.,onei  *^c  French  nobles  had  expreffed  to  this  expedition,  per-* 
andtavia,  fuaded  himfelf  that,  by  occupying  and  fortifying  the  feve- 
ihe  oKlf  ral  paffes  into  Lombardy,  and  oppofing  their  entrance  with 
Pj*ceJ  °f  the  whole  force  of  his  dominions,  he  (hould  defeat  this  in- 
thTum-     val,on*  *n<*  obliged  the  forces  of  Charles  to  retire.     He 

bards  had 

el  that  '  F-ginsr.  Vira  Caroli  Mag.  Annales  LosfellianL  *  Anaft  in 

tune.  Vita  Hadriani.  ■  Adon.  Chron. 

wa8 


TJje  Tlljlory  of  France.  093 

near  carrying  his  point,  which  he  ptirfued  with 
idinefs,  that,  upon  viewing  the  difpofi- 
had  made,  the  French  oGicers  almoft  unauimoufly 
red  that  it  was  impofiible  to  force  them".     Charles 
:If  had  almoft  taken  a  refolution  of  decamping  in  the 
i  fudden  panic  prevailing   in  Didier's  army, 
ndoned  all  their  polls,  and  retired  with  precipi- 
n.     This  was  occafioned  by   duke  Bernard's  having 
.1  a  pail  age  into  the  plain  with  a  handful  of  men,  a 
circumftance  which  would  have  been  of  no  confequence 
',  if  they  had  remained  firm.     As  it  was,  they  aban- 
I  all ;  for  Charles  purfucd  them  with  fuch  impctuo- 
,  that  numbers  fell  in  their  retreat  b.     Didier,  with  the  A.  D.  775. 
part  of  his  troops,  took  flicker  in   Pavia  ;  the  reft,  " 

1  the  command  of  his  only  fon  Adalgife,  threw  them- 
felvcs  into  Verona.  With  the  king  was  the  old  unfortu- 
duke  Ilunalde,  who,  having  made  liis  efcapc  out  of 
prifon,  had  taken  refuge  in  his  dominions  ;  and  with  the 
prince  were  the  fons  and  the  widow  of  Carloman,  a  con- 
sideration which  very  probably  induced  Charles  to  form  the 
liege  of  both  places  at  once,  in  hopes  of  deftroying  all  his 
enemies  together0.  Succcfs  juftifies  every  meafure ;  the 
;h  were  fo  charmed  with  their  good  fortune,  that, 
notwithftanding  their  hatred  of  the  climate  of  Italy,  and 
the  fatigue  of  fieges,  they  perfifted  in  thefe  for  many 
months,  though  the  places  were  well  defended,  had  nu- 
merous garrifons,  and  magazines  perfectly  well  fupplied. 
Verona  fell  the  firlt;  for  Adalgife,  feeing  no  hopes  of  fuc- 
cour,  refolved  to  take  care  of  himfelf,  and,  with  this  view, 
making  his  efcape  in  the  night,  he  found  means  to  retire 
to  Conftantinople  d.  By  the  furrender  of  this  place,  his 
fifler-in-law  and  nephews  fell  into  the  hands  of  Charles  ; 
but  what  became  of  them  is  a  fecret  that  hiftory  has  not 
difclofed.  Milan,  and  molt  of  the  great  towns  of  Lom- 
bardy,  fubmitted.  The  March  of  Ancona  demanded  the 
protection  of  the  pope  ;  and  Didier,  who  but  a  few  months 
before  had  fo  large  a  kingdom,  found  his  dominions  novy 
reftrained  within  the  walls  of  Pavia,  where,  as  he  had  no- 
thing to  hope,  he  continued  to  make  an  obftinatc  defence. 
Charles,  after  taking  the  necefl'.iry  meafures  for  continuing 
the  fiege,  or  at  lealt  blockade  of  the  place,  made  a  tour  to. 
Rome  c. 

»  Anna1e<Loiftlliani.         *  Anaft.  in  Vita  Hadriani.         *  Egi- 
jurum  in  Vita  Caroli  Mag.  t  Adon.  Cjjron.  e  Montcb. 

Engolif. 

U3  At 


294  The  Hiftory  of  France.   ' 

Taviafur-  As  to  the  motive  of  this  journey  authors  differ  ;  fome 
lenders,  afcribe  it  to  pure  curiofity,  others  to  devotion,  but  the 
Didicr )ub-  more  intelligent  believe  there  was  fome  fecret  fcheme 
C/ia'rlrs "be  concealecl-  The  pepe  was  certainly  not  very  well  pleaf- 
ccmes  ed»   f°r  the  king   brought  with  him    a   ftrong  corps  of 

m.-fltr  of  troops ;  and  though  their  fir  ft  conference  was  in  the  fub- 
tke  country  U;fcSj  yet  Charles  having  demanded  entrance  into  the 
j  thtLom  city,  it  could  not  be  refufed.  He  (hewed  himfelf  upon 
this  occafion  a  wife  and  great  prince  :  he  promifed  the 
pope,  under  the  fan&ion  of  an  oath,  to  do  nothing  to  his 
prejudice  ;  he  performed  that  promife  punctually,  a  cir- 
cumftance  which  confirmed  the  pontiff  in  his  interefts.  He 
vifited  the  churches  with  fuch  a  fliew  of  devotion,  as 
gained  him  the  hearts  of  the  people  ;  and,  at  the  requeft 
of  the  clergy,  he  confirmed  and  enlarged  his  father's  do- 
nation, depofiting  one  cony  of  the  inftrument  on  the  great 
altar,  and  another  upon  the  tomb  of  St.  Peter f.  In  fine, 
as  he  entered  Rome  in  triumph,  he  left  it  more  than  a 
conqueror,  having  captivated  all  ranks  by  his  generous 
behaviour,  and  eftablifhed  his  reputation  with  them  in 
fuch  a  manner,  as  fixed  his  fovereignty  in  their  hearts. 
At  his  return  to  Pavia,  he  found  the  liege  little,  if  at  all, 
more  advanced  than  when  he  left  it,  yet  the  place  furren- 
dered  very  foon  after:  this  was  owing  to  an  enemy  with- 
in, for  the  plague  made  fuch  devaftation,  that  the  people 
loft  all  patience,  and  daily  prefled  the  king  to  implore 
mercy  of  Charles  for  himfelf  and  them  s.  The  old  duke 
of  Aquitaine  oppofing  the  furrender,  they  beat  his  brains 
out,  an  outrage  which  induced  Didier  to  fubmit.  Thus 
the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  were  extinguifhed,  after 
having  fubfifted  fomewhat  more  than  two  hundred  years. 
We  know  not  well  what  became  of  the  unfortunate  king, 
except  that  he  was  carried  into  France,  where  fome  fay  he 
was  beheaded,  others,  that,  being  transferred  to  Liege, 
he  became  a  monk,  and  fome  afiert  that  he  died  of  fick- 
nefs  foon  after  his  arrival h.  By  the  furrender  of  Pavia, 
Charles  became  mafter  of  two-thirds  of  Italy,  where  he 
fcarce  altered  any  thing,  except  their  taxes,  which  he  di- 
minifhed  confiderably.  He  care  fled  and  employed  their 
nobility  •,  and,  except  in  fome  places  in  Tufcany,  and  in 
the  city  of  Pavia,  he  left  no  French  garrifons.  He  caufed 
himfelf -to  be  crowned,  by  the  archbifhop  of  Milan,  king 
of  Lombardy,  with  the  famous  iron  crown  preferved  at 

t  Annales  Loifdliani.  g  Monacho  Engolif.  h  Anaft. 

in  Vita  Hadriani. 

Modece, 


The  Hiftory  of  j  295-. 

not   far  from   thar  city  :  finally,  having  recom- 
ople  to  make  a  right  ufe  of  the  benefits 
(lowed,  and  a  (lured  them  of  his  intention  to 
lly,  ami  according  to  their  own  laws,  he  reputed 
nountains  with  his  army  '. 
The  true  reafon  of  his  quitting  Italy  fo  foon,  was  the  A.  D.  774. 
I  o!  fome  freih  Uirs  amongft  the£axons,  * 

fPavia,  and  believing  that  the  Htr<P<weJ 
ith  whom  they  had  fome  intercourfe,  could  tain'tjbti- 
not  b<  ruined  in  a  fmglc  campaign,  began  to  flatter  them-  </./y,  and 

ling  Erclbourg,  and  repairing,  «rr« 
tions  into  the  French  territories,  the  loffes they  un?xl'eil~ 
had  fuftained  in  the  laft  wark.     They  were  not  How  in  'Jj,ll'qu^ 
taking  their  refolution,  or  in   executing  it  when  taken  :  {/ie  $ax<ms. 
furprifed  Ereibourg,  and  the  garrilon  left  in  it  •,  but, 
ad  of  keeping,  they  demolilhed  the  fort  that  Charles 
had  erected:  they  ravaged  .1  large  tract  of  country,  and 
carried  away  a  great  booty.     They  were  fearce  returned 
into   their  own  country,  when  Charles  arrived  at  Ingel- 
.  on  the  Rhine,  with  his  army1,     lie  entered  Saxony 
by  three  different  |  it  the  fame  time,  made  a  great 

flaughter,  and  brought  back  his  forces  loaded  with  plun- 
der. He  held  the  great  affembly  in  May,  at  Duren,  in 
the  county  of  Juliers,  where  a  refolution  was  taken  to 
pufh  the  Saxons  to  the  utmolt.  Accordingly  he  patted  the 
Rhine,  beficged  and  took  Sigebourg,  recovered  Erefbourg, 
i  the  Weffcr,  and  defeated  tlie  whole  force  of  the 
Saxons  on  the  other  fide  with  great  flaughter  m.  But  the 
greareil  part  of  a  confiderable  corps,  whom  he  had  left  to 
guard  the  paffage  of  the  river,  were  cut  off  by  their  own 
inattention,  and  by  their  having  a  contempt  for  a  barba- 
enemy,  though  equal  to  them  in  courage,  and  fu- 
perior  in  cunning.  This  check,  perhaps,  might  be 
one  motive,  though  the  turn  of  affairs  in  Italy  was  an- 
other, that  determined  Charles  to  treat  once  more  with 
thefe  people,  to  accept  of  their  fubmiffion,  and  of  the 
hoflagcs  they  offered  from  every  one  of  their  tribes  ;  but 
what  he  chiefly  depended  upon,  was  the  new  fortrefs  at 
>ourg  :  for  upon  a  ft.ri£t  examination,  he  lound  the 
Saxons  had  made  a  right  choice,  and  that  it  was  capably 
of  being  made  the  ftrongeft  place  in  their  country,  a  con- 
ation which  induced  him  to  order  that  it  fhould  be  for- 
tified with  all  poflible  care  n.     The  peace  being  concluded, 

1  Kginard.   Vita    Caroli   Mag.  k  Anrvale*  Eginnid. 

I  Alfridiii  in  Vita  S.  Ludgcri.  «"  Adon  Chron.        °  Munaclio 

ifmenfij. 

U  4  and 


A.D.77  5- 

Troubles 
b  en  k  out 
afrrjh  in 
Italy* 
nxhich 
by  his 
quick  re- 
turn, 
Charles 
quite  fup. 
frejjes. 


496  The  Hiftory  of  Francs. 

and  the  hoflages  delivered,  he  advifed  the  Saxon  deputies 
to  keep  this  treaty  better  than  they  had  done  the  hilt,  if  they 
expeilied  either  favour  or  mercy  from  him,  and  received 
on  their  part  the  ftrongelt  affurances  that  words  could 
give. 

After  the  departure  of  Charles  from  Italy,  things  quickly 
fell  into  diforder.  He  left  indeed  no  room  to  complain  ; 
he  had  made  many  of  the  Lombard  lords  great,  but  moft 
of  them  had  a  mind  to  be  greater.  The  archbiihjp  of 
Ravenna  put  a  new  conitruttion  upon  the  king's  donaaon  ; 
he  faid,  that,  as  the  pope  enjoyed  the  temporalities  of  the 
duchy  of  Rome,  he  thought  the  title,  if  not  the  revenue 
of  the  exarchate,  mould  be  annexed  to  the  archbifhop  of 
of  Ravenna.  Adalgife  encouraged  thefe  mi  f under  (land? 
ings  from  Conftantinople ;  the  Creek  emperor,  who  had 
fliil  a  confiderable  ftake  in  Italy,  being  a  of  fet- 

ting  up  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards  again,  as  his  prede- 
ceilbrs  had  been  to  pull  it  down.  Charles  fent  his  mini- 
flersinto  Italy,  to  let  feveralofthe  great  lords,  particularly 
Hildebrand,  duke  of  Spoleto,  the  duke  of  Beneventum, 
and  the  duke  of  Cluife,  know  the  realons  he  had  to  ftifpecl 
them  of  infidelity  and  ingratitude,  and  to  learn  from  them- 
es what  he  was  to  expect.  As  the  emperor  Conitan- 
t'nc  Copronymus  was  juit  dead,  they  doubted  of  Adal- 
gife's  power  to  fupport  them,  and  therefore  they  gave  all 
polhble  aiTurances  to  Charles  of  duty  and  fubmiffion  °.  It 
was  otherwife  with  Rotgaude,  duke  of  Frioul,  who  in- 
tended to  deceive  both  parties  :  he  had  for  himfclf  already 
raifed  forces,-  afiumed  the  airs  of  a  fovereign,  and  found 
feveral  of  the  lefler  nobility  fimple  enough  to  rely  upon 
his  pfomife*.  While  things  were  in  this  Hate,  Charles 
pa  fled  the  mountains  with  a  fmall  corps  of  choice  troops, 
routed  the  duke  of  Frioul,  took  him  prifoncr,  caufed  him 
to  be  beheaded  p,  put  French  governors  and  garrilbns  into 
all  the  places  that  had  revolted,  compofed  the  differences 
between  the  pope  and  the  archbifhop  of  Ravenna  ;  and 
having,  in  the  fpace  of  four  months,  once  more  fettled  his 
new  dominions,  returned  into  Germany,  where  his  pie- 
fence  was  again  neceffaryi. 
TheSaxovi  The  Saxons,  while  Charles  was  in  Italy,  revolted  again, 
revolt  deflroyed  the  new  works  that  were  railing  at  Erefbourg, 
again,  are  anc}  ma(]e  an  attempt  to  recover  Sigebourg,  which  was  a 
'(Vit ' and  P^acc  °*  f°rce'     Tne  garrifon  being  very  numerous,  made 

bromife 

in  Cod.  Carolin.  P  Annal.  Metenf. 

9  Eginard.  in  Annal, 

a  fatty. 


to  promife 

to  become  •  E  pi  ft.  ad  Carol. 

Can  [nans.    Cbrcui.  Verd une nfe, 


51 


<The  Hijloty  of  Franc<.  297 

a  fili  ill  conduced,  as  obliged  them  to  raife  the 

rfued  them  as  far  as  the  fourcea  of  the  Lippe. 

Hood   t'nis   when  Charles,  with  tt is   forees  from 

m  the  French  camp  '.     The  Saxons  fufpect- 

it  rumour  of  his  arrival  for  a  ftratagem  ;  but  as 

cy  knew  it  to  be  a  truth,  they  diibanded,  and 

fent  deputies  to  d  mand  pardon,  and  to  make  an  ofFci 

ming  Chriftians.     The  king,  after  much  intreaty,  ac- 

tb.is  propofition,  and  took  new  hoftages  ;  but, 

at  the  fame  time,  determined  upon  other  precautions,  that 

they  might  be  deterred  from  breaking  their  faith.     The 

fortrefs  of  Frcibourg  he  caufed  to  be  rebuilt  under  his  t 

.  at  the  fame  time,  ordered  a  new  fort  to  be  erected 
upon  the  Lippe;  into  both  thefe  he  put  It  rung  garrifons, 
and  went  afterwards  to  pafs  the  winter  at  Heyftal,  the  pa- 
trimony of  his  family'.  In  the  fpring  he  marched  into  the 
1  of  Saxony,  with  a  very  numerous  army,  in  order  to 
oblige  the  moft  confiderable  of  their  chiefs  to  be  prefent, 
as  his  fubje&s,  at  the  aflembly  in  May,  which  was  held 
at  Paderborn,  in  "Wcltphalia.  There  the  Saxons  renew- 
ed their  homage,  and  the  promife  they  had  made  of  being 
inftruclcd  in  the  Chriftian  faith  ;  to  which  they  now  added 
their  confent  to  be  made  Oaves,  or  to  be  expelled  their 
country,  if  they  ever  took  up  arms  again  '.  Witikind,  the 
moft  capable,  and  the  moft  enterprifing  of  their  chiefs,  to 
avoid  being  prefent  in  this  aflembly,  fled  to  Denmark. 
Here  it  was  that  Ibinala,  lord  of  Saragofla,  prefented  him-  A.  D-  77*. 
felf  to  demand  the  protection  of  Charier,,  not  barely  on  his  ■■ 

own  behalf,  but  alfo  for  many  other  Moorifh  lords,  who 
were  defirous  of  becoming  his  vaflals.  The  French  nobi- 
lity, in  general,  were  aftonifhed  at  this  application ;  but 
Charles,  who  wasdeGrousof  extending  the  bounds  of  his 
dominions  on  that  fide,  alfo  readily  accepted  the  propofi- 
tion. The  influence  he  had  in  the  aflembly  was  fo  great, 
that,  upon  mature  deliberation,  it  was  approved,  and  the 
king  immediately  iflued  the  neceflary  orders  for  aflembling 
an  army  in  Aquitaine  u. 

The  king  pafTed  his  Eafter  at  Cafleneutl,  a  palace  of  his  Charks  he- 
rn the  Agenois ;  and  having  divided  his  army  into  two  '"?  invited 
corps,  he  ordered  one  to  march  on  the  fide  of  Narbonne,  *'/•*' 
to  enter  into  Roufillon,  while  himfclf,  with  the  other,  Ur'j'maka 
took  the  route  of  Gafcony,  in  order  to  penetrate  that  an  %x}*M 
v  ay  into  Navarre.    Pampeluna  being  taken,  he  pafTed  the  "«« '*'• 

Spain. 

*  Annates  Loifelliani,         »  Monacho  Engolifmcnfif.        *  Egi« 
rard.  Vita  Carol]  Mag.       »  Annaicj  Mctcnfci. 

Ebro 


298  The  Hijiory  of  France, 

Ebro  with  his  forces ;  and  his  whole  army  being  joined,  fit* 
Tellcd  SaragolTa,  which,  after  a  fhort  fic-ge,  furrendered, 
and  received  Ibinala  in  quality  of  governor  :  the  emirs  of 
Huefca  and   Jacca  came  voluntarily  and  did  homage,  as 
did  alfo  the  governors  of  Barcelona  and  Gironne*.  Charles, 
having  taken  the  beft  methods  he  could  devife  forfecuring 
his  new  conqueft,  difpofed  every  thing  for  his  return,  fa- 
tisfied   with  having  extended  his  frontier  from  the  Py- 
renees to  the  Ebro.     It  was  in  repafling  the  mountains  be- 
fore mentioned  that  the  rear  of  his  army  was  attacked  by 
the  Gafcons,  who  making  a  great  impreifionon  troops  un- 
acquainted with  their   manner  of  fighting,  many  of  the 
principal  officers  were  (lain  x.     This  is  that  famous  defeat 
in  the  valley  of  Roncevaux,  of  which  fo  many  and  (a 
ftrange  accounts  are  given  in  romances  •,  and  here  fell  the 
famous  Roland,  of  whom  hiftory  only  records,  that  he 
commanded  on  the  frontier  of  Bretagne.     Charles,  exncl 
in  all  works  of  piety,  ordered  a  chapel  to  be  creeled  near 
the  place,  under  which  there  is  a  large,  ftrong,  and  very 
beautiful    vault,  with  thirty    tombs  of  white    (tone,  but 
without  any  infciiptions  y.     He  profecuted  his  march  after 
this  difallcr  into  Aquttaine,  which  he  divided  into  fevcral 
diftricts,  appointing  a  count  in  each,  who  had  the  chief 
power  in  civil  as  well  as  military  afrairs;  and,  having  can- 
toned a  fufficient  number  of  troops  on  the  frontiers  for 
their  fecurity,  he  returned  into  the  heart  of  his  own  do- 
minions.    The  French  are  very  inquifitive  why  he  pene- 
trated no  farther  into  Spain  ?  The  anfwer  is  not  difficult : 
he  meant  to  preferve  what  he  had  acquired  ;  and,  for  this 
purpofe,  it  was  reqtiifite  to  preferve  his  army  ;  which  fer- 
•vice,  and  a  Spanifh  fummer,  would  infallibly  have  ruin- 
ed *.     His  aim,  therefore,  was  to  raife  in  his  new  con* 
quells  a  body  of  troops,  capable  of  enduring  the  climate, 
and  who,  by  their  being  acquainted  with  the  manner  of 
making  war,  might  be  more  ferviceahle  againft  the  Moors. 
It  was  with  this  view  that  he  diftributed  great  quantities  of 
land,    indifferently,    to  Gauls,  Goths,   and    Gafcons,  as 
well  as  French,  to  be  held  by  military  tenures*,  and  was 
alfo  very  beneficial  to  the  prelates  and  abbots,  in  order  to 
attach  them  to  his  perfon  and  government  \ 

He  was  fcarce  out  of  the,  confines  of  Aquitaine,  when 
he   was   informed  that  Witikind,  being   returned  from 

w  Annales  Moyffiac  Mortacb.  EngoliC         *  Eginard.  in  Annal. 
y  Annates   Rerum   Francorum.  a.  Baluz.  -Lira.  Hifpaa. 

»  Eginard.  Vita  Caroli  Mag. 

Penmarltj 


TJ>e  WJlory  of  Trance,  299 

mark,  had  engaged  the  Saxons  in  a  general  infurrec-  AVw  di- 
liis  foi  fo  fatigued,  that  he  was  obliged  to  fturhamet 

put  the  beft  part  of  them  into  winter-quarters  :  however,  1?uh*™y* 

•iiccrs  into  Auftrafia  to  affcmble  troops,  qu'tue(tt 
and  being  informed  that  the  enemy  had  committed  the  andthey 
molt  barbarous  cruelties  on  the  Rhine,  he,  with  a  fmall  art  obliged 

,  marched  with  all  poffible  expedition  to  join   the  t0  *'?" 
Auftrafians.     He,  in  conjunction  with  them,  purfued  the  'f'L    tu 
Saxons  with  fuch  vigour,  that  he  came  up  with  them  in 
the  country  of  Hefle,  defeated   them,  and   ordered  his 
troops  to  give  no  quarter.     He  held  the  next  affembly  at 
Heriltal,  where  a  great  number  of  prelates,   dukes,  and 
counts,  being  prcfent,  he  made  fome  of  thofe  laws  or  fla- 
tutes  which  are  to  be  found  amongit  his  capitulars  b.     As 
foon  as  the  feaforJ  would  permit,  he  puffed  the  Rhine,  and 
advanced    towards  the  Wefer,   where  he  received  once 
more  the   fubmiffion  of  the  Saxons ;  and  having  held  a 
diet,  at  which  mod  of  their  dukes  were  prefent,  he  then 
directed  his  march  to  the  Elbe,  that  he  might  have  an  op- 
portunity of  being  prefent  likewife  in  a  diet  of  the  Sclavo- 
nians.  where  h  :  regulated  feveral  poirfts  of  great  moment. 
At  both  thefe  diets  he  infifted  upon  having  fecurities  for 
the  perfons  of  thofe  whom  he  fent  to  preach  the  gofpel 
amongft  them  j    and  having  obtained  thefe,  he  fent  bi- 
fhops,  abbots,  and  priefts,  to  convert  thefe  barbarous  na- 
tions, recommending  it  to  them  chiefly  to  infill  upon  the 
excellency  of  the  Chriftian  morals,  to  poffefs  the'e  people 
with  a  fenfe  of  virtue  and  decency,  and  to  ufe  their  ut- 
moft  endeavours  to  reduce  them  to   a  (late  of  civility  c. 
As  the  country  was,  in  a  great  meafure,  uncultivated,  A.  D.  779. 
and  had  fcarce  any  confiderable  towns,  it  was  impofUble  ' 
for  him  to  take  the  fame  precautions  he  had  done  c 

re;  and  therefore,  exclufive  of  his  zeal  for  religion, 
this  was  a  meafure  dictated  to  him  by  the  maxims  of  true 
policy  d. 

By  this  time  all  things  were  again  difordcred  in  Italy.  ?,e'wtr0Mi 
Pope  Adrian  had  a  qu.irrcl  with  the  Greek  emperor's  go-  £*        ^ 
vernor  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  feveral  of  the   great  returns  in- 
lords    of  Lombardy  held  a  correfpondence    with   Adal-  to  Italy. 
gife,  and  the  people  in  general,  bjcaufe  lefs  opprelled  than 
they  had  formerly  been,  were  grown  wanton,  and  ready 
to  join  in  favour  of  any  innovation c.     Charles  had  in: 

b  Adon.  Cluon.     Monach.  Engolif.  c  Annales  Loifel- 

Hani.  d  Eginard,  in  Vita  Caroli  Mag.  «  Monach. 

Engolif. 

gence 


3C0 


Tafilnn, 
duke  of  Ba- 
i/nria,  aiv 
td  by  the 
fswtr  oj 
the  king, 
tomes  i'' to 
fravce  to 
do  him  ho- 
mage. 


Tlv  Hijlory  of  France. 

gerrce  from  all  parties,  and  determined  to  make  a  new' 
tour  into  that  country  with  an  army.  He  carried  with 
Jiirn  his  queen,  and  his  two  younger  fons  Carloman  and 
Lewis;  his  elded  fori  Pepin,  by  his  firflU queen,  and 
Charles  the  cldeft  by  the  confort  he  then  had,  were  left 
In  France.  His  journey,  after  he  pafied  the  mountains, 
was  a  continued  triumph  ;  all  diforders  ceafed  at  his  ap- 
proach, and  all  the  dilpute  that  remained  was,  who  ihould 
be  the  molt  forward  in  paying  their  duty.  Charles  took 
all  in  good  part,  and  difl'embled  the  informations  he  had 
received.  He  treated  the  people  with  great  kindnefs  and 
favour;  the  nobility  with  an  obliging  familiarity,  and  a 
flowing  bounty;  the  clergy  with  much  affection  and  pro- 
found refpecl.  He  paflcd  the  winter  at  Pavia,  in  great 
fplendor,  and  went  to  keep  his  taller  at  Rome.  There 
Lis  fon  Carloman  was  baptized  by  the  pope,  who  changed 
his  name  to  Pepin,  and  immediately  after  gave  the  regal 
unction  to  him,  and  to  his  brother  Lewis;  the  former, 
being  declared  king  of  Lombard y,  and  the  latter  of  Aqui- 
taine  f.  This  ceremony  was  performed  on  Eafter-day,  im- 
mediately after  high  mafs,  with  the  loud  acclamations  of 
the  people.  Confidcrate  people  held  it  ltrange  that  the 
father,  being  but  in  the  thirty-ninth  year  of  his  age,  Ihould 
already  divide  his  dominions".  But  Charles  had  framed  a 
fyftcm,  according  to  which  this  feemed  to  be  neceflary  ; 
in  his  return,  therefore,  he  lefc  his  fon  Pepin  at  Pavia,, 
with  a  council  on  whom  he  Could  depend,  in  hopes  that 
the  Lombards,  having  now  a  king  of  their  own,  a  fplen- 
did  court,  and  an  eafy  government,  would  at  length  learn 
to  be  faithful.  He  concluded,  about  this  time,  a  treaty 
with  the  emprefs  Irene,  by  which  he  promised  his  eldeft 
daughter  to  the  young  emperor  Conliantiuo  VI,  He 
fettled  alfo  the  difpute  between  to  the  pope  and  the  go-r 
vernor  of  Naples,  conferred  frefli  favours  on  the  dukes  of 
Spoleto  and  Beneventum,  though  they  little  deferved. 
them,  and  left  the  tranquility  of  Italy,  in  all  appearance, 
firmly  eftablifhed  \ 

As  foon  as  he  arrived  in  France,  he  conducted  his  fon 
Lewis  to  Orleans :  there  having  formed  a  houfhold  for 
him,  and  appointed  one  Arnold,  a  lord  of  great  wifdom 
and  integrity,  to  be  his  governor,  he  fent  him  armed, 
and  on  horfeback,  though  a  perfect  child,  with  a  numer-r 
ous  efcorte  into  Acjuitaine,  that  he  might  learn  the  lan- 

f  Eainard.  in  Vita  Caroli  Mag.  g  Adon.  Chromcon.  M> 

nach.  Engoli£  h  Annal.  Loifelliani. 


guage 


The  Mflory  <f  FrsuM  301 

gglge  anil  tlic  manners  of  the  people;  and  that,bybein£ 
e,  they  might  leam  to  love  and  refped  th 
le  pcrfuaded  himfclf  that  tlus  divifion  would 
in  his  family,  as  the  ancient  empire  of 
s  refcrved  entire;  as  the  two  new  kingdoms 
1  from  them,  by  the  natural  bounds  of  the 
Alps  ami  the  Loire  ;  and  as  it  would  be  the  intereft  of  his  A.  D.  7!©. 
have  their  brethren  for  their  neighbours     » 
than   ftrangers.     To  the  futisfadion  he  enjoyed 
1    this  pleafing   idea,   was    joined    another    favour- 
er,  which   could    not  but   be    very    acceptable. 
'Jaffilon,  duke  of  Bavaria,  had  hitherto  maintained  a  kind 
of  equivocal  conduct,  never  ading  openly  againft  Charles, 
and  yet  d<  dining  to  rcfort  to  the  aflemblics  where  his  pre- 
Fence  was  expeded,  or  to  renew  his  homage.     The  king 
had  fignified  his  difpleafure  to  the  pope,  and  de fired  him 
to  let  the  duke  know,  that  if  he  did  not  prevent  it  by  an, 
immediate  change  in  hi*  behaviour,  he  mud  exped  to  fee 
the  whole  forces  of  his  coufm  thunder  on  his  dominions. 
Taflilon,  excited  thereto  by  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  the 
afed  king  of  the  Lombards,  hated  the  French  nation 
implacably:  he  had  been,  for  many  years,   heaping  up 
t re  dure,  augmenting  his  troops,  and  fortifying  his  fron- 
tiers, with  an  intention  not  to  let  flip  the  firit  favourable 
opportunity  of  refenting  the  death  of  his  father-in-law. 
But  the  meflage  delivered  him  by  two  bifhops  fent  from 
the  pope,  and  the  fummons  that  immediately  followed 
From  Charles,  foftened  him  fo  much,  that  he  fent  to  de- 
mand a  fafe  condud,  and  promifed  to  repair  to  court". 
This  being  readily  granted,  he  was  contlrained  to  keep 
his  word  ;  and  having  fworn  fidelity  to  Charles  and  his 
,  and  given  fuch  hoflages  as  were  required,  he  return- 
ore  incenfed  than  ever,  though  treated  with  great  re- 
t,  and  loaded  with  prefents;  while  the  king,  pleafed 
with  a  profped  of  peace,  which  he  had  fcarce  ever  en- 

1'oyed,  determined  to  hold  the  next  affcmbly  in  May,  at 
Cologne,  that,  by  being  at  no  groat  diftance  from  the 
Saxons,  he  might  hinder  them  from  creating  any  frefli 
diiturbances. 

The  feafoa  of  the  year  no  fooner  rendered  it  pradica-  A &**>'*— 
hie  than  he  marched  with  his  army  to  the  fources  of  the  vrrf 
Lippe  ;  having  encamped  as  advantageoufly  as  poflible,  he  Sax*^ 
there  fummoned  a  dyet  of  the  Saxons,  and  therein  gave 
audience  to  ambuiTudors  from  the  king  of  the  Danes  or 

*  Aonales  Loifelliaui. 

Normans, 


3°*  The  Hijlory  of  Prance, 

Normans,  as  they  were  then  ftyled,  and  from  the  mo^ 
rarch  of  the  Huns  or  Abares  ;  who,  in  the  moft  refpecl:- 
ful  manner,  intreated  his  friendfhip,  which  Charles  rea- 
dily promifed,  provided  his  fubje&s  received  no  injuries 
from  their's  b.  He  was  no  fooner  returned  into  France, 
than  Witikind  came  back  into  his  own  country,  where 
he  took  great  pains  to  peifuade  the  Saxons,  that  embrac- 
ing the  Chriflian  faith  would  pave  the  way  for  abfolute 
fubjeclion,  if  not  flavery,  and  in  a  little  time  raifed  ,a  new 
rebellion  ;  to  cover  which  from  the  French  he  caufed  it  to 
te  reported,  that  the  Sclavonians  had  made  an  irruption 
into  their  country,  and  that  they  were  taking  up  arms  to 
repel  thefe  invaders c.  Charles,  upon  the  firft  notice  of 
thefe  commotions,  fent  Adalgife,  his  chamberlain,  Geilon, 
his  conftable,  and  Worade,  count  of  the  palace,  to  affem- 
ble  the  militia  in  Auflrafia,  with  orders  to  pafs  the  Rhine, 
to  join  the  Saxons,  and  carry  the  war  into  the  enemy's 
country  ;  but  being  quickly  informed  of  the  truth,  he  fent 
count  Theuderic,  or  Thierri,  with  an  army,  to  fupport 
the  forces  already  affembled  d.  The  four  generals  advanced 
to  the  Wcfer.  Having  information  that  the  Saxons  were 
encamped  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Sontal,  on  the  other  fide 
the  river,  it  was  agreed,  that  the  firft  army  fhould  pafs, 
and,  marching  round  the  mountain,  fall  upon  the  enemy, 
though  much  fuperior  to  them  in  number,  while  count 
Thierri  remained  on  the  other  fide,  till,  upon  a  fignal 
given,  he  fhould  likewife  pafs,  and  fall  upon  the  enemy's 
back  e.  But  the  three  generals,  jealous  of  the  reputation 
of  Thierri,  who  was  the  emperor's  relation,  attacked  the 
Saxons,  without  making  the  fignal,  and,  by  this  wife  con- 
trivance, were  totally  defeated.  The  conftable,  andthofe 
mIio  efcaped,  fled  to  count  Thierri,  who  entrenched  his 
forces  on  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  fent  notice  to  the 
king  of  what  had  happened f.  Charles,  with  his  ufual  ex- 
pedition, affembled  a  numerous  army,  difengaged  count 
Thierri,  and  marched  into  the  heart  of  Saxony  ;  where 
his  very  name  diffipated  the  rebellion,  and  the  principal 
dukes  of  the  nation  came  to  meet  him  trembling,  laying 
all  the  fault  upon  Witikind,  and  befeeching  him  to  grant 
A.  D.  72a-  them  pardon.  This  the  king  offered,  provided  they  would 
-  deliver  him  up ;  but  they  anfwered,  he  was  again  fled  to 
Denmark.     "  That  may  be  (anfwered  Charles) ;  but  he 

t>  Eginard.  Vit.  Car.  Mas:.  c  Artfcharius  in  Vita  S.  Wil- 

lehaui.        d  Annales  Loifelliani.  Egi>v  Vita  Car.  Mag.        c  Poet, 
taxonicus  tie  Gelt.  Car.  Mag.  '  Monach.  Engolif. 

did 


Hijlory  of  3°  3 

ike  with  him  all  his  affocia:  pon  a  fignal 

i  hi»  army  inveltcd  the  .Saxons;  and  having  U- 
thoufand  live  hundred,  who  had  been  in  that  battle, 
m  to  be  condu&ed  to  a  little  river  that  run 
r,  there  cut  off  their  heads.     An  execution 
hich  fcarce  any  example  appears  in  European  hifl 
This  maflaere  (truck  a  general  conlternation  at   firft ;  Therefnt~ 
but  Witilcind  and  Albion,    who  had  been  likewife  em-  «'«'  of 
barked  in   the  former  affair,  returning,  a  general  revolt  '*"  ****** 
enfued,  and  employed  the  king  three  whole  year?,  not-  f„f^ru- 
tnthftanding  he  defeated  them  totally  in  three  general  en-  (jgHt 
>.     One  winter  he  fpent  at   the  fort  of  Eref- 
rg,    from   whence  he  made   feveral  expeditions  into 
the  heart  of  their  country,  and  fpilt  rivers  of  blood ;  his 
two  elder  fons  being  alio  in  the  fields.     At  length,  tired 
with   this  carnage,  and  vexed  with  a  confpiracy  that  had 
discovered  in  Thuringia,  and  whifpers  of  other  dark 
.defigns  againft  him,  he  fent  for  lbme  of  the  Saxon  prifoners 
of  rank,   and  told  them,  that  he  was  amazed  at  the  folly 
and  madnefs  of  their  countrymen,  whom  he  had  formerly 
Jed  as  his  fubje£ls,  and  to  whom,  notwithftanding 
what  was  paffed,  he  was  ftill  far  from  having  an  averfion. 
He  requefted  them  to  go  into  the  northern  parts  of  Sax- 
ony, to  find  out  Witikind  and  Albion,  and  defire  them  to 
come  to  him,  that  he  might  learn  upon  what  terms  the 
reft  of  their  nation  might  be  fpared  \     They  went  accord- 
ingly, and  the  two  chiefs,  furprifed  at  the  propofition,  un- 
willing to  put  themfelves  into  the  king's  hands,  but  flill 
more  unwilling  to  be  the  authors  of  the  total  ruin  of  their 
country,  demanded  holtages  for  their  fecurity.     The  king 
returned  into  France,  thac  they  might  have  time  to  recover 
from  their  confternation,  and  fent  one  of  the  lords  of  his 
court  with  hoftages  on  the  other  fide   the  Elbe ;  upon 
which  Witikind  and  Albion  came  and  prefented   them- 
felves to  the  king.     He  received  them  with  great  refpeel, 
commended  their  courage,  conduct,  and  conftancy;  ap- 
plauded their  love  of  liberty,  and  affured  them  of  his  pro- 
tection and  favour.     In  a  fhort  time  they  were  both  con-  A.  D.  785. 

verted  to  Christianity  ;  and,  after  being  baptized,  returned  ■ 

into  their  own  country,  where  they  kept  the  people  in 
quiet,  and  affilted  the  progrefs  of  the  gofpel,  with  great 
teal  and  fidelity,  for  feveral  years  '.  The  king,  free  from, 
this  trouble,  obliged  the  Bretons  to  fubmit,  quafhed  fome 

f  Annal.  Fuld.  Monach.  Engol.  l»  Poet.  Saxonicui,  Adon. 

Chron.  I  Egin.  Vit.  Car.  Mag. 

commo* 


304  ??*  Htflory  of 'France. 

commotions  in  Aquitaine  without  bloodfhcd,  and  awee 
the  duke  of  Bavaria,  who  had  been  all  along  intriguing 
with  the  Saxons,  to  filence  and  fubmiffionk. 
Charles  ^s  *°on  as  ^e  nac^  tnus  eftabliflied  domeftic  tranquility, 

makes  an-   he  made  a  tour  into  Italy,  pa  fled  his  Chriftmas  at  Florence, 
ether  tour    which  he  ordered   to   be  rebuilt,  and  went  to  keep  his 
into  Italy.    Eafter  at  Rome.     The  people  received  him  with  loud  ac- 
clamations of  joy,  which,  perhaps,  might  be  very  fincere  ; 
but  the  pope,  and  all  the  principal  perfons  at  Rome,  felt 
a  fenfible  uneafmefs  at  the  fight  of  their  matter.     Charles 
knew  very  well  what  intrigues  there  were  fubfifting,  and 
was  well  fatisfied  that  thofe  who  foared  higheft  in  compli- 
ment, were  deepcfl  in  the  defign  of  his  deftruction.     Me 
was  aware  that  the  emprefs  Irene,  who  fent  to  renew  the 
engagements  fubfifting  between  them,    had  entered  into 
contrary  engagements  for  the  fupport  of  Adalgife,   the 
fon  of  Didicr  ;  he  knew  that   Aregife,  duke  of  Beneven- 
tum,  who  had  married  the  fitter  of  that  prince,  had   en- 
tered into  this  treaty;  he  was  fenfible  that  Tafiilon,  duke 
of  Bavaria,  who  had  married  another  fitter,  was  embark- 
ed in  the  fame  defign  ;  and  he  was  not  at  all  ignorant  that 
pope  Adrian,  and  the   Romans,  for  whom  he  had  done 
fo  much,  were  no  ftrangers  to  thefe  intrigues1.     He  had 
appeared  in  Italy  as  a  great  captain  before  ;  he  diftinguifh- 
Iiimfelf  now  as  a  great   politician.     He  de fired    the 
fenate  of  Rome    might  be    aflembledj    he    laid  before 
them  the  treafons  of  the  duke  of  Bencventum,  and  the 
proofs ;    he   defired    their    advice    how    he  fhould    act. 
They  who  were  accomplices  in  the  confpiracy,  to  pre- 
ve    an    appearance  of   innocence,    declared,    that    no 
.'treat meat  could  be  too  fevere.     The  king  entered  his  do- 
minions with  an  army  ;  the  duke  fled  ;  but,  by  his  depu- 
ties, intreated  Charles's  clemency.     Some  prelates,  by  fe- 
inttrutlions  from  the  pope,  joined  in  the  requett  m. 
The  king  granted  it,  upon  condition  he  fent  him  his  two 
Tons  ;  the  princes  were  fent.     The  king  gave  the  eldett 
leave  to  return  to  his  father,  and  kept  Grimoalde,  who 
the  younger,  whom  he  educated  with  the  fame  care, 
and  treated  with  the  fame  tendernefs,  as  if  he  had  been 
Ms   own".    Taffilon,   fearing   he   had   been  difcovered, 
..moved  the  pope,  by  ambaffadors,  to  intercede  on  his  be- 
"Iialf ;  he  did  fo.     Charles  afked  the  ambaffadors,  in  hi* 

*  Annates  Loifelliani.  Egin.  in  Annal.  1  Eginard.  in  Vit* 

Car.    Mag.     Poet.    Saxon.   Annates    Loifelliani,    Adon.   Chron. 
■»  Anaft.  in  Vic.Hadriani.  ■  Annales  Loifelliani. 

prefence, 


T:c  Ulftuy  of  France]  50^ 

pre  fence,  if  they  had  full  powers  from  their  matter  to  cn- 

tor  his  future  coiuiuct  ?    i'hey  acknowlegcd  they  had 

nis  declaration   expofed  the   pope,    he  told 

them,  that  if  their  mailer  failed  in  his  obedience,  he  would 

immunicate  him,  and  releafe  his  fubiedts  from  their 

oachs.      Charles  accepted  this  offer,  without  confideiing  ' 

tlut  the  power  which  he  thus  acknowleged  might  be  turn- 

_ain(t  himfelf  orhispoftenty.  In  his  return  he  flopped 

for  fome  time  at  Pavia,  to  give  inftructions  to  his  fon  and 

his  minitlcrs,  and  afterwards  palled  the  mountains  into  his 

own  dominions,  where  all  was  tolerable  quiet. 

The  next  general  aflembly  was  held  at  Worms  ;  where  Tajfilon 
he  laid  before  the  nobility  the  behaviour  of  his  coufin,  the  r"*u"J 
duke  of  Bavaria,  and  declared)  that  fince  clemency  had  fo  a. ""Par~ 
little  efiecl,  he  was  determined  to  chaftife  him.   His  mea-  iapfts\  '„  ' 
had  been  taken  before  hand  ;  he  advanced  in  perfon  ftized,  and 
with  a  well  appointed  army,  towards  the  Lech;  but  at  the  dtprtvedof 
fame  time  the  Auflrians  and  the  Saxons  appeared,  with  a    .  Jomi~ 
greater  number  of  forces,  on  the  Danube,  and  the  forces 
of  Pepin,  king  of  the  Lombards,  were  on  the  point  of 
entering  Bavaria,  through  the  valley  of  Trent0.     Taffilon 
faw  his  deltruction  inevitable ;  inftead,  therefore,  of  at- 
tempting a  defence,  he  came  privately  into  the  king's 
camp,  and  threw  himfelf  at  his  feet.     Charles  beheld  him 
with  pity  :  he  recapitulated  all  his  treafons ;  he  demanded 
his  eldeft  fon  as  a  hoflage  ;  and,  having  once  more  taken 
his  oath  of  fidelity,  difmified  him,  with  an  afTurance  that 
all  that  was  pad  mould  be  forgot0.    This  prince  inftantly 
refumed  his  intrigues,  negociated  with  the  Huns  to  make 
an  irruption  into  Germany,  while  he  himfelf,  with  all  his 
forces,  invaded  France,  and  Adalgife,  with  a  Greek  army, 
and  the  lords  of  his  faclion  in  Lombardy,  fell  upon  Pepin. 
Ilia  own  fubjeds,  whom  he  trulted,  forcfecing  the  ruin 
of  their  country,  difcovcred  all  to  the  king.     The  duke, 
who  did  not  the  lead  fufpecl:  them,  went  to  the  next  al- 
fembly  at  Ingelheim,  that  Charles  might  conceive  no  um- 
brage j  and  no  fooner  arrived  than  he  was  arretted.     On 
the  tellimony  of  thofe  he  truited,  he  and  his  two  fons 
were  condemned  to  lofe  their  heads.  The  king  commuted 
this  into  palling  the  remainder  of  their  days  in  a  convent. 
Hi.  durhefs,  the  caufe  of  all  his  misfortunes,  is  fuppofoJ 
to  have  (bared  the  fame  fate,  and  Bavaria  was  annexed  to 
the  crown  \     In  all  probability  fucceeding  times  would 

0  Annal.  Fuld.  Egin.inVit.  Car.  Mag.  *  AnnaleiLoi* 

fcl'i.mi.  <  Adon.  Chron. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  X  Juv« 


$o6 


The  cou- 
fiant  and 

ajjiduout 
appli- 
cation of 
tint  mo- 
narch to 
all  affairs 
tj  govern' 
mcnt. 


The  H'iftory  of  France, 

have  doubted  the  truth  of  this  confpiracy ;  hut  the  events 
that  followed  put  it  beyond  queftion.  The  Huns  made 
n  prodigious  irruption ;  and,  after  being  twice  defeated 
with  great  flaughter,  invaded  Bavaria  to  revenge  the  duke 
and  themfelves.  But  the  Bavarians,  fecure  of  fupport, 
gave  them  fuch  a  reception,  that  very  few  of  them  re- 
turned. Adalgife,  with  a  Greek  army,  appeared  like- 
wife  in  Italy,  notwithstanding  Aregife,  duke  of  Beneven- 
tum,  and  his  eldefl  fon,  were  both  ready,  and  Charles, 
contrary  to  the  fentiments  of  all  his  nobility,  bellowed  his 
territories  on  Grimoalde.  The  mother  of  that  prince  de- 
pended upon  her  influence  over  him ;  Charles,  on  the 
obligations  he  had  conferred  upon  him.  Grimoalde  did 
juftice  to  the  king's  fentiments ;  he  commanded  the  van 
of  the  French  army.  The  Greeks  were  totally  defeated, 
their  general  killed,  and  Adalgife,  being  lucky  enough  to 
make  his  efcape,  laid  afide  all  hopes  of  reviving  the  king- 
dom of  the  Lombards  r.  This  was  one  of  the  mod  fortu- 
nate years  of  the  king's  life.  Towards  the  clofe  of  it  he 
went  to  Aix  la  Chapelle,  where,  in  a  general  aflembly,  he 
made  many  excellent  laws  for  the  government  of  his  ex- 
tenfive  territories,  and  caufed  many  canons  to  be  made 
for  regulating  the  difcipline  of  the  church*.  At  his  laffc 
being  at  Rome  the  pope  had  made  him  a  prefent  of  a  code, 
containing  the  canons  of  the  Oriental  and  African 
churches  ;  out  of  this  code  he  took  fuch  as  he  moil  ap- 
proved, and,  having  properly  adapted  them  to  the  ufe  of 
the  clergy  in  his  own  dominions,  procured  them  thefanc- 
tion  of  that  aflembly '.  He  alfo  introduced  what  was 
commonly  called  the  Gregorian  fong,  or  manner  of  chant- 
ing, which  was  the  mode  in  Italy,  inftead  of  that  method 
of  fmging  which  had  prevailed  till  then  in  France ;  and 
this  not  fo  much  by  the  exertion  of  his  authority,  as  by 
the  force  of  his  example ;  for  he  fuffcred  his  own  choir 
to  contend  with  that  of  the  pope's  at  Rome,  and,  upon 
his  preferring  the  latter,  it  gained  the  approbation  of  his 
clergy. 

The  leifure,  which  the  king  now  enjoyed,  enabled  him 
to  carry  many  things  into  execution,  which  hitherto  had 
only  floated  in  his  mind.  We  have  obferved,  that  he  was 
a  univerfal  genius j  it  is  but  fit  we  fhould  give  fome  proofs 
of  it.    The  plans  of  government  he  laid  down  in  every 

r  Annate*  Loifelliani,  Anaft.  in  Vit.  Hadriani,  Egin.  in  Annal. 
«  Concil.  Gall.  torn,  ii-  in  Capit.  Aquifgran.  «  Monach. 

Engol. 

country 


3°7 

i  conquefts,  and  it  was  by 
lie  took  care  to  be  well  in- 
•  the  errors  and  mistakes  in  the  preceding  govern- 
,  ami  he  took  no  lefs  care  to  remove  thef  ,My. 

He  (hewed  particular  attention  to  whatever  regarded  reli- 
gion, and  was  very  refpectful,  as  well  as  very  beneficent, 
to  the  clergv.  He  reviewed  the  laws,  and  made  in  them 
fuch  alterations  as  he  thought  absolutely  neceflary,  with- 
out going  farther.  He  knew,  that  the  people  reverenced 
old  cuflom:.,  and  the  conftitutions  they  had  lived  under 
from  their  youth  ;  he  took,  therefore,  all  the  care  poflible 
to  preferve  them  •,  but  he  would  have  the  law  every  where 
animated,  and  fuffered  none  to  be  exempt  from  its  reach. 
He  was  particularly  tender  of  the  common  people,  and 
fludied  their  eafe  and  advantage.  This  difpoftion  induc- 
ed him  to  repair  public  roads ;  to  conftrucT:  bridges  where: 
they  were  wanted  ;  to  render  rivers  navigable  ;  and  to  en- 
courage agriculture  and  commerce  u.  His  being  in  con- 
tinual motion  enabled  him  to  fee  his  orders  were  complied 
with;  and,  as  he  made  the  public  fervice  the  fole  road  to 
favour,  his  counts  and  dukes  vied  with  each  other  in  mak- 
ing improvements.  In  the  fummer,  he  was  commonly  in 
the  field  ;  where  his  habit  and  his  table  were  little  fupe- 
rior  to  thofe  of  private  men.  He  was  naturally  very  tem- 
perate, patient  of  fatigue,  and  always  took  his  full  fhare 
in  every  kind  of  hardfhip.  In  the  winter,  and  in  the 
fpring,  he  held  his  great  courts  and  general  aflemblies; 
there  he  affected  a  difplay  of  royal  magnificence,  propofed 
himfelf  fuch  laws  as  were  for  the  public  benefit,  and  in- 
dulged the  fame  liberty  to  others*.  But  in  the  camp,  and 
in  the  court,  he  had  his  fet  hours  of  ftudy,  which  he  fel- 
dom  milled.  He  fpoke  and  wrote  Latin  well ;  he  com- 
pofed  verfes  in  that  language ;  he  underflood  Greek  j  he 
had  a  tincture  of  mofl  fciences ;  but  his  favourite  ftudy 
was  aftronomy  *. 

He  invited  Alcuinus,  of  Alhinus,  over  from  Britain,  H'uhvtof 
and  made  him  his  compaion  and  favourite :  by  his  advice  learning 
he  eftablifhed  public  foundations  for  the  encouragement  and  z'ul 
and  fupport  of  literature.     He  had  a  kind  of  private  aca-  jor '  Pro^ot\ 
demy  in  his  court;  every  member  of  which  took  the  name  "watta*' 
of  his  favourite  author  ;  one  ftyled  himfelf  Aridotle,  an-  itamonrjf 
other  Auguftin,  a  third  Horace  ;  Albinus  aflumed  that  of  hhjubjrfu 

o  Flac.  Albin.  Epift.  w  E-in.  Vita  Car.  Mag.  x  Mo- 

narcli.  Encol. 

X  %  Flaccu?) 


3°$  The  Hi/lory  of  France* 

Flaccus,  and  the  king  himfclf  took  the  name  of  David 
He  condefccnded  to  examine  all  the  young  noblemen 
about  their  progrefs  in  learning ;  rewarded  fuch  as  were 
diligent,  and  made  others  fo  by  promifes-,  for  he  dealt 
not  at  all  in  reproofs  and  punifliments.  In  all  the  great 
abbies  and  cathedrals,  he  caufed  fchools  to  be  fet  up  for 
teaching  writing,  arithmetic,  and  the  elements  of  polite 
learning ;  and,  to  (hew  of  how  much  importance  he 
thought  thefe  things,  he  himfelf  compofed  a  grammar.  In 
a  word,  he  believed  ignorance  and  idlenefs  the  greateft 
vices ;  and,  to  explode  them,  he  took  care  to  fhew  he 
held  nothing  beneath  his  own  notice.  Inquifitive  and  ju- 
dicious he  was  ;  continually  improving  his  flock  of  fci- 
ence  -,  and  yet  had  fo  little  of  jealoufy  or  of  envy,  that,  to 
foil  him  in  a  difpute  was  the  fureft  way  to  his  favour. 
His  father  Pepin,  who  felt  the  want  of  it,  had  given 
him,  for  thofe  times,  a  good  education ;  his  frequent 
journies  into  Italy,  and  his  converfation  with  learned  men 
of  all  nations,  had  given  him  a  correct  tafte ;  and  the  fig- 
rial  advantages  derived  to  him  from  his  application  to 
letters,  induced  him  to  look  upon  the  reftoration  of  learn- 
ing as  the  great  glory  of  his  reign  z. 
The 'war  As  his  dominions  augmented,  he  found  himfelf  embar- 

•withtht      raffed  with  new  enemies.      The  Abodrites  or  inhabitants 
Mares;  the  Qc  t^t  country  now  called  Mechlenburgh,were  either  his 
of  trtuce      fubjects  or  his  tributaries ;  they  were  extremely  hammed 
Pepin t  and  by  fome  of  the  tribes  of  the  Sclavonians,  called,  by  fome 
funiftwunt  authors,  Wilfe,  feated  on  the  more  of  the  Baltic a.      They 
tf  him.  and  fent  jj^cjr  complaints  to  Charles  ;  who  marched  immedi- 
ate*0.'    arety  t0  tnc*r  reher>  palled  the  Rhine  at  Cologne,  and, 
taking  with  him  the  whole  force  of  the  Saxons,  he  con- 
ftru&ed  two  bridges  on  the  Elbe,  which  he  took  care  to 
fortify :  having  left  a  corps  of  good  troops  to  guard  them, 
he  gave  the  Saxons  licence  to  enter  the  enemy's  country, 
and  take  what  they  could  find.      This   irruption  terrified 
the  Barbarians  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  they  fubmitted  to 
any  conditions  he  prefcribed,  and  gave  hoftages  for  the 
performance  of  them  ;  fo  that  his  dominions  were  now 
bounded  by  the  Baltic  b.    The  Huns  gave  him  much  more 
trouble;  they  haraffed  Bavaria  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  he 
found  it  neceffary  to  penetrate  into  their  own  country, 
with  a  numerous  army,  compofed  of  moft  of  the  nations 

y  Joan.  Leland  de  Script.  Brit.  cap.  %%.  *  Egin.  Vit* 

Car.  Mug,  a  Egm,  in  Annates.  b  Annal.  Fuld. 

Jk  Meteuf. 

that 


. 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  309 

that  were  fubject  to  his  government e.    The  Huns  had  a 
ilar  method  of  fortifying  their   country,   with   en- 
hments   of  vaft  extent,  defended  by  the  whole  tribe 
rritories  they  covered:  thefe  were  attacked  and 
nded    with    equal     refutation,    and,    wherever  they 
forced,  a  prodigious   daughter  enfued.     He  pufhed 
expedition  as  far  as  Raab  upon  the  Danube;  and  by 
'ling  his  troops  on  both  fides  of  that  river,  which 
the  Bavarians  had  covered  with  boat3,  they  wye  plenti- 
fully fupplied  with  provilions  j  but,  a  diftemper  breaking 
out  among  the  cavalry,  he  was  conftrained  to  return  to 
Ratifbon,  where  he  palled  the  winter;  in  which  he  met 
with  more  chagrin  than  lie  had  hitherto  fuffered  in  the 
courfe  of  his  life.     One  night,   after  he  was  retired  to 
reft,  he  heard  a  difturbance  in  the  outward  apartment ; 
and  rifing  haftily  to  know  what  was  the  caufe  of  it,  he 
found  a  prieft,  whofe   name  was   Ardulfe,  by  nation  a 
Lombard,  of  an  unpromifing  figure,  and  in  a  very  mean 
drefs,  who  was  very  clamorous  to  fpeak  with  the  king. 
Charles  called  him  immediately  into  the  room  ;  where  he 
told  him,    that,   dropping   afleep   in  the  corner   of  the 
church  to  which  he  belonged,  he  was  waked  by  a  number 
of  voices,  and  found  that  his  eldeft  Ion,  prince  Pepin, 
was  there  taking  the  laff  meaiures  with  his  aflbciates,  for 
executing  a  defign  againft  his  father's  life;  that  this  aflem- 
bly  difcovered  him  as  they  were  breaking  up,  and  moft  of 
them  were  for  fecuring  themfelves,  by  putting  him  to 
death  ;  but  the  prince,  having  fwom  him  at  the  altar  not 
to  divulge  what  he  had  heard,  let  him  go.      The  king 
caufed  Pepin,  and  the  rell  of  the  confpirators,  to  be  ar- 
retted immediately  ;  and,  being  convicted  on  full  proof, 
they  were  condemned  to  fufter  death ;  but  the  king  chofe 
rather  that  his  fon  fhould  live  as  a  penitent,  than  die  as  a 
parricide  ;  he  fent  him,  therefore,  to  fpend  the  reft  of  his 
days  in  a  convent.     He  foon  after  rewarded  the  prieft  for 
this  ferviee,  by  making  him  abbot  of  S.  Denis d.      His 
fans,  Pepin,  king  of  Lombardy,  and  Lewis,  king  of  Ac- 
quitaine,  hearing  of  this   conspiracy,  haftened  to  Ratif- 
boo,  where  they  found  things  tolerably  quiet ;  but  a  train 
of  frefh  misfortunes  followed  e. 

It  was  expected  that  the  Abares,  after  what  they  had 
fullered  from  the  lalt  expedition,  would  have  fent  their 
deputies  to  demand  peace  ;  inftcad  of  that  they  returnc4 

c  Annates  Loifclliani.          d  Annales  Mctenfcs.  *  Chron. 

Moiflac 

*3  to 


310  ¥ke  /^ory  of  France. 

A.  D.  793.  t0  ^'eir  habitations,  reftored  their   old  works,  threw  up 

. new  retrenchments,  and  declared  their  definitive  reibltition, 

Ar.e-w  re-  to  COver  with  their  dead  bodies,  rather  than  defert  the 
SaxoL  country  in  which  they  were  born.  Charles  few,  with  con- 
<which)s  ccrn>  tllc  WceffiJy  he  was  under  of  acline:  againft  this  de- 
attended  termined  nation  f.  He  ordered  count  Thierri  to  march, 
.tviih  great  with  a  confiderable  body  of  forces,  compofed  chiefly  of 

^Tboth  Frifons'  t0  Join  the  Saxo»s>  who  had  behaved  well  the 
jjej°t  lall  campaign  ;  but  the  firft  news  he  had,  was,  that  this 

whole  nation  was  revolted,  count  Thierri's  army  defeated, 
ard  the  belt  part  of  them   cut  to  pieces.     Immediately 
after,  he  received  intelligence,  that  the  Moors  had  over- 
rag  moll  of  his  conqueils  in  Spain  ;  and  mad"  incurfions 
into  Languedoc,  as  far  as  NarbonneS.    His  accounts  from 
Italy  were  far  from  being  pleafing  5  infornuch  that,  from 
a  (late  of  abfolute  peace  and  tranquility,  he  found  his  do- 
minions, on  a  fudden,  attacked  almoft  on  every  fide.    His 
conduct   on   this    occafion   was  great    beyond  example; 
he  fent  fome  able  officers,  with   mftruc"Hons  to  his  fons 
Pepin  and  Lewis ;  he  recruited  and  augmented  his  own 
army  till  it  became  very  numerous  •,  but  he  undertook  no- 
thing againft  the  barbarous  nations,  that  he  might  fee 
what  turn  affairs  would  take  h- 
flh  ggiter-        As  ne  hated  idlcnefs,  and  knew  that  a  great  army,  in* 
ousfcheme    active,  would  foon  grow  feditious,  he  employed  them  in 
for  uniting  the  execution  of  a  defign  which  he  had  long  before  formed, 
the  Da        ancj  which"  will  ever  do  honour  to  his  abilities:  this  was 
the  Rhine    °Pcrung   a  communication   between  the  ocean  and   the 
Jor  the  be-   Euxinc  fea,  by  uniting  the  Danube  and  the  Rhine.     He 
tiefttofcom-  forefaw  the  vaft  advantages  that  would  refult  from  thence 
Vterce.         to  numberiefs  nations,  in  fucceeding  times,  and  had  like- 
wife  in  view  the  facilitating  the  prefent  object  of  his  poli- 
tics ;  which  was   the  abfolute  reduction  of  the   Abares, 
whofe  fpirit  and  courage  he  admired,  and  therefore  wifhed 
to  fee  them  converted  to  Chriftianity  and  civilized  '.     His 
fcheme  was  to  draw  a  canal  from  the  river  of  Rednitz,  the 
iburce  of  which  is  not  far  from  WeifTembourg,  to  the  river 
of  Altmul.     The  firlt  of  thefe  rivers  falls  into  the  Mein, 
near  Bamberg,  and  the  Mein  into  the  Rhine,  at  Mentz, 
and  the  river  Atmul  joins  the  Danube  between  Ingolftadt 
and  Ratifbon.     The  canal  he  projected  was  to  have  been 
three  hundred  feet  in  breadth,  and  was  to  extend  from 

f  Egirr.  in  Annal.   Annates  Loifeiliani.  g  Rod.  Toletan. 

de  Rebus  Hifpaniae.  ^  E«in.  Vit.  Car.  Mag.  i  Chron# 

fcJciffac. 

WeifTembenj 


Wftory  of  France,  $ri 

(Tcmberg  to  the  river  of  Altmul,  which  is  little  more 

;  hut  the  foil,  p.irtly  rocky  and  partly  marfhy, 

rainy   feafon,  with  the  want   of  thole  machine!] 

rt   has    fincc  invented,  rendered   his   endeavours 

abortive,  by  ruining  all  his  works   as  faft  as  they    were 

;  hut  the  glory  of  forming  this  defign,  and  the  ho- 

r  of  having  attempted  it,  were    out  of  the  power  of 

accidents;  and  pofterity  mutt  dojuflice  to  his  memory, 

;ig  that  he  was  one  of  chofe  few  heroes  who 

had  the  advantage  of  mankind  at  heart,  and  who  laboured 

to  diltinguifh  his  conquelts  by  monuments  of  his  munifi- 

i  1  true   public   fpirit  k.     In  the  mean  time,  what 

the  king  expected  came  to  pafs  ;  the  Moors,  being  totally 

in   Spain,  by  Alonfo-  the  Chafte,  king  of  Leon, 

obliged    to  abandon  all  their  conqucfts ;    fo  that 

Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine,  and    his  miniftcrs,  found  no 

t  difficulty  in  rcftoring  things  on  that  fide.     In  Italy 

malecontents  fell  out   among  themfelvcs  ;  and  pope 

Adrian  was  firm  to  the  French  interclt,  being  convinced, 

tperience,  that  he  couhl  depend  upon  no  other  fup- 

port :  the  clouds  on   that  fide   like  ife  disappeared,  and 

afforded  Charles  an  opportunity  of  renewing  his   former 

five  projects  ;  but  that  he   might  execute  them  with. 

more  eafe,  and  at  the  fame  time  efface  the  memory  of  paft 

difafters,  he   rcfolved    to   hold    a    council    at  Francrort ; 

where  he  prefided  with  all  the  rnajefty  of  the  ancient  em-     . 

perors  '.      The  monk  Taffilon  reugned  here,  in  the  moft 

iblemn  manner,  all  his  rights  to  Bavaria;  and  Charles's 

fourth   queen,  Faftrade,  died  little  regretted,  on  account 

of  her  vices  and  vindictive  temper. 

All  things  being  now  difpofed  for  chaftifing  the  Saxons,  77"  Saxons 
the  king  marched  in  perfon  againft  them  with  his  army,  at  aKa'nre 
the  fame  time  that  his  ion  Charles  paiTed  the  Rhine  at' Co-  ^Hfrdpltt 
,  with  the  be  ft  part  of  the  forces  that  were  left  in  Qbiig,ato 
:e.     The  Saxons,  on  the  other  band,  affembjed  the  quit  their 
whole    force   of  all  their  cantons,  determined  to  put  all  country, 
upon  the  fortune  of  a  day.     But  the  prefence  of  this  mo- 
narch had  fuch  an  effect,  that  their  army  began  to  difband  j 
it  their  chiefs  were  forced  to  have  recourfe  again  to 
iubmiffion,    and    to  defire  peace    upon   what    terms   he 
pleafed  m.     Charles  prefcribed  only  two  conditions  ;  the  A.  D.  794. 
tirft  was,  that  they  fhould  again  admit  the  Chriltian  cler-  — 

k  Egin.  in  Annal.  '  Anaft,  in  Vit.  Hackiani-     Concil. 

Gall.  torn.  ii.    Egio.  in  Annal.  f  E°in.  Vit.  Car.  Mag. 

Annal  Fold* 

x  4  gy> 


3-12  7 be  Hiflory  of  France, 

gy,  and  give  hoftages  for  their  fafety  •,  the  other,  that 
they  (hould  deliver  up  one  third  part  of  their  army,  to  be 
fe'nt  wherever  he  pleafed.  Hard  as  this  laft  article  was, 
they  obeyed,  and  Charles  diftributed  thefe  Saxon  troops 
on  the  maritime  coafls  of  Holland  and  Flanders,  where 
they  did  admirable  fervice  \  Next  year,  the  king  marched 
into  the  country  of  the  Saxons,  with  a  numerous  army, 
in  order  to  hold  an  aflembly  upon  the  Elbe  ;  to  which  re- 
forted,  amongft  other  princes,  the  king  of  the  Abodrites, 
.  at  whofe  requeft  he  had  chaitiied  the  Sclavonians,  and 
who,  in  times  of  greatefi:  danger,  had  invariably  adhered 
to  him  ;  for  which  he  was  hated  by  theSaxons,  who  aflaf- 
finatedhim  upon  the  road.  Thi  ;e  provoked  Charles, 

to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he  abandoned  the  tribe  who  were 
guilty  of  it,  to  the  difcretion  of  his  army  ;  who  ilaugh- 
tered  many  thoufands,  and  took  every  thing  that  was 
worth  carrying  away  °. 

After  an  The.  death  of  pope  Adrian  gave  the  king  real  concern, 

iu      which  he  exprcfled  particularly  in  an  epitaph  in  Latin 
i''"'     verfe  ;  in  which  there  is  lefs  of  elegance  than  paflion  p» 

Abargi  ui    jjt,0  ;]IC  Third  was  chofen  the  fame  day  that  his  predeceflbr 
'  ;  he  fent  immediately  his  legates  to  Charles,  with  rich 
hum   prefents,  the  vter'stomb,  ami  the  ftandard  of 

Rome  ;  defuing  that  he  would  fend  fome  pcrfon  of  con- 
fidence to  receive  the  oaths  of  the  Roman  people,  in  qua- 
lity of  patrician,  or  protector  of  the  holy  fee.  The  king 
immediately  difpatched  his  fecretary  Engilbert,  abbot  of 
•St.  Riquier  ;  and  his  inftruclions,  written  with  great 
piety  and  dignity,  are  yet  extant.  The  war  with  the 
Abares,  or  Huns,  was  by  this  time,  in  a  manner,  finifhed  : 
Henry,  duke  of  Frioul,  defeated  them  in  a  general  en- 
gagement, and  made  himfelf  matter  of  their  capital,  called 
Ringa,  with  prodigious  flaughter  of  the  inhabitants. 
There  he  found  immenfe  riches,  confiding  in  the  fpoil  and 
plunder  of  various  nations,  which  they  had  been  amafling 
for  many  years  ■>.  Pepin,  king  of  Italy,  completed  this 
conquelt,  and  in  another  battle  killed  the  khan,  an  inci- 
dent which  put  an  end  to  the  war  •,  and,  as  fome  writers 
fay,  to  the  people,  Who  were  in  a  manner  extirpated. 
Only  one  canton,  of  which  Thcudin  was  the  chief,  fub- 
mitted,  were  baptized,  and  received  into  the  king's  pro- 
tection. This  extirpation  did  not  hinder  the  northern 
Saxons  from  taking  up  arms  again,  and  murdering  one  of 

nMonach.  Engol.  °  Annal,  Fqld.  P  Egin.  in 

yit.  Car.  Mag.    '  s  Anna!.  Fuld.    Mdnach.  Engol. 

tiff 


t  Hi/lory  of  France*.  313 

of  Charleys  court,   who  was  returning  from  an 
j   which  revolt  was  attended  with  the  ufual  confe- 

oes,  rapine,  flaughtcr,  and,  at  length,  a  forced  fub- 
miflion.     The  king  now   fpent  his  winter  at  Aix  la  Cha- 

,  with  his  fifth  queen,  and  there  received  many  cm- 
baflics,  that  did  him  great  honour,  and  fome  that  mult 
have  given  him  great  fatisfaction.     Amongft  the  former, 

aay  reckon  that  from  Irene,  emprefs  of  Conftanti- 
nople,  to  apologize  for  her  own  condudt,  in  putting  out 

\ci  and  depofing  her  own  fon,  and  to  propole  a  mar- 
between  herfelf  and  the  king.  Theie  ambafl'adors 
were  entertained  very  honourably,  though  Charles  very 
well  knew  ihe  was  at  that  time  embarked  in  feveral  in- 
trigues that  were  prejudicial  to  his  interefts  r.  On  the 
other  hand,  we  may  comprehend,  among  the  latter,  the 
fubmiflion  of  leveral  Moorifh  lords,  and  application  for 
protection  on  the  behalf  of  others,    whom  he  referred   to 

on  Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine.  That  prince,  by  his 
direction,  fent  an  army  to  their  afliftance,  and,  with  the 
help  of  the  natives,  recovered  the  iflands  of  Majorca  and 
Minorca  \  which,  by  theie  means,  were  annexed  to  his 
dominions*.  But  if  thefe  events  gave  him  joy,  there  was  A.  D. 799. 
another  that  gave  him  pain  :    Pafcal  and   Campule,  ne-  ■■ 

phews  of  the  late  pope  Adrian,  attacked  pope  Leo  in  the 
ilreets  of  Rome,  on  the  feafl  of  St.  Mark.  They  dragged 
him  into  the  church,  with  an  intent  to  put  out  his  eyes, 
and  cut  out  his  tongue,  and  fr?m  thence  remove  him  into 
a  monaftery,  where  they  intended  to  have  kept  him  pri- 
foner ;  but  he  was  happily  delivered  by  his  friends  ;  the 
duke  of  Spoleto,  then  general  of  the  French  forces,  came 
and  took  him  into  his  protection,  and  foon  after,  with  a 
good  efcort,  he  fct  out  to  lay  his  own  cafe  before  the 
ki:i£.  Charles,  at  the  time  of  his  arrival,  was  at  Pader- 
born  ;  from  whence  he  fet  out  to  meet  him,  and  (lie  wed 
him,  upon  this  occafion,  all  poffible  marks  of  refpect. 
He  fent  him  back  fome  time  after  with  numerous  guards 
and  attendance,  and  appointed  commiiTaries  to  enquire 
into  this  affair  at  Rome  ;  at  the  fame  time  he  promifed 
him,  that  he  would  come  in  perfon  to  render  him  juftice, 
and  to  fettle  the  aflairsof  Italy,  which  were  again  in  great 
diforder  *. 

At  this  time  the  Normans,  that  is,  the  inhabitants  of 
the  northern  nations  (for  fome  tribes  of  the  Saxons,  as  well 

'  Annal.  Fuld.  »  Baluz.  Limes  Hilpan.  t  Anaft. 

ita  Ltonis. 

as 


3 14  2%e  Hijiory  of  France. 

*Themea-     as  tne  inhabitants  of  Denmark,  and  perhaps  fome  other 
jnrtstzken    nations,  were  included  under  that  name),  began  to  render 
tofetureail  tbemfelves  famous  by  their  piracies.     Thefe  depredations 
tnefron-      obliged  the  king  to  be  very  attentive  to  the  fafety  of  the 
dtrnhkn! '  fca-coafts,    for  which  he  provided  very  efFec"lually ;  ef- 
tablifhing  fortrefles  at  the  mouths  of  mofl  of  the  great  li- 
vers j  a  regular  militia,   deflined  for  that  purpofe  only, 
along  the  ihore  9  and  fquadrons,   properly  (lationed,  to 
cruife  in  quell  of  thefe  invaders.     That  he  might  fee  how 
well  his  intentions  were  executed,  he  went  in  perfon,  and 
examined  them  with  the  (Iricteft  attention.    In  the  month 
of  March  he  rimmed  his -tour;    and,  having  palled  the 
Seine  at  Rouen,  went  to  perform  his  devotions  at  the  tomb 
of  St.  Martin  ;  where  the  counts  of  Bretagne,  who  had 
been  in  rebellion,  and  were  but  lately  reduced,  came  to 
pay  their  refpe&s,  and  to  make  their  prefents.     He  made 
a  longer  flay  than  he  intended  at  Tours,  by  reafon  of  the 
fjeknefs  and  death  of  his  lafl  qucen.Lutgarde.     He  return- 
ed from  thence,  by  Orleans  and  Paris,  to  Aix  la  Chapclle, 
and  in  the  month  of  Augufl  held  a  general  afTcmbly  at 
Mentz  ;  where  he  declared  the  motives  which   induced 
him  to  make  a  journey  into  Italy.     He  fet  out  foon  after, 
though  we  have  no  diltinc*l  account  of  his  route,  and  ar- 
rived with  an  army  at  Ravenna  ;  from  whence  he  difpat cri- 
ed the  king  of  Italy  to  reduce  Grimoalde,  duke  of  Bene- 
ventum  ;  a  fervice  which  he  performed,  or,  at  lead,  we 
learn  of  no  confiderable  refiftance  made  by  that  duke. 
Is  trotontd      Charles  in  the  mean  time  proceeded  to  Rome,  with  a 
bypopt  Leo  fmall  corps  of  troops,  was  met  at  fome  di (lance  by  pope 
111  "*£''     Leo,  and  made  his  entry  with  him  into  that  city  on  the 
#V?  at       24tft  °^  November.     After  fome  days  fpent  in  proper  en- 
Rome,ivith  quiries,  the  caufe  was  folemnly  heard  ;  and  none  appear- 
nni'verjal     ing  to  prove  the  crimes  that  had  been  alleged  againil  the 
*j>pla*je.     pope,  he  rofe  up  of  his  own  accord,  and  declared  in  the 
moll  folemn  manner,  upon  oath,  that  he  was  not  guilty  of 
them,  by  ac~l,  order,  or  connivance.     The  trial  of  the 
affaffins  was  next  brought  on  ;  and,  being  convi£led  in  the 
prefence  of  the  king,   they  were  condemned  to  death ; 
but  the  pope  intcrpofed,  and  defired  that  he  would  fpare 
their  lives  ;  he  went  farther,  and  entreated  that  they  might 
not  fufFer  in  their  perfon:.,  but  that  they  might  be  exiled, 
fo  as  to  give  him  no  farther  apprehenfions.     This  was  in 
itfelf  a  very  extraordinary  fcenev;  but  there  followed,  on 
Chriflmas  day,  one  much  more  extraordinary.     The  king 
going  to  affifl  at  mafs,  while  he  was  upon  his  knees  before 
the  altar,  the  pope  came  and  placed  a  rich  crown  upon  his 

Jiead  j 


-  Hi/lory  df  France,  315 

;  upon  which  the  people  cried  aloud,  "  Long  live 
the  auguft,  crowned  by  the  hand  of  God  !  Long 
•id  victory  to  the  great  and  pacific  emperor  of  the 
Rom.ins."  During  thefe  acclamations,  the  pope  con- 
ducted him  to  a  throne,  which  hid  been  prepared  for 
him  ;  and,  as  foot)  as  he  was  feated,  paid  him  thofe  rcf- 
pects  which  his  predeceflbrs  were  wont  to  pay  to  the  an- 
cient emperors.  He  then  declared,  that,  inftead  of  the 
title  of  patrician,  he  fhould  ftyle  him  for  the  future  em- 
peror and  Auguftus,  and  at  the  fame  time  prefented  the 
imperial  mantle  ;  with  which  being  inverted,  he  returned, 
amidfr.  the  acclamations  of  the  people  to  his  palace  ".  His  a.  D.  800. 
fecretary  Eginard  affirms,  that  he  was  fo  far  from  (hewing  ■ 

either  joy  or  fatisfacfion  upon  this  occafion,  that  he  de- 
clared he  was  not  in  the  lead:  apprifed  of  the  pope' 
tion  ;  and  that,  if  he  had,  he  would,  notwithftanding  the 
folemnity  of  the  feail,  have  torborn  going  to  church.  The 
reafon  he  afllgned  was,  that  this  ceremony  added  nothing 
to  his  power,  and  would  only  confer  on  hi  ifelf  and  his 
poflerity  a  pompous  title,  that  might  be  attended  with 
many  inconveniencies  w.  Notwithstanding  this  deel  (ra- 
tion, certain  it  is,  that  Charlemagne  was  ever  after  very 
tenacious  of  that  title,  and  infilled  upon  being  owned  in 
this  quality  by  the  emperors  of  the  Eaft,  whom  he  treated 
thenceforward  on  the  foot  of  equality.  In  his  return  he 
took  Pavia  in  his  way,  where  he  made  fome  amendments 
and  additions  to  the  laws  of  thr  Lombards. 

The  war  againft  the  Moors,  who  had  lately  thrown  afide  'The  Per- 
thc  refpeel  they  had  fworn  to  maintain  towards  his  father,  fianmo- 
obliged  Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine,  to  take  up  arms  againft  T'r:':' ,% 
them  ;  and  though  it  was  at  the  expence  of  a  long  and  r"j*™ 
bloody  war,  yet  he  compelled  them  tofubmit,  and  brought  maht'a 
things  into  very  near  the  fame  ftate  in  which  Charles  had  cetfmt  to 
left  them.     Pepin,  king  of  Italy,  met  with  more  fpeedy  Ckerltt  if 
fuccefs.     The  town  of  Rieti,  which  was  near  the  territory  l,'f     * 
held  by  the  Greeks,  revolted  at  their  mitigation.     It  was 
ftrong,  and  had  fome  good  pofts  in  its  neighbourhood  j  but 
Pepin  quickly  took  thefe,  and  reduced  that :  upon  which, 
having  ordered  the   people  to  withdraw,  he  burnt  it  to 
afhes.     The  governors  of  Barcelona  and  Rieti,  who  had 
been  the  authors  of  thefe  diiturbances  were  fent  prifopcrs 
by  the  two  young  kings  to  the  emperor  their  father.    Char- 
lemagne had  the  additional  fatisfaction  of  feeing  ambafia- 

u  Anna!.  Metcnf.    Adon.  Chron.  Egin.  in  Annal.    Anaft.  in 
Vit.  Leon.  *  Egin.  in  Vit.  Car.  Mag. 

dors 


316  Vhe  Hlftory  of  France. 

dors  from  the  Perfian  monarch  at  his  court,  whom  he 
brought  with  him  out  of  Italy,  and  carried  them  through 
France  into  Germany.     Amongft  other  entertainments, 
he   diverted   them  with   the   fighting   of  wild   buffaloes, 
•which,  however,  put  them  in  great  danger  of  their  lives, 
and  the  emperor,  who  relieved  them,  in  much  greater  j 
infomuch  that  he  would  certainly  have  loft  hi§  life,  if  a 
nobleman,  called  Ifemhart,  who  had  loit  hi?,  favour,  and 
had  all  his  eflates  taken  from  him,  and  was  prefent  in  dif- 
guife,  had  not  killed  one  of  thofe  furious  creatures,  at  the 
y  inftant  he  was  on  the  point  of  bearing  down  the  em- 
peror and  his  horfe ;  for  which  fervicc  Charles  not  only  re- 
itored  to  him  his  honours  and  his  fortune,  but  loaded  him 
alfo  with  many  additional  favours  *.    By  thefe  ambafladors, 
their  matter  made  a  ceflion  of  the  holy  places  at  Jerufalem 
to  Charlemagne,  a  circurnftance  which  furnifhed  the  ro- 
mance writers  with  an  oppoitunity  of  pretending  the  em- 
peror went  thither  in  perfon,  and  conquered  them  from 
the  infidels;  not  difcerning  that  the  matter  of  fact,  plainly 
and  fimply  related,    was  infinitely  more  honourable  to 
Charlemagne  than  their  ridiculous  fiction  '.     Thefe  am- 
bafladors  were  men  of  fenfe  ;    and  having  been  treated 
with  fome  contempt  in  the  places  through  which  they  pair- 
ed in  France,  complained  to  the  emperor  that  he  was  lead 
refpedled  in  the  heart  of  his  dominions ;  upon  which  he 
removed  the  governors,  and  fined  the  bilhops  who  had  af- 
forded occafion  for  this  complaint  z. 
Charle-  The  refllefs  behaviour  of  Grimoalde,  duke  of  Bene- 

mugnecem-  ventum,  and  his  continual  intrigues  with  the  Creeks,  in- 
ftls  ti,t'm-  duced  Charlemagne  to  entertain  ferious  thoughts  of  de- 
t'/'or ' s  to'  P**»ing  him  of  his  duchy,  and  the  Greeks  of  their  tcrri- 
acknoivUgt  tories,  or,  in  other  words,  to  render  himfelf  fole  mailer 
Aim,  and  of  Italy  ».  He  could  not  conduct  this  defign  with  fo 
concludt  a  much  feerecy,  as  to  prevent  its  coming  to  the  notice  of 
fiace.  the  cmprefs  Irene,  the  molt  artful  woman  of  her  time, 

who  flattered  herfelf  that  fhe  had  more  than  once  over? 
A.  D  Soi.  reached  him  in  negociation  b.  To  prevent  him  therefore, 
,_  and  to  fecure  herfelf,  ihe  lent  a  nobleman  of  great  confi- 

deration,  to  make  him  a  propofal  of  marriage.  This,  Charle- 
magne, who  had  then  been  a  widower  two  years,  and  had 
a  great  paflion  for  the  fex,  very  readily  accepted,  and  fent 
two  ambaffadors  of  his  own  to  conclude  the  terms.     On 

*  Monach.  Sangal,  de  Reb  Carol!  Mag.                   y  P.  Daniel. 

*  Monach.  Sangal,    de  Reb,  Caroli   Mag.                  a  El  Macin, 

Hift.  Saracen,  lib.  vi,  b  Theophan.  Cpnfefforis  Chrono- 
graph ia. 

this 


■  of  France,  $t} 

OCCaGon,    therefore,    Irene,    with  all  her  fkill,   was 
miftaken  •>    lor  Charlemagne   was   not  to  be   outwitted, 
:,  whenever  he  undertook  any  thing  of  importance, 
rovided  at  the  fame  time  for  the  mealurcs  which  were 
r  him  to  purfue,  in  eafe  he  did  or  did  not  fuocced, 
h  was  the  great  fecrct  of  his  admiuiflration,  and  pre- 
vented its  being  ever  difappointed  c.     In  this  very  affair  he 
took  fueh   precautions,    that,    in   all   probability,    Irene, 
whatever  her  firft  defign  might  be  in  the  treaty,  muft  have 
efpoufed  him,  if  by  a  confpiracy,  undertaken  and  execut- 
ed in  a  night,  (he  had  not  been  depofed  by  Nicephorus, 
who  banilhed  her  to  the  ifland  of  Mitylenc.     Yet  this 
event  did  not  baffle  the  fchemes  of  Charlemagne,  whofe 
preparations  for  war  were  fo  formidable,  that  Nicephorus 
found  himfelf  under  the  necellity  of  giving  him  the  title  of 
Auguftus,  and  of  fettling  the  boundaries  between  the  two 
empires  by  a  treaty,  to  his  fatisfaction,  though  the  peace 
did  not  laft  long  d. 

While  Charlemagne  was  thus  employed,  Godfrey,  king  Obi  get  ab'* 
of  the  Danes  or  Normans,  projected  a  very  dangerous  in-  '"'  "'*  °f 
vafion  on  his  dominions,  both  by  land  and  fea ;  previous  mamtoJe- 
to  which,  by  his  intrigues,    the  Saxons,  for  the  eighth  jifl  from 
time,  betook  themfclve6  to  arms  ;  but  the  emperor  enter-  hoflilitUs, 
cd  their  country  fo  unexpectedly,    and  with  fo  great  a  an*t0fo't'm 
force,  that,  after  fuftaining  great  lofs,  they  were  obliged  t"eat„% 
to  fubmit  c.     He  punifhed   them    by  transporting  many 
thoufnnds  into  Switzerland,  and  a  much  greater  number 
into  Picardy  and  the  Low  Countries  ;   at  the  time  he 
removed  the  Abroditcs  out  of  their  own  country  into 
Saxony,    a   Itep  which  entirely  broke  the  fpirits  of  the 
Saxons,  or  rather  weakened  their  force  to  fuch  a  degree, 
that  they  were  never  afterwards  able  to  rebel f.     At  the  A.  D.  8«j. 
fame  time  the  guards  he  polled  along  the  coafts  behaved  ■ 
with  fuch  vigilance  and  intrepidity,  that  the  Normans, 
finding  it  impolTible  to  make  any  impreffion,  thought  it 
moll  expedient  for  their  own  interelt,  to  conclude  a  peace, 
which  Godfrey  once  thought  of  negociating  in  perfon,  and 
to  facilitate  which,  Charlemagne  advanced  with  a  corps 
of  troops  to  the  Elbe.     Godfrey  went  thither  alfo  with  a 
very  numerous  body  of  horfe  ;  but  fearing,  or  pretending 
to  fear,  that  his  perfon  might  be  feized,  they  treated  by 
deputies,  by  whom  a  kind  of  convention  was  concluded, 

«  Hadriani  Valefii   Gefta  Fiancorum.  «*  Adon.  Chroo. 

Theopan.  Clironographia.  •  Hiftoriade  Cunveifione  Bo»« 

•rum.  *  Eginard.  Annal, 

whereby 


3i8 


The  Hijiory  of  France. 


Settles  the 
diflribution 
cfhis  Ucmi- 
nion;,  a- 
tnongjl  his 
three  fans. 


whereby  the  emperor's  fubjec~ts  were  reftrained  from  mak- 
ing incurfions  into  the  territories  of  the  Normans,  who,  on 
the  other  hand,  engaged,  that  his  fleets  fhould  refpett 
the  territories  of  Charlemagne  e.  An  agreement  founded 
in  the  interefls  of  both  parties,  and  which  fubfifted  fo 
long  as  they  confidered  thefe  in  the  fame  light. 

The  emperor  beginning  to  feel  himfelf,  notwithftanding 
the  vigour  of  his  conilitution,  by  his  continual  fatigues, 
and  by  his  excefles  in  refpecl:  to  women,  much  decayed, 
held  an  aiTembly  at  Thionville,  where  he  made  an  authen- 
tic difpofition  of  his  dominions,  by  which  he  gave  Aqui- 
taine  and  Gafcony,  together  with  the  Spanifh  marches,  to 
his  fon  Lewis  •,  his  Italian  dominions  he  confirmed  to  Pe- 
pin, together  with  the  beft  part  of  Bavaria,  and  the  coun* 
tries  at  pre  Tent  inhabited  by  the  Grifons ;  the  countries  in 
thofe  days  flyled  Neuilria,  Auftrafia,  and  Thuringia,  were 
left  to  Charles,  who,  as  the  elded,  was  alfo  the  mofl 
powerful  of  the  three.  This  difpofition  having  been  pub- 
licly read  in  the  aflembly,  was  fubferibed  by  the  emperor, 
and  by  the  principal  nobility  that  were  prefent  •,  then  it 
was  fent  by  his  fecretary  to  Home,  in  order  to  render  it 
more  authentic  by  the  fubfeription  of  the  pope  h.  It  is 
very  remarkable  that  in  this  inftrument  there  is  not  only 
no  notice  taken  of  the  imperial  dignity,  but  alfo,  there  is 
an  exprefs  rcfervation  of  the  fovereign  authority  to  the 
emperor  during  his  life,  as  well  from  the  three  kings,  as 
from  all  their  refpecYive  fubjects.  The  very  fame  year, 
the  two  kings  of  Aquitaine  and  Italy,  who  had  been  pre- 
fent in  the  aflembly,  returning  into  their  dominions,  ob- 
tained feveral  advantages  againft  the  infidels,  whom  Pe- 
pin drove  out  of  Corfic.i,  and  Lewis  defeated  in  Catalo- 
A.D.  806.  nia  l.  Charles  alfo  made  an  expedition  into  Bohemia, 
•  ■  ■  •  ■  where  he  defeated  a  tribe  of  the  Sclavonians,  that  had  re- 
belled and  killed  their  duke.  In  the  winter  feveral  am- 
bafladors  arrived  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  from  that  great 
prince  whom  the  French  ftyle  monarch  of  Perfia,  and  who 
makes  fo  great  figure  in  Oriental  authors  under  the  name 
of  the  khalif  Aaron  al  Rafchid.  They  were  kindly  re- 
ceived, and  moft  magnificently  entertained :  amongft 
their  prefents  was  a  clock,  the  firft  ever  feen  in  France  k. 

Next  year  Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine,  found  himfelf  in- 
volved in  a  war  with  the  Moors  in  Catalonia,  which  he 
managed  with  indifferent  fuccefs,  and  was,  at  the  fame 


*  Annales  Rerum  Francomm.  b  Goldaft.  torn.  i.  p, 

?  Adon.  Cliron.  k  Monach.  Singal.    Pocta  Saxon. 


145. 


time. 


Th  Hiflory  of  France*  319 

.  cmbarraflcd  with  fevcral  fquadrpns  of  Norman  pi-  Bj  hit  wife 
t  having 'received  early  intelligence  of  thefefrom  ana"  firm 

ither,  ho  took  fuch  precautions  for  the  fecurity  of  hi»  e°"dua  tk* 
coafts,  that  they  were  able  to  give  his  fubjeets  but  little  J,'™]^ 
tToublc.     There  happened,  about  this  period,  fomc  new  pirates,are 

Is  in  Italy,  which  hiftorians  attribute  to  the  Venetians,  lept  jrtm 

,  by  the  lalt  treaty  were  left  to  live  under  their  own  maktn^9 
laws  and  their  own  dukes,  but,  at  the  fame  time,  were  to  mfre^9tu» 
render  juit  homage  to  both  empires  ;  which,  as  they  found 
it  diilicult  to  do,    and   were  defirous  of  independency, 
they  conceived  it  their  intereft  to  embnrrafs  them  in  new 
difputcs.     Pope  Leo,   who  forefaw  the  confequences  of 
their  intrigues,  judged  it  requifite  to  make  a  journey  into 
ive  the  emperor  a  right  idea  of  the  (late  of 
s  v.\  Italy.  In  confequence  of  his  informations,  Charle- 
>e  fent  inltru£tions  to  his    fon   Pepin,   to  keep  his 
naval  force  in  cenftant  order,  as  the  mod  effectual  means 
to  preferve  the  peace  of  his  dominions ;  and  it  was  by  fol- 
lowing this   advice  exactly,   that  he   repelled  both  the 
Moors  and  the  Greeks,  as  often  as  they  gave  him  any  dis- 
turbance '.     In  like  manner  Charlemagne  covered  the  reft  A.  D.  toy* 
of  his  cxtenfivc  territories,  having  ports  at  the  mouths  of         ■  ■  -. 
all  confiderable  rivers  ?,  guardfliips  on  the  coafts,  fortifi- 
cations along  the  (hore,  and  a  militia  properly  difpofed  for 
the  defence  of  thefe  fortifications. 

It  quickly  appeared  that  the  emperor  had  judged  rightly  A  war 
of  the  precautions  neceltary  againil  the  Normans.     Their  treats  out 
king  Godfrey,  though,  as  we  (hall  fee  in  its  proper  place,  '?     G,I>J' 
the  Norman  nations  give  him  another  name,  had  the  cou-  Jf^f  '"*' 
rage  not  only  to  break  again  with  the  French,  but  to  pro-  Danes  $r 
jedr  and  to  undertake  a  war  of  continuance.     He  'began  Normans, 
with  making  an  irruption  into  the  country  of  the  Abo-  w^r{W; 
drites,  than  whom  no  German  nation  had  ever  more  (lea-  £//^,7*i/" 
dily  adhered  to  Charlemagne,  and  not  only  drove  Traficon, 
one  of  their  dukes,  out  of  his  dominions,  but  alfo  caufed  an- 
other, whofe  name  was  Godelaibe,  to  be  hanged  up,  merely 
for  oppofing  his  paffage.     He  afterwards  reduced  a  great 
trad  of  country,  and  would  have  certainly  puftied  his  con- 
quers much  farther,  if  the  emperor  had  not  ordered  his 
elded  fon  Charles  to  advance,  with  a  great  army,  towards 
the  Elbe  \    This  meafure  had  the  effect  that  was  ex- 
pected ;  for  the  Norman,  who,  in  the  courfe  of  the  cam- 
paign, had  bought  his  victories  dear,  retired  into  his  own 

*  Vita  Ludovici  Pit.  ■  Eginard.  Annak  ■  An« 

sales  Mctenfci. 

dominion!, 


32° 


A.  D.  SoS, 


Tht  pro- 
g*e/s  of  tke 
nuar,  other 
incidents, 
and  the 
domeflic 
employ- 
ments of 
Charle- 
magne. 


The  Hiftory  of  France". 

dominions,  where  he  (hewed  both  his  fpirit  and  {kill,  by 
providing  at  the  fame  time,  with  equal  vigilance,  for  the 
defence  of  his  own  territories,  and  for  a  frefh  irruption 
into  thofe  of  the  emperor  in  the  fpring ;  while  prince 
Charles,  having  erected  a  fortrefs  upon  the  Elbe,  at  or 
near  the  place  where  Hamburgh  is  now  fituated,  returned 
and  put  his  troops  into  winter-quarters  °.  Lewis,  king 
of  Aquitaine,  made  another  expedition  in  perfon  againil 
the  Moors,  from  whom  he  recovered  feveral  places  ;  Pe- 
pin, king  of  Italy,  with  the  afliftance  of  his  father's  fqua- 
drons,  repreffed  both  the  Moors  and  the  Greeks,  and 
gained  fome  advantages  over  the  Venetians- 

In  the  fpring  there  was  a  negotiation  for  peace,  be- 
tween the  emperor  and  the  king  of  the  Normans,  which 
was  broke  off  by  the  latter ;  and  upon  Charlemagne's 
threatening  to  come  and  fettle  thefe  difputes  on  his  fron- 
tiers, Godfrey  gave  him  to  underftand,  that  poflibly  he 
might  fave  him  that  trouble,  by  coming  with  an  army  to 
the  gates  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  p.  He  was  indeed  the  moft 
formidable  enemy  that,  in  the  courfe  of  his  long  reign,  the 
emperor  had  to  deal  with;  who,  notwithstanding,  prevent- 
ed his  making  the  irruption  he  intended,  by  fending  count 
Egbert,  with  a  numerous  army,  on  the  other  lide  the 
Elbe,  while  duke  Traficon,  at  the  head  of  his  own  fub- 
jects,  the  Saxons,  and  other  vaffals  of  the  empire  reco- 
vered the  country  he  had  conquered  the  preceding  year, 
and  gave  him  full  employment  at  home.  The  Greeks 
made  a  defcent  not  far  from  Ravenna,  with  an  intent  to 
befiege  the  city  of  Comachio,  but  were  defeated,  and  ob- 
liged to  retire  to  their  fhips.  The  Moors  alfo  made  a  def- 
cent upon  Corfica,  and  ravaged  a  great  part  of  the  ifland  i. 
In  Spain,  the  king  of  Aquitaine  attempted,  without  ef- 
fect, the  recovery  of  Tortofa,  which  had  been  furprifed 
in  the  winter,  and  one  of  his  generals  was  alfo  obliged  to 
raife  the  fiege  of  Huefcar.  In  the  mean  time  Charle- 
magne held  a  council  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  with  all  the  ltate 
of  a  Chriftian  emperor,  in  which  he  fhewed  great  zeal  for 
the  doctrine  and  difcipline  of  the  church.  He  fpent  alfo 
no  fmall  portion  of  his  time  in  revifing  the  feveral  codes, 
of  laws,  by  which  his  fubjects,  in  different  parts  of  his 
empire,  were  governed,  and  made  fuch  alterations  in 
them  as  he  thought  neceflary  *.     He  likewife  heard  the  re- 

•  Poeta  Saxon.  p  Annates  Bertin,  Theophan.  Chrono- 

grapbia.  i  Vita  Ludovici  Pii,  I  Adon.  Chron. 

«  Egjnaxd.  Vita  Caroli  Mag. 

ports 


Tie  Hijiory  of  France,  321 

ports  that  were  made  to  him  by  the  governors  of  pro- 
•ul  fuch  as  admiuiileied  juitice.     He  heard  alfo 
the  complaints  ui  all  fuch   as   held   themfelvcs  aggrieved, 
whether  laity  or  <  rid  had   let  times  for  receiving- 

ami  anfwering  petitions.  It  is  very  wonderful  that,  with 
all  thefc  Rreat  affairs  upon  his  hands,  he  fliould  find  lei- 
fur;  to  collect,  a->  lie  did,  all  the  old  poems  and  hiitorical 
fongs,  relating  to  the  exploits  of  his  predecefibrs,  which 
he  did  with  a  view  to  a  complete  hiltory  of  the  monar- 
chy ;  and  it  is  a  great  misfortune  to  pofterity,  that  thefc 
collections  are  diffipated  and  gone'. 

Things  at  the  opening  of  the  year  had  but  an  unpleafant  Thefuccef- 
afpctl.     The  officer  who  commanded  in  the  marches  olfes  v  tl:* 
Spain  dying,  the  Moorith  governor  of  Saragofla  and  Hu-^T0/ 
efca  ealily  over-ran  them,  more  efpecially  as  he  pretend-  a?„d'*/"lam 
ed  to  hold  them  as  a  vaflal  of  the  empire.     The  Gafcons  ly,  agamft 
likewife  began  to  murmur,  and  to  pay  little  or  no  obedi-  the  Moors 
ence  to  king  Lewis  :  the  party  of  the  Greeks  alfo  became  an<*  , 
the  flrongelt  in  Italy;  and  this  fuperiority  obliging  Pepin    rtt'm 
to  withdraw  fome  of  his  forces  out  of  the  illands,   the 
Moors  took  the  advantage,  and  in  a  fliort  fpace  of  time 
made  themfelves  mailers  of  the  bed  part  of  Corfica.     To 
heighten  this  gloomy  profpe£t,  the  whole  North  was  in 
motion,  to  put  it  out  of  the   emperor's  power  to  fend  ei- 
ther of  his  fons  the  fuccours  which  the  fituation  of  their 
affairs  required.     Charlemagne,   however,  without  being 
difconcerted,    applied   himfelf  with  vigour  to  difpofe  all 
things  on  every  fide  for  the  fupport  of  his  government  j 
and,  while  he  was  thus  employed,  the   cloud  gradually 
difperfed.     Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine,  entered  the  rough 
country  of  the  Gafcons  with  a  well  appointed  army,  from 
which,  as  they  were  not  able  to  refill,  they  fled,  but  with 
a  full  refolution  to  attack  his  rear,  upon  his  return  out  of 
Spain.      Lewis  took    no  pains  to  purfue;    but,    having 
taken  a  fingle  man,  caufed  him  to  be  hanged  up,  and  de- 
clared his  refolution  to  treat  all  in  the  fame  manner  who 
did  not  fubmit.     He  feized  their  old  men,  together  with 
the  women  and  children,  as  hodages,  for  the  fafety  of  his 
troops  in  their  return.     Having  recovered  the  frontiers 
from  the  Moors,  he  repaired  the  mountains,  without  any 
lufs,  upon  which  the  Gallons  thought  it  their  interclt  to 
fubmit.     Pepin  had  the  like  fuccefs  againft  his  enemies, 
infomuch  tha   Niccphorus  judged  it  expedient  to  fend  am- 
bafladon»  to  Charlemagne,  with  whom  they  concluded  a 

<  Monachui  Sangal.  Adon.  Chron. 
Hod.  Vol.  XIX.  Y  peace. 


Godfrey 
king  of  the 
Ncrmarts, 
makes  a 
dangerous 
irruftwn, 
but  is  af- 
fajjinaied. 


322  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

peace.  But  it  was  otherwife  with  refpecl  to  Godfrey, 
king  of  the  Normans,  againft  whom  the  emperor  provid- 
ed, as  he  had  done  formerly,  by  caufmg  a  numerous  army 
to  pafs  the  Elbe,  and  advancing  feveral  other  corps  to- 
wards the  frontiers11. 

That  k'mr;,  who  was  not  inferior  to  Charlemagne  irt 
martial  abilities,  having  left  a  confiderable  army  to  fup- 
port  the  Sclavonians,  with  proper  inftruclions  how  to  act, 
embarked  his  belt  troops  on  board  a  fleet  of  two  hundred 
fail,  and,  before  the  emperor  had  any  intelligence  of  his 
defign,  attacked  the  iflands  on  the  coaft  of  Friezland,  re- 
duced them,  and  then  made  a  defcent,  with  ail  his  troops, 
upon  the  continent.  The  French  and  the  Frifons,  that  is, 
the  marine,  militia,  and  the  natives,  aflembled  as  great  a 
force  as  they  could  to  oppofe  his  paflage  •,  but  Godfrey 
having  attacked  and  defeated  them,  filled  the  adjacent 
provinces  with  confternation w.  Charlemagne  aflembled 
all  the  troops  he  could  raife,  which  were  not  very  confi- 
derable upon  the  Rhine,  in  order  to  make  head  againft 
this  bold  invader;  but,  when  he  expected  a  deciiive  bat- 
tle, he  had  intelligence  that  the  enemy  had  abandoned 
their  concjuefts,  and  were  embarking  on  board  their  fleet. 
This  Urangc  turn  was  occasioned  by  the  affaffination  of 
Godfrey,  by  one  of  his  guards.  His  fon  was  of  a  different 
per;  his  firft  care  was  to  acquaint  Charlemagne,  that 
he  was  fincerely  difpofed  to  peace :  the  emperor  allured 
him,  in  return,  that  he  had  the  fame  inclination  ;  upon 
which  a  cefiation  of  arms  enfued,  the  conferences  being 
deferred  to  the  fpring*.  The  fati.sfa&ion  he  received 
from  heiKe  was  very  much  leffened  by  the  death  of  his 
beloved  daughter,  the  princefs  Rotrude,  and  by  that  of 
Pepin,  king  of  Iuiy,  who,  with  great  courage  and  abi- 
lities, had  a  profound  refpecl,  and  a  moll  tender  affe&ion 
for  his  father.  He  left  behind  him  a  fon,  Bernard,  and 
A-  D.  3 10.  five  daughters.  The  emjeror  exprefled  more  grief  than 
.  fome  thought  confident  with  his  dignity;  but  Charles  was 

none  of  thofe  heroes  who  are  unaffected  by  the  fofterpaf- 
fions,  or  of  thofe  politicians  who  thought  it  requifite  to 
diflemble  them.  He  wept  for  his  fon,  and,  at  the  fame 
time,  he  declared  Bernard,  though  an  infant,  and  a  natu- 
ral fon,  king  of  Italy7.  Jn  this  ftep  it  feems  he  had  the 
confent  and  concurrence  of  Lewis,  king  of  Aquitaine* 
upon  which  he  very  much  depended. 


B  Eginard.  Vit.  Carol i  Mag. 
corum.  K  Adon.  Chroa. 


w  Annates  Rerum  Fran* 
y  Eginard.  Vit.  Caroli  Mage 

The 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  $2$ 

riations  with  the  new  ThimM* 
.  and  a  congrefi  was  held  in  Jut-  ror  lofrs 
c  minifters   from  each  of  the  mo-  hli  tUefi 
nriuded  a  folid  peace.     This  did^fj^"' 

r      ,.  r  .        anJ  finds 

mder  the  emperor  from  lending  two  numerous  armies,  mofl0j  his 

one  on  the  other  iide  the  Elbe,  the  other  into  Pannonia,  tmmits  i*. 

trie  a  diipute  between  the  Huns  and  the  Sclavonians:  tlintifr 
at  the  fame  time,  a  third  marched   into  Bretagne,  where  PtjCt> 

put  an  end  to  fome  commotions  that  had  happened, 
when  the  emperor's  affairs  were  thought  to  be  in  a  bad 
pofturc.  In  the  mean  time,  Charles  went  in  perfon  to  fee 
all  things  relh>red  on  the  fea  coaft ;  and  having  palled  as 
logtie,  cau'fed  the  port  to  be  fortified,  made  it  a 
capital  Ration  for  one  of  his  fcjuadrons,  and  creeled  a 
noble  pluros,  to  prevent  any  accident  by  veflels  entering 

j  night  *.  At  his  return  to  Aix  la  Chapelle,  he  met 
with  a  new  mortification,  in  the  death  of  his  eldefl  foil 
Charles.  His  grandion,  Bernard,  going  into  Italy,  under 
the  direction  of  count  Wallon,  found  all  things  in  great 
confufion,  the  Moors,  both  of  Africa  and  Spain,  being 
ready  to  make  a  defoent  on  Sardinia  and  Coifica,  and  Gri- 
moalde,  duke  of  Benevetrtum,  being  actually  in  arms.  In 
Sardinia,  where  the  Moors  landed,  they  met  with  fuch  a 
reception,  as  left  them  no  inclination  to  try  their  fortune 
in  Corfica*.     Count  "Wal'.on  marched  into  the  dominions 

Irimoalde,  and  gave  him  fo  fevere  a  check,  that  he 
was  g'ad  to  fubmit,  and  to  pay  an  annual  tribute  of  twen- 
ty-five thoufand  pieces  of  gold,  as  the  price  of  his  folly. 
The  emperor  Nicephorus  being  killed,  and  his  fon  de- 
pofed,  Michael,  his  fon-in-lnw,  who  mounted  the  throne, 
renewed  the  peace  with  Charlemagne,  and  lent  his  am- 
bafladors  to  Aix  la  Chapelle  to  allure  him  of  his  cordial 
friendfhip :    as  a  proof  of  it,  they  ftudied    in  their  ha- 

les  to  give  him  all  the  titles  annexed  to  the  imperial 
dignity,  fo  that  now  his  dominions  were  on  every  fide  at 
peace,  which  the  Moors,  after  their  late  defeat,  were  glad 
to  renew  b . 

As  the  emperor  now  approached  the  age  of  feventy,  f*f  a»» 
had  been  for  fome  years  infirm,  and  was  particularly  fub-  ates  his"' 
je&  to  the  gout,  lie  bent  his  thoughts  entirely  on  the  pre-  enljfur- 
fervation  of  thofe  advantages  to  his  fubjecls  after  his  de-  wi/m* 
mife,  which  it  had  been  the  ftudy  and  the  endeavour  of  £"  LeJ"s» 

1  king  of  A" 

1  Monachu»  Sangallenfis  de  Rebus  IMIicil  Caroli  Magni.  Chron.  ?»  t/tt  m* 
V  r.  Afttiq.  -  %'inaid  Annal.  *  Ihegphan.  Cliro-  pirt. 

nograph.  r 

Y  2  his 


324  The  HIJlory  of  France'. 

his  whole  life  to  procure.  He  j  udged  it  the  lhorteft  method 
for  this  purpofe  to  aflbciate  his  only  fon  Lewis  in  the  em- 
pire. With  this  view  he  fent  for  him  to  court,  where  a 
general  afTembly  was  held  of  the  prelates  and  nobility 
throughout  his  dominions,  with  whom  he  confulted  upon 
this  occafion,  and  who  chearfully  and  unanimoufly  gave 
their  confentc.  On  the  day  fixed  for  the  ceremony, 
Charlemagne,  inverted  with  all  the  enfigns  of  the  impe- 
rial dignity,  and  attended  by  the  great  officers  of  his 
houfehold,  went  with  his  fon,  in  ftate,  to  the  church  or 
chapel  which  he  had  built,  and  from  which  the  city  of  Aix 
derives  the  diftinclion  of  la  Chapelle.  There  they  both 
prefented  themfelves  before  the  high  altar,  where,  after 
having  fpent  fome  time  in  prayer,  the  emperor  told  his 
fon,  that  being  by  birth  called  to  that  high  dignity,  it 
(hould  be  the  bufinefs  of  his  life  to  endeavour  todifcharge 
it  worthily.  He  recommended  to  him  a  ferious  zeal  for 
religion  ;  charged  him  to  look  upon  the  prelates  as  his  fa- 
thers, and  upon  the  people  as  his  children;  exhorted  him 
to  be  kind  to  his  relations,  gentle  in  his  adminiftration, 
but,  at  the  fame  time,  Heady  and  firm  in  the  execution 
ofjuftice:  he  added,  that  he  fhould  be  ever  ready  to  re- 
ward merit,  fhould  prefer  his  nobility  gradually,  ufe  great 
deliberation  in  the  choice  of  minifters ;  but,  when  once 
chofen,  never  remove  them  from  caprice,  or  fupport  them 
when  clearly  convicted  of  crimes.  He  then  aflced  him, 
if  he  was  willing  to  govern  in  this  manner?  Lewis  an- 
swered, that  hcefteemed  it  his  greateft:  felicity  to  obey  his 
commands,  and  that  his  memory  fhould  never  let  flip  his 
counfel.  The  emperor  ordered  him  then  to  take  a  rich 
crown,  which  was  fet  for  that  purpofe  on  the  high  altar, 
and  fet  it  on  his  own  head;  and  after  divine  fervice  was 
performed,  they  returned  to  the  palace d.  In  a  few  days 
Lewis  returned  into  Aquitaine,  where  his  prefence  was 
requifite.  Charlemagne  caufed,  the  fame  year,  councils 
to  be  held  at  Aries,  Rheims,  Mentz,  Tours,  and  at  Cha- 
lons on  the  Saome,  being  very  defirous  that  all  things 
fhould  be  reduced  into  the  belt  order  poffible  while  he  was 
yet  alive  (D).     He  likewife  renewed  the  peace  with  the 

e  Annales  Rerum  Francorum.  d  Vit.  Ludovici  Pii. 

(D)  The  magnificence  of  provinces,  and  all  who  held 
Charlemagne  appeared  in  the  great  employments  under  himt 
dyets,  or  general  aflemblies,  At  thefe  feafons  of  feftivity  he 
where  he  was  attended  by  his  appeared  in  all  his  imperial 
vatfials,  prelates,  governors  of    ornaments,  and  received  pre- 

featt 


The  Il;jton  of  Fn;  325 

Normans,  who  had  lately  a  new  king.  The  Moors  had 
broken  the  treaty  lately  concluded  at  their  own  rcquelt, 
Ic8  employed  the  naval  force  of  his  empire  to 
nuke  them  fenlible  of  their  perfidy,  in  which  expedition 
he  was  very  fuccefsful,  though  at  firlt  they  did  fome  mif- 
chicf  by  invading  the  continent,  and  the  coait  of  Italy. 

About  the  middle  of  the  month   of  January,  the  em-  7he death 
peror,  at  Ids  coming  out  of  the  bath,  felt  himfelf  fever-  efCharU- 
iih.   lie  was  always  averfe  to  phyfic,  believing  exercife  m*Znt' 
the  beft  means  of  preferving,   and  abflincnce  the   fureft 
way    of    recovering,    health :    his  maxim   failed   him  on 
this  occafion,  for  in  three  or  four  days  his  difeafe  became 
a  plcurify,  and  from  this  time  he  applied  himfelf  only  to 


fents  from  all  the  members  of 
the  afiembly,  which,  in  fuc- 
ceeding  times,  were  ltvled  free 
gifts.  In  thefe  aflemblies  thole 
laws  were  made  w  hich  were 
intitled  Capitulars,  of  which 
we  have  a  coi  plete  collection 
extant,  and  appear  to  have 
been  all  made  by  the  advice, 
and  with  the  aflent,  of  the 
nobility  and  prelates.  Some 
ot  the  vaflals  or  princes  of 
baibarous  nations,  and  fome  of 
the  great  lords  in  Italy,  held 
their  eftates  by  hereditary 
right  ;  but  the  dukes  and 
counts  among  the  French  were 
officers,  removeable  at  his  plea- 
sure. The  young  nobility 
were  generally  bred  up  at  his 
court,  and  under  his  eye,  fo 
that  he  was  better  acquainted 
with  their  inclinations  and  ca- 
pacities than  their  parents,  and 
he  preferred  them  accordingly, 
purfuant  to  his  own  maxim, 
that  lands  were  to  be  inherited, 
but  that  honours  and  employ- 
ments were  the  reward  of  me- 
rit. At  other  times  he  was 
modeft  in  his  drefs,  frugal  at  his 
table,  and  a  declared  enemy  to 
luxury,  as  appears  from  his 
fumptuary  laws,  which  were 


very  Ariel,  and  from  the  fol- 
lowing odd  inilance,  (harper 
than  any  law.  He  obferved 
the  nobility  about  him  dreifed 
one  winter  in  very  fine  iilk 
robes,  lined  with  fur  of  great 
price.  He  carried  them  with 
him  to  hunt  one  rainy  morning, 
through  woods,  and  other 
places ;  and,  when  they  came 
in,  permitted  nobody  to  change 
their  habits,  faying,  they  would 
dry  better  by  the  fire,  which 
(hrivclled  all  the  torn  furs,  and 
fpoiled  them  entirely.  The 
next  morning  he  directed  they 
fliould  appear  in  the  cloaths 
they  wore  the  day  before. 
When  the  court  was  pretty  full, 
M  What  a  tattered  company 
ha.e  I  about  me,"  faid  he  ; 
"  while  my  flieep  (kin  cloak, 
which  I  turn  this  way  or  that 
as  the  weather  fits,  is  not  at 
all  the  worfe  for  yefterday'* 
wear.  For  fhame,  learn  to  dreft 
like  men,  and  let  the  world 
judge  of  your  ranks  from  your 
merit,  not  from  your  habit : 
leave  fdks  and  finery  to  wo- 
men, or  to  thofe  days  of  pomp 
and  ceremony,  when  robes 
are  worn  for  ihew,  and  not  for 
ufc." 


Y3 


prepare 


3 


iS  The  H'yhry  of  France. 

prepare  for  his  great  change  ;  on  the  27th  he  fell  into  an 
agony,  and  on  the  28th,  feeling  his  fttength  quite  ex- 
haulted,  he  faid  with  a  low  voice,  "  into  thy  hands, 
Lord,  I  commend  n:y  fpirit,"  and  immediately  expired, 
in  the   ieventy-iirft  year   of  his  age,  the   fo  h  of 

his  reign,  the  forty-third  from  his  c  of  Italy,  and 

the  fodrteenih  from    his  being  crowned   emperor e.     He 
made   a  new   will,  as   a  private   man,  by  which  he  dif- 
tribut-d  his   treafures   amongit  his  children,  and  fcvcral 
churches  throughout  all  parts  ot   his  dominion?..     He  g 
no  directions  as  to  the  place  of  his  buri  therefore 

thole  about  him  car.  fed  his  corpfe  to  be  interred  in  the 
church  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  and  erected  a  tomb,  covered 
by  a  triumphal  arch,  with  a  fhort  and  modefl  epitaph  f. 
He  was   molt   fincerely  regretted  by  his  IV  [  all 

ranks,  but  more  efpecially  by  thofe  wh<  '.  his 

perion,  with  whom  he  lived  in  great  familiarity,  being 
one  of  the  few  princes  who  could  enter  into  the  com- 
panionable pleafures  of  private  life,  without  prejudice  to 
his  dignity  His  application  to  public  affairs  was  very 
great  and  very  conitant:  he  was  very  eafy  of  accefs,  and 
fcarce  thought  any  thing  too  mean  for  his  notice  ;  but  he 
fs  far  from  being  fufpicicus,  credulous,  01  crueU  By 
the  mildnefs  of  his  government  he  acquired  the  ;  iieclion 
of  his  fubjeefs  ;  but  kept  his  vafiala  within  the  bounds  of 
their  duty,  by  never  fullering  them  to  tranfgrefs  it  with 
impunity.  He  rewarded  all  fervjees  fpeedily  and  fuitably  •, 
but  rarely  beflowed  more  than  one  office  upon  the  fame 
man.  He  had  his  failings;  and,  afndngft  tlicfe,  the 
grcateft  was  indulgence  to  the  failings  of  others;  for  he 
would  not  punifh  in  his  neighbour  the  liberties  he  took 
himfelf  g.  In  a  word,  he  was  extremely  amiable  in  his 
private  life,  as  well  as  very  illuitrious  in  his  public  cha- 
racter ;  and  this  truth  we  may  affert  with  the  greater  af- 
furance,  fince  we   have  very  ample  nv.  i   his  life, 

written  by  his  fecretary,  as  well  as  forne  other  pieces  by 
contemporary  writers. 

•  Adon.  Chron.  f  E-inaid.  Vita  Carol  i  Mag.        z  Ad  on. 

C  lii  or.. 


SECT, 


The  Hifiory  of  I , 


3*7 


SECT.      IV. 

Reigns  of  Ltzuls   the  Gentle,   Charles  the  Bald, 
Lewis  the  Stammerer,  Emperors  and  Kings  of  France ; 
is  and  Carlom&n,  Kings ;  and  Charles  the  Grojs, 
Emperor  and  King,  or  Regent  of  France. 

A  T  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  Lewis,  king  of  Aqui- 
*^  tainc,  held  an  aflembly  of  the  dates  of  his  dominions, 
which  he  fpeedily  difmifld,  in  order  to  comply  with  the 
denies  of  the  nobility,  who  thought  his  presence  rcquifite 
at  Aix  la  Chapellc  (A).  His  territories  were  of  a  vait  ex- 
tent, 


Lewis,  the  yoimr^ft  Tort 

t>f  Charlemage,    who  attained 

r.\  hood,     was 

ting,     and    lout   into 

Aqui  .  n  a  child  of  be- 

'.  three  and  four  years  of 
age.  He  n-.tJ  educated  with 
great  care.  He  uhderllood  the 
1!,  and  "wrote  and 
fpoke  the  L  tin  tongue  cor- 
rectly and  eloquently.  He  was 
no  lei's  adroit  in  his  exercifes. 
He  was  tall  and  llrong,  though 
not  either  fo  tall  or  robuft  as 
•  ither  :  his  countenance 
was  high  coloured,  and  his  af- 
pecl  always  ieiio.is.  He  fell 
into  fome  licenfes  in  his  youth, 
and  had  one  natural  ton,  Ar- 
nold, fj  whom  he  gave  the 
county  of  Sens  ;  but  he  re; 
ed  early  and  ftneerely,  became 
very  religious,  and  not  only 
<  but  aufterc  in  his  morals* 

His  father  fent  for  him  fre- 
quently tocourt,  inftruftedhim 
in  the  art  of  government,  car- 
ried him  to  the  wars,  and  la- 
boured to  infpire  him  with 
fcniiments  fuitable  to  his  con- 
dition, in  which  he  did  not  al- 
together fuccccd.    His  admini- 

'ii,    however,    in    Aqui- 
uinc,  after  he  came  to  years  of 


difcrction,  was  fuch  as  gained 
him  very  high  reputation.  The 
regularity  of  his  manners  pro- 
cured him  the  (urn  ime  of  Pi- 
ous.    His  attention  to  his  do- 
main, and  the  frugal  manage- 
ment  of  his  revenue;,  enabled 
him  to  lie  with  all  the  fplen- 
dor  of  a  prince  ;  and,  "at  the 
fame  time,  would  have  kept  his 
full,  if  hjs  charity  and, 
liberality  had  not  found  other, 
ufes  for  his  money.    He  gave 
with  his  own  hands,  and  with 
fo  good   a   grace,    that    from . 
thence  he  was  (ryled  the  Deboij- 
naire.     He  found  his  country- 
full    of  diibrdeis,    and   in  the 
word  condition  polliblc ;    the 
nobility  headrirong,  haughty, 
and    oppreflivc ;     the    clergy, 
proud,   ignorant,    and   lewd ; 
the  common  people   lazy,  in- 
digent, and  prone  to  all  forts 
of  vices.    He  hroughtabout  a 
general  and  wonderful  reforma- 
tion, and  that  by  his  own  ex- 
ample and  authority.     He  ap- 
plied himfelf  to    government, 
as  a  profemon  to  which  he  was 
called  by  Providence :  he  admi- 
nifteed    juftice    Iteadily    and 
firictly ;  he  punimed,  but   re* 
luclantly,  and  without  feverity ; 
Y  4  hft 


CondaSl  of 
Lewis  at 
his  in- 
tranet OH 
the  admini' 
flratio* 
of  the 
nvefiern 
tmpirt. 


>?3  <the  Hifiory  of  France'. 

tent,  and  demanded  all  the  attention  that  could  he  given, 
even  by  a  prince  of  the  molt  extenfive  genius  :  Italy  indeed 
had  been  beftowed  upon  his  nephew  Bernard,  the  fon  of 
Pepin,  upon  whom  Lewis  had  no  other  claim  than  that  of 
homage  •,  but,  hefides  the  ancient  kingdoms  of  Auftrafia, 
Neuilria,  and  Burgundy,  Lewis  held  in  Spain  what  arc 
now  liyiedthe  countries  of  Navarre,  Arragon,  and  Cata- 
lonia, in  Germany,  beyond  the  Rhine,  he  polielTed  all 
Saxony,  t]  Tpper  and  Lower  Par  onia,  Dacia  on  the 
north   fide   i  be    Iftri;     C      u  a,  Daimatia,  and  a 

good  part  of  th-  c  yled  Poland*.     In  his  paf- 

fage  to  Aix  la  Chapelle  he  was  met  by  Theodulfe,  biihop 
of  Orleans,  who  had  great  credit  with  his  father;  he  L'uve 
him  a  diftindt  idea  of  the  flate  of  the  court,  and  infpired 
him -with  a  jealoufy  of  count  Walh  ,  or  Walla,  the 
grandfon  of  Charles  Mattel,  efteemed  one  of  the  wifetl 
men  of  that  age  :  he  likewife  insinuated  the  apprehenfions 
that  a  great  part  of  the  court  was  under,  but  more  efpeci- 
allyhis  filters,  from  the  gravity  of  his  ilifpofition,  and  the 
fcveiity  of  his  morals;  an  information,  which  induced  him  to 
fend  orders  for  arrefting  fome  of  thofe  princeffes'  favourites; 
and  one  of  them,  making  fome  refiftance,  was  killed.  How- 
cwr,  he  fucceeded  peaceably  to  the  empire,    and  Walla 

*  Ej,inard<  Vita  Caroli  Mag;. 


he    rewarded    liberally,    and 
"with  avow;  ;ion.     Mis 

father  fent  commiffaries  to  in- 
his  behaviour  ;  and  their 
rt  was  fnch,  that  the  em- 
peror could  not  help  burfting 
out  with  this  exclamation  ; 
V  Let  us  give  thanks  to  God, 
for  having  given  us  a  fonvvifer 
than  ourfelves!"  There  was 
fcarce  a  grievance  known  in 
his  whole  dominions.  His  only 
fault  was  his  being  over  religi- 
ous, which  inclined  him  to 
follow  the  example  of  his  un- 
cle Carloman,  and  induced  hiui 
to  think  of  retiring  into  aeon- 
vent.  This  was  very  difagree- 
able  to  Charles,  who  remon- 
ftrated  fo  him,  with  fome  de- 
cree of  heat,   that  Providence 


had  called  him  to  another  kind 
of  life  ;  that  it  was  his  duty  to 
refpect  that  call,  and  that  he 
ought  to  think  of  ferving  God 
as  a  prince,  andnot  as  a  monk. 
He  afterwards  came  to  difcern 
that  his  father  was  in  the  right, 
and  it  would  have  been  happy 
for  him  if  he  had  difcerned  it 
fooner,  and  underftood  it  bet- 
ter. At  the  time  he  fucceeded 
his  father,  he  was  thirty-fix 
years  of  age,  and  had  efpoufed 
Ermangarde,  the  daughter  of 
Enguerand,  count  ot  Helbai, 
in  the  diocefe  of  Liege,  by 
whom  he  was  the  father  of 
thofe  fons,  who,  through  the 
courfe  of  his  life  and  reign, 
gave  him  fo  rsuch  difquiet. 

was 


The  Hiflory  of  France,  319 

was  the  fir  ft  who  diil  him  homage  b.     He  executed  his  fa- 
ther's   will   with  great  punctuality,  except  with  regard  to 
of  his  filters,  who  being,  in  his  opinion,  too  llenderly 
provided  lor,  he  fupplicd  them  with    wh-it    lie  judged  ro~ 
quifite  lor  their  maintenance.     He  difmiUed  them,  howe- 
t'rom  the  court,  and  fent  them  to   the  abbies  which. 
Charlemagne   had   alligned   them.     He  retained   his  three 
natural  brothers,  and  took  care  of  their  education,  caufing 
them  to  eat  at  his   own  table.     He   held    an  aflembly,    iu 
which  he  confirmed  all   his  father's  grants;  and  being  in- 
formed that  fome  Spanilh  families,   who   had  retired   into 
his  dominions  to  efcape  the  tyranny  of  the  Moors,  were  op- 
prefled  l>y  his  fubjects,  and  reduced  to  a  kind  of  vaffalage, 
which   differed    but  little  from  llavery,  he    redrcfied   that 
grievance,  and  let  them  entirely  at  liberty  c.     On  receiving 
the  homage  of  the  duke  of  Beneventum,  he  re.iu-  ed  his 
tribute  to  (even  thoufand  pieces  of  gold  :  he   reltored  the 
Saxons  and   the  Frifons  to  their  rights  of  inheritance,   of 
which  they  had  been  deprived   by    his  father  :or  their  fre- 
quent rebellions,  for  which  he  was  generally  blamed  ;  yet 
the  event  fhewed  that  he  was  in  the  right,  for  they  remain- 
ed inviolably  attached  to  him  d.     He  received  the  ambaiTa- 
dors  of  the  Greek  emperor,  and  other  princes,  favourably, 
and  renewed  the   feveial  treaties  of  peace  that  had  been  A.  D.  814. 

concluded   with   them.     He   had,  at    his  acceilion,  three  —     - 

fons,  Lothaire,  Pepin,  and  Lewis:  he  fent  the  eldeft  into 
Bavaria,  the  fecond  into  Aquitaine,  and  appointed  mini-    . 
iters  to  manage  their  affairs  e.  His  father's-*  ampie  teems 
to  have  been  to  him  a  law,  perhaps  without  a  due  retro 
fpect  to  his  motive^. 

Among  thofe  who  addrefTed  themfelves  to  Lewis  at  his  Acnnf!'t" 
it  t\        n  xt  •  •     r  racy  form- 

accellion,  was  a  JJanilh  or  Norman  prince,  whole  name  tj  by  Ber- 

was  Heriolt,  to  whom  he  promifed  his  protection  .   and  an  r.arj,  kmg 

attempt  was  made  this  year  to  reltore   him,    which  howe-  "flta'y, 

ver  did  not  fucceed.     The  emperor   held    an  affembly   ixi  ogatnji  thg 

l'aderborn,  where  his  nephew  Bernard,  king  of  Italy,  and  '/J/gauJ 

other  princes,  alfilted  ;  and   it  was  loon  that  he 

receiv.dthe  news  of  another  confpiracy  e  of 

pope  Leo,  which  was    difcovered   in    tin.-.     Thole   who 

were  concerned  in  it  being  fecured,  the  pope  caufed  them 

to  be  executed,   with    which  conduct    the  emperor  being 

difplcafcd,    directed    Bernard,    king   of   Italy,    to  go   to 

*  Vin  Ludovici  Pii.  e  Hitbardi    Aneilbcrti  filii  Caroli 

Magni  [mperatoris,  ex  Bertlia  Filia  Nepoti*  Abbati.;,i:inct;  Richa- 
rii,  dc  Dilientionibus  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pii.  d  Altronom.  in 

Vita  Ludovici  Pii.  •  Adon.  Cluon. 

Rome, 


330  -The  llj\ory  of  Francs. 

Rome,  and  by  his  pretence  put  an  end  to  thefe  . 
ders  f.  They  ceafed  of  courfe  at  the  death  of  the  pope, 
v.  no  was  fucceeded  by  Eugenius  V.  This  pontiff  did  not 
•wait  for  the  emperor's  confirmation,  a  circumilance  which 
Lewis  took  amifs.  The  pope,  to  foothc  him,  made  a 
journey  into  France,  where  he  was  received  with  all  poffi- 
ble  honour;  and  having  crowned  the  emperor  and  cm- 
prefs  atRheims,  returned  into  Italy,  where  he  did  not  long 
furvive^.     T  ,-or  caufed   a  council  to  be  held,  for 

-  eftablifhing   ecclefiaiiical  difcinliue,   at  .Aix   la  Chnpelle  ; 
and  there  he  likewife  gave   audience  to  ibme  Mooriih  am- 
baffadors,  and  to  thofe  of  the  Greek   emperor.     He   like- 
wife  received  amfcafladors  from  the  kings  of  the  Normans, 
who  folicited  him  warmly  to  abandon  Heriolt;  but  to  break 
his  word,  and  to  defert  a  prince  in  diltrefs,  was    not  the 
character  of  this  monarch  :  he  heard  the  advantageous  pro- 
pofals  they  made,  but,  after  hearing  them,  he  lent  them 
back  without  an  anl'wer  h. 
DitorJers         Another  great  affembly  was  held  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  in 
in  Italy,       this  the  emperor  declared  his  intention  to  affociatc  one  of 
•where  the    his  fons    in  that  dignity,   after  the  example  of  his  father, 
foptsare      though  the  cafe  was  very  different,    and  the  reafons  which 
dtjpnjeJ  to  .determined  the  one  were  not  at  all  applicable  to  the  other. 
Jgt?i  depen-     After  a   fait  of  three    days,    to  implore  the  direction  of 
dtnej.  Heaven  in  the  emperor's  choice,  he  declared  Lothaire,  his 

eldeft  fon,  his  coadjutor;  at  the  fame  time  he  created  Pe- 
pin king  of  Aquitaine,  and  Lewis  king  of  Bavaria  ;  and 
after  the  ceremonies  of  their  coronation  were  over,  fent 
them  into  their  refpeclive  dominions'.  The  tidings  of  this 
event  fcarce  reached  Italy  before  Bernard  took  up  arms, 
and  having  a  flrong  party  in  France,  flattered  himfelf  with 
the  hopes  of  depofing  the  emperor.  Lewis  upon  thisoc- 
cafion  acted  with  greater  vigour  than  either  his  friends  or 
his  enemies  expected  :  he  affembled  a  puiflant  army,  and 
began  his  march  directly,  with  a  fid!  intention  to  pafs  fhe 
Alps,  and  put  an  end  to  this  defection.  But  by  that  time 
he  arrived  at  Chalons  on  trie  Sou  roe,  the  face  of  affairs 
changed  ftrangely:  fome  oi  'he  great  lords  in  Italy  refuf- 
ed  to  join  Bernard  ;  thofe  who  had  joined  him,  abandon- 
ed him,  and  his  army  deferted  ;  a  circumstance  which  af- 
fected him  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he.  paiTed  the  Alps  in 
peifon,  and  came  to  implore  the  clemency  of  his  uncle  k. 

f  Vita  Ludovici  Pii.  g  EeVnard  Annspf.  k  Aftronom. 

in  Vita  Ludcvici  Pii.  '  Cnr<>n    Maiflbc,  Charta  Divifiorii? 

Imperii  ap.  Ludovici  Pii.  k  Vita  Ludovici  Pii.     Thegan. 

4e  Rtb.  geii.  a  Ludovici.  Tii» 

Lewis 


'The  Hiflojy  of  Fr<;  331 

i  ?  received  him  coldly  ;  told  him,  t  hat  on  the  death  of 
her,    he  was  the  firft  who  propofed  to  the  emperor 
him  king  of  Italy;    that,  (race  hi  !ion,  lie 

Jed  in  him,    and,   contrary  to  the  opinion  of  his 
ifters,  had  pon  him  many  favours :  that,h 

1  not  he  judge  in  his  own  caufe,   hut  w 
all  to  the  determination  of  the  next  aflcmhly  at  Aix 
.apelle,  where  Bernard,    and  his  affociates,  who  were 
the  chief  m  in  ifters  of   the  deceafed  emperor,  a:.d  \  h 

,  bifhop  of  Orleans,  were  condemned  to  .  ath. 

The  emperor  caufed  the  eyes  of  the  laicks  to  be  put  out, 
and  the  bilhop  to  be  depofed  ;  Bernard  died  a  few  days 
of  grief,  or  of  pain.  The  empetor  caufed  his  three 
brothers,  at  the  [\imc  time,  to  be  fhaved,  and  put  into 
and  thus  this  affair  ended.  But  before  the 
end  of  the  year,  the  Abodri'es,  who  hitherto  had  been  al- 

faithful,  revolted:  Traficon,     theirduke,  being  if-  A.D.  817. 

failinated  by  the  king  of   the  Normans,   Chai  had    

appointed  Sclaorrtir  to  fucceed  him;  but  on  the  accelJion 
of  I.'-',  is  Gendragne,  the  fon  of  Traficon,  reprefented  his 
father's  feme  a  to  th<  emperor,  who  made  him  joint-dukc  ; 
upon  whieh  Sclao  d  |n  theNormans1. 

I  »  eonfequenee  of  the   intrigues   that  had   been   fct  on 
foot,  in  the  beginning  of  th  s  reign,  Morman,  count  of  Tt^'lP. 
Bret.:gne,  not    only    threw  off  his  vaffalage,  but  affumed  /J„  /'{"j 
the  title  of  king.     Lewis  moved  directly  with  his  forces  on  mimfitrs 
th  it  iide,   and    called   a    general  affembly  at  Vannes;  in  *fpo»fe* 
which,  having    regulated   certain    affairs,  he  attacked  the  Juci'tft 
Bretonswith  fuch  vigour,  purfuedthem  fo  clofely,  and  wall-  '  '  J*5  * 
cd  their  country  in  fuch  manner,   that  the   people  in  a  k-  juke 
dition  murdered  their  new  king,    and  fubmittcd    again    to  Guitfe. 
Lewis,  who  thereupon  declared  Nomenon,  a  great  lord  of 
that  country,  count  or  judge  of  Bretagne.    The  emperor, 
in  his  return  to  Germany,  took  Angiers  in  his  way,  Where 
he   had   left  bis  emprefs  Hermengard  fick,  and  there  flie 
died.     He    proceeded  from  thence  to  Heriftal,  where  he 
e    audience    to   the    ambaiTadors   of   fcveral  nations. 
Amongft    thefe    were    deputies  from   Sigon,  -duke  of  Be- 
ntum,  who,  by  the  rich  prefent   'hey  brought,  appeafed 
the   emperor  on  behalf  of  their  mailer,  wiio  had    raifed 
himfelf  to  that  dignity  by  the  affaffination  of  Grimoalde  ; 
tut  he  would  not  lift.cn  to  the  complaints  made  by  Liuduir, 

1  Eginard  An;-.  ■»  Nithard  dc  diflcntionibus  fdiorum 

Ludovici  I'd. 

duke 


332  Vhe  Hifiory  of  France. 

<Juke  of  the  Huns,  againft  the  count  of  Frioul1".  "While 
he  was  thus  employed,  Lupus,  count  of  the  Gafcons,  *e- 
volted,  but  he  was  quickly  defeated  by  Pepin,  king  of 
Aquitaine,  taken  and  fent  prifoner  to  Aix  la  Chapelle, 
•which  was  like  wife  the  fate  of  Sclaomir :  both  thefe  rebels 
were  fentenced  to  death,  but  the  emperoF  contented  him- 
felf  with  fending  them  into  baniibmem n.  His  courtiers 
and  minifters,  to  divert  him  from  that  inclination  he  had 
to  a  life  of  privacy  and  retreat,  prevailed  upon  him  to 
A-I>-  St2.  marry  Judith,  the  daughter  of  duke  Guelfe,  defcended,  by 
.  the  father's  Ode,  from  one  of  the  nobleft  houfes  in  Bava- 

ria, and  by  the  mother,  from  the  ancient  dukes  of  Saxony, 
beautiful  in  her  perion,  and  a  princefs  otherwife  accom- 
plished ;  but  who,  notwithstanding  thefe  rare  qualities, 
proved  the  author,  or  at  leaft  the  occafion,  of  the  misfor- 
tunes that  befel  him  and  his  fubjc£ls. 
L'mJuit  ^xe  rev°h  °f  Liuduit,  produced  a  war   of  fome  conti- 

iuletf        nuance:  he  was  the  chief  of  the  Abares  or  Huns,  who 
Hungary,     inhabited  that  part  of  Hungary  which  lies  about  Buda  j  but 
ri™lts* .      he  drew  into  this   defection  the  Sclavonians,  who  were 
tains  alow  ^"eate^  on  tnc  rivers  Save  and  Drave,  from  whence  he  is, 
*ndob!ii.     by  fome  writers,  ftyled  duke  of  the  Sclavonians.     Theem- 
natt  tuar    peror  immediately  ordered  a  body  of  troops  out  of  Italy  to 
mgamfi  the  reduce  him,  but  that  was  a  tafk  not  fo  eafily  effected  ;  he 
tmftrcr.      nia(ie  a  gallanc  and  foldier-like  defence.     When  fatigues, 
and  the  rudenefs  of  the  feafon  bad  obliged  the  emperor's 
forces  to  retreat,  he  entered  the  adjacent  provinces,  rava- 
ged them,  and  repaired,  by  the  plunder  taken  by  his  troops, 
the  lofles  fuftained  by  the  war.     Attacked  by  thefe  armies 
at  once,  he  fecured  himfelf  by  the  fame  conduct,  and  by 
maintaining  a  fecret  correfpondence  with  fome  of  the  aux- 
iliary troops,  of  which  thofe  armies   were  compofed  :  he 
likewife,  by  his  intiigues,  engaged  the  Normans  to  renew 
their  piracies,  and  had  alfo  fome   intelligence  in  Italy0. 
But,  at  length,  the  emperor's  generals  changed  their  me- 
thod of   making    war,    and,  inltead  of  ruining  the  open 
country,  purfued  him  from  place  to  place,  till  at  length  lie 
was  forced  to  quit  his  own  territories,  to  take  (belter  in 
the  country  of  the  Sorabes.     There  he  murdered  the  duke 
who  had  given  him  refuge  :  but  not  able  to  maintain  him- 
felf long  in  that  country,  he  retired  to  the  town  of  a  Dal- 
matian lord,  with  whom  he  had  long  held  a  fecret   corre- 
fpondence.   But  his  friend,  perceiving  his  affairs  defperate, 

»  Nithard.  dt  "DifTentionibus  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pi*.         ?  AftiQ- 
nom.  in  Vita  Ludovici  Pii.  «  Nitlurd.  de  Difl'entionibua 

Filiorum  Ludovici  Pi:. 

an4 


Th  Hlftory  of  France.  33$ 

ar.«.l  being  afraid  he  might  treat  him  as  he  had  done  his 
former  protestor,  thought  it  mod  for  hi*  intcreft  and  fafety 
to  put  him  out  of  the  way;  and  thus  ended  this  war. 

have  before  obferved,  that  the  emperor  held  a  coun-  T7* **M~a 
cil  for  reftoringand  enforcing  the  difciplinc  of  the  church  ;  'JJJ*/*'JJ" 
and  we  have  more  than  once  remarked,  that  he  was  not  ac"n*vJ. 
only  2caloufly  but  fincerely  pious  himfelf ;  yet  it  was  from  Ugtshis 
this  right  action,    and   from  thefe  laudable   inclinations,  oivm  m*l- 
that,  for  want  of  penetration  and  fteadinefs,  he  futTered  admnu- 
deeply.     He  had  a  profound  refpett  for  bifhops  ;  but  his  ^'"w 
reformation  had  difobliged  mod  of  that  order  throughout  penance. 
his  dominions.     He; thought  it  improper  for  prelates  to  be 
loitering  about  a  court,  r.r.d  was  therefore  for  confining; 
them  to  their  benefices.     To  this  propofal  in  the  council, 
they  cculd  not  but  aflcnt,  and  when  they  had  afTented, 
they  were  forced  to  obey;  but  they  refented  this  ftricr.nefs 
in  the  emperor  as  if  it  had  been  an  injury.     They  found 
means  to  reprefent  the  virtues  and  felf-denial  of  Adelard, 
abbot  of  Cotbie,  the  elder  brother  of  Walla,    who  was 
now  alfo  become  a  monk,  in  fo  ftrong  a  light,  that,  not- 
withstanding he  was  the  principal  author  of  Bernard's  con- 
fpiracy  againft  his  crown  and  life,  the  emperor   not  only 
recalled  him,  and  reftored  him,  but  foon  after  employed 
him  as    his  minifter.     Adelard,  in  a  fliort  fpace,  gained 
the  confidence  of  Lewis  to  fuch  a  degree,  that,  upon  the 
marriage  of  hisfon  Lothaire,  he  interceded  and  procured  the 
pardon  of  all  his  allbciates ;  and  the  emperor,  of  his  own 
accord,  added  the  reftitution  of  their   fortunes  and  ho- 
nours.    One  would  have  imagined  the  monk  might  have 
flopped   here,   but  he  did  not :  he  knew  that  his  mafter 
was  fincerely  grieved  for  the  death  of  his  nephew ;  and 
from  thence  he  took  occafion  to  perfuade  him,  that  it  would 
be  highly  meritorious  to  make  an  open  confeffion   of  his 
crime,  and  to  do  public  penance  for  it,  fetting  the  exam- 
ple of  the  emperor  Theodofius,  who   fubmitted  in  like 
manner  to  St.  Ambrofe,    hi  (hop  of  Milan  ;  and   though 
their  actions  were  very  different,  yet  fuch  an  influence  had 
be  over  the  mind  of  Lewis,  that  he  took  it  for  a  cafe  in  ■"• D-  ***• 
point  '.     In  confequence  of  thefe  flrange  notions,  the  em-  r 

peror  actually  fubmitted;  and  in  the  face  of  the  public,  at 
the  afiembly  of  Attigni,  acknowledged  his  faults,  begged 
pardon  for  the  fcandal  he  had  given,  and  defircd  the  bifhops 
to  enjoin  him  penance.  He  even  carried  it  fo  far,  as  to 
Co  thruft  into  the  catalogue  of  his  faults  his  difcarding  the 

¥  Radbcrtut  in  Vita  Adelharde. 

ohl 


334  The  Hijlory  of  France, 

old  miniftry,  and  difgracing  Walla,  whom  not  long  after 
he  fent,  with  his   fon    Lothaire,  into  Italy  ;  fo    that  two 
brothers  were  the  prime  minifters,  and  directed  the  coun- 
cils of  the  two  emperors,  till  the  death  of  Adelard,  whom 
_    ,  .         his  brother  fucceeded  as  abbot  of  Corbie  <!. 
eoes  twice        The  emperor's  difpofition  was  now  fo  well  known,  that 
to  Rome,     the  pope  thought  he  might  avail  himfelf  of  it.     Pafchal  I. 
is  crowned  was  then  feated  in  the  papal  chair;  he  had  caufed  himfelf 
htJieP°Pet  to  be  crowned,  without  waiting  for  Lewis's  confirmation, 
'there  as      a  ^-eP  wmch  he  had  excufed,  by  throwing  the  blame  upon 
Iwvereign.    the  clergy  and  people  ;  and  he  had  obtained,  or  at  lead 
this  is  aliened,  an  extenfion  of  the  charters  of  Pepin  and 
Charlemagne,  which  have  made  a  great  noife  in  the  world, 
but  are  fufpeiled  in  feveral  claufes  by  moft,  and  believed 
to  be  all  a  forgery  by  many.    This  pontiff*  thought  he  might 
take  any  liberties  under  fo  good  a  prince,  and,  in  this  per- 
fuafion,  did  many  things  that  occafioned  loud  complaints. 
Lewis  hearing  thefe  murmurs,  directed  his  fon  Lothaire  to 
go  to  Rome,  to  enquire  into  the  caufes  of  thefe  diforders, 
and  to  rectify  what  was  am ifs.     Lothaire,  in  obedience  to 
his  father's  commands,  went  thither,  and  after  proper  en- 
quiry, made  a  decree  in  virtue  of  his  imperial  dignity,  by 
which   many  grievances  Merc  removed,  and  all  diforders 
appeafed  \     The  pope  fhewed  him  great  refpecl:,  crowned 
him  with  his  own  hands,  and  teflified  great  fatisfaclion  in 
his  prefence.     In  a  fhort  time,  however,  after  his  depar- 
ture, two  noble  Romans,  Theodorus  and  Leo,  who  had 
diftinguifhed  themfelves  by   their  adherence  to  the  young 
emperor,  were  feized,  their  eyes  put  out,  and  at  length 
they  were  beheaded  in  the  patriarchal  palace  of  Lateran. 
This  execution  alarmed   the   emperor   exceedingly,  who 
fent  an  abbot  ;md  a  nobleman,  his  commiflaries,  to  Rome, 
in  order  to  make  a  ilri£t  inquifition  into  this  affair.     The 
pope  made  a  ftrange  apology  ;  he  infilled  that  the  execu- 
tion was  done   without  his  privity  ;  but  at  the  fame  time 
declateJ  thofe  great  men   had  fuffered  juflly.     He  went 
farther,  and,  in  imitation  of  his  predeceffor  pope  Leo, 
purged  himfelf  by  oath,  and  procured  thirty-four  bifhops 
to    fwear  with   him  ;  which  meafures,  with  the  excufes 
made  by  hisambaffadors,  induced  the  emperor,  through  an 
excefs  of  good-nature,  fays  the  French  hiftorians,  to  reft  fa- 
tisfied.    However,  he  was  fpeedily  called  to  anfwer  at  an- 
other tribunal,  which  was  not  to  be  impofed  upon  j  and  on 

q  Thegan.  de  Geftis  Ludovici  Pii.  r  Vita  Ludovici  Pii. 

»  Nithardi  dcDiflentionibus  Filjorura  Ludovici  Pii. 

his 


fit  Wjtory  of  Dance.  335 

his  demife,  Eugenius  the  Secoml  was  clewed,  but  with  fo 
much  di (order,  that  Lothaire  made  another  journey  to 
Home,  where,  with  fovereign  authority,  he  examined  into, 
and  corrected  many  errors  in  the  adminiftration,  occa- 
fioned  by  the  avarice,  pride,  and  private  refentments  of 
the  popes.  Having  by  a  new  decree,  confiding  of  nine 
articles,  reftored  the  public  tranquillity,  he  took  an  oath, 
of  the  Romans,  not  to  proceed  to  the  coronation  of  any- 
future  pope,  till  confirmed  by  the  emperor,  and  left  alfo 
an  imperial  judge  at  Rome,  to  prevent  things  from  run- 
ning again  into  confufion,  promifing  that,  in  cafe  he  was 
threatened  or  corrupted,  to  feud  commifTaries  to  bear  ap- 
peals in  the  laft  refort*. 

While  his  fons  were  thus  employed  in  Italy,  the  empe-  ^trth  ^ 
ror  adminiftered  affairs  at  home,  with   equal  facility  and  charUt,ike 
dignity.     The  Wilfc?,  a  tribe  of  the  numerous  nation  of '/on  of  the 
the  Sci.-.vonians,  to  prevent  a  civil  war,  de fired  Lewis  to  "nfc  h 
hear  and  determine  the  caufe  between  two  brothers,  who  '" '/^"fl* 
both  claimed  to  be  their  king.     The  elder  had  been  de-  ouajion  «/- 
pofed,  but  had  {till  a  party;  the  younger  had  the  good  terwarJs 
a  of  the  people  in  general.     Both  appeared  before  the  oj'grea{dif- 
eror,  and  laid  what  they  could  in  fupport  of  their  re-  er^rj' 
>c  titles:  Lewis  decreed  in  favour  of  the  latter,  but 
affigncd  a  revenue,  and  an  honourable  eftablifhment,  to 
the  former,  with  which  he   was  fatisfied*.     He  reftoied 
Heriolt  to  his  fhare  of  the  kingdom  of  Denmark,  caufed 
him  to  be  baptized,  and  fent  Ebbo,  archbifhop  of  Rheims, 
into  Denmark,  to  convert  his  fubjecTs;  thefe  his  endea- 
vours might  have  been  very  fuccefsful,  if  it  had  not  been 
for  the  imprudence  of  this  prince,  on  whom  he  chiefly  re* 
"  lied  for  fupport.     The  emperor  alfo  chaflifed  the  Bretons,  ^  j>  gl4# 
and  entered  their  country  with  three  armies,  commanded  - 
by  htmfelf,  and  his  fons  Pepin  and  Lewis,  kings  of  Aqui- 
■aria  b.     On  the  fide  cf  .Spain,  indeed,  his 
forces  had  received  a  check  from  the  Gafcons,  which  gave 
fome  uneafinefs  ;  but  this  was  foon  removed  by  th« 
joy  he  felt  on  the  birth  of  his  fon  Charles.     It  was  pre- 
i  by  an  earthquake,  which  was  interpreted  as  an  omen 
of  the  misfortune   that   had  happened  in  Spain,  but  was 
afterwards  applied  to  thic  event,  with  equal  reafon  indeed, 
iving  no  rcfeiencc  to  either.    But  it  was  the  failing  of 
this  monarch  to  be  ftrangely  affected  by  whatever  happen- 
ed out  of  the  ordinary  courfe  of  things  ;  eclipfes,  inunda- 

«  Vita  Ludovici  Pit.  »  E^inard.  Anna!.  h  Theg'an. 

de  Ceiiii  Ludovici  Pu. 

tions, 


3  ->6  $bt  Hiftory  of  France. 

rions,  famines,  were  all  prodigies  alike  to  him ;  and  the 
memoirs  of  his  reign  were  compofed  by  one  who,  be- 
cause he  held  that  poft  in  the  court  of  this  emperor,  is 
known  to  pofterity  by  no  other  title  than  that  of  the  Aftro- 
nomer  b. 
Several  At  the  afembly  held  in    the  fpring  at  Aix  la  Chapelle, 

misjortunet  Viomarque,  who  had  been  at  the  head  of  the  rebellion 
happen  on  in  Bretagne,  came  with  the  principal  lords  of  that  country 
thejron-      to  pay  tneir  refpects  to  the  emperor,  and  to  give  him  the 

—Jit  In  ftronceft  affurances  of  their  fubmiffion  and  fidelity. 
tvhtc n  all  p  .1 

the  affair s    Lewis,  with   his  ulual  good-nature,  received   them  with 
of  the  em-    great   affability  and  kindnefs,  and   difmiiTed  them,  more 
pirefail       efpecially  Viomarque,  with  rich  preftnts.     They  were  no 
vita  con/u-   fooner  returned  into  their  own  country,  than  the  rebel- 
lion broke  out  afrefh,  and  Viomarque  particularly  made 
an  inroad  into  France,  in  which  his  troops  committed  the 
greateft  excetTes  ;  but  count  Lambert,  who  commanded  on 
the  frontier,  took  his  opportunity  in  the  winter,  by  a  quick 
march,  and  with  a  choice  body  of  troops,  and  having  in- 
verted him  in  his  hqufe,  after  an  obftinate  refinance,  cut 
AD.  826.  him  and  his  adhererks  in  pieces  c.     Things  did  not  go  fo 
•  well  in  Catalonia,  where,  through  fome  mifmanagement, 

the  Moors  made  a  great  impreflion  ;  and  foon  after  hap- 
pened that  revolt  in  Navarre,  which,  as  we  have  fhewn  in 
its  proper  place,  gave  rife  to  that  kingdom.  Things  had 
gone  frill  worfe,  if  Bernard,  lately  advanced  to  the  ho- 
nour of  count  of  Barcelona,  had  not  been  more  able,  or 
at  lead  more  fortunate,  in  repelling  the  enemy  ;  but  the 
force  he  commanded  was  fo  fm.aH,  that  preferving  this 
city  was  all  in  his  power.  In  the  North  new  difturbances 
broke  out ;  in  confequence  of  which,  Heriolt  was  again 
driven  out  of  his  kingdom.  The  Saracens  made  them- 
felves  mafters  of  the  ifland  of  Sicily;  upon  which  the 
people  of  Naples,  perceiving  it  in  vain  to  expect  any  fuc- 
cours  from  Conftantinople,  would  have  put  themfelves 
under  the  protection  of  Lewis,  if  the  circumftances  of 
his  affairs  had  permitted  him  to  have  given  them  relief. 
But  things  were  fo  ill  managed  by  Lothaire  and  Pepin  on 
the  fide  of  Spain,  that  this  was  entirely  impracticable  ; 
yet  count  Boniface,  who  commanded  in  Corfica,  affem- 
bled  a  good  fleet,  and  with  a  confiderable  body  of  troops 
on  board  made  a  defcent  in  Africa,  where  he  defeated  the 
Moors  feveral  times.     This  diversion  diflracted  the  ene- 

*  P.  le  Long.  Frefnoy.  Le  Gendrc.  c  Vita  Ludovici  Fil- 

my, 


:•  .Hijloty  of  France*  337 

*uy,  and  raifcd  the  reputation  of  the  French  arms,  which 
in  that  conjuncture  was  of  the  uttnod  confequencc  d. 

By  t\n>  (cries  of  difaltcrs,  the  enemies  of  the  emperor's  lttriguei, 
government  obtained  an  opportunity  of   lirtt  diflurbing,  hw/"<* 
and  next  fubverting  it.      Ine  emprefs  Judith  had  gained  mi*t  e/tj 
a  great  afcendency  over  her  hufband,  which  fhe  employed  tht  emptrtr 
perfuading  him  to  place  her  fon  on  a  level  with  his  art  br .ughi 
brethren.     In   this  particular  the  difficulty  was  great,  as  mtothe  m- 
the  emperor  had  already  fettled  the  fuaceffion  to  all  his  £^  *" 
dominions.     Aquitaine  and  Bavaria  were  fmall  kingdoms, 
out  of  which,  therefore,  nothing  could  be  taken  ;  fo  that, 
whatever  his  fhare  was  to  be,  mud  be  detached  from  that 
of  Lothairec.     The  emprefs  employed  her  addrefs  fo  ef- 
fectually, that  he  engaged  Lothaire  to  confent,  and  even 
to  promife,  with   an  oath,  that  in  cafe  the  emperor  died 
while  Charles  was  under  age,  he  would  undertake  the  care 
of  him  and  his  affairs,  as  his  guardian  and  proteclor.  But 
the  proteclor  having  removed  many  from  their  employ- 
ments, on  account  of  the  late  difafters,   they  breathed 
every-where  a   fpirit  of  difcontent,  and,  by  degrees,  the 
complaints  on  every  fide  became  fo  general,  and  fo  loud, 
that  the  emperor  appointed  commifiioners  to  inquire  into 
the  errors  of  his  own  government ;  their  title  in  Latin  was, 
Miffi  Dominici,  and  Walla  was  at  th,e  head  of  them  :  he 
had  a  great  reputation  for  prudence  and  fan£Uty,  and  he 
made  a  very  ample  report  in  a  general  affembly,  in  which 
he  not  only  treated  the  minifters,  but  the  emperor  himfelf, 
with   great  freedom.     Upon  this  occafion,  feveral   frefh 
changes  eafued,  and  four  great  councils  were  held  for  the 
reformation  of  the  clergy f.     But  the  emprefs,  through  all 
thefe  miffs  of  religion  and  public  fpirit,  faw  clearly  that 
the  emperor's,  or  at  lead  her  ruin  was  intended  :  of  this 
defign  (he  made  Lewis  fo  fcnGble,  that  he  fent  Walla  back 
to  his  convent,  and,  after  much  deliberation,  fent  for  Ber- 
nard, count  of  Barcelona,  whofe  filter,  before  he  became 
a  monk,  Walla  had  efpoufed,  and  intruded  him  with   the 
chief  management  of  affairs.     He  was  indeed  the  fitted 
man  he  could  have  employed  :  he  had  great  fagacity,  much 
firmnefs,  and  having  once  embarked   in  any  defign,  pur- 
fued  it  without  looking  back.     It  happened  unluckily,  that 
the  pod  bellowed  upon  him  in  the  court  was  that  of  lord 
chamberlain,  by   which  having  frequent  admiflion  to  the 
emprefs,  and  being  a  very  handfome,  and  withal  a  very 

«  Eginari".  Annal.  «  Viu  Ludovki  Pii,  f  Egi- 

lurd.  in  Annal. 

Mqd.  V©l.  XIX.  Z  jaUanj; 


33$  The  Hiftory  of  France; 

gallant  man,  this  gave  a  new  topic  to  the  malecontents  ; 
who,  feting  all  their  plots  in  danger  of  being  unravelled, 
boklly  afierted,  that  he  was  too  familiar  wi<h  that  princefs, 
and,  as  fuch   reports  eafily  gain  credit,  this  was  fpeedily 
and  generally  believed  ■■. 
The  efope-        Count  Bernard,  not  in  the  leaft  moved  with  thefe  ru- 
rcr  and  his  mours,  or  intimidated  with  'he  intrigues  of  the  ecclefiaf* 
JonCharUs  t|0Sj  p]anncci  a   new  kingdom  for  Charles,  which  would 
//.  'hands    nave  ren<lered  him  a  powerful  foyere'gn.     It  was  to  confift 
of  Lewis     of  fo  much  of  Germany  as  lies  within  the  Danube,  the 
'  end  Pepin,  Maine,  the  Neckar,  and  the  Rhine  ,  to  which  were  added 
ancLare      Rhetia,  or  the   country  of  the  Grifons,  and  that  part  of 
Ve'^  *!}       the  kingdom  of  Burgundy  which  comprehended  the  diftrict 
< "  of  Geneva   and  the  Swifa  cantons h.     The  malecontents 

acled  in  conjunction  with  the  emperor's  three  Ions,  though, 
as  yet,  they  did  not  affect  to  appear.     Count  Bernard  was 
r.o  ft  ranger  to  this  confederacy  :  under  colour  of  reducing 
the  Bretons,  who  were  again   revolted,  he  aflembled  an 
army,    which  the  emperor  was   to  command   in  perfon, 
and  in  which  Lewis,  king  of  Bavaria,  likewife  ferved,  and 
Pepin,  king  of  Aquitaine  was  directed  to  join  the  army 
on  the  frontiers  of  Bretagne,  with  his  forces.     But,  when 
they  came  to  march,  part  of  the  forces  refufed  to  obey 
orders  ;  notwithstanding  which  refufal,  Lewis,  by  the  ad- 
vice of  the  count,  advanced  with  the  reit.     Pepin,  with 
a  great  army,  marched  out  of  Aquitaine,  and  the  mal- 
contents having   offered   him   their   feivicc,  he   made  no 
fcruple  of  declaring  againft  his  father  j   upon  which  Lewis 
quitted   the  emperor's   camp,  and  joined  him  '.     In  this 
fituation  the  emperor  fent  his  contort,  for  fafety,  to  the 
abbey  of  Poitiers  ;  and  Bernard,  apprehending  he  fhould 
be  the  victim,  demanded  leave  to  retire  to  his  government 
of  Catalonia,  which  he  obtained.     Pepin,  by  the  advice 
of  the  malcontents,  fent  a  detachment  to  the  abbey  of 
Poitiers  to  feize  the  emprefs  ;  having  her  in  his   power, 
he  loaded  her  with  reproaches,  and  told  her,  that,  if  the 
meant  to  pvefcrvc  herfelf,  fhe  mull:  go  and   perfuade   his 
father  to  two  things ;  that  fhe  fhould  take  the  veil  as  a 
nun  in  the  monaftery  from  which  fhe  came,  and  that  he, 
refigning   his  dignity,  fhould   become  a  monk.      Judith 
promifed  all  that  he  could  defire  ;  but,  in  her  interview 
with  the  emperor,  is  fuppofed  to  have  advifed  him  not  to 

t  Tbegan.  d'e  Gellis  Ludovici  Pit.  Aden.  Chron.  h  An-- 

nales  Bertiniant.  J  Nithardi  de  DiiTentionibu?  Filiorum  Lu- 

«b«ici  Pii.    iJafchafius  Radbertus  in  Vita  Valje  Abbatis. 

renounce 


T/.c  IHJury  of  France.  339 

renounce  his  dignity.  However  he  permitted,  that  (he 
iliould  go  and  take  the  veil,  as  (he  did]  and,  for  himfclf, 
be  demanded  a  conference  with  the  peers  and  prelates. 
His  army  having  abandoned  him,  he  fell,  with  hi 
Charles,  into  the  hands  of  the  rebels,  who  treated  him 
very  coarfely  ;  caufing  a  fmall  aflembly  to  be  held  at  Com- 

le,  in  which  they  expected  he  fhould  have  refii 
the  crown.  He  appeared  therein  confufed  and  difeonfo- 
lc  a  kind  of  apology  for  his  conduct,  protected 
the  rectitude  of  his  intentions;  and  promifed  to  act  with 
more  circumfpe£lion  for  the  future.  He  flood  while  he 
.  though  there  was  a  throne  in  the  hall  ;  bur, 
when  he  had  finifhed  his  difcourfe,  the  bifhops  and  great 
loids,  who  were  prefent,  obliged  him  to  fit  thereon  k. 

This  behaviour  difconcerted  the  fchemes  of  Pepin  and  Both  of 
the  abbot  of  Corbie.     Lothaire  arrived  foon  after  with  an  ttom  recoif 
army  from  Italy,  and,  as  it  was  upon  him  the  malcontents  c'!eJ  ,0  tli* 
principally  depended,  Pepin  and  Lewis  found  themfelves  emtfe T^r' 
fo  little  confidered,  that  they  thought  it  their  beft  way  to  pate$  thr 
retire  each  into  his  dominions.     Lothaire  ufed  his  father  confpira- 
with   much   exterior  refpect,  but  did   not  allow  him  the  tori» 
fmalleft  fhare  of  power ;  and  though  he  did  not  talk  of 
denoting  him,  yet  he  put  certain  monks  about  him,  who 
were  inltructed  to  perfuade  him  to  quit  the  world1.   They 
were  fo  far  from  fucceeding  in  their  commiflion,  that,  the 
emperor  difcourfing  with  them  very  gracioufly,  they  en- 
tered thoroughly  into   his    intereft ;    and  one  of   them, 
whofe  name  was  Gombaud,  undertook  to  negotiate  a  re- 
conciliation with  Lewis  and  Pepin,  in  which  he  fucceeded. 
At  the  great  aflembly  held  at  Nimeguen,  the  emperor, 
finding  himfelf  furrounded  by  fevcral  German  princes,  at- 
tended by  their  guards,  began  to  relume  his  courage.    He 
for  Hilduin,  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  who  had  been  verv 
active  during  the  whole  affair,  and   alked  him,  what  he 
meant  by  bringing  fo   many  men  armed  in  his  train,  or- 
dered him  to  difmifs  them  immediately,  and  to  retire  to 
Paderborn.     He  treated  Walla,  abbot  of  Corbie,  in  the 
fame  manner™.     At  length  he  fent  for  his  fon  Lothaire, 
to  whom  he  reprefentcd,  in  fo  itrong  a  light,  the  folly,  as 
well  as  wickednefs,  of  his  behaviour,  that  he  burft  in- 
to tears,  and  intreated  his  pardon.     At  that  inftant  the  A.  D.  S*». 
two  parties  were  on  the  point  of  coming  to  blows  ;  but  -t 

kThfi;an.  de  Cclis  Ludovici  Pii.  Vita  Vrfx  Abbaris.  I  Vi-a 
Ludovici  Pii.  Nuoard.  tic  Diflentionihui  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pn. 
*?  Pal'.hauus  Raubcaus  m  Vit.  Valse  Abbatis, 

Z  2  the 


34°  Yke  Hifiory  of  France, 

the  two  emperors  appearing  together,  all  things  were  paci- 
fied, and  the  dyet,  which  met  to  depofe  the  emperor,  con- 
firmed his  authority.  The  firft  ufe  he  made  of  it  was  to 
arreft  the  chiefs  of  the  defection,  whom  he  brought  to  a 
trial  at  the  winter  affembly  held  at  Aix  la  Chapelle  ;  where 
they  were  fentenced  to  fuffer  death,  but  he  was  content  to 
fend  them  into  exile  n. 
tew  in-  The  emperor  was  refolved  to  recall  his  confort  to  court; 

tr^ues  and  but,  as  (he  had  taken  the  veil,  it  was  thought  requifite  to 
d<j}urh-       have  the  advice  of  the  bifhops,  and  the  confent  of  the 
empire  and  P°Pe«     Gregory  the  Fourth,  then  in  polTeffion  of  the  fee 
among  the    of  Rome,  declared,  that,  as  {he  had   taken  the   veil  by 
imperial      force,  her  vows  were  not  binding.     Soon  after  her  return, 
Jamtly,        count  Bernard  was  recalled  ;  but  firft  it  was  judged  expe- 
dient, that  the  emprefs  (hould  purge  herfelf,  by  oath,  with 
refpecl  to  the  heavy  crimes  laid  to  her  charge  °.     The  re- 
turn of  count  Bernard  created  frefh  murmurs  ;  the  monk 
Gombaud  thought,  that  being  made  prime  minifter  was 
the  lead  that  could  be  done  for  one  who  had  reftored  the 
emperor ;  the  kings  Pepin  and  Lewis  were  for  governing 
likewife  ;  and  the  emprefs  judged  every  attempt  of  this 
A.  D.  131.  kind   an  intrufion  upon  her  province.     The  exiles  were 
—  '■       '-  recalled,  or,  at  leall,  as  many  as  were  content  to  acknow- 
lege  their  errors,  and  fubferibe  to  the  provifion  made  for 
the  emperor's  youngeil  fon.     Lothaire  was  depofed  from 
being  emperor,  but  was  allowed  to  keep  the  title  of  king 
of  Italy,  provided  he  did  nothing  of  confequence  without 
receiving  his  father's  inftruclion.     Before  the  end  of  the 
year,  count  Bernard,  perceiving  that  the  emprefs  was  con- 
dueled  by  other  counfels,    reconciled   himfelf  to  Pepin, 
king  of  Aquitaine,  and,  by   his  intrigues,  the  three  bro- 
thers were  more  clofely  united  than  ever  in  a  league  againft 
their  father. 
Upon  the  The  king  of  Aquitaine  having  efcaped  from  court,  made 

deathojPt-  ajj  tne  nafte  pofftble  into  his  own  dominions,  where  he 
Ja *  itame  uo  f°oner  arrived  than  he  took  up  arms.  The  emperor, 
the  emperlr  being  acquainted  with  this  affair,  affembled  an  army, 
/ets  afidt  and  declared,  that  he  would  hold  his  great  court  at  Or- 
his  font  in  j€ans  j  Dut  his  forces  were  fcarce  in  motion  before  he  had 
javour  oj  intelligence  of  the  revolt  of  his  fon  Lewis,  which  con- 
Chartes.  drained  him  to  return,  and  to  appoint  the  aflembly  at 
Mentz  p.     The  king  of  Bavaria  made  no  doubt  but  the 

n  Vita  Ludovici  Pii.     Vita  Va'ae  Ahbatis.  •  Theg.  de  Geftia 

I.udovici   Pin  Nithard.  de  Diflentionibus  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pii. 
Vita  Valee  Abbatis.  i»  Annates  Bertiniani.  Nithard.  de  Dil'- 

fsnuonibus  Fi-iorum  Ludovici  Pii. 

Saxons 


The  H'flory  of  France,  341 

nj  and  Allemans  would  have  joined  him,  more  cfpe- 

.  when  he  knew  they  had  taken  up  arms  ;  but  they 

diredtly  to  the  emperor'*  army,  a  cirtumftance 

h   was  of  the  lad  confequencc  to  his  affairs  j  for  it 

him  iuch  fuperiority,  and  raifed  his  courage  fo  much, 

•  mpciled  Lewis  to  tome  and  throw  hi»nfelf  at  his 

feet ;  from  whom  he  exacted  an  oath,  that  he  would  ne- 

t'wcive  from  his  duty  any  more.     Upon  his  return 

from  this  expedition,  Lothaire  met  his  father  at  Francfort, 

alluring  him  of  his   fidelity,  and  that  he  had  no  corref- 

pondence  with  the  rebels  j  though,  in  reality,  he  was  to 

been  at  the  head  of  the  revolt '.  Lewis  marched  next  A.  D.  I3J. 
againit  the  king  of  Aquitaine,  held  an  aflembly  at  Orleans,  ! 

obliged  him  to  furrendcr,  and  then  fent  him,  under  an 
efcort,  prifoner  to  Treves.  On  the  road  he  found  .means 
to  make  his  efcape,  returned  into  his  own  dominions,  and 
raifed  a  new  rebellion  ;  which  fo  provoked  the  emperor, 
that  he  declared  the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine  forfeited,  and 
in  that  light  gave  it  to  his  fon  Charles,  who  was  then  about 
nine  years  of  age  \ 

This  change  revived  the  murmurs  of  the  people,  and  ***  mH~ 
created  a  general  difcontent  amongft  the  nobility.     Lo-  r^^tc- 
thaire,  who  was  returned  into  Italy,  where  he  had  a  nu-  f0„erto'his 
merous  army,  applied  to  pope  Gregory  the  Fourth  ;  repre-  children, 
fenting,  that,  having  been  crowned  emperor  by  one  of  his  dep0Jtd,  dt- 
predeceiTors,  and  the  a&,  by  which   he  himfelf  and  his  &radtd,ani 
brother  were  declared  kings,  being  in  the  papal  archives,  "v^?*"'* 
he  ought  in  juftice  to  efpoufe  their  caufe.     Gregory,  won  i^{tnif% 
by  thele  follicitations,  though  he  had  been  confirmed  in 
the  papal  fee  by  the  emperor  Lewis,  yet  confented  to  come 
with  Lothaire,  and  his  army,  into  France  ;  where  the  very 
name  of  the  pope  brought  many  biihops,  and  other  eccle- 
iiaftics,  to  join  them,  and  amongft  the  reft  Walla,  abbot 
of  Corbie'.     On  the  other  hand,  fome  of  the  biihops,  and 
particularly  Dteux,  bifhop  of  Mentz,  the  emperor's  na- 
tural brother,  though   he  h.ut  not  been  kindly  ufed,  ad- 
hered firmly  to  that  monarch,  and   wrote  in  very  ftrong 
terms  to  the  pontiff;  even  reproaching  him  for  entering 
France  without  the  emperor's  leave,  and  being  in  a  camp 
where  fons  had  difplayed  their  banners  againlt  their  father. 
The  pope  replied  in  very  high  terms  to  them  ;  but  had  af- 
terwards an  interview  with  the  cmpeior,  in  which  he  cn- 

*  Vita  Ludovici  Pi?.    Theg.  <le  Geftii  L<ido?ici  Pii.     Vita  Val» 
Abbatis.  *  Adon.  Cbron.  «  Agobcit.  dc  Coippara- 

ti one  utriufque  Rcgiminis. 

Z  3  dcavoured, 


34.*  Tfo  Hi/lory  of  "France. 

cteavourcd  to  excufe  himfelf ".  In  the  mean  time,  Lothahe 
and  his  friends  corrupted  the  emperor's  army,  fo  that  he 
fell  into  their  hands,  with  his  emprefs  and  his  fon  Charles; 
and,  in  an  afiembly  held  hailily  on  the  fpot,  Lewis  was 
depofed,  the  throne  declared  vacant,  and  Lothaire  placed 
thereon  w.  As  for  the  emprefs  they  fent  her  to  Tortona, 
and  put  her  into  a  nunnery,  the  young  princ  CI  ~'\cs  be- 
ing fent  to  a  caille  in  the  foreft  of  Arden.  i  he  pope  be- 
ing returned  to  Piome,  and  Lewis  and  Pepin,  who  had 
joined  their  brother,  being  retired  into  their  refpeclive 
kingdoms,  Lothaire,  in  another  afiembly,  compofed  chiefly 
of  ecclefiaRics,  caufed  a  long  charge  to  be  exhibited 
againft  his  father,  degraded  him  with  many  ceremonies, 
caufed  his  fword  to  be  taken  from  him  at  the  altar,  and 
put  him  into  a  habit  of  penitence,  after  the  model  of  king 
Wamba's  ufage  in  Spain.  He  likewife  caufed  falfe  reports 
to  be  propagated,  that  the  emprefs,  having  taken  the  veil, 
died  loon  after;  and  that  his  fon  Charles,  being  fhaved, 
.j.  ->  .  was  put  into  a  monaftery,  in  hopes  that  thefe  events  would 
*  '  3*  have  determined  him  to  become  a  monk  *.  All  thefe  con- 
trivances Had  cffccTs  the  very  rcverfe  of  thofe  that  were 
expecled  from  them.  The  emperor  behaved  with  great 
humility,  but  at  the  fame  time  with  much  firmnefs  :  he 
acknowledged  the  chaftifement  to  be  juft  from  the  hand  of 
God,  but  he  conceived  that  the  notions  he  had  formerly 
entertained  of  becoming  a  monk,  and  abandoning  the 
rank  to  which  Providence  had  called  him,  had  brought 
thefe  misfortunes  upon  him.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
people  in  general,  and  the  monks  in  particular,  began  to 
alter  their  fentiments,  and  to  exclaim,  that  the  ufage  of* 
fo  good  a  prince,  by  an  unnatural  fon,  was  not  to  be  en- 
dured y. 
r*4i  -..  While  things  took   this  turn  in  the  heart  of  his  domi- 

after  a  lone  nions,  Dreux,  biihop  ot  Mentz,  went  to  the  court  ot  his 
firugtfe,  is  nephew,  Lewis,  king  of  Bavaria,  and  reprefented  to  him, 
compelled,  jn  the  meft  pathetic  terms,  the  weaknefs  as  well  as  wicked-* 
*"  the  ntf  nefs  of  his  conduct  towards  his  father,  fince  he  [had  very 
manner  to  "tt^e  reamn  to  hope  the  fame  tendernefs  from  his  brother 
demand  Lothaire  that  the  emperor  had  fhewn  him.  At  the  fame 
ptrdon  of  ■  time  count  Bernard,  though  the  emperor  had  deprived  him 
his  father.  0f  n;s  dignities  for  the  fhare  he  had  in  Pepin's  rebellion, 
repaired  to  the  court  of  that  prince,  and  demonftrated  to 

*  Thcg.  de  Geftis  Ludovici  Pii.  Vita  Valse  Abbatis.   Epift.  Pap. 
Greg.  IV.  w  Anna!es  Bertiniani.  x  A<5ra  exaudto- 

rationis  Ludovici  Pii.  y  Milliard,  de  Diflcntioiiibus  Filiorum 

Ludovici  Pii. 

him 


The  tiiftvty  of  France,  3  \% 

learly,  that  it  wad  his  intend  to  reflore  his  father, 
rig  it  was  in  his  quarrel  he  had  been  depofed, 
i   his  march  with  a  numerous  army  for  that 
ria,  was  firlt  in  the  field,  and 
no  foonrr  declared  for  his  father  than  the   Saxons, 
ir   ufual  alacrity,  aiTembled  their  whole  force  to 
join  him  *.     Sever  nobility  in  France  took  up  arms 

on  his  fidd  infomuch  ::sac  Lothaire,  perceiving  himfelf  in 
unrounded,  fent  his  father  and  his  bro- 
ther Charles  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis,  and,  with  the  few 
forces  he  ftill  retained  aoout  him,  retired  into  Burgundy ; 
where,  being  joined  by  fomt*  of  his  adherents,  he  did  a 
great  deal  of  mifchief  j  but  was  at  length  reduced  to  the 
neceflity  of  throwmg  himfelf  at  his  father's  feet,  and, 
with  the  utmoft  humility,  demanding  pardon,  in  the  fight 
of  the  whole  army. 

Immediately  after  this  happy  event,  the  emprefs  Judith  Thoft  tub 
was  recalled.     Though  the  emperor  had  been  abfolved  by  were  Jeep- 
inch  bifhops  as  were  about  the  court  at  St.  Denis,  and  af-  <JVV*" 
terwards  preferred  by  them  with  his  fword  and  crown,  yet  «,„.{,#  j 
fuch  were  either  the  fcruples  of  this  prince,  or  the  fuper-  and pumjb- 
ftition  of  his  fubjec"ts,  that  a  more  formal  art  of  reditu-  **%  but  not 
tion  was  thought  neceiTary.     Accordingly,  in  an  affrmbly  rHorQUfl}' 
held  at  Thionville,  all  that  had  been  done  in  the  aflembly 
at  Compei^ne  was  declared  void,  the  emperor  was  again 
abfolved,  feven   archbifhops  laying  their  hands  upon  his 
bead,  and  Ebbo,  anhbifhop  of  Rheims,  who  had  the  bold- 
nefs  to  degrade  him,  with   much  brutality,  though  raifed 
by  the  emperor  from  the  dregs  of  the  people,  read  pub- 
licly his  recantation,  and  afterwards  refigned  his  dignity, 
from  which  he  would  have  been  otherwile  depofed  b.  The 
diforders  which  thefe  civil  wars  had  occafioned  were  fuch, 
as,  in  a  manner,  hanimed  all  appearar.ee  of  government 
or  of  juftice;  but   the    emperor  quickly  appointed  cou)- 
miflaries  to  redrefs  thefe  grievances    and  to   rcftore   the 
vigour  of  the  laws ;  which  they,  in  a  good  meafure,  per- 
lormed.     He  might  now  certainly  have  fpent  the  remain- 
der of  his  days  in  perfect  tranquillity,  if  it  had  not  been 
for   the  intrigues  of  the  emprefs,  who,  having  a  reftlefs 
defire  to  fee  her  fon  fettled  in  a  kingdom,  recurred  to  her 
firlt  project,  and  entered  again  into  a  negotiation  with  Lc- 
thaire.     He  did  not  entertain  this  at  firft  fo  warmly  a  fhe 

*  Theg.  de  Geftis  Ludovici  Pii.   Nithard.  de  DiflTentionibus  Fi!i- 
orum  Ludovici  Pii.  a  Vita  Valae  Abbatis.  »  Nl(H« 

ard.  de  Diflentionibus  Filioruin  Ludovici  Pii* 

Z4  a? 


g44  5fiw  Hifloy  of  France. 

expe&cd,  though  he  fent  fome  minifters  of  his  own  to 
treat  in  his  father's  court,  at  the  head  of  whom  was  Walla, 
who  was  kindly  received,  and  care  fled  by  the  emprefs, 
though  he  had  been  the  principal  author  of  the  troubles 
that,  from  the  very  beginning,  had  diiturbed  her  hufband's 
reign  c.  But  while  this  trea'y  went  on  flowly,  Lothaire 
was  taking  every  poflible  method  to  (Irengthen  himfelf  irt 
Italy,  that  in  cafe  the  emperor,  who  was  become  very  in- 
firm, fhould  die,  he  might  be  able,  at  al!  events,  to  put 
A.  D.  835.  himfelf  into  pofieffion  of  his  dominions.  The  manner  in 
r  ■  ■  which  he  executed  this  defign  dilobliged  many  of  the  no- 
bility, and  bore  fo  hard  upon  the  pope,  that  he  joined  his 
complaints  to  their's  at  the  court  of  the  emperor  5  who 
was  at  length  fo  much  provoked,  that  he  refolvcd  to  go 
in  perfon  with  an  army  of  choice  troops  into  Italy,  and 
fent  his  orders  to  Lothaire,  to  provide  the  magazines  ne- 
ceflary  for  his  march  to  Romed.  What  the  confequence 
of  this  journey  might  have  been,  cannot  be  evilly  conjec- 
tured y  but  the  depredations  committed  on  the  coaft  of 
France,  by  the  Norman  pirates,  obliged  the  emperor  to 
Jay  it  aildc,  that  he  might  mure  efletlually  provide  for  the 
fecurity  of  his  dominions'1. 
The  thru  At  length,  after  mature  deliberation,  the  emprefs  de- 

fons  cabal  tcrmincd  to  engage  Lewis  to  add  to  the  dominions,  for- 
again,  in  merly  intended  for  her  fon,  the  kingdom  of  Neuftria,  and 
ord>r  to  fome  other  diftritts.  This  refolution  was  at  that  time 
tf''tkfrto"r  kcPfc  ver7  fecret  •,  neverthelefs,  the  three  brothers  had  in- 
defyl,  but  telligence  of  it,  and  deliberated  jointly  whether  they 
nun h tut  fhould  renew  the  war,  or  difiembie  their  rcfentment.  The 
fjft3.  pafTes  from  Italy  were  fo  well  guarded,  the  dominions  of 

the  kingdom  of  Bavaria  and  Aquitaine  were  at  fuch  a  di- 
stance from  each  other,  and  the  nobility  of  France  and 
Germany  fo  little  difpofed  to  begin  any  new  troubles,  that 
they  were  conftrained  to  be  quiet.  The  emperor,  there- 
fore, having  fummoncd  an  aflembly  at  Chierfi  on  the  Oife, 
introduced  his  fon  Charles,  then  about  fourteen,  and  with 
great  folemnity  declared  him  king  of  Neuftria,  Lewis, 
king  of  Bavaria,  being  there  in  perfon,  and  the  deputies 
of  the  king  of  Aquitaine  fubferibing  with  the  reft f.  Things 
did  not  remain  in  this  flate  long;  the  death  of  Pepin  opened 
the  way  to  a  new  divifion.  He  left  behind  him  two  fons, 
Pepin  and  Charles,  and  two  princefTes,  who  were  married* 

c  Theg.  de  Geftis  Ludovki  Pii.  Vita  Valae  Abbatis.  *  Vita 

Ludovici  Pii.  «  Nithard.  de  DilTentionibus  Filiorum  Ludo- 

■vici  Pii;  f  Annalcs  Bertiniani,    Vita  Ludevici  Pii. 

JudUh 


TJ;e  Hijlory  of  Frtwre.  34$ 

Jfudith  prevailed  on  the  emperor  to  revenge  the  injuries 
le  had  received  from  his  fon  upon  his  grand-children,  who 

were  abfolut-.ly  innocent,  by  depriving  his  cldcft  fon  Pepin 
of  the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine.  For  this  purpofe,  an  af- 
fcmbly  was  convened  at  "Worms,  to  which  Lothaire  was 
invited  ;  and,  though  not  without  fome  inquietude,  thi- 
ther he  went.  His  father  received  hint  kindly,  but  the 
emprefs  covered  him  with  carefTcs. 

The  great   point  was  to  engage  him  to  acquiefce  in  a  New  iron- 
new  fchemc,  by  which  Charles  was  to  have,  as  the  fpoil  bles  break 
of  his  brother  Peprn»  the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine,  and  to  out  m  GejT 
divide   the  reft  of  the   French  dominions  with  Lothaire,  in  A )  u 
who,  according  to  the  old  project,  was  to  be  the  tutor  and  taint, 
protector  of  his  nephew.     As  he  was  not  in  a  condition  nnkith  art 
to  difpute,  he  aflented,  or  rather  fubmitted,  to  what  was  "w'',i  d}$~ 
expected  from    him ;  and,  by  this  partition,  the   Meufe,  **  J^ 
the   country  of  Swiflerland,  the  Rhone,  and  the  ocean, 
became  the  boundaries  of  Charles's  kingdom  ;  except  on 
the  fide  of  Spain,  where  he  had  all  that  the  emperor  pof- 
fcfied  '.     Lewis,  king  of  Bavaria,  though  he  fullered  no- 
thing by  this  partition,  was  lb  much  provoked  at  it,  that 
he  allembled  the  whole  force  of  his  dominions,  in   hopes 
of  extending  them  as  far  as  the  Rhine.     But  upon  the 
firft  commotion  the  emperor  advanced   with  a  fmall  army 
to  Mentz,  and,  upon  his  approach,  the  Saxons  began  im- 
mediately to   arm ;  a  circumltance  which  put  the  domi- 
nions of  the  king  of  Bavaria  in   fuch  apparent   danger, 
that,  lnving  canted  his  forces  to  feparate,  he  fent  to  in- 
treat  his  father's  pardon.    This  infurre&ion  was  fcarce  ex- 
tinguished before  the  bifhop  of  Poitiers  came  to  inform 
him,  that  fome  of  the  lords,  and  the  greateft  part  of  »he 
people   in   Aquitaine,  were  extremely   discontented,    and 
looked  upon  the  treatment  that  the   young  prince  Pepin 
had  received  as  a  flagrant   att  of  injullice.     Ljpon  which 
remonftrance,  the  emperor  appointed  an  aflembly  at  Cha- 
lons on  the  Soane,  to  which  the  lords  of  Aquitaine  we  Re- 
ordered to   repair.     Thither  he   carried  the  emprefs  and 
he?  fon  Charle  •,  and,  to   the    utmofl  of   his  power,  la- 
boured to  give  general  Satisfaction  ;  afltgning  the  motives 
that  induced  him  to  difpofe  of  the  kingdom  of  Aquitaine 
to  his  fon,  of  whofe  education  he  promifed  to  take  the 
utmoft  care  ;  and  alluring  them,  at   the   fame  time,  that  A.  D.  839. 
he  would  provide  for  his  graud-children  h.     The  majority  ,„ 

«  Nithat 4,  de  Diflentionibus  Filionim  Ludovici  Pji.     Vita  Val» 
/Vbbatis.  h  Thtgan.  dc  Gcitii  Ludovici  Pii. 

of 


§4*  ty  H'tftory  of  France. 

of  the  nobility  and  prelates  acquiefced  ;  but  thofe,  who 
bad  embraced  the  party  of  the  young  prince,  were  not  to 
be  moved  either  to  acknowledge  Charles,  or  to  deliver  up 
Pepin   to  his  grandfather.     Having  done,    therefore,  all 
that  could  be  done  in   this  aflembly,  he  went  to  Poitiers, 
where  he  kept   his  ChrTilmas,  fully  rcfolvcd  to  march, 
with  the  troops  he  had  about  him,  into  Aquitaine  in  the 
fpring  '. 
Vie  death         While  he  remained  there,  the  feafon  being  wet  and  cold, 
of  ike  em-    .he  became  much  indifpofed  ;  and  in  this  fituation,  and  at 
*eI'jr  i"r a*  the  entrance  of  Lent,  which  it  was  his  cuftom  to  ob.ferve 
tht  Rlunt     very  ^ric^^y>  he  received   the  unwelcome  news,  that  his 
farily  of      fon,  the   king  of  Bavaria,  was  again  in   arms,    that  the 
i  and  Saxons  aiad   1  huringians  had/joined  him,  and  that  he  had 
fartiy  of      already  made  hirnfelf  mafter  of  the  beil  part  of  Germany. 
gmj.  Thel'e  tidings  obliged  the  emperor  to  turn  his  arms  on  that 

fide,  at  a  juncture  when,  through  the  whole  courfe  of  his 
life,  he  had  fpent  his  time  in  fading,  prayer,  and  retire- 
men',  and  when  he  was  alio  in  an  ill  date  of  health.  He 
left  part  of  his  troops  to  guard  his  wife  and  fon,  and  with 
the  reft  proceeded,  with  the  utmoft  expedition,  to  Aix  la 
Chapelle  ;  and  making  but  a  very  fhort  Ray  there,  he  paffed 
AD-  S40  the  Rhine,  with  an  intent  to  give  his  fon  battle k.  But 
■  Lewis,  finding  his  troops  not  to  be  depended  upon,  with- 

drew into  his  own  dominions,  and  abandoned  all  his  con- 
quells.  This  retreat  would  have  given  the  emperor  great 
joy  ;  but  there  happened  unfortunately  at  this  time  a  great 
eclipfe,  in  which  the  ftars  became  vifible.  This  aflec"ted 
the  weak  fuperftitious  old  man  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  his 
malady,  which  was  otherwife  not  very  dangerous,  became 
mortal.  He  caufed  hirnfelf  to  be  carried  into  an  ifland. 
in  the  Rhine,  the  air  of  which  he  fancied  to  be  very  falu- 
brious;  there,  tormenting  hirnfelf  with  anxious  thoughts, 
receiving  the  communion,  and  fcarce  anything  elfe,  daily, 
he  lingered  for  fix  weeks.  When  he  found  there  were  no 
hopes  of  recovery,  he  divided  his  treafures  and  rich  move* 
ables  amongft  his  family,  the  great  churches  in  his  domi- 
nions, and  the  poor.  He  left  a  crown,  a  fecpter,  and  a 
very  rich  fword,  to  Lothaire,  by  which  it  was  aifo  fup- 
pofed  that  he  left  him  the  empire  ;  but  it  was  upon  con- 
dition that  he  performed  the  promife  he  had  made  with 
refpecl:  to  the  emprefs  and  her  fon1.     His  brother,  the 

*  Vita  Ludovici  Pit.  k  Annales  Bertiniani.    Nithard.  de 

Diflentionib'is  Fjiiorqm  Ludovici  Pii.  '  Annales  Bertiniani. 

Theg.  de  Cnftis  Ludovi  Pii   Adon.  Chron. 

bifhor* 


The  Ilijlory  of  fm 

feifhop  of  M  eiving  that  he  left  nothing  tp  his 

fon  Lewis,  put   him  in   mind   tint,  as  a  Chriftian  it  was 

luty  to  forgive  him  :  to  which  hint  the  dying  emperor* 
with  fome  eagernefs,  anfwered,  "  I  pardon  bim  with  all 
my  heart  ;   but  tell  him  from   me,  that  he  ought  to  think 

«ufly  of  obtaining  pardon  from  llud  alio,  forb.i:. 
my  grey  hairs  with  forrow  to  the  ground  m".     He  died  the 
2oth  of  June  840,  i;i  the  ferenty-fecond  year  of  hi*  age,  and 
in  the  tweny-feventh  of  his  reign  :  his  corpfe  was  int< 
in  the  church  of  St.  Arnold,  at  Mentz,  near  that  of  his 
mother  queen  HiKlegardc  (B). 

As  foon   as  the  news  of   the  emperor  Lewis's  death 

lied  Italy,  Lothaire  looked  upon  himfelf  as  his  fuccef- 
for  in  the  utmolt  extent  of  the  word,  and  refolved  to  make 
himfelf  matter  of  all  his  dominions.  lie  was  a  prince  <A 
great  fubtlety  and  addrefs;  could  wear  any  appearance, 
that  the  ftate  of  his  affairs  required  ;  haughty  in  his  man- 
ner, affecting  great  fteadineis,  which  he  really  had  not ; 
and  though  he  laid  his  plans  with  much  prudence,  was 
nevertheless  liable  to  be  difconcerted  if  he  met  with  any 
unexpected  diiiiculties  in  their  execution.     He  judged  his 

*»  Vita  Ludovki  Pii. 


2+7 


Lolha'trt 

•  /.••  at 
emperor 
and  Ian  1  of 
Italy  J.  *  zjl  is 

aS    kin 

Germany, 

and  Charles 
the  Laid  as 
king  of 
France. 


(B)  Lewis  was  governed,  in 
her  life-time,  by  bis  firfi:  wife 
.10  induced  him 
to  affociate  Lothaire  in  the  cm- 
pi  re.  and  to  make  Pepin  and 
kings  of  Aquitaine  and 
any  :  the  former  of  thofe 
princes  had,  by  his  wife  Ingel- 
>in,  who  died  a  pri- 
ia    the  caitle  of  Senlis ; 
<         es.  archbifhop  1 
and  Bertha,    who  married  Ge- 
rald, count  of  Berry  (1).     By 
this  emprefs   he   had  alio  five 
daughters  ;  Alpaidc,  who  mar- 
I'cgon,   count  of  P 
;,  who  efpoufed  Everard, 
duke  of  1'ii ml,  by  whom  ilie 
became  themotherofBerenger, 
king  of  Italy  ;  Hddcgarde,  the 


wife  of  count  Thicrri ;  Ade- 
laide, who,  fome  writers  lay, 
was  firft  efpoufed  to  count  Con- 
rade,  and  afterwards  to  Robert 
le  Fort,  count  of  Paris ;  and  Ro- 
maic, who  died  unmarried  (2). 
His  iccond  emprefs  Judith  was 
a  very  artful  coquet,  who,  hv 
her  intrigues,  produced  molt 
or  her  hu'band's  misfortunes, 
in  which  (he  had  her  (hare~(s.) 
By  her  he  had  only  one  fon 
Charles,  who  fucceeded  hiin, 
firft  in  the  realm  of  France,  and 
afterwards  in  the  imperial  dig- 
nity, and  who,  in  his  life-time, 
his  father,  on  the  deceafcof  his 
fon  Pepin,  created  king  of  A- 
quit.dne. 


(1)  M.  le  P.  Fauchet.     P.  Anfelme.     Mezeray. 
Pleix.     Le  Gendre.  (j)  Vita  Ludovici  Pii. 

Annal.  Francor.  lib.  v.    Annal,  Benin.  &  Fuld. 


Paul.  ^£.nil. 


own 


348  31&*  Hi/lory  of  France, 

own  foliation  to  be  far  fuperior  to  that  of  his  brethren,  as 
Lewis  of  Bavaria  had  by  no  means  a  great  character,  and 
Charles,  who  was  fcarce  feventecn,  and  under  the'tuition 
of  his  mother,  could  i'carce  be  faid  to  have  any  character 
»t  all  °.     As  foon    as   he  had  palled   the  mountains,  he 
feizcd  Worms,  and,  with  a  very  numerous  army,  marched 
to  Francfort,  intending  to  ftrip  Lewis  of  Bavaria,  before 
he  had  fo  much  as  a  fufpicion  of  his  intenrion.     Here  he 
found  his  firft   miltake  :   Lewis,  who  had  always  fled  be- 
fore his  father,  appeared  at  the  head  of  a  corps  of  veteran 
troops,  and  offered  batrle   to  his  brother.     This  boldnefs 
difpofed  Lothaire  to  a  negotiation  -,  upon  which  followed 
a  truce  for  three  months  p.  He  took  this  llep  in  order  to  fee 
whether  he  might  not  fucceed  more  eafily  in  falling  upon 
Charles,  towbomhr  had  fent  agents,  with  affurancesthathe 
meant  to  adhere  ftrictiy  to  his  prornifes,  but  defired  at  the 
fame  time  that  he  would  foibear  preffmgtheirnephew  Pepin, 
whofe  prctenfions  ought  to  be  examined   in  an  aflembly. 
His  views  were,  on  the  one  hand,  to  acquire  the  reputation 
of  a  juft  and  equitable  prince  with  the  vulgar,  and,  on  the 
other,  to  raife  a  formidable  enemy  on  the  back  of  Charles, 
while  he  attacked  him  in  front  1.  To  facilitate  this  fcheme, 
his  agents  were  likewife  charged  to  make  ufe    of  perfua- 
iions,  money,  and  prornifes,  in  order  to  divert  the  nobility 
from  his  brother's  intereft;  he  had  alfo  his  emiffaries  about 
Pepin,  who  diffuaded  him  from   going  to  the  aflembly  at 
Bourges,  to  which  he  was  invited  by  Charles  and  the  era- 
prefs-dowager,  with  a  promife  of  fafcty   and  fatisfaclion. 
As  foon,  therefore,  as   Lothaire  had    concluded   a   truce 
with  Lewis,  he  marched  dire£tly,  though  flowly,  towards 
Paris,  giving  foft  anfwers  to  the  ambaifadors  from  Charles, 
who  were  fent  to   put  him  in  mind  of   his  prornifes  and 
oaths,  as  well  as  of  his  father's  dying  expreffions  f.     The 
affaiis  of  Charles  were  at  this  time  in  a  very  critical  fixa- 
tion ;  many  of  the  lords  in  Neuftria  were  little  affecled  to 
him,  and  mod  had  nothing  but  their  own  intereft  at  heart ; 
he  was  far  from  being  beloved  in   Aquitaine,  where   the 
party  of  Pepin  was  daily  increafing ;  and,  to  add  to  all 
thefe  misfortunes,  the  Normans  threatened  an  invafion  up- 
on the  coafts*. 
lothaire  There  was,  however,  a  fmall  party  for  him  in  Neuftria, 

and  Pepin    compofed  of  the  ableft  and  braved  of  the  nobility  ;  who, 

thtxaungtr  conf]cicr;nor  the  youth  of  Charles,  and  knowing  the  difpo- 

dejtatid 

o  Annales  Bertiniani.    Vita  Ludovici  Pii\  9  Nithard.de 

PilTentionibus  p.liorum  Ludovici  Pii.  lib.  ii.  1  Anna)e» 

Me'.enfes.        T  Nithard.  de  Diffent.  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pii,  lib.  ii. 
•  Ciiron.  Var.  Antiin 

Cuoa 


Hiftory  of  France.  343 

fition  of  Lothaire  perfectly,  dctcrmintd  to  prefer  the  for-  iyiewit9 
mer  to  the  latter;  and,  having  fignificd  their  feiitiments  to  km^of 

1  Charles  came  and  joined  them.     All   this  time   Lo-  Garmanf, 
thaire  was  advancing,  fending  his  cmiflaries  on  every  fide  a?ltu>"lj!" 
to    feek  out    his  old   friends,    and   to  draw"  over,  by  any  '  ' 
means,  either  fuch  as  were  neutral  or  affected  to  his  bro- 
ther's interelt.     He  found  many  of  both  fotts  ;  more  elpe- 
trially  Pepin,  the  fon  of  Bernard,  king  of  Italy,  Ebbo,  the 
famous  archbifhop  of  Rheims,  who   had  prefided  in  the 
affembly  which  depofed  his  father,  with  others  who  had 
been  in  his  party  in  his  father's  time,  who  had  fufFered  for 
him  then,  and  hoped  to  be  rewarded  now.     Of  the  latter 
fort  alio  there  were  great  numbers*.     Charles  was  not  idle 
on  his  fide;  but    he  had  fcarce  aflembled  a  fmall  army, 
before  he  had   news,  that    his  competitor  Pepin,  with  a 
confiderable  force,  befieged  Bourges.     He  did  not  hefitate 
a  moment  in  marching  to  the   relief  of  that  place,  where 
his  mother  was  in  danger  of  lofing  her  liberty;  and,  having 
defeated  Pepin,  and  raifed  the  fiege,  he  returned  again  in- 
to Neuftria,  but  with  a  fmail  force.     Lothaire  had  by  this 
time  gained    all   the   country  between  the  Meufe  and  the 
Seine ;  but  the  nobility  about   Charles,    very  happily  for 
him,  were  fo  far  from  refenting  his  leaving  them  to  go  to 
the  relief  of  his  mother,  that    they   efteemed   him  for  it, 
allured  him  he  might  rely  on  their  fidelity,  and  advifedhim 
to  offer  his   brother  battle  b.     He  followed  their   advice  ; 
but  fighting  was  not  the  thing  that  Lothaire  affected  mofli 
be  had  a  fuperior  army,  and  taking  the  advantage  of  this, 
he  offered  hard  terms  to  his  brother  ;  which,  in   his  pre- 
fent  circumflances,  Charles  thought  fit  to  accept.     It  was 
agreed,  that  all  things  fhould  be  finally   fettled  in  an  af- 
fembly  to  be  beld  in  the  month  of  May,  at  Attigni  ;  that 
Lothaire  fhoifld  make  no  attempts  to  his  prejudice  in  the 
mean  time;  that  the  truce  with  the  king  of  Bavaria  fhould 
be  prolonged,  and  that,  in  cafe  any  of  the   articles  were 
violated,  the  treaty  fhould  be  void.     Lothaire  confented  to 
all  theft  articles,  und  broke  moft  of  them   as  foon  as   he 
had  made  them.     He  difpofed   a  great  put  of  his  troops 
along  the  river  Seine;  and,  having  augmented  the  remain- 
der into  v»confiderable  army,  endeavoured  to  furprife  Lewis, 
king  of  Bavaria;  but  that  prince,  who  had  never  confided 
in  him,  was  in  arms,  and  in  a  condition  to  defend  his  own 
territories,  provided   his  own   fubjects  remained  faithful*, 
in  the  mean  time,  Chaiks,  with  a  fmall  corps  of  troops, 

»  Adon.  Chron.  •>  Annates  Metepfci  «  N";thard.  de 

Dincmiumbu*  Filierum  Ludovici  Pii,  lib.  ii, 

pafTtd 


35°  fb*  HIJlory  of  France, 

pafTed  the  Seine,  in  fpite  of  all  the  care  that  Lothaire's  offi- 
cers could  nice,  and  marched  to  Attigni.  This  motion 
relieved  Lewis,  by  drawing  Lothaire  back  into  France, 
where  he  might  have  fought  Charles  with  a  fuperior  ar- 
my; but  whilft  he  endeavoured,  though  without  effect, 
to  corrupt  and  debauch  his  forces,  Lewis  of  Bavaria, 
routed  the  troops  he  had  left  upon  the  Rhine,  palled 
that  river,  and  marched  with  great  rapidity,  to  the  relief 
A.  D.  fy;.  of  his  brother  Charles.     Upon  the  junction  of  their  forces, 

Lothaire  retired  till  he  was  likewife  joined  by  Pepin,  who 

claimed  the  crown  of  Aquitaine;  then,  rejecting  all  the 
propofitions  that  were  made  him  by  his  brothers,  he  re- 
folved  to  leave  all  to  the  decifion  of  a  battle.  This  was 
fought  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Fontenoy,  on  the  25th 
of  June,  and  was  one  of  the  moft  memorable,  as  well  as 
the  moft  bloody,  that  the  French  hiftory  records  A.  At 
length  Lothaire  and  Pepin  were  totally  defeated,  and  it  is 
fuid  there  fell  on  the  fpot,  on  both  fides,  not  fewer  than 
one  hundred  thoufand  mene. 
Jf'era  Lewis  and  Charles,  like  young  men,  loft  in   a  great 

ruinous  meafure  the  fruits  of  their  victory,  the  former  returning, 
imnr  the  with  the  utmoft  diligence,  into  his  own  territories,  and 
brothers  tjie  ]attt,r  following  Pepin  into  Aquitaine.  As  for  Lo'haire, 
he  retired  to  Aix  la  Chapelle,  and  by  the  help  of  thofe 
artificial  expedients,  of  which  he  was  a  great  matter,  fet 
on  foot  a  new  army,  with  which  he  once  more  entered 
Neuflria  ;  caufing  it  to  be  publilhed  by  his  emifiaries,  that 
Charles  was  killed  in  the  battle,  and  the  monarch  of  Ba- 
varia fo  wounded  that 'he  could  not  live-  Charles,  per- 
ceiving his  mi  flake,  returned  into  Neuflria,  but  with  fo 
finall  a  force,  tint  he  was  con rt rained  to  entrench  him- 
felf  on  the  other  fide  of  the  Seine.  Lothaire  marched  to 
attack  him  with  a  numerous  army,  and  found  the  waters 
fo  low,  that  he  might  have  done  it  without  difficulty:  his 
Irrefolution  hindered  him,  till  the  river,  fwelling  on  a  fud- 
den,  rendered  it  impracticable.  The  prelates  and  nobility 
of  Charles's  party  cried  this  up  for  a  miracle,  by  which, 
in  a  fhort  time,  his  army  was  fo  much  augmented,  that 
he  was  enabled,  without  fear  of  difturbance  from  Lothaire, 
to  continue  his  march  for  Strafburgh  f.  There  he  joined 
the  army  of  Bavaria,  which  his  brother  Lewis  command- 
ed in  peifon,  and  there,  in  the  preience  of  the  prelates, 
Mobility,  and  troops,  they  fwore  perpetual  concord  and  a- 

.«•  A-don  Chron.     Chron.Var.  Antiq.        e  Nithard.  de  Diflent. 
Fil.  Ludov.  Fii,  lib.  ii.        *  Anna!.  Meteui'.  Adyri.  Chron. 

miry, 


fut 


u. 


*Ihc  Iliflory  of  France,  $$f 

mity,  and  pufhed  things  fo  far  as  to  declare,  that,  if  ci- 
ther of  them  broke  this  tteaty,  his  fubje&s   were  abfolt 
frorn  their  allegiance,  ami  at  liberty  to  adhere  to  the  other. 
For  the  pre  lent,  their  union  was   in  itfelf  wonderful,  and 
produced  wonders  ;  they  eat  together  at  the  fame   table  ; 
they  flept  under  the  fame  roof;  their  councils,  and  even, 
their  pleafures,  were  in  common :  and  this  harmony  dif- 
fufing  itfelf  through  their  forces,  they  pufhed  the  war  with 
fuch   vigour,  that  Lothaire  retired  on   the  other  fide  of 
the  Rhone,  abandoning  all  Auftrafia  and  part  of  Burgundy. 
The  two  princes  were  very  defirous  of  keeping  what  they 
had  acquired,  but  at  the  fame  time  chofe  to  claim  it  by 
fome  better  title  than   that  of  conquelt :  with   this  view 
they  applied  to  the  bifhops  ;  who  made  a  kind  of  inquiry 
into  the  conduit  of  Lothaire,  both  in  his  father's  life-time 
and  fince  :    they  reckoned  up  all  the  acts  of  treafon,  cru- 
elty, perfidy,  and  tyranny,  of  which  he  had  been  guilty; 
and   having  demanded  of  the  two  kings,    whether  they 
meant  to  govern  like  him,  or  according  to  the  laws  of  God 
and  the  land,  they  anfwered,  tha't  they  intended  to  govern 
according  to  law.     Upon  which  he  was  declared  to  have 
forfeited  all  tide  to  his  dominions,  and  they  were  flattered 
with  having  a  title  given  them  by  the  declaration  of  Provi- 
dence in  their  favour x.     Neverthelefs  Lothaire   folicited 
his  brothers  to  eftablifh  peace  upon  fettled  and  folid  terms, 
and  propofed  feveral  projects  for  that  purpofe,    which  they 
rejected.     At  length   they  accepted  this  ;  that  the  king- 
doms of  Italy,  Aquitaine,  and  Bavaria,  except  all  the  do- 
minions of  the  deceafed  emperor,  fhould  be  divided  into 
three  equal  portions,  of  which  Lothaire  was  to  take  his 
choice,  and  his  brethren  were  to  have  the  other  two.     In 
confequence  of  this  agreement,  forty  com miflio tiers  were 
named  by  each  of  the  three  kings,  a  whole  year  was  fpun 
out  in  their  conferences;  but  at  length  it  was  fettled,  that 
Charles,  befides   Aquitaine,  mould   have    all  the  country 
between  the  Loire  and  the  Meufe  ;  that  the  reft  of  Ger- 
many fhould  be  annexed  to   Lewis's  kingdom,  who  from 
thence  was  ftyled  Lewis  the  German  ;  and  that  the  titles 
of  emperor  and   Auguftus,   being    left  to    Lothaire,    he 
mould  not  only  retain  all  Italy  and  the  city  of  Rome,  but 
mould  likewife  poflefs  the  whole  tract  of  country  lying 
within    the  rivers    Rhone,    Rhine,    Saone,   Meufe,    and 
Scheld.     The  whole   of  what  he    held  on  this  fide  the 
mountains,  was,  from  him,  ftyled  Lotharingia,  Royaume,  ^  n  g4*4 

*  Adon.  Chron.  Nithard  de  Diffentionibu*  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pit. 

Lplha* 


352  The  Hijlory  of  France, 

A.  D.  845.  Lotharienne,   that  is,    the  kingdom    of  Lotbaire,    from 
■  whence,  by  corruption,  rofe  the  name  of  Lorrain,  though 

that  is  now  given  to  a  duchy,  which  contains  only  a  fmall 
part  of  that  kingdom  y. 
Eachofthg  The  emprefs  Judith  died  a  little  before  this  partition 
kings  ex-  was  made.  Indeed  it  was  high  time  for  thefe  kings  to  put 
poft  to ^  an  en(^  tQ  qUarreiSj  alike  injurious  to  them  all,  and  which, 
cewveni-  ^  ,nev  had  lulled  longer,  might  have  been  fatal.  The 
tncyfrom  Saracens  furprifed  Beneventum,  and  made  themfelvesmaf- 
the  comtnon  ters  0f  mod  part  of  that  fine  duchy,  while  Lothaire  was 
"weak",e^  engaged  on  this  fide  the  Alps ;  and,  pope  Gregory  being 
brought  on  dead,  Sergius  the  Second  was  elected,  and  took  poflefiiori 
«//.  of  the  fee  of  Rome,  without  taking  any  notice  of  the  em- 

peror j  who  thereupon  fent  his  fon  Lewis,  with  an  army, 
re  obtain  fatisfa&ion  ;  which  he  did,  and  the  pope  crown- 
ed him  king  of  the  Lombards.     Charles  was  not  lefs  per- 
plexed j  Pepin  defeated  and  cut  to  pieces  a  great  corps  of 
tioops  •,  the  Normans  landed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Garonne, 
and  ruined  all  the  country  •,  the  duke  of  Bretagne  revolted. 
The  emperor  and  the  kings  of  France  and  Germany  wete 
now  fo  well  united,  that  they  fent  deputies  to  Pepin,  to 
the  Normans,  and  to  the  Bretons,  to  let  them  know,  that, 
if  they  attacked  any  one  of  the  three,  they  would  certainly 
fall  upon  them  with  joint  forces.     But  this  declaration  had 
little  or  no  effect,  their  neighbours  being  well   apprifed, 
that  there  was  not  any  fincere  affection  amongft  them,  and 
that  this  pretended  amity  was  purely  the  effect  of  weak- 
nefs  *• 
CharJe.'y  hy      Chailes,  fufFering  his  refentment  or  falfc  notions  of  poli- 
tndeavour-  cv  t0  prevail,  caufed  Bernard,  duke  of  Languedoc,  who  had 
,ng  to  tx-     once  mafie  a  confiderable  figure  in  the  court  of  his  father, 
thonty,        to  ^e  arretted  ;  and,  alter  a  year  s  confinement,  to  be  put  to 
rwns  his     death,  a  mcafure  which  had  a  very  bad  effect  ;  for  his  fon 
affairs.        William  feized  immediately  feveral  placet  of  confequence. 
He,  to  revenge  his   father's  death,  joined  Pepin  with   all 
the  force  he  could  raife.     The  Normans  made  another  de- 
feent,  and   pillaged  Touloufe  ;  the  duke  of  Bretagne  was 
inclined,  not  only  to  throw  off  all  dependence,  but  to  af- 
fume  the  title  of  king.     In  this  perplexity  he  was  alarmed 
with  the  news  of  a  frefh  fleet  and  army  of  Normans,  who 
entered  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  where  they  made   tbem- 
felves  mailers  of  Rotten*    Not  fatisfled  with  the  pillage  of 
that  place,  they  marched  directly  to  Paris,  which  they 
likevvile  pillaged;  and  were  at  the  point  of  attacking  the 

7  Annales  Mttenfes.       z  Annales  Eerti»iani.  Adon.  Chron. 

king. 


hjlory  of  Fran  353 

ling,  with  a  (mail  army,  in  an  intrenched  camp  at  St.  A.  D  845, 
But  Charles,  by  the  advice  chiefly  of  the  prelates,  . 

red  into  a  negociation  with  them,  and,  by  giving  th.-.n 
n  hundred  weight  of  filver,  engaged  them  to  retire, 
.wul  to  promife,  with  reiterated  oaths,  never  to  return. 
To  pacify  the  troubles  of  Aquitaine,  he  yielded  the  beft 
part  of  that  country  to  his  nephew  Pepin,  who  repd 
him  homage,  and  took  an  oath  of  fealty  b.  Charles  now- 
found  himfelf  at  leifure  to  enter  Bretagne,  with  the  beft 
army  he  was  able  to  aflemble,  but  had  the  misfortune  to 
be  twice  defeated  This  great  change  in  affairs  was  chief- 
ly owing  to  an  alteration  in  the  king  himfelf.  While  a 
youth  he  was  very  traceable,  and  took  the  advice  of  his 
principal  nobility  :  now  he  thought  himfelf  of  age  to  go- 
vern, and  foon  gave  fpecimens  not  much  to  the  advantage 
either  of  his  own  reputation,  or  of  the  happinefs  of  his 
fubje&s.  He  amafled  wealth,  by  oppreffing  his  people  : 
irom  paying  a  fuperftitious  obedience,  he  came  wholly  to 
negleci:  the  bilhops  :  felfifli,  defpotic,  and  wrong-headed, 
he  loon  incurred  the  contempt  and  hatred  of  his  fubje£ts  ; 
(hewing,  by  the  flagrant  errors  in  his  conduit,  that  the 
good  qualities,  by  which  he  had  been  formerly  diftin- 
guiihed,  were  only  artificial  and  affected.  The  prince  of 
the  Bretons  feeing  alfo  that  Charles  was  on  the  point  of 
entering  his  country  with  another  numerous  army,  judged 
it  mod  expedient  for  his  own  fafety,  and  for  fear  of  being 
over-powered  by  the  Normans,  to  return  to  his  former  G- 
tuation  ;  and,  upon  his  offer  of  fubmilfion,  peace  was  very 
quickly  made.  Thus,  for  the  prefent,  domeftic  tranqui- 
lity was  reltored  in  France,  where  it  was  exceedingly 
wanted,  the  great  towns  being  decayed,  the  people  mifer- 
ably  confumed,  and  all  the  naval  eftabliihmeuts  dwindled 
to  nothing'. 

The  Saracens  gaveLothaire  as  much  difturbance  as  the  Thtflra  re 
Normans  had  done  Charles.  They  had  pillaged  the  church  ^iford*rj  ia 
of  St.  Peter,  which  was  then  without  the  walls  of  Rome  ;      >  Fr,nch 
had  defeated   the  troops  fent  to  oppofe  them,  and  threat-  whUhtx* 
cned  ftill  greater  raifchiefs.     The  Slavonians  had  revolt-  p«Ji  it  to 
ed  againfl  Lewis,  king  of  Germany.     The  Moorilh  pirates  "U'htbar- 
wcre  become  almolt  as  troublefome  to  Charlei  as  the  Nor-  bareui 
mans ;  and,  in   the  mid  ft  of  theic  difaiters,  Charles  and  MttM,'v 
Lothaire  were  ftill  upon  bad  terms.     Lewis,  king  of  Ger- 

»  Annalei  Fuid.  Flodoart  Ilift.  Rem.  b  Nirhird.  de  Dif- 

fentionibus  Filinrma  Ludovici   Pii,  lib.  ii.  Anaf.    inVitaSeig.il. 
«  Nitliaidiiie  Ditltntioaibuk  Filiorum  Ludovici  Pii,  lib.  ii. 

.     Mod.  Vol.XJX.  A  a  manv, 


554  The  Ht/fory  of  France. 

many,  prevailed  upon  them  both  to  confent  to  a  new  inter- 
view at  Merfcn,  near  Maeftricht;  where  they  fettled  a 
kind  of  conftimtion,  by  which  things  were  to  he  regulat  d 
for  the  future,  more  especially  in  regard  to  the  <\n  cd 
The  rule  now  eftablifhed  was,  thut  the  children  oi 
reigning  prince,  whether  of  ;!ge  or  not  of  age,  ihould 
fucceed  to  their  father's  dominions,  an  owe  nothing  hut 
the  iefyecl,  anting  from  the  ties  of  blood,  to  the  otlier 
A.  D.847  princes  of  .the  houfe  of  Charlemagne  d.  The  Moors  hav- 
«*  lng  received  a  great  defeat  in  Spain,  were  content  to  make 

peace  with  France;  and  ti  iation  was  very  luckily 

concluded  with  them,  when  'he  Normans,  making  a  frefh 
defcent  with  a  great  force,  befieged  Bourdeaux.  Chales 
marched  immediately  to  its  relirf  ;  and  having  taken  and 
funk  fome  of  their  (hips,  compelled  thefe  barbarous  in- 
vaders to  r.iife  the  fiege  :  but  he  no  foontr  quitted  the 
country  thm  they  returned,  and,  through  the  treachery 
of  the  Jews,  having  furpii fed  the  city,  pillaged  and  burnt 
ite.  I  his  proved  an  affair  of  great  confequcuce  to  Charles  ; 
for  Bouideaux  belonging  at  this  time  to  Pepin,  and  the 
nobility  conceiving  that  it  was  loft  through  fome  negli- 
gence of  his,  revolted,  and  fubmiucd  again  to  Charles,  and 
be  was  accordingly  crowned  and  anointed  king  of  Aqui- 
triine,  at  Orleans.  Lewis,  king  of  Germany,  had  enough 
to  do  to  bridle  his  rebels  ;  and  Lothaire  was  not  lefs  dif- 
tieffed  by  the  Saracens  •,  neverthelefs,  he  folicited  his  bro- 
ther Lewis  to  enter  into  a  league  with  him  againft  Charles, 
which  he  prudently  and  peremptorily  refufed  f. 
Ihe  Bre-  Religious  difturbances  were  quickly  added  to  the  reft 
tonsrevolt,  0f  thedifoiden  that  diltraitcd  France  ;  and  while  the  king 
*ndobh\e  wa8  erripi0yt.(i  ]n  holding  councils  for  redrefnng  thefe,  the 
trent  tkurte*  coafts  of  his  dominions  were  ravaged  by  Moorifh, 
demands.  Greek,  and  Norman  pirates.  Pepin  ftarted  out  of  thofe 
obfeure  places  where,  fince  the  laft  revolution,  he  had 
concealed  himfelf,  and,  in  a  fhort  fpace  of  time,  recovered 
a  great  part  of  Aquitaine*  Lothaire  and  Lewis  were  not 
more  at  their  eafe,  infomuch,  that  it  appeared  the 
barbarous  nations  had  confpired  to  deftroy  the  French,  as 
they  formerly  did  the  Roman  empire.  Charles  marched 
into  Aquitaine,  and  met  with  great  fuccefs,  taking  prifoner 
Charles,  the  brother  of  Pepin,  whom  he  obliged  to  enter 
into  holy  orders.  Fie  would  have  done  flill  more,  if  No- 
minoi,  .duke  of  Bretagne,  had  not  revolted*     By  the  affift- 

«t   Annal"s  Bertiniani.  «  Chron.  Var.  Antic}.  f  Ni- 

thaidi  deDiilfciiiioflibus  Filiotum  Ludovicj  Pii,  lib.  II* 

ance 


fb$  I  Hilary  of  France.  35  5 

ancr  of  c  I     i<berr,  who  had   formerly  made  a  great 

figure  in  tin-  court  of  the  emperor,  Lewis  rendered  him- 
venues,  when  he  recurred  to  his  old  fcheme, 
\t  title  of  king,  which  he  held  during  his  life* 
and  tranfmitted  it  to  his  fon  Herifpee,  againlt  whom 
Charles  led  all  the  forces  of  his  dominions,  fcarce  doubt- 
ing of  fuccefs,  fince  count  Lambert  was  alfo  dead  •,  but 
he  was  miltaken,  for  the  new  king  of  Bretagne  gave  him 
an  entire  defeat,  in  which  a  great  number  of  troops,  and 
not  a  few  of  the  nobility  perilhed*.  Charles  retiring  to 
Angiers,  in  order  to  recruit  his  forces,  Herifpee,  having 

nded  a  fafe-condu£i,  went  thither  likewife,  and  con- 
cluded a  treaty  upon  very  advantageous  terms,  fince  the 
regal  honours  were  conceded  to  him,  together  with  his 
conquelts,  and  nothing  referved  to  Charles  but  the  ho- 
nour of  receiving  homage  from  a  king.  He  had  fome  a- 
meuds  made  him  for  this  misfortune,  by  the  feizute  of 
Pepin  the  younger,  whom  a  prince  of  the  Gafcons  deli- 
vered into  his  hands;  upon  which  he  caufed  him  to  be 
immediately  fhaved,  and  lent  him  prifoner  to  the  convent 
of  St  Medard  de  Soiflbns.  The  country  which  his  father 
left  him  in  Spain  was  almoft  entirely  loft,  cither  by  the 
revolt  of  thofe  who  were  intruded  with  the  government  of 
cities  and  fortrefles,  or  conquered  by  the  Moors;  fo  that 
the  king  had  enemies  on  every  fide,  and  great  difconteht 
even  in  his  own  courc h. 

As  the  inconftancy  and  mutinous  difpofition  of  the  peo-  Dtath  of 
pie  of  Aquit/me    had,  from  the  very  beginning  of  his  **" emf>'ror 
reign,  given  him  a  gre:it  deal  of  trouble,  he  refolved  to  lay  ^ '*}*%• 
hold  of  this  opportunity  to  chaftife  them.     In  the  execu- ^fan  of 
tion  of  this  defign,  he  carried  things  fo  far,  that  the  great-  hisdomini- 
er  part  of  his   l'l.hjects   determined   to  throw  ofl'  their  alle-  »n$  am'nfi 
giance  ;  they  fent   deputies  to  Lewis,  king  of  Germany,  *" c"'*' 

ching  him   either  to  come   in  peifon  and  accept  the' 
kingdom,  or  to  lend  them  one  of  his  fons  ;  and  the  Ger- 
man, forgetting  the  treaties,  confirmed  by  the  mod  folemn 
oaths,    that   fubfifled   between   them,    lent  them   his  fon 

iS)  efcortcd  by  a  fmall  body  of  troops.  At  this  junc- 
ture, both  the  brothers  folicited  the  emperor  to  join  with 
them  againft  each  other ;  and  he,  mitigated  by  the  fame 
motives  of  ambition,  made  alliances  with  both,  but  took 

10  aflift  neither.  In  the  mean  time  an  incident  hap- 
pened,   which  was  not  unfavourable  to  Charles.     Pepin 

*  Hi  third  i   de    Dirtentionibus    Filiorum    Ludovici  Pii,  lib.  ii. 
*  Annates  Bemnuni. 

A  a  2  made 


35<* 


A.  D.  85s. 


Lewis, 

ting  of 
Germany* 
fupplanU 
Ms  brother 


The  Hijlory  of  France* 

made  his  efcape  out  of  the  monaftery,  and  returned  into 
Aquitaine,  where  moft  of  the  discontented   party  joined 
him,  and  quitted  the  king  they  had  fent  for  out  ot  Ger- 
many ;  of  which  event  Charles  taking  advantage,  attacked 
Lewis,  who  was  at  the  fame  time  attacked  by  Pepin,  who 
thereupon  prudently  compiomifed  matters  with  his  uncle, 
and  with  his  leave  returned  into   Germany  '.     Lothaire, 
whofe  ambition,    perfidy,    and  other   vices,  had  been  fo 
prejudicial  to  the  interefts  of  his  family,  finding  h'u  end 
draw  near,  took   the  habit  of  a  monk,  that,  according  to 
the  fuperflition  of  thofe  times,  he  might,  by  this  fecond 
baptifm  as  they  phrafed  it,  atone   for  all  his  crimes,  and, 
though  he  lived  a  tyrant,  die  a  faint  k.     In  this  difguife  of 
a  monk,  which  he  did  not  wear  quite  a  week,  he  expired, 
on  the  2qth  of  September,  leaving  behind  him  three  fons, 
Lewis,  Lothaire,  and  Charles.     Lewis,    who  had    been 
affociated  by  his  father  in  the  government,  had  the  king- 
dom of  Italy  and  the  title  of  emperor;    Lothaire,  inhe- 
rited  the    beft   part  of  the  dominions  his  father  held  in 
France,  and  was  ft  y  fed  king  of  Lorraine;  the  reft,  confift- 
ing  of  Provence,   Dauphine,  and  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Burgundy,  fell  to  Charles,  who  thenceforward  was  called 
king   of  Provence '.      One  would  have    imagined    there 
were  kings  enough  in  this  family ;  but  Charles,  whom  for 
the  future  we  muft  flyle  Charles  the  Bald,  declared  his  fon, 
of  the  fame  name,  though  a   child,  king   of  Aquitaine. 
The  people  were  fo  pleafed  with  this  title,  that,  the  Nor- 
mans landing  in  their  country,  they  took  arms  with  ala- 
crity, and  attacked  them  with  fuch  vigour  and  valour,  that 
fcarce  three  hundred  of  them  found  their  way  back  to 
their  fhips. 

This  fit  of  loyalty  did  not  laft  long  ;  they  became  more 
difcontented  than  ever,  renounced  their  allegiance  to 
Charles,  recalled  Pepin,  whofe  affairs  were  fo  defperare 
that  he  had  joined  with  the  Normans,  and,  in  conjunction, 
pillaged  the  countries  over  which  he  pretended  to  reign. 


andaffumtt  in  a  little  time  they  deferted  him,  and  had  recourfe  once 
the  crown  more  to  Lewis  the  German.  Charles  the  Bald  had  it  not 
of  France,  in  his  power  to  punifh  or  even  to  reftrain  them.  The  no- 
bility of  France  were  become  fo  turbulent,  and  the  bifhops 
fo  unruly,  that  he  knew  not  how  to  act,  or  in  whom  to 
confide.  In  thefe  circumftances  he  demanded  the  advice 
of  his  uncle,  by  the  mother's  fide,  who  told  him  very  freely 


*  Chron.  Var.  Antiq. 
ttertiniani. 


k  Annates  Fuldcnf. 


1  Annalet 


what 


The  Hijlory  of  I  $57 

the  malccontents  faid  in  vindication  of  their  own  con" 
duct;  which  was,  that,  at  the  expcnce  of  their  blood  and 
fortune,  they  had  raifed  him  to  a  throne,  and  that  he  now 
behaved  to  them  ungratefully,  and  like  a  tyrant.  Upon 
this  intimation  Charles  addretlrd  his  circular  letters  to  the 
nobility  and  prelates,  reciting  what  his  uncle  had  told  them, 
and  requiring  fuch  as  thought  themfelves  really  aggrieved 
through  negligence,  mifinformawon,  or  otherwife,  to  ap- 
pear and  exhibit  their  complaints  in  an  open,  free,  and  ge- 
neral aiTembly,  to  be  held  at  Verberie,  promifing  ample 
retribution  and  jultice,  as  well  as  oblivion  for  every  thing 
pad  ;  but  declaring,  that  all  acts  of  difobedience  ihould 
be  regarded  for  the  future  as  rebellion  '.  In  full  confidence 
that  this  ftep  would  give  fatisfadtion,  he  marched  with  all 
his  forces  to  befiege  a  ftrong  poft,  which  the  Danes  had 
taken,  in  the  very  heart  of  his  dominions.  While  he  was 
thus  employed,  the  malccontents  in  France,  after  the  ex- 
ample of  thofe  in  Aquitaine,  invited  Lewis  of  Germany 
to  come  and  take  pofleflion  of  the  kingdom,  which  he  ac- 
cordingly did,  with  a  formidable  aimy  ;  fo  that  Charles, 
abandoned  by  the  greateif.  part  of  his  fubjects,  was  obliged 
to  raife  the  fiege,  andre'-ire  into  a  diftant  part  of  his  domi- 
nions k.  Lewis  afTembled  the  prelates  of  his  p-trty,  who  A.  D.  85*. 
declared  Charles  the  Bald  fallen  from  the  regal  dignity  for  ■ 

mal-adminiftration  ;  and  Ganclon,  archbifliop  of  Sens,  in 
virtue  of  this  decree,  folemnly  crowned  Lewis,  to  whom 
the  nobility  and  bifhops  did  homage,  as  king  of  France, 
notwithllanding  the  prelates,  who  (till  adhered  to  Charles, 
had  declared  all  to  be  excommunicated  whofhould  attempt 
any  fuch  thing.  The  princes  of  the  blood  alfo  acquiefced 
in  this  matter  ;  infomuch  that  Pepin  of  Aquitaine,  who 
had  been  lately  reconciled  to  Charles,  and  the  king  of  Lor- 
rain,  who  had  entered  into  a  clofe  alliance  with  him,  and 
in  confequence  of  thefe  engagements  ferved  in  his  army, 
quitted  him,  and  went  to  acknowlege  Lewis  ;  though  this 
conduct  v  »8  n«.t  more  the  efredf,  of  levity  than  of  force  J. 

Amongit  thofe  who  were  the  molt  forward  in  this  enter-  Charltst  by 
prize,  though  they  did  not  enter  into   it  at   the  beginning,  an  artful 
were  Conrad  and  W   If,  t       Ions  of  count  Conrad,  brother  contriVm 
to  the  emprefs  Judith,  and  confequently  coufin-german  to  *"'Je'nt/,e 
Charles  the   Bald,  who,  by   their  cx»r  ordinary  zeal  and  kingdom  at 
ailiduity,  quickly  acquired  the  conhdence  of  their  new  eafilyaih$ 
jnaftcr.     Thefe  lords  reprefented  to  Lewis,  that,  being  l°fl  ''• 

1  AnnalesFuldenf.  k  Annalcs  Bertiniani.  '  Chron. 

Var.  Annii 

A  a  3  called 


IS  8  Vthe  Hiftory  of  Francel  * 

called  to  the  throne  by  the  nobility,  having  the  bifhops  at 
his  devotion,  and  no  army  in  the  field  to  oppofe  him,  it 
would  be  proper  ior  him  to  gratify  fuch  as  had  been  moft 
inflrumctitdl  in  tins  change,  and  alio  to  feud  back  the 
troops  he  had  brought  with  him,  that  he  might  fix  the  af- 
fections of  his  new  fubjects,  by  appearing  to  rely  entirely 
upon  their  attachments  They  hinted  to  him  at  the  fame 
time,  that,  when  this  ftep  was  taken,  his  competitor 
Charles  might  be  prevailed  upon,  in  con  fide  ration  of  fome 
fmall  territory,  to  renounce  his  preteniions  "'•  Lewis  fol- 
lowed their  advice,  and  then  fent  them,  with  full  powers, 
to  treat  with  their  coufin  Charles,  with  whom  they  had 
A.  D.  859.  been  all   this  while  acling  in  concert.     They  acquainted 

•— ■  him  that  Lewis  having  fent  back  his  own  army,  and  diftri- 

buted  his  treafures  amongft  thofe  who  had  affifted  him, 
the  only  thing  that  Charles  had  to  do  was  to  march  with 
the  forces  that  were  flill  about  him  towards  his  brother 
Lewis  ;  and  that,  having  both  the  hopes  and  fears  on  his 
fide,  there  was  little  re.ifon  to  dcubtof  his  fuccefs  n.  Charles 
executed  their  ftheme  immediately,  and  was  reftored  with 
as  much  cafe  as  he  had  been  dethroned  ;  Lewis,  at  his  ap- 
proach, finding  himfelf  obliged  to  retire  into  his  own  do- 
minions, and  the  king  of  Lorrain,  who  had  deferted  him, 
went  to  compliment  Charles  at  his  return  °. 
T>[flurb~  Thefe  inteftine  disturbances  had   terrible  effects  on  the 

anccstr.the  genera]  fyftem  of  affairs.  The  Normans  not  only  ruined 
'l"^,°uin  the  coalls,  pill-ging  fometimes  one  great  town,  fometimes 
revoke}  another,  but  had  actually  feated  themfelves  on  the  Seine 
tkeBrttons,  and  on  the  Somme.  Solomon,  who  had  killed  duke  He- 
graniojthe  rifpCe,  pollened  Bretagne,  with  the  title  of  king  ;  and  tak- 

ucny  of       •       advantage  of  thefe  troubles,    had  not  only  fettled  his 
trance  to  *>  ?;  .  r,     n    .  ,        .  J  .  . 

Robert  U      government  io  as  not  to  beeauly  ihaken,  but  had  alio  made 

i'ert.  considerable  acquifiiions.     in  the  midlr.  of  this  defolation 

and  dilbrder,  Charles  the  Bald  was  bent  upon  revenging 
the  injury  he  had  received  from  his  brother  Lewis.  Their 
nephew,  the  king  of  Lorrain,  interpofed,  procured  an  in- 
terview, at  which  himftlf  was  prefent,  and  with  much  dif- 
ficulty compofed  their  quarrel.  In  a  little  time  alter,  he 
began  to  entertain  fufpicions  of  his  uncle  Charles  ;  and  to 
fecure  himfelf  effectually  on  that  fide,  facrificed  the  fertile 
province  of  Alface  to  the  emperor  his  brother,  with  whom 
he  made  a  ftrict  alliance.  His  motive  to  this  was  equally 
fcandalous  and  urjuft.      He  had  married  Theutbtrge,  the 

ki  Annales  Bertiniani,  |n  Chron.  Var.  Antiq.  *  Arj- 

B»!cs  Efi  tiniani. 

Gfter 


The  Hijory  of  F#i>:  .  359 

fifar  of  count  Hubert    again  ft  whom,  without  any  caufe. 

rate  hatred  :  be  was  therefore 

defirous   of  depriving  her  «  ire   (he  had  in  his  bed 

and  throne,  in  order  to  admit  to  both  a  concubine,  whbfe 
name   was  Walrade,  ol   vhom  paffionately  fond. 

With  this  view  he  his  queen  of  inceft  with  her  bro- 

ther Hubert,  for  which  he  put  her  to  the  trial  of  boiling 
water,  according  10  the  barbarous  cultom  of  thofe  times  j 
and  being  declared  innocent,  he  revived  the  fame  accufa- 
tion,  pretending  to  have  frelh  proofs  :  thefe  tonfiftcd  in 
the  queen's  voluntary  confeflion  of  her  guilt,  fupported  by 
the  tettimony  of  Gonthaire,  arcl  nc,  who 

was  her  COnfeflbr }  but  the   truth   of  the  matter  was,  that 
he  threatened   the  qu«eninto   this  confeflion,  by  putting 
her  in  fear  cf  her  life,  and  brought  the  archbifhop  to  a<! 
the  fcandalous  part  he  did,  by  promifing  to  marry  his  niece 
as  foon  as  the  q  1  en  fhould  be  divorced '.    In  the  manage- 
ment of  this  ai  ral  of  the  prelates  in  his  dotftin 
concurred:  but,  while  it  was  depending,  both  the  queen  A.  D.  860. 
and   duke   Hubert  her  brother    made   their   efeape    into  ■ 
Trance,  where  they  were  received  and  protected  by  Charles 
the  Bald  ;  and  it  was  this  circumftance  that  engaged  Lo- 
tha;rc  M  purchafe  the  friencUhip  of  his  brother  at  (o  dear  a 
rate.     Tin:   inf<  lence   of   the  Bretons   at   length   enraged 
Charles  fo  much,  that,  having  procured  from  his  brother 
Lewi*,  for  a  fum  of  money,  a  body  of  Saxon  horfe,  he 
made  an  irruption  into  Brctagne  ;  and,  having  engaged  the 
army  of  Solomon   two    days  fuccelfively,  was   at  length 
forced  to  retreat,  with  the  lots  of  the  bell  part  of  his  army  : 
he  found  means  however    to  draw  over,  or  rather  to  re- 
trieve, Robert  le  Fort,  that  is   the  Stout,  or  the  Strong, 
who  commanded  Solomon's  army,  efteemed  one  of  the 
greateft  cap'ains  of  that  age,  upon  whom  he  beftowed  the 
duchy  of  France,  comprehending  the  country  between  the 
Seine  and  Loire,  by  which  we  arc  to  underltand  he  made 
him  governor  of  this  province,  with  the  title  of  duke  q. 

wrong  turn  his  afl'airs  had  taken   in  Bretagne,  dif-  Charles  tn~ 
ablcd  Charles  from  attacking  the  Normans  with   his  ownW'"' 
troops ;  but  what  he  wanted  in  force  he  (applied  by  addrefs.  b?!iy  of 
He  was  informed  that  Wailand,  a  famous  Norman  pirate,  ,0  amfl  tH 
was  returned  from    England,  and  had  taken   his  winter-  txptUmg 
quarters  on  the  banks  of  the  Soane  ;  but  not  having  it  in  ancthtr. 
his  power  to  expel  him,  he  thought  it  bed  to  diiTemble  it. 
as  he  likewife  did  his  pillaging  the  country  of  Terouenne. 

p  Annalet  Metenfes.  <i  Hincmar  dc  Divort.  Lothar. 

A  a  4  This 


3  5o  ^  Hiftoty  of  France. 

This  famous  free-booter  had  formerly  offered  htm  his  fer" 
vice,  todiflodge  his  countrymen  upon  the  Seine,  for  thrtC 
thoufand  pounds  of  filver,  which  propofition  the  king  re- 
jected, not  being  able  to  advance  the  money  r.  He  thought 
proper  to  renew  the  negociation  at  this  juncture  ;  notwith- 
itanding  Wailand  raifed  his  price,  and  demanded  peremp- 
torily five  thoufand  pounds  of  filver,  which  the  king,  with 
great  difficultv,  raifed  and  gave  him.     In  confequence  of 
this  fubfidy,  he,  with  a  fleet  of  two  hundred  and  fixty  fail, 
came  up  the  Seine,  and  attacked  the  Normans  in  theifland 
of  Oifelle,  who,  after  a  long  and  obflinate  refiitance,  were 
compelled   to  capitulate;  and   having   paid    fix  thoufand 
pounds  of  gold   and  filver,  by,  way  of  ranfom,  they  had 
leave  to  go  and  join  thofe  who  had  reduced  them  s.     How- 
ever, they  fhewed  no  inclination  to  depart ;  and  the  king, 
infenfible  of  the  miferies  to   which  his  fubjects  were  ex- 
pofed,  employed  all  his  thoughts  on  the  bafe  project:  of  de- 
fpoiling  his  nephew,  the  king  of  Provence,  a  weak  and  in-* 
firm    prince,    of  his  dominions,  in   which,    however,  he 
A.  "P.  8Si.  fai]e(J.  At  his  return,  he  attempted  and  executed  a  fcheme 
he  had  formed  againft  the  N.rmans,  whom  lie  reduced  to 
fuch  diilrefs,  that  they  were  forced  to  capitulate,  and  give 
him  hoftages  to  depart  the  kingdom  '. 

they  executed  this  treaty  but  indifferently,  fince  a  great 
part  of  them  entered  into  the  fervice   of  the  king  of  Bre- 
&.   Upon  this  junction,  Charles,  by  the  advice  of  count 
Robert,  recalled  Wailand,  and,  for  fix  thoufand  pounds  in> 
gold,  engaged  him  and  his  followers  to  enter  into  his  fer- 
vice.    Count  Robert  had  likewife  the  good  fortune  to  de- 
feat the  Normans,  in  the  fervice  of  the  king  of  Bretagne, 
finking  twelve  of  their  fhips,  and  putting  all  who  were  on 
board  to  the  fword.     Thefe  fucccfles  might  have  put  it  in 
the  king's  power  to  reflore  his  authority,  and  his  affairs; 
There/ilefs  but  now  the  troubles  in  his  family  began.     His  daughter 
humour        Judith  had  efpouied  Ethelwolf,  king  of  the  Weft  Saxons  ; 
and  illcon-  arter  n;s  acccafej  to  the  fcandal  of  all  the  Chriftian  world, 
thfir°!hil.    fre  became  the  wife  of  his  eldefl  fon  Ethelbald  ;  and  he 
drtn.  being  alfo  dead,  fhe  returned  to  the  court  of  her  father, 

■ft ill  a  young  woman,  and  full  of  amorous  inclinations". 
This  difpofition  put  her  upon  running  away  with  Bald- 
win, forrefter  of  Flanders,  with  the  privity  of  her  eldeft 
brother  Lewis  ;  a  ftep  which  drew  the  difpleafure  of  the 
king  both  upon  her  and  the  prince,  who  thereupon  fled 

r  Annales  Bertiniani.  5  Idem.  {  Annates  Metenfes. 

u  Allcr.  Mcnevenf.  de  Geflis  yKlfredi  Regii. 

ilU° 


The  Hijlory  of  France,  ofil 

Into  Bretagne,  where  he  married  without  his  father's  con, 
.   in  which  undutiful   conduct   he  was  imitated  by  hi 
brother  Cliailes,  kin<j  of  Aquitaine.     In  thcfe  misfortunes  A.  D.  86j. 

he  was  not  alone  ;  his  btother,  Lewis  the  German,  being  " 

rather  more  peiplexed  by  his  fon  Carloman.  who  revolted 
and  fuhmitted  fevcral  times  *,  but  not  without  treating 
great  prejudices  to  the  realm  of  Germany,  and  the  French 
empire  f. 

The  affair  of  the  king  of  Lorrain  broke  out  again  with  Tneyt„  0* 
frefli  violence  :  he  caufed  one   aflembly  of  bifhops  to  be  Lorrain's 
held   at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  in  which  the  archbifhops  of  Co-  di<vorceoc~ 
logne  and  Treves  prefided  ;  and,  having  procured  their  eaJ'on\ 
confent,  he  wrote  to  the  pope  to  approve  his  marriage  with  1  fb    ' 
Walrade,  which  he  took  care  to  folemnize  before   he  re-  in  Franct 
ceived  an   anfwer.     Pope  Nicholas  I.  fent  two  legates  to  and  in 
hold  a  council  at  Metz,  in  which  this  affair  was   to  be  fi-  l(alJ' 
nally  determined.     In  their  paflage  through  France,  they 
delivered  Charles  the  Bald  a  letter  from  the  pope,  intreat- 
ing  him  to  pardon  Baldwin  and   his  daughter,  which  he 
did  ;  and  the  marriage  being  celebrated,  he  bellowed  up- 
on his  fon-in-law  the  county  of  Flanders  r.     Thefe  legates 
had  other  letters  alfo  to  deliver,  which  they  fuppreffed, 
being  corrupted  by  the  king  of  Lorrain.     They  confirmed 
all  that  had  been  done  in  the  aflembly  at  Aix  la  Chapelle, 
and,  in  hopes  of  deceiving  the  pope,  the  archbifliops  of 
Cologne  and  Treves  were  fent  to  make  a  report  to  him  of 
the   whole   bufinefs  \     He  was  previoufly  informed   by 
Charles  the  Bald,  and  was  fo  much  provoked,  that,  by  a 
council  held  at  Rome,  the  council  of  Metz  was  declared  a 
wicked  aflembly,  and  both  the  archbifliops  were  depofed. 
Thefe  prelates  fled  to  the  emperor,  and  gave  him  fuch  an 
account  of  the  matter,  that  he  went  to  Rome  with  a  body 
of  troops,  entered  it  in  a   hoflile  manner,  and  kept  the 
pope  (hut  up  in  the  church  of  St.  Peter  forty-eight  hours, 
without  meat  or  drink.     At  length  he  was  fo  far  pacified 
as  to  admit  of  an  interview,  in  which,  being  informed  of 
the  truth,  he  ordered  the  two  prelates   to   quit  his  domi- 
nions immediately.     About  this  time  died  Charles,  king 
of  Provence  ;  and,  after  fome   difturbance,  the  emperor 
and  the  king  of  Lorrain  divided  his  dominions  between 
them.     Charles  the  Bald,  being  now  fomewhat  at  eafe, 
obliged  the  king  of  Bretagne  to  do  him  homage  j  then 
he  marched  with  a  great  army  into  Aquitaine,  and  com- 

x  Annnles  Rertiniant.  y  Chron,  Var.  Ami';.  z  Hinc- 

mar  dc  Divort.  Lotlur.  ct  Thcutbcrg.  •  Epift.'  Nicol.  Pap. 

pellcd 


362  The.  Hijiory  of  France.  ■ 

pelled  his  fon  Charles  to  fubmiiTion.  The  Normans  m 
the  mean  time,  with  Pepin  at  their  head,  penetrated  as 
far  as  Ciermonr,  in  Auvergnc,  from  whence,  though  with 
foine  difficulty,  they  made  their  retreat  to  the  coaft  \  Pe- 
pin however  was  taken,  and  carried  to  his  uncle.  As  he 
was  in  the  habit  of  a  Norman,  and  there  weie  fome  fuf- 
p'eiuns  of  hib  having  apostatized,  the  nobility  and  prelates 
of  Aquitaine  made  ».o  fcruple  of  condemning  him  to  death. 
His  uncle,  however,  feist  him  to  the  cattle  of  Senlis, 
where  he  fpent  the  remainder  of  his  days  under  a  gentle 
confinement  b.  His  fuccefibr,  Charles,  king  of  Aquitaine, 
being  in  his  father's  court,  involved  himfelt  in  fome  fool- 
•  ifh  quarrel,  in  which  receiving  a  cut  upon  the  head,  he 
languifhed  for  fome  time,  and  then  died,  leaving  behind  a 
very  indinerent  reputation,  and  no  ifiue  by  the  widow  he. 
had  married  c. 
Charki  the  The  Normans,  notwithstanding  their  repeated  treaties, 
Bald  hap-    apd  tne  great  fums  of  money  which  they  had  received, 

fily  jtities    continuet|  to   ma;;e  defcents  perpetually  in  the  territories 
fat  dome  flic     rT,  -  .  .  *.    *       r     ]     .  .  , 

andfartivn  °'  -trance,  iometimes  in  one  place,  iometimes  in  another, 

affairs  fir  iuvafions  which  gave  the  king  inexpreflible  trouble.  Some- 
tkt  prefers,  times  he  repelled  force  by  force  ;  at  others  he  was  con- 
ltruined  to  procure  their  departure,  by  paying  them  large 
f-irrs  of  money,  which  differed  little  from  tribute,  by 
which  the  kingdom  was  at  length  exhaufted.  What  was 
Itill  a  heavier  misfortune  both  to  him  and  to  the  nation, 
was  the  death  of  Robert  le  Fort,  who,  with  two  other  ge- 
nerals, fell  in  an  engagement  with  the  Danes'1.  The  king 
had  married  his  fecond  wife,  by  whom  he  had  feveral  chil- 
dren, but  they  died  young.  He  was  very  defirous  to  have 
her  publicly  crowned,  fiom  a  fuperftitious  opinion  that 
the  children  he  might  have  by  her  afterwards  would  fur- 
vive.  This  ceremony  was  accordingly  performed  ;  and 
the  king  being  apprehenfive  that  it  might  incrcafe  the  dis- 
content of  his  eldeflt  fon,  Lewis,  whole  continual  intrigues" 
with  the  king  of  Bretagne  had  given  hi:n  exo  uble, 

he  refolved,  once  for  all,  to  try  if  it  was  not  poffibie  to 
content  both.  With  this  view  he  declared  Lewis  king  of 
Aquitaine,  in  the  room  of  his  brother,  with  which  no 
nation  both  the  prince  and  the  people  were  equally  pleafed, 
and  he  confented  that  the  county  of  Contentein,  fhoiikl  be 
A.  D  S6~.  incorporated,  and  for  ever  annexed  to  Bretagne  e.  It 
— 1 been  happy  for  him  and  his  fubjects,  if  all  his  defigns  had 

b  Chron.  Var.  Antiq.  c  Annales  Metenfes.  *  Annates 

Btitiniani.  •    Chron.  Var.  Antiq. 

bee$ 


Tie  Hi/loiy  of  trance,  36 $ 

been  as  juft  in  their  nature,  and  as  fortunate  in  their  ilTue* 
as  thefe  ;  for  both  the  kings  remained  perfectly  fatisfied 
with   the fc-   a  ,  and  engaged,  whenever  the  cir- 

I    his  affahs  ihould  require  it,  to  fecond  him 
agaiult  his  enemies,  each  of  them  with  a  certain  corps  of 
troops,    which  was  a  point  of  great  confequence  to   hi3 
rnmentj  and  contributed  not  a  little  to  the  rcpofe  of 
e  f. 
The  cafe  of  the  king  of  Lorrain   was  by  this  time  be-  The  V.n%  xf 
come  of  the  lad   importance.     Lothaire   flattered    himfelf,  Lor  ram 
that  pope  Adrian  would  treat  him   with   more  tendernefs  *«*"  a 

predeceflbr  had  done,  notwithftanding  the  difco--7,?"'7"*'"' . 
tint  had  been  made   by  the  archbifhops  of  Cologne  j!et  ;'„  fa 
and  Treves,  who,  being  abandoned  by  the  king  after  all  reiura. 
they  had  done,  went  to  Rome,  and  laid  open  all  that  fcene 
of  corruption  and  perjury  in  which  they  had  been  parta- 
it  feems  indeed  to  have  been  the  pope's  intention; 
who,  having  commanded  him   to  put  away   his  miflrefs, 
to  take  an  oath  to  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  her,  and 
to  engage   twelve  ot  his  principal  nobility  to  fupport  this 
oath  by  their  own,  encouraged  him  to  come  to  Rome,  in 
order  to  receive  absolution  h.     This  defigndid  not,  by  any 
meanf,,  pleafe  his  uncle,  who,  in  cafe  the  fentence  of  ex- 
communication   had   been   pronounced,    would    infallibly 
have  difpolT'ciTed   him   of  his  dominions  :  and,  in  order  to 
fettle  the  method  of  divifion  amor.g  themfelves,  the  two 
kings  of  Germany  and   France  had  an   interview  at  Metz, 
where  the  matter  wasemirely  fettled  between  them      This 
treaty  coining  to  the  ears  of  Lothaire,  heightened  his  un- 
eafinefs  exceedingly.     He  applied  himfelf,  therefore,  with 
great  afiuluity  to  obtain  the  good-will  of  his  uncle  Lewis 
the  Germ  in,  upon   whole   word  he  could  better  rely  than 
upon  that  of  Charles:  and  after  fever.il  interviews,  and 
laying  before  him  the  difficulties  he  was  under,  h» 
his  point,  iufomuch   that  he  promifed,  not  only  to  make 
no  attempts  upon  his  dominions  in  his  abfence,  but   like- 
wile  to  proteel  his  fon  Hugh,  whom  he  had  by  Waldrade  ; 
ami  even  reltored  to  him  the  county  of  -'llface,  which  he 
had  yielded  fome  years  before,  and  ;hat  it  ihould 

be  erected  into  a  duchy,  in  favour  of  that  young  p:ince  '. 
In  confidence  that  his  uncle  would  perform  his  piomife, 
Loth  aire  proceeded  in  his  voyage  to  Italy,  where  his  bro- 

Utnalet  Bcrtinhni.  s  Continuat.  Anaftafii  Bibliothec.  in 

Rt^iiuonii  Cbronicon.  b  Epift.  Adrian  vi.  vii.  viii 

Annalcs  Fuldenfcs.  »  CapituUCaroli  C*!vi,  tit.  33. 

thcr 


3  54  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

therthe  emperor  declined  feeing  bim  ;  but  he  fenthiscon. 
fort  to  meet  him,  who  accompanied  him  to  his  interview 
with  the  pope  k.  Adrian  gave  him  hopes,  celebrated  mafs 
in  his  prefence  ;  and,  when  they  came  to  communicate, 
purged  him  and  the  lords  who  were  with  him,  as  to  the 
oath  they  had  formerly  taken.  Lothairc,  and  the  greateft 
part  of  his  attendants,  communicated  ;  though  fome,  upon 
bearing  the  pope's  exhortation,  drew  back  ;.  Adrian  in- 
tended to  have  had  the  whole  affair  examined  over  again  by 
the  bifhops  of  Lorrain  and  Germany,  and,  upon  their  re- 
port to  a  council  which  was  to  have  been  held  at  Rome, 
A  D.  S69.  to  have  decided  which  was  the  king's  lawful  fpoufe.  But 
»*  there  was  no  occafion  for  rhefe  proceeding?,  Since,  in  his 

return  to  his  dominions,  Loihaire  died  of  a  fever  at  Pla- 
cent'n,  on  the  7th  of  AuguSt.  It  was  generally  believed 
that  he  wa-  himfelf  perjured,  and  that  the  lords  who  com- 
municated with  him  knew  ir.  They  all  died  in  a  very 
fhort  fpace,  and  he  did  not  furvive  them  a  full  month.  By 
the  demife  of  this  prince,  without  lawful  iffue%  the  fuccef- 
fion  to  his  dominions  lay  open  ;  but  Charles  of  France, 
who  had  an  army  ready  to  march,  and  withal  a  very  flrong 
party  in  Lorrain,  entered  and  took  pofleflion  immediately. 
Hating  been  folemnly  crowned  at  Metz,  he  looked  upon 
this  realm  as  his  own,  notwithstanding  the  pope  interfered 
in  favour  of  the  emperor,  who,  as  the  brother  of  the  de- 
ccafed,  feemed  to  have  the  belt  right ;  and,  notwithstand- 
ing, the  king  of  Germany  infilled  on  his  claim.  But, 
when  the  litter  had  prepared  to  s4Tert  it  by  arms,  Charles 
confentcd  to  a  division,  which  took  place  in  the  fucceeding 
year  ra. 
The  treaty  It  was  judged  neceffary  that  the  two  kings  mould  have 
mffariitio*  an  interview.  With  this  view  Charles  went  to  HerStal, 
^tyw"n  ,  and  Lewis  came  to  Merfcn,  and  from  thence  each  ad- 
TranceaitJ  vance^  t0  a  royal  palace,  at  an  equal  distance  from  both 
Germany,  places,  and,  after  a  month's  time  fpent  in  conferences, 
the  bufinefs  was  amicably  fettled".  Lewis  obtained  by 
this  partition  the  cities  of  Cologne,  Utrecht,  Strafburgh, 
BaSil,  Treves,  Metz,  and  their  dependencies,  with  all 
the  countries  between  the  rivers  Ourt  and  Mcufe,  together 
with  Aix  la  Chapelle,  and  moft  of  the  districts  between 
the  Rhine  and  the  Meufe.  On  the  other  hand,  Charles 
acquired  Lyons,  Befancon,  Vienne,  Tongres,  Toul,  Ver- 
dun, Cambray,  Viviers,  and  Ufez,  together  with  Hain- 

k  Adon.  Chron.  '  Lotharii  Regis  Gefta  Rom.  «Adon. 

Chron.  n  Aimonius,  lib,  v.  cap.  45. 

hault, 


ZJjc  Hjfloy  of  France.  36$ 

hault,  Zealand,  and  Holland  r.     The  pope  dill  interpofcH 

:nly,  and  left  no  method  untried  to  procure  :it 

mething  for  the  emperor,    if  it  had  been  in  his 

crj  but  it  was  to  no  purpofe,  at  lead  with  regard  to 

Cluilcs,  who,  when  he  found  the  pontiff  grew  very  an- 

§and  treated  him  but  very  coarfely  in  his  letters,  laid 
urn  afide,  without  giving  the  pope  anyanfwerd.  His 
fon  Carloman,  whom  he  had  put  into  orders,  but  whom, 
notwithllanding,  he  had  fullered  to  command  his  forces 
more  than  Once,  having  no  inclination  to  that  courfe  of 
life  to  which  he  had  been  deftined  by  his  father,  left  the  a.  D.  870. 
court e  j  and  putting  himfelf  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  de-  .  .„ 

fperate    thieves,    committed    horrid  devaltations   in    the 
country  between  the  Mcufe  and  the  Seine  f. 

Pope  Adrian  being  mifinformcd,  or  not  having  fagaclty  Thefwpeii 
enough  to  make  a  right  judgment  of  affairs,  interpofed  in  oi>ltke4*  *• 
this  bufinefs  alfo*.     For  the  king,  taking  advantage  of  &"  rj* 
Carloman's  being  in  orders,  refolved  to  profecute  him  by  anJto'pra- 
church  cenfures,  but  firlt  procured  the  bifhops  in  his  do-  mftktm 
minions  to  excommunicate  thofe  who  had  feduced  his  fon  k"  aJPfi" 
into  rebellion,  or  who  fupported  and  aflifted  him  therein.  ani;e"tob' 
Hincmar,  bifhopof  Laon,  having  rcfufed  to  fign  the  ex-  f^p'j^  ' 
communication,  was  alfo  proceeded  againll  in  the  fame 
way  ;  and  at  length  Carloman  himfelf,  who  thereupon  ap- 
plied to  the  pope ;  and  he  writing  in  a  very  rough  ftyle  to 
Charles,  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  (hewing  him  in  a 
very  contemptible  light  to  polterity.     The  circumftanees 
of  the  French   monarch  were  very  much  changed b.     In 
the  beginning  of  his  reign  he  courted  equally  the  nobility 
and  the  bifhops ;  afterwards,  being  abandoned  by  the  for*- 
mer,  he  cajoled  the  latter,  and  it  was  chiefly  by  the  help 
of  their  authority  that  he  had  emerged  from  his  troubles  ; 
but  now  his  power  and  his  experience  being  greater,  he 
anfwered  the  pope  with  great  fpirit  and  good  fenfe,  re- 
proached him  for  the  indecent  language  he  had  ufed,  and 
made  him  fo  fenfible  of  the  ralhnefs  of  his  conduct,  that 
he  found  it  neceffary  to  pen  a  recantation,  which,  no 
>doubt,  he  flattered  himfelf  would  be  kept  a  fecretj  and 
wirh  which  pofterity  being  acquainted,  is  from  thence  en- 
abled to  form  a  right  judgment  of  the  piety  and  policy  of 
the  court  of  Rome l.     He  went  farther ;  from  affecting  to 

c  Annalei  Bertiniani.  *  Concil.  Gall,  torn  iii.  e  An- 

nates Bert.  f  Adon.  Chron.  g  Fleury  Hift  Ecclef.lib. 

ii.  fedt.  ii.  h  Hincmari  Rhemcnfi*  Epifcop.  torn.  ii.  p.  7»i. 

>  L?  Su<ur  Hift.  de  rEflife,  A.  D.  i7i. 

dictate 


#6 


A.  D.  S72. 


Troubles  in 
Germany, 
frawe, 
ami  Bre- 
tagne. 
Death  of 
Lewis  the 
German, 


''flory  of  France. 

dictate  to  Charles  he  became  his  creature  ;  and,  in  hopes 
of  railing  his  own  family,  promifed  all  the  afiiltancepoffi- 
ble  in  promoting  his  defign  of  affuming  the  imperial  dig- 
nity, and  taking  poileffton  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy  in 
cnlc  of  his  nephew's  demife  k.  The  emprefs,  in  the  mean 
time,  was  negociating  on  the  fame  fubject  with  Lewis, 
king  of  Germany,  and  engaged  him  to  make  a  ceilion,  by 
treaty,  of  that  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Lorrain  which  he 
pollcffed,  in  consideration  of  the  emperor's  devolving  that 
title  said  his  dominions,  by  will,,  either  upon  him  or  on 
one  of  his  fons.  Adrian,  in  confequer.ee  of  this  treaty, 
folemnly  crowned  the  emperor  as  king  of  Lorrain  ;  but  it 
is  not  clear  that  he  ever  had  the  pofleifion  j  and  the  pope, 
notwithstanding  this  ceremony,  remained  firm  in  the  in- 
tercity of  Charles  the  Bald  to  the  time  of  his  demife,  which 
happened  not  long  aiier '. 

The  realms  of  Germany  and  France  were  equally  di- 
ftuibed  bv  the  ambition  and  felfiihnels  of  the  fons  of  Lewis 
and  Charles,  and  by  the  incurhons  of  the  Normans.  Lewis 
had  but  three  fons,  and  two  of  them  were  in  rebellion. 
Carloman  was  in  arms  againft  Charles,  and  againff.  the 
peace  and  property  of  his  fubjects,  fpoiling,  killing,  and 
burning,  wherever  he  came  '".  The  different  characters 
of  thefe  kings  appeared  from  the  manner  they  took  to  de- 
liver themfelves  from  thele  misfortunes.  Lewis  prevailed 
upon  his  fons  to  return  to  court,  upon  his  bare  promife 
that  they  fhould  not  be  punifhed.  Having  fhewn  them 
how  little  it  was  their  intereft  to  act  in  the  manner  they 
had  done,  and  what  good  effects  would  follow  from  their 
returning  to  their  duty,  <\ni\  living  in  harmony  with  each 
other,  he  reclaimed  them,  as  he  had  done  his  eldeft  fon  for- 
merly, and  found  them  ever  after  both  faithful  and  obe- 
dient n.  In  like  manner  he  compromifed  matters  with  the 
Normans,  and  turned  their  ineurnons  upon  his  enemies0. 
Chailes,  on  the  other  hand,  after  much  forbearance  and 
indulgence,  abandoned  Carloman  to  the  juftice  due  to  his 
fubjects  ;  fo  that  being  taken  and  condemned  to  death,  he 
ordered  his  eyes  to  he  put  out,  and  then  fent  him  to  a  pri- 
foti,  from  whence  efcaping,  he  fled  to  his  uncle,  the  king 
of  Germany,  who  gave  him  protection  and  fubfiftence, 
and  nothing  more,  till,  in  a  fhort  time,  death  delivered 
him  from  all  his  troubles.     In  refpect  to  the  Normans, 


k  Adon.  Chron. 
»  Aunales  Fuldtnf. 

ttuics. 


1  Contin.  AnafT.  Biblioth.in  Adrian. 
n  Annates  Bert.  o  Annates  Me- 

Charles 


The  IIiJlo)-y  of  France,  367 

Clurlcs  had  fo  obliged    Solomon,  whom  he  flylei!  duke 
(though  the  pope  ami  other  princes  treated  him  as  king  of 

)  by  fending  him  a  very  rich  crown,  that  he  very  A.  D.  S7J. 
ily  concurred  in  the  propofal  made  him  of  attacking   ■ 


dangerous  invaders.     This  alliance  enabled  the  kin 


•e 


% 


to  befiege  them  in  Angiers,  which  made  a  long  and  oblti- 
nate  defence  j  and  which  would  not  have  been  taken  at 
laft,  but  by  the  addrefs  of  the  duke  of  Bretagne,  who 
having  reduced  them  to  extremity,  Charles  admitted  them 
to  a  capitulation,  and,  for  a  large  fum  of  money,  fufFcred 
them  to  prefcrve  their  fhips,  which  the  duke  would  other- 
wife  have  deftroyed  p.  In  the  fuccecding  year  this  power- 
ful prince,  who  had  governed  his  country  witli  much  re- 
putation, became  himfclf  a  victim  of  a  confpiracy  formed 
Dy  his  own  fubjedls,  in  conjunction  with  fome  French 
lords.  This  event  threw  the  country  of  Bretagne  into 
dreadful  diffenfions,  which  it  took  fome  time  to  appeafe ; 
and  while  thefe  troubles  continued,  the  emperor  Lewis  II. 
died,  in  the  month  of  Auguft,  without  having  iffue  male, 
a  circumftancc  which  occafioned  a  great  druggie. 

Lewis,  king  of  Germany,  claimed  the  title  of  emperor,  charUtiht 
as  the  elder  brother  of  Charles  ;  for,  in  refpeft  to  the  de-  Bald  utters 
ceafed,  they  were  uncles  alike.     He  relied  upon  the  in-  ltalJ nMttlt 
trigues  of  theemprefs,  the  good  will  of  the  Greek  empe-  *"jrmjt 
ror  Bafil,  and  had  fome  hopes  of  the  pope  John  VIII  •*.  marches 
Charles  the  Bald  took  his  meafures  fomewhat  better,  for  he  dirtaijt* 
telied  chiefly  on  himfelf  As  foon  as  he  received  the  news  R°me' 
of  his  nephew's  death,  he  fent   his  only  fon  Lewis  into 
Lorrain,  to  affemble  an  army  on  the  frontiers  of  that  king- 
dom ;  and  at  the  fame  time  he  began  to  march  with  the 
forces,  that  he  hatl  long  held  ready  for  that  purpofe,  into 
Italy  \     King  Lewis  fent  his  fon  Charles  thither,  with  a 
fmall  body  of  troops  ;  and,  upon  the  news  of  his  brother's 
expedition,  difpatched  his  fon  Carloman  after  him,  with 
a    confidcrable    reinforcement.      Carloman  defeated  the 
French  troops  that  guarded  the  paffes,  entered  Italy,  and, 
though  his  army  was  much  inferior  to  his  uncle's,  would 
have    hazarded    a  battle.     It  was  a  maxim  with  Charles 
the  Bald  not  to  fight  if  it  might  be  avoided  ;  he  therefore 
difpatched  fome  miniftcrs,  in  the  fir  ft  place,  to  found  the 
pope,  and  then  propofed  to  his  nephew  that  both  armies 
ihould  retire  till  the  difpute  could  be  amicably  fettled  be- 
tween him  and  his  father.     Carloman  accepted  the  ptopo- 

p  Annalcj  Mct»nfe»  &  Benin.        «  Annalei  Fuldenf.        »  An- 
tilles JJcitin. 

fition, 


2  58  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

fition,  and  executed  his  part  of  it  punctually ;  but  Charles 
having  received  a  meffage  from  ihe  pope,  pretended  he 
was  bound  in  confeience  to  comply  with  it ;  and,  -while 
Carloman  was  returning  into  Germany,  marched  directly 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  received  with  applaufe,  and,  on 
Chriftmas-day  received  the  imperial  crown  from  the  hands 
of  the  pontiff.  This  affair  was  very  expenfive,  but  Charles 
took  care  that  it  (hould  coft  him  nothing  ;  for  the  firft  a£t 
of  his  imperial  power  was  to  feize  his  predeceffor's  trea- 
fures,  and  out  of  them  he  gratified  thofe  who  had  been 
inftrumental  in  this  bufinefs  *. 
77i*  death        At  the  opening  of  the  fucceeding  year  the  emperor  went 
of  Lewis     to  Pavia,  and  held  there  an  afiembly  of  the  dates  of  Lom- 
ki'ig  of       bardy,  in  which  he  received  the  homage  and  oaths  of  fide- 
Gtrmany.    | jty  0f  z\\  tne  prelates  and  great  lords  in  that  kingdom. 
There  was,  however,  one  thing  that  made  him  ft  ill  un- 
eafy  ;  his  nephew  and  predeceffor  had  left  an  only  daugh- 
ter in  the  care  of  the  duke  of  Frioul,  and  he  was  very  ap- 
prehenfive   that   fome  Greek  prince,    by  efpoufing  her, 
might  fet  up  a  title  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  at  lead.     To 
prevent  this  incovenience,  he  could  think  of  no  better  ex- 
pedient than  to  advife  Bofon,  whofe  fifter  he  had  married, 
to  carry  away  this  young  princefs,  and  efpoufe  her  by 
force '.     This  ftep  being  taken,  he  affected  to  be  exceed- 
ingly difplcafed  with   the  ravifher,  and  to   threaten  him 
with  the  fevereft  punifhment  •,  but,  as  foon  as  he  perceived 
that  the  action  was  not  fo  ill  taken  as  he  expected,  he 
fuffered  himfelf  to  be  appeafed  ;  and,  that  his  brother-in- 
law  might  in  fome  meafure  appear  worthy  of  fo  illuftrious 
a  confort,  he   created  him  duke  of  Lombardy,  and  left 
him  his  viceroy  in  Italy".     In  the  mean  time  Lewis,  king 
of  Germany,  had  invaded  France  in  his  abfence,  pene- 
trated as  far  as  Champagne,  and  committed  divers  deva- 
stations ;  but  hearing  that  Charles  was  returning   from 
Italy  with  a  great  army,  and  that  the  pope  was  unalter- 
ably attached  to  his  intcreft,  he  retired  into  his* own  do- 
minions, where  he  continued  to  make  great  military  pre- 
parations, though,  at  the  fame  time,  he  did  not  neglect 
to  make  overtui'es  of  accommodation w.     His  new   title 
had  a  great  effect  on  the  mind  of  Charles  the  Bald ;  he 
appeared  almoft  always  in  the  Greek  habit,  and  with  the 
enfigas  of  imperial  dignity  ;  treated  his  fubjects,  ecclefi- 
aftics  as  well  as  laics,  with  great  haughtinefs ;  and,  in 

•  Annales  Bertin.  *  Concil.  Gall.  torn.  iii.  "Annales 

Fuld.  w  Monach.  Sangal.  Annales  Bertiniani. 

conjunc- 


The  llijlory  of  Frd  369 

wSth  the  pope,  fought  to  leflen  the  authority 
:s  in  lils  dominions,  though  he  had  more  than 
J  to  them  for   the  prefervation  of  his 
own  v.     By  the  accefiion  cf  Italy  to  the  reft  of  his  domi- 
was  certainly  become  more   powerful   than  his 
brother  Lewis,  yet  he  was  very  of  being  at- 

tacked by  that  prince  ;  who  was  not  only  an  able  ftatef- 
ni.in  and  a  gicat  general,  but  had  alfo  a  ftrong  party 
arnongft  the  French  nobility.  However,  he  was  delivered 
from  all  thefe  fears  by  the  death  of  that  monarch,  who 
of  all  the  defcendants  of  Charlemagne,  refemblcd  him 
mod.  His  dominions,  in  purfuance  of  a  partition  made 
four  years  before  in  a  general  dyet,  were  divided  in  the 
following  manner :  Carloman  had  Bavaria,  Bohemia, 
Carinthia,  Sclavonia,  Auftria,  •  and  part  of  Hungary; 
Franconia,  Saxony,  Frifia,  Thuvingia,  the  Lower  Lor- 
rain,  together  with  Cologne,  and  the  cities  of  the  Rhine, 
fell  to  Lewis  ;  all  the  country  between  the  Maine  and 
the  Alps  was  the  lot  of  Charles.  In  modern  hiftory  Car- 
loman is  generally  flyled  king  of  Bavaria,  Lewis  of  Ger- 
many, and  Charles  the  Grofs,  or  the  Fat,  of  Almain  *, 
The  emperor  had  no  fooner  intelligence  of  this  partition, 
than,  fuppofmg  that  thefe  brethren  would  fall  out  amonglt 
themfelves,  he  marched  with  a  great  army,  in  order  to 
feize  that  part  of  Lorrain  which  he  had  yielded  to  his  bro- 
ther, and  which  he  pretended  ought  to  revert  to  him  upon 
his  deceafe.  The  fcheme  was  well  imagined,  but  the 
emperor  found  himfelf  miftaken  ;  the  brothers  lived  in 
perfect  unity  ;  and  though  Lewis,  king  of  Germany,  fent 
ambafladors  tointreat  his  uncle  not  to  attack  his  dominions, 
yet  he  palled  the  Rhine  at  tlie  fame  time  with  an  army  to 
oiler  battle.  Charles  the  Bald  had  fifty  thoufand  men, 
his  nephew  was  far  inferior  in  number.  But  he  caufed 
the  village  that  was  before  his  camp  to  be  occupied  by  a 
great  body  of  infantry,  who  made  an   obftinate  defence,  * 

and,  when  they  were  at  lad  forced,  Charles  thought  the 
victory  fecure  ;  but  as  his  forces  advanced  in  much  dif- 
order,  Lewis  attacked  them  in  flank  with  his  cavalry,  and 

i'ed  them  totally  with  great  carnage.     This  lofs,  and  A.  D.  876. 
the  news  that  the  Normans  were  come  up  the  Seine  with    ■ 
a   numerous  fleet,  and   a  great  body  of  troops  on  board, 
obliged  Charles  to  turn  his  eyes  on  that  fide,  and  to  leave 
his  nephews  quiet*.     Thcfc  difappointments  affected  him 

*  Vcrns  Cliron.  in  Hift.  Norm.         y  Aimon.  lib.  v.  \n- 

nal.  Fuld.   Anual.  Bertiniuin. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  Bb  fo 


37° 


Charier,  by 
the  perjua- 
fion  oj  the 
pope,  makes 
another  ex- 
pedition in- 
to Italy, 
and  dies 
in  his  re~ 
turn. 


The  Hifiory  of  France. 

fo  much,  that  he  fell  dangeroufly  ill,  and  was,  with  great 
difficulty,  recovered. 

The  pope  being  at  this  time  befet  with  enemies,  and 
depending  folely  on  the  emperor's  protection,  prefled  him 
vehemently  to  enter  Italy  with  an  army,  though  he  knew 
he  was  but  juft  recovered  from  a  pleurify,  which  had 
brought  him  to  the  very  brink  of  the  grave.  -  Charles,, 
whole  intercfes  were  clofely  connected  with  thofe  of  the 
pontiff",  yielded  to  his  entreaties.  But  before  he  left 
France,  lie  held,  in  the  month  of  July,  an  a  (Terribly  of 
the  nobility  and  prelates,  to  concert  the  proper  meafures- 
for  the  defence  of  his  dominions,  and  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  their  tranquility  in  his  abfenec.  He  made  choice 
of  his  only  fon  Lewis  for  regent,  and  fixed  a  proper  coun- 
cil about  him  a.  Me  gave  the  command  of  his  numerous- 
army  to  duke  Bo  fon,  his  emprefs's  brother,  abbot  Hugo, 
Bernard,  count  of  Ativcrgne,  and  Bernard  marquis  of 
Langucdoc ;  then  fetting  out  with  the  emprefs,  and  a 
fmall  corps  of  troops,  which  ought  rather  to  be  efteemed 
an  efrorte  than  an  army,  pafled  the  Alps,  and  marched 
directly  towards  Rome  b.  The  pope,  to  fhew  his  affec- 
tion, came  as  far  as  Pavia  to  meet  him;  but  they  had 
fcarce  conferred  together  before  they  had  news,  that  Car- 
loman,  king  of  Bavaria,  had  entered  Italy  with  a  very  nu- 
merous army,  claiming  the  imperial  dignity  and  the  king- 
dom of  Italy,  in  virtue  of  the  late  emperor's  will.  Upon 
this  intelligence,  the  emperor  Charles  repaffed  the  Po, 
and  returned  to  Tortona,  where  the  pope  crowned  the 
emprefs.  The  defign  of  Charles  was  to  wait  for  his  ar- 
my;  but  the  four  lords,  who  commanded  it,  entered  into 
a  eonfpiracy,  and  refufed  to  pafs  the  Alps  ;  the  emprefs 
retired  to  Morienne,  and  the  pope  fled  to  Rome.  In  the 
prefent  critical  juncture  of  affairs,  the  emperor  judged  it 
moft  expedient  to  return  into  France;  and,  what  is  very 
extrordinary,  his  nephew  Carloman,  on  a  falfe  rumour 
that  all  the  French  forces  had  parted  the  mountains,  re- 
tired precipitately  into  his  own  dominions0.  Charles  bav- 
in;; joined  the  emprefs  at  Morienne,  felt  a  return  of  his 
diilcmpcr,  notwithstanding  which  he  profecuted  his  re- 
treat;  but  a  Jew  phyfician,  whpfe  name  was  Zedechias, 
having  given  him  poifon,  he  felt  himfelf  fo  ill  that  he  was 
obliged  to  flop  at  a  village  called  Brios ;  where  the  em- 
prefs found  him  in  a  mifcrable   cottage,  and  where  he 

a  Fleur.  Hift.  Ecclefiaft.  lib.  lii.  /eft.  xli.  b  Annal.  Beitin 

Sigon.  de  Regn.  ital.  lib.  v-  c  Capit.  Caroli  CalvL 

breathed 


The  Hjflory  of  France.  371 

breathed  his  laft,  on  the  6th  of  October,  in  the  fecond 
<>f  his   empire,  the    thirty-eighth  of  his  reign,  and 
the  fifty-!  r  of  his  ape.     His  body  was  embalmed, 

with  intent  to  carry  it  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis ;  but  the 
poifon  lie  1. ,  i  taken  corrupted  it  in  fucli  a  manner,  that 
they  were  forced  to  inter  it  by  the  way  :  however  his  bones 
were  afterwards  carried  thither,  or,  at  lead,  it  is  certain, 
that  a  tomb  erected  to  his  memory  is  extant  in  that  con- 
vent1'.    He  appointed,  by  an  inftrumenr,  his  only  fon  his  AD.  ?7?» 

fucceflbr,  and  lent  him   by  the  emprefs   his  crown,  his  " 

fword,  and  other  enligns,  as  v.  ell  of  the  imperial  as  re- 
gal dignity,  in  token  of  his  defire  that  he  fhould  pofi'efs 
both c  (C). 

As 


*  Aimon.  lib.  v. 
(toiini. 


c  Annales  Metenfes.     Annates  Ber- 


(C)  The  firfr.  confort  of 
Charles  the  Bald,  was  Her- 
mentrude,  by  whom  he  had 
four  fons  and  one  daughter ; 
that  princefs  hcrfelf  being  the 
daughter  of  Kudes,  count  of 
Orleans:  ofhiseldell  fofl  I 
is  we  (hall  Ipeak  hereafter. 
Charles  he  declared  king  of  A- 
quitaine,  and  though  he  died 
very  young,  yet  it  was  not  be- 
fore he  mewed  himfclf  unduti- 
ful,  and  in  great  a  mcafure  un- 
worthy of  the  honour  confer- 
red upon  him.  Lothairc  be- 
came an  abbot.  Carloman  was 
forced  to  I  con's  or- 

ders ;  was  of  a  \iciou3  head- 
ftrong  difpofition,  and,  as  we 
(hewn  in  the  text,  gave 
occafion,  by  his  frequent  rcbeU 
lions,  for  his  father  to  puni(h 
him  with  the  lofs  of  his  light 
and  rrnprifonment ;  but,  by 
the  atlittancc  of  two  monks, 
made  his  efcnpe,  blind  as  he 
was,  and  died  in  the  domini- 
ons of  his  uncle.  His  daugh- 
ter Judith  had  none  of  the 
faireft  characters  :  {he  be- 
samc  firft  mother-in-law,  and 


then  fifter-in  law,  to  our  fam- 
ous king  Alfred.  Afterwards, 
returning  to  her  father's  court, 
fhe  ran  away  with  Baldwin, 
the  farrelter ;  and  being  re- 
conciled to  the  king,  by  the 
inrci  pofition  of  the  pope,  he 
was  created  count  of  Flanders. 
His  fecond  confort  was  Ri- 
childe,  the  finer  of  count  Bo- 
fon,  a  very  artful  woman,  whd 
had  a  great  influence  over  him 
as  long  as  he  lived  ;  and,  atter 
his  deceafe,  joined  with  her 
brother,  and  the  reft  of  the 
malecohtents,  though  they  had 
procured  a  Jew  phyfician  to 
poifon  her  hulband.  By  this 
prir.cefs  Charles  had  four  fons ; 
but  none  of  them  furvived  him. 
The  emprefs,  feven  years  after 
his  deceafe,  caufed  the  remains 
of  Charles  to  be  removed,  as 
fome  hiftorians  fay,  to  the  ab- 
bey of  St.  Denis ;  which  we 
mention,  becaufe  of  the  reafon 
afligned,  that  he  was  once  abbot 
there.  The  popes,  in  writing 
to  him,  ftyled  Charles  the  molt 
Chriflian  king  ;  which  form 
they  had  alfo  ufed  to  his  an- 
B  b  2  ceftor 


372 

Lewis  the 
Stammerer 
Jucceeds  his 
jather,  and 
endeavow  s 
to  fee  are 
tranqui- 
lity. 


'The  fepe 
adheres  to 
the  French 

lltand 
retires  into 
trance. 


The  Uijiory  of  France, 

As  foon  as  Lewis,  the  fon  of  the  deceafed  emperor* 
who,  from  an  impediment  in  his  fpeech,  had  the  furname 
of  Stammerer,  received  the  news  of  his  death,  he  left  the 
frontiers,  in  order  to  meet  the  emprefs,  and  the  great 
lords  who  came  out  of  Italy,  at  St.  Denis.  As  he  was 
fenfible  of  the  exorbitant  power  of  the  nobility  and  clergy, 
he  thought  to  iecure  the  tranquility  of  his  reign  by  at- 
taching to  his  interelt  fuch  as  were  about  his  perfon ;  and 
therefore  he  diftributed  lands,  honours,  governments,  ab- 
hies,  and  other  preferments,  with  a  profufion  that  evi- 
dently difcovered  his  fear,  much  more  than  his  affection 
for  thofe  on  whom  he  beflowed  them  f.  But  for  certain 
caufes,  with  which  he  was  acquainted  on  the  road,  he 
turned  alide  to  Compiegne.  The  emprefs,  on  her  re- 
turn from  Italy,  joined  with  the  malcontents,  who  affect- 
ed to  make  it  a  crime  in  Lewis  that  he  had  given  away  fo 
many  pofbs  before  he  was  inaugurated  •,  but  the  real  of- 
e  was,  that  they  were  afraid  of  not  having  their  (hare: 
however,  after  mature  deliberation,  they  held  it  the  belt 
expedient  to  come  in  and  take  what  was  left  *.  Accord- 
ingly (he  emprefs  delivered  up  the  inllrument  and  the 
enfigns  of  royalty,  which  had  been  committed  to  her  care; 
and,  in  the  beginning  of  December,  the  king  was  crown- 
ed by  Hincmar,  arehbifhop  of  Rheimsh.  The  pope  made 
a  great  Hand  in  favour  of  the  new  king,  in  hopes  of  hav- 
ing him  elected  in  the  place  of  his  father;  but  being  op- 
pofed  by  the  duke  of  Spoleto,  and  the  marquis  of  Tufca- 
ny,  he  abandoned  Rome,  and  went  by  fea  into  France. 
He  was  received  there  with  all  poffible  refpect,  and,  on 
the  13th  of  Auguli,  opened  a  council  at  Troies,  where 
many  canons  were  made  in  fupport  of  the  cpifcopal  pow- 
er ;  the  firft  of  them  is  too  remarkable  to  be  palled  over  in 
fiience:  all  fecular  powers  are  commanded,  under  pain  of  ex- 
communication, to  pay  bifhops  proper  refpeel,  and  all  per- 
fons,  of  what  dignity  foever,  are  forbid  to  fit  in  theirpreiencc 


f  Aimon,  lib.  v. 
Citron. 


s  Annal.  Bertintani. 


Reg. 


ceftor  Pepin.  We  are  not 
informed,  that  the  Jew  who 
poiibned    him    was  punifhed ; 


which  renders  it  probable  that 
he  was  protected  by  the  taction 
by  whom  he  was  employed  ( 1). 


(1)  Annal.  Fuld.  Aimon,  lib.  v.  Paulus  ^Smilius  de  Rebus 
GcftisFrancorum.  Aiier.  Menevenf.  Annal.  Bert.  Hiftoire  de 
1  ranee,  par  M,  Chalons. 

without 


The  Hijtory  of  France.  373 

without  their  permiflion  \  At  the  rcqucft  of  the  king, 
the  pope  crowned  him  with  his  own  hands;  but  thofc  hif- 
who  fay  he  was  now  crowned  emperor,  arc  ccr- 
|y  millaken,  fince  neither  in  the  charter  which  he 
.  or  in  the  addrefles  1h.1t  were  made  to  him  after  this 
time,  is  he  ever  fo  ft y led  k.  But  the  pope  abfolutely  refufed 
to  crow  a  l)is  confort  Adelaide,  for  realbns  that  the  reader 
will  fee  at  the  bottom  of  the  page  (D).  The  truth  is,  the 
found  the  king's  power  very  much  weakened,  and 
therefore  lie  entered  into  a  dole  friendfhip  with  duke  Bo- 
fon,  who  had  married  Hermcnigard,  daughter  to  the  em- 
peror Lewis  II.  and  who  conducted  him  back  to  Pavia  ;  in 
the  progrefs  of  which  journey,  the  pope  permitted  him 
to  ule  his  utmoit  endeavours  to  prevent  Carloman's  get- 
ting poflciiion  of  the  kingdom  of  Italy1.  The  king  wrote  a  D  8  K 
to  his  coulin  Lewis  of  Germany,  alluring  him  of  his  fin-  ' 
ceredefire  to  live  in  perfect  friendfhip  with  him  and  his 
brethren  ;  and,  upon  receiving  aifurances  of  the  fame  kind 
from  him,  the  two  kings  had  an  interview  in  the  month 
oi  November,  in  which  they  concluded  a  treaty  .for  their 
mutual  benefit". 

It  was,  amongft   other  things,  ftipulated  at  this  inter-  7^,^^ 
view,  that  a  general  aflembly  ihould  be  held  in  the  month  tfLttuiTu. 
of  February  following  ;  to  which  Charles  and  Carloman,  JiyUd  Uuii 

U  faineant. 

•  Aimon.  lib.  v.     Epift.  Joan.  Papse.  k  Annales  Ber- 

tiniini.  '  Aunoil.  lib.  v.  "  Anna).  Fuld\     Annul. 

Bertiaiaai. 


(D)   Lewis  had  probably  an 
education  fuitable  to  his  birth  ; 
but  we    do  not  find  him  cele- 
brated for  his   abilities.     The 
family  of  Charlemagne  declin- 
ed apace.       Lewis,    while     a 
much  un- 
der the  dominion  of   his   pal- 
lions,  which  led  him  not  only 
intenance  his  filter  Judith, 
Ihe    had     been     twice    a 
queen,  in   running  away    with 
an  adventurer,  but  alfo  n 

idle   match   himfeli  with 

Anfgarde,   the  daughter  of  one 

count,   and  widow  of  another, 

but  we  know  not  the  names  of 

■1  ;  with  which  his  father 


was  fo  much  offended,  that  he 
would  not  be  reconciled  to  him 
till  he  parted  with  her,  and, 
in  all  probability,  difavowed 
the  marriage  ;  which  drew  in- 
to controverfy  the  legality  of 
the  births  of  Lewis  aiul  Car- 
loman, who  neverthelefs  fuc- 
ceeded  him.  He  married  a  fe- 
cond  time  Adelaide,  or  Alev, 
an  F.uglilh  lady,  the  lifter  of 
Wilfrid,  abbot  of  Flavignv  ; 
but  it  is  fuppofed  that  Anf- 
garde was  Aill  living,  when  the 
pope  crowned  king  Lewis,  and 
refufed  to  crown  her,  as  doubt- 
ing of  the    v:  their 


Bb  3 


V 


374  ^e  Hiflory  of  France. 

as  well  as  the  king  of  Germany,  were  to  fend  their  am- 
baffadors  ;  but  this  was  prevented  by  the  rebellion  of  the 
marquis  of  Languedcc,  who,  r.otwithftand  the  excom- 
munication pronounced  againft  him  by  the  pope  in  the 
council  of  Troics,  and  the  king's  having  difpofed  of  all 
his  places  and  governments  to  other  perfons,  not  only 
maintained  himfelf  in  the  pofleflion  of  Languedoc,  but 
made  excurfions  alio  into  the  adjacent  provinces".  To 
fupprefs  thefe  diforders,  the  king  marched  with  all  the 
forces  he  could  draw  together,  taking  his  route  through 
Burgundy,  but  when  he  arrived  at  Troies  he  fell  dan- 
geroufly  il!  :  he  eaufed  himlelf  to  be  removed  from  thence 
to  Compieg!:c,  where,  finding  all  hopes  of  recovery  vain, 
he  committed  his  fwoud  and  crown  to  the  care  of  two  of  his 
counfcllors,  with  inflructions  to  carry  them,  without  dc- 
A.  D.  879  lay,  to  his  fon  Lewis0.     lie  departed  this  life,  April  the 

icth,   which   was   Good  Friday,  after   a  reign   of  about 

eighteen  months  p.     He  was,  beyond  dcubt,  a  prince  of 
weak  parts,  and  great  infirmities.     At  his  demife,  he  left 
his  dominions  in  cenfufion  ;  and  for  his  heirs,  two  fons  by 
his  hrft  cpnfort,  and  his  fecond  queen  Adelaide  pregnant, 
who,  fome  time  after  his  deceafe,  was  delivered  of  a  fon, 
baptized  by  the  name  of  Charles. 
An  but'-         There  followed  upon  the  death  of  Lewis  the  Stammerer 
nguumon    a  kind  of  interregnum,  occafioned  by  the  weaknefs  of  the 
tie  death  tf  crorfcrnnjettt,,  and  the  factions  of  the  great.     Thedeceafed 
Stammerer   ^n£  &ia  intrufted  the  care  of  his  fons  to  four  great  lords, 
and  afac-    fome  of  whom  had  not  (hewn  themfelves  very  wed  affected 
tioa  form-    to  his  Lther  :  thefe  were  duke  liofon,  hb'  father's  brother? 
ed  for    ^      in-law,  a  man  of  great  art  and  abilities,  which  were  all  em- 
Gtrm  *'    pl°7ec'  to  gratify  the  ambition  he  had  of  becoming  a  fove- 
reign  prince.-,  the  fecond  was  Hugo,  fometimes  (I vied  the 
abbot  Hugo,   and  fometimes  Hugo  l'Abbe,  or  Hugo  the. 
Abbct.     It  feems   very  clear,    that  he  was  firft  intended 
for  the  chimb ;  but,  betaking  himfelf  to  arms  before  he 
had  received  orders,  he  altered  his  views,  and  turned  that 
into  a  furnamc,  which  was  before  a  mark  of  dignity.     He 
was  an  ambitious  and  deiigning  man,  but  had  more  re- 
fpect  to  his  character  than  mo  ft  perfons  of  his  rank,  being 
toe  grandfon    of  the   famous  Robert    le  Fort,  count  of 
France.     The  third  lord  was  Thierry,  the  king's  cham- 
berlain, who  was  attached  to  the  late  king's  family,  but 
from  views  of  interefl  j  and  the  fourth,  Bernard,  count 

n  Regin.  Chro.fi.  Airr.on,  lib.  v.  P  Annal.  Ber- 

tiniani.     Artnaf  Fukj. 

d'Auvergne, 


Tbt  H/flmy  of  France.  275 

<VAuvergne,  <u  whom   wc  know  nothing  particularly''. 
■    ierry  quarrelled  ibout  the  county  of   Autun, 
h  the  former  wanted  to  fcrve  his  purpofes,  and  which 
Icing  had  given  to  the  latter.     Hugo  i'  Abbe,  with  feme 
difficulty,  reco  icilcd  them  :  in  the  mean  time,  abbot  Gof- 
lin,  who  had   been  a  favourite,  and  much  intruded  by 
Lewis,  had  formed  another  project,  and  drew  intoitCon- 
rade,  count  of  Paris,  and  feveral  other  lords.     His  pre* 
,  lofperity  of  France,  and  the  glory  of 
Charlcm  dy  ;  and  the  expedient  he  oflrred  was 

to  fet  afide  the  children  of  Lewis,  and  to  offer  the  crown 
to  the  king  of  Germany  r.  In  order  to  carry  this  fcheme 
into  execution,  while  the  other  lords  were  affembled  at 
Meaux,  ihcy  had  a  meeting  at  Creil,  where  they  came  to 
a  rcfolution  to  invite  Lewis  of  Germany,  in  the  name  of 
the  nobility  and  prelates  of  France,  to  become  their  fove- 
rcign  ;  which  propofition'he  accepted,  notwithftanding  the 
v  he  had  figncd,  and  fworn  to  the  father  of  the  princes 
lie  was  to  let  afide.  The  news  of  this  defign  amazed 
the  lords  at  Meaux,  who  very  probably  had  acquiefced  un-* 
der  it,  if  Hugo  TAbbe  had  not  bethought  himfelf  of  pro- 
pofmg  to  the  king  of  Germany,  who  was  now  in  full  march 
lor  France  with  an  army,  to  yield  to  him  that  part  of  Lor* 
rain  which  had  been  po ill- fled  by  the  two  lail  kings  ;  which 
acquisition  appeared  to  him  fo  confiderablc,  that  he  rea- 
dily accepted  it 5.  But  the  abbe  Goflin,  and  his  faction, 
finding  themfelves  abandoned,  applied  to  the  queen  Lut- 
garde,  a  woman  of  boundlefs  ambition,  who  promifed 
them  her  protection,  and  her  intereft  with  the  king,  to  in- 
duce him  to  pay  no  greater  regard  to  the  new  treaty  than 
he  had  done  to  his  old  engagement.  At  this  time  died 
Conrade,  kiivj;  of  Bavaria,  one  of  the  braveft,  wifelt,  and 
mod  equitable  princes  of  that  age.  He  left  only  a  na- 
tural fon  Arnold,  to  whom  he  gave  Carinthia  and  Tyrol; 
the  reft,  of  bis  dominions  he  fliared  between  his  brothers, 
la  having  Bavaria,  and  Charles  the  Grofs  inheriting 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  '. 

The  all'embly  of  Meaux,  in  the  mean  time,  rcfolvcd  to  Lt-wis  and 
crown  both  the  fons  of  their  deceafedking,  though  he  had  Car!oman 
explained  his  intention  to  be  that  Lewis  only  mould  fuc-  %Zel?'?td 
ceed  him  ;  but  duke  Bolbn  had  married  his  daughter  to  Pranet, 

an  J  Bo  fon 

*  Annales  Bertin.    Paul.  &n\\\.  de  Rebus  Geflit  Francorum.  ereiit  ,k* 
t  Annales  Metenlcs.     Paul.  ./Emilius  de  Rcbu$  Geltu  Francorum.  K*gwn*J 

Aimon.  Chron.  t  Annales  Bertiniam.     Chrpn.  Var.  Antiq.  Arltt* 


PjgondeRegn.  Ital. 


B  b  4  Carloman, 


27§  %*  Hiftory  of  France. 

Carkmian,  and,  next  to  another  great  defign  he  had'  in  hia 
head,  he  was  defirous  of  feeing  her  queen.  This  fcherne 
was  managed  by  his  emiflarieS,  fo  that  he  appeared  to 
have  no  hand  in  it,  till  it  came  to  be  put  in  execution. 
Bofon,  in  his  government  of  the  fouthern  parts  of  France, 
had  rendered  himfelf  very  acceptable  to  the  clergy;  he 
had  alfo  a  great  intereft  with  the  pope,  and  had  behaved 
very  obligingly  to  the  nobility.  Three  archbifhops, 
twenty  bilhops,  and  a  great  number  of  counts,  aflcmbled, 
at  the  town  of  Mante  ;  where,  taking  into  confideration 
the  confufiens  and  calamities  of  France,  they  judged  it 
expedient  to  creel:  a  new  kingdom,  that  might  remain 
happy  through  the  iuperior  winiom  and  equity  of  its  mo- 
narch ;  which  kingdom  was  that  of  Provence.  Bofon,  to 
whom,  by  a  fnlcmu  inltrumcnt  fubferibed  by  them  all, 
they  offered  the  crown,  very  gtacioufly,  and  with  many 
cxpreiiions  of  gratitude  and  humility,  accepted  it u.  It 
appears  from  their  fubferiptions,  that  this  new  kingdom 
was  compofed  of  the  countries  now  flyled  Lyonnois, 
Dauphiny,  Savoy,  Franche  Comtc,  and  part  of  the  king- 
dom of  Burgundy,  extending  on  one  fide  into  Laugucdoc, 
and  on  the  other  beyond  the  lake  of  Geneva,  and  was 
fometimes  called,  from  its  capital,  the  kingdom  of  Aries''. 
Thus  the  two  young  kings  found  themfelves  defpoiled  of 
countries  of  a  vail  extent  on  each  fide  of  the  dominions 
that  were  left  them.  Hugo,  who  had  now  the  fole  con- 
duel  of  thefe  princes,  carried  them,  under  an  cfcort  of  a 
imall  body  of  troops,  as  far  as  the  lake  of  Geneva,  to  coa- 
ler with  Charles,  king  of  Almain  and  Italy,  who  treated 
them  very  kindly,  and  promifed  them  all  the  aihftance  in 
his  power.  Upon  their  return,  they  found  the  king  of 
Germany,  with  a  coniiderable  army,  almoft  in  the  heart 
of  their  own  dominions  ;  in  fome  meafure,  forced  into  it 
by  the  folieitations  of  his  queen,  and  the  importunity  of 
the  mulecontents,  who  were  not  able  to  perform  near  fo 
much  as  they  promifed  :  therefore,  the  king  willingly  lif- 
tened  to  the  propofal  of  an  interview,  where  all  things 
were  amicably  fettled,  and  a  cpngrefs  appointed  in  the 
month  of  June,  at  Gondreville  on  the  Meule,  at  which 
all  the  defcendants  from  Charlemagne  were  to  affifty. 
Charles  went  thither  on  purpofe  from  Italy,  Lewis  and 
Carloman  were  likswife  there,  and  the  king  of  Germany 
fent  deputies,  being  himfelf  indifpofed.     There  the  two 

«  Aimon.  Chron.  *  Regin.  Chron.     Sigon.  de  Regn.  Ital, 

?  Chron.  de  Gsitis  Norman, 

yourig 


The  Hiflory  of  France,  277 

ig  kings  made  a  folemn  refignation  of  their  rights  to 
Lorrain  and  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  in  confequence  of  which 
the  other  two  monarchs  promii'ed  them  ailiflance  againfb 
all  their  enemies;  and  the  king  of  Germany  actually  fur- 
nifhed  them  with  an  army  to  difpoflefs  Hugo,  the  baflard 
i  othaire,  who  had  feized  fcveral  ftrong  places  in  Lor- 
rain. They  marched  through  Burgundy  to  the  territories 
of  Bofon,  where  the  army  was  joined  by  a  reinforcement, 
under  the  command  of  Charles  le  Grols,  who  directed  the 
liege  of  Macon  in  perfon  ;  and,  after  having  reduced  it, 
formed  that  of  Vienne,  in  which  was  Hermingard,  the 
contort  of  Bofon,  whofe  prefence  engaged  the  garrifon  to 
make  an  obftinate  defence.  Charles  left  the  army  to  go  to  A.  D.  88<-; 
Rome,  where  Chriitmas-day  had   been    fixed    upon    for  — — — 

him  emperor,  and  the  two  young  kings  were, 
not  long  after,  obliged  to  feparate  ;  Lewis,  who  was  ftyled 

of  France,  marching  againfl  the  Normans,  and  Car- 

Joman,  king  of  Aquitainc,  remaining  before  the  place  to 

command  the  (:cge  z. 

The  great  merit  of  the  two  kings  confided  in  their  cor-  77//  death 

dial  affection  for  each  other,  which  manifcflly  appeared  in  °f  ^eJv",* 

forrow  they  exprefled  at  parting.    Lewis  gave  the  Nor-  .lTHJL 

1  1  11    ic  f     r  the  cronun 

mans  battle  at  a  place  called  bacour;  was  lo  fortunate  as  of  trance 

to  defeat  them,  and  to  kill  near  nine  thoufand  of  their  devolves  tp 
men*.  It  is,  however,  certain,  that  he  did  not  profecute  ^arlomm. 
this  victory ;  for  which  inactivity  he  is  much  blamed  by 
feme,  though  others  fay,  that  his  forces  were  fo  much 
weakened  by  that  engagement,  that  he  durif.  not  run 
the  hazard  of  another  b.  The  Normans,  finding  them- 
felves  at  liberty,  and  having  great  advantages  from  their 
manner  of  making  war,  with  horfe  and  foot,  and  a  fleet 
attending  them,  ruined  all  the  frontiers  of  his  and  the 
German  kingdom  ;  and,  what  did  not  a  little  augment  the 
confufion,  was  the  death  of  Lewis,  king  of  Germany, 
without  iflue :  upon  which  the  inhabitants  of  Lorrain  of- 
fered their  crown  to  Lewis  of  France,  who  declined  it, 
cither  through  political  motives,  or,  as  he  himfelf  affirm- 
ed, out  oirefpecr.  to  the  late  treaty0.  Carloman  continu-  A.  D.  881. 
cd  all  this  time  before  Vienne,  having  changed  the  fiege  •* 

into  a  blockadi  .  1  •  is,  though  he  refpected  the  right  of 
Charles  le  Grofs  to  the  kingdom  of  Lorrain,  yet  he  gene- 
roufly  contributed  to  its  defence  againfl  the  Normans,  by 

nnales  Metenf.  Paul.  7Em\\.  de  Rebus  Geftis  Francorum. 
a  Hegin.  Chron.  b  Cbron.  Centic.  Chron.  Norm.  c  Annal. 
Fuld- 

fending 


27  8  77je  Hijlory  of  France. 

fending  a  good  body  of  troops  to  their  afliftance.  Imme- 
diately after  he  had  made  this  detachment,  he  received  a 
ftrcnuous  invitation  from  the  duke  of  Bretagne  to  join 
him  with  his  army,  in  order  to  act  againft  another  body  of 
Normans,  with  which  he  immediately  complied  ;  but  he 
had  not  advanced  farther  than  Tours,  before  he  felt  him- 
felf  fo  much  indifpofed,  that  he  directed  thofe  who  were 
about  him  to  convey  him  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis  ;  where 
A.D.  88z.he  died,  in  the  month  of  Auguft,  in   the  twenty-fecond 

— year  of  his  age  d.     His  actions  fliew  him  to  have  been  a 

brave  and  equitable  prince:    fome   writers,  indeed,  fay, 
that  he  was  very  debauched,  and  that  his  exceiles  proved 
fatal   to  him ;  but,  perhaps   they    received    this  account 
from  fome  of  the  great  lords,  who  were  very  itrongly  fu- 
fpected  of  poifoning  him,  as  they  did  his  father ;  lb  that, 
probably,  if  he  had  been  lefs  aclive>  he  might  have  lived 
longer  c. 
Carhman         The  nobility  of  France  went  immediately  to  falute  Car- 
likiiUAac-  ]oniau  as  t^cir  fovcreign,  and  to  aflure  him  of  their  fidelity. 
"vkxlt*kuvt-  ^c  was  ft*"  Defbre  Vienne  ;  but,  at  their  rcquelt,  lie. left 
ing,  which  tlic  command  of  the  blockade  to  fome  of  his  chief  officers, 
trhttp         and  went  to  put  himfelf  at  the  head  of  the  forces,  which 
great  mi,'-    \yiS  hr0thcr  hail  levied  to  act  again !l  the  Normans,  whom 
}  "f'ce.    "  ^c  defeated  twice;  but,  at  length,  he  was  obliged  to  com- 
pound with  them  for  money,  finding  their  fhength  to  be 
greater  than  any   that  he  could  oppofe  to  them  f.     The 
price  at  which  he   purchafed   tranquility,  or  rather  a  re- 
spite of  their  depredations,  was  twelve  thoufand  pounds 
of  line  filver.     To  balance   this   iofs,    he   had  the   fatif- 
faction  of  feeing  Vienne  fttrrenckred,  by  capitulation,  after 
a  fiege  of  near  thirty  months,  Kermingard  being  permitted 
to  retire  to  Autun  s,     Chailes  ie  Grois,  who  came  out  of 
Italy  into  Germany,  with  an  intent  to  expel,  or  to  exter- 
minate the  Normans,  who  had  in  the  fame  manner  wafted 
his  territories,    had   the  like   misfortunes"  as  Carloman  ; 
for  difeafes  prevailing  in  his  army,  which  was  very  nu- 
merous, he  thought   it  beft  to  treat  with  them  ;  and  he 
granted  one  of  their  chiefs  a  fettlement  in  his    country 
of  Frife,  upon  his  becoming  a  Chriflian  h.     Charles  and 
Carloman   lived   in  perfect   harmony,  and    acted  jointly 
againft  thofe   who  were  enemies  to  either  of  them  ;  but 
the  young  king  of  France  found  himfelf  not  a  little  em- 

''  Annal.  Berlin.  Annal.  Fuld.  Regin.  Chron.  c  Cliron.Vnr. 
Ant.  f  Annal.  Fuld.  Chron.  Norm.  ?  Regin.  Chi  on,  Sigon. 
de  Regn.  Ital.        n  Paul-  /Emil.  de  Rebus  Geftis  Fiancorum. 

barraffed 


The  H'tfiory  of  France.  370 

by  the  difobedtent  and  refractory  behaviour  of 
•     ;    Alio,  knowing  too  well  that  he  was 
■  to  their  wifh,  or  to  punifh  them  as 
deferved,  refpecled  his  commands  no  farther  than 
they  appeared   confident  with  their   own   intcrefts.     In 
,  perhaps,  he  mi^ht  have  brought  his   affairs  into  a 
better   fltuation  ;  but,  being  one  day  hunting,  one  of  his 
ig  a  javelin  at  a  boar,  wounded  him  in 
the  t'  *hrch  accident  he  died  in  {e\ti\  days'.     He 

decea  th  ui  September,  when  he  had  juft  en- 

tered the  fixth  year  of  his  reign.  He  was  contracted  at 
Icalt,  if  not  married,  to  the  daughter  of  duke  Bofon  :  it 
r  -whether  that  marriage  was  confummated  ; 
but  it  is  very  certain,  that  he  died  without  iflue ;  fo  that 
the  crown  ought  to  have  uefcended  to  his  brother  Chatles, 
then  about  five  years  of  age  k. 

The  family  of  Charlemagne  had  been  long  declining;  An  inter- 
the  nobility  of  France  were  anxious  about  their  own  fafety;  reinu"t> 
and  this  folicitude  made  them  very  wary  in  the  difpofal  of  ^^//•<?* 

ovemment1.     Hugo  l'Abbc,  who  had  been  hitherto  the  emperor 
the  firm  protector  of  the  children  of  Lewis  the  Stammerer,  Charhs  the 
exerted  himfclf  ltrenuoufly  in  favour  of  the  infant  Charles  ;  Grols  tot^e 
but  it  was  to  no  purpofe,  the  major  part  of  them  being  ttiront* 
devoted  to  the  emperor  m.      At  this  diflance  of  time  their 
corttfu  rs  ftrange,    fmce  under  a  minority  it  fhould 

feem  they  might  have  aggrandifed  themfehes  more  eafily 
than  under  a  prince  advanced  in  years,  who  was  already- 
very  potent;  but,  very  probably,  they  dreaded  the  ad- 
vamvmement  of  Hugo  to  the  regency,  who  in  that  cafe 
would  have  exerted  regal  power  in  fupport  of  his  pupil. 
The  pretences  by  which  they  covered  their  choice  were, 
that  the  emperor  Charles,  when  declared  king  of  France, 
would  have  dominions  nearly  equal  in  extent  to  thofe  of 
Charlemagne,  without  confidering,  that  a  great  empire  is 
a  great  weight,  and  that  a  prince,  who  may  be  able  to 
conduct,  his  affairs  while  reftrained  within  a  certain  corn- 
may,  notwithstanding,  prove  very  unfit  for  direct-* 
jng  a  government  of  much  greater  extent.  Of  this  truth 
they  were  convinced  by  experience  ;  for  Charles  had  go- 
verned the  countries  left  him  by  his  father  without  any 
vifible  defect  of  judgment,  had  raifed  himfelf  to  the  im- 
perial dignity,  and  had  fhewu,  on  feveral  occafions,  that 

1  Annal.  Fold-  Chron.  Norm.    Paul.  .ffimtl.  dc  Rebus  Geftit 
Francoruin.  k  Annates  Metenf.     Regit).  Chron.  1  Regin. 

C:.ion.        ■>  Aimon>  lib.  1 

he 


380  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

he  wanted  not  courage  or  conduct: ;  and  on  others,  that  he 
was  a  prince  of  a  mild  difpofition,  and  had  a  great  regard 
to  juftice  and  equity  a.  It  was  no  wonder,  therefore,  that 
the  French  promifcd  themfelves  much  happinefs  under  this 
reign,  or  that  they  mould  be  difappointed  °,  fmce  the  ge- 
nius of  Charles  was  of  fuch  a  kind,  as,  inftead  of  enlarg- 
ing itfelf  to  the  fize  of  that  empire  to  which  he  gradually 
attained,  it  was  indeed  oppreficd,  and  contracted  itfelf  in 
fuch  a  manner,  that  at  length  his  incapacity  became  too 
vifible  to  be  difputed  p. 
Athtstn-  The  emperor  was  not  long  in  difcovering  the  fault  he 
fanct  on     had  committed  in  granting  an  eftablifhmcnt  to  the  Nor- 

vvho  had  mar- 
bis 
ide 

thiNor-  many  attempts  on  the  kingdom' of  Lor  rain.  The  Nor- 
mant.  mans  ftill  continued  to  harrafs  France ;  and  therefore, 
when  the  emperor  fa\v  that  this  king  of  Friezland  was 
bent  upon  a  war,  he  liftened  to  the  advice  of  Henry,  duke 
or  governor  of  Saxony,  eiteemed  the  ableft  man  in  his 
fevvice,  and  gave  him  full  power  to  act  in  this  matter,  in 
the  manner  moil  advantageous  to  his  government  1,  Henry 
entered  into  a  negociation  with  the  monarch  of  Friezland  ; 
and,  in  one  of  their  conferences,  encouraged  a  nobleman, 
whom  he  had  injured,  to  cleave  his  feull  with  a  battle- 
axe.  Soon  after  this  trania£tion,  the  baflard  Hugo,  hav- 
ing been  drawn  by  fairpromifes  into  the  hands  of  the  em- 
peror's minifters,  they  eaufed  his  eyes  to  be  put  out,  and 
fhur  him  up  afterwards  as  a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  Prum, 
hi  the  fore  ft  of  Ardenr.  Thcfe  bold  flrokes  ought  to 
have  .been  fuftained  by  a  like  conduct  throughout ;  but 
1  that  was  beyond  the   abilities  of  this  prince.     The  Nor- 

mans underitood  his  weaknefs  perfectly.  Under  pretence 
of  revenging  the  death  of  their  king  Godfrey,  they  came 
h  D  SSc.  UP  tne  rivcr  Seine  with  a  fleet  of  feven  hundred  fail ;  and, 
_______  having  taken  feveral  places  in  the  neighbourhood,  at- 
tempted to  furpriffi  Paris ;  but  through  the  prudence  of 
biftiop  Gpflin,  and  Eudes,  who  commanded  in  the  place, 
they  were  difappointed.  After  having  blocked  up  the 
city  for  fome  time,  they  detirmhed  to.  undertake  a 
regular  fiege  5    though,  in  thefe  kind  of  military  opera- 

o'Chron.  Var.  Ant.  •  Aimon.  lib.  v.  p  Reginon.  Chron. 
«j  Annales  Metenfes.  A'nnon.  life.  v.  Paulns  JEmil.  de  Rebus 
Geftis  Francoi  tun.         '  Regin.  Chron.    Aimon.  lib.  v. 

tionSj, 


Hijtory  of  France.  381 

re  far  from  being  expert,  and  had  feldom 

n  fucccfsful. 

v  of  Paris  thus  beficged,  confided  only  of  that  Thetfor- 
part  of  the  place   now  fo  called,  which  is  exprefsly  and  mans  be- 
particularly  [tyled  the  city,  built  entirely  on  an  ifland   in  vsf  ,ar,s 
the    Seine,    over  which   were  bridges  on  both  fides,  the  iand  anCL 
heads  of  them   well   fortified,  at   lead  for  thofe   times  *.  water. 
The  army  0:'  the  Normans  confided  of  about  thirty  thou- 
fand  men  ;  they  were  commanded  by  Sigefroy,  who  was 
fierce  and  cruel,  but  not  at  all  deficient  in  the  talents  then 
-lit  requifite  in  a  general.     He  fomctimes  foothed, 
and  fometimes  threatened,  but  was  never  idle.     He  ra- 
vaged all  the  adjacent  country,  not  only  to  amafs  booty, 
but  to  hinder  the  beficged  from  receiving  any  provifions. 
He  employed   all  the  machines   that    were    then  in   ufe 
to  batter  the  walls,  ami  open  a  pad  age  to  his  troops ;   lie 
caufed    fcveral  afiaults    to  be    given    with  great  fury,  but 
in  vain  r.     Hugo  l'Abbe,  then    count  of  Paris,  gave  his 
•advice  in  all  things,  and  directed  the  manner  of  the  de- 
fence.     Eudes  commanded  the  troops,    and  by  his  ex- 
ample encouraged  them  to  behave  gallantly  on  all  occa-  , 
lions.     The   hi  (hop  went  from  place  to  place,  exhorting 
and  cnnfoling  the  inhabitants;  his  nephew  Ebbon  behaved 
very  bravely   on  all   oecalions  ;    but,  notwithstanding  all 
their  efforts,  things   funk  at  lad  fo  low,  that  Eudes  was 
fentto  the  emperor  to  folicit  relief".     Upon  this  applica- 
tion  Henry,    duke  of  Saxony,   was  fent   with  an  army,  A.  D.  ?86. 
which,  though  not  ftrong  enough  to  drive  the  Normansfrom  . 

before  it,  enabled  him  to  enter  the  place,  and  carry  with 
him  considerable  fuccours w.  He  afterwards  augmented 
his  army,  and  made  an  attempt  to  attack  the  Normans  in 
their  lirv.-s-,  but  behaving  with  a  little  too  much  fpirit,  or 
rather  with  too  little  prudence,  his  horfe  and  himfelf  fell 
into  a  ditch,  covered  with  draw  upon  hurdles,  where  he 
was  prefently  murdered.  Upon  which  accident  his  army 
difbanded,  and  Paris  was  left  more  cxpofed  and  in  a  worfe 
condition  than  ever  *. 

In    the    couife    of  this   (lege   bifhop   Goflin   departed  Me  empe- 
this  life  ;  as  did  alfo  Hugo  l'Abbe.     He  was  fuccceded  in  rorS°"ta 
the  title  of  count  of  Paris,  or  rather  count  of   the  Ifie  of  '^j^ff  s 
France,    by  his    nephew  Eudes,    who  continued  to  make  a  treaty 
an    admirable    defence,    though  the  Normans  employed  with  the 
every  dratagem   to  carry   their  point.    At  length  the  em-  Normans. 

»  P.  Daniel,  Mezeray,  M.  Chalons.         *  Abbon.  ■  Chroni- 

con  Nonnan.  •  Rtgimon. _Chron.  *  Aimon.lib.  v. 

peror 


3  #2  The  Hijiory  of  France, 

peror  Charles  was  exceedingly  preffed  on  all  fides  to  deli- 
ver a  city  of  fuch  confequence  out  of  the  hands  of  thefe 
barbarians,  who  were  otherwife  bent  upon  fortifying  it, 
and  converting  it  into  the  capital  of  that  principality  which 
they  were  fo  eager  toraife  in  France.  With  this  view  he 
affembled,  through  the  whole  extent  of  his  dominions, 
a  prodigious  army,  with  the  belt  part  of  which  he  advanc- 
ed out  of  Germany  to  the  relief  of  Paris ;  appeared  with 
his  whole  army  under  arms  on  the  mountain  of  Mont- 
mart,  fully  perfuaded  that,  at  the  fight  of  his  flandards, 
the  Normans  would  retire  with  precipitation  Y.  He  quickly 
found  his  miftake ;  they  continued  in  their  works,  and 
fhewed  not  the  frnallelt  diipoution  of  railing  the  fiege. 
The  emperor,  therefore,  changed  his  mcafures,  began  a 
negociation  with  them,  and,  by  a  pecuniary  facrifice, 
induced  them  to  promife  they  would  withdraw  their  troops 
A.  S8D.  7.  and  their  veffels  z.  This  was  in  the  month  of  November, 
1  and  as  he  was  not  able  to  collect  the  money  before  the 
fpring,  he  confented  they  fhould  take  winter-quarters  in 
Burgundy,  in  which  country  the  people  had  not,  as  yet, 
acknowleged  his  authority.  They  had  fomc  difficulty  to 
to  open  a  paffage  thither,  for  ihe  Pariiians  absolutely  re- 
fufed  to  permit  their  veffels  -to  fail  under  their  bridges  a. 
In  this  Situation  the  Normans  found  themfelvcs  obliged  to 
carry  their  veffels  over  land,  and  launch  them  again  upon 
the  Seine,  at  a  certain  diitance  above  Paris.  Thus  they 
proceeded  into  Burgundy,  laid  wade  and  deftroyed  the 
country  on  every  fide,  and  amaffed,  exclufive  of  the  ran- 
fom  they  were  to  receive,  an  immenfe  booty  in  cattle  and 
valuable  effects,  as  well  as  in  money  b. 
The  unfor-]  This  igaominious  treaty  ruined  the  reputation  of  the 
tunate  em'  emperor.  He  returned  into  Germany  indifpoled  as  to  his 
^eSor,  health,  and  diffracted  in  his  mind.     He  had  no  ministers 

declines  at    m  whom  he  could  confide  •,    for  they   neither  loved  nor 
tncein         feared  him.     He  had  fufpicions  about  the  chaftity  of  his5 
mind,  body,  emprefsRachael,  as  having  connexions  with  Ludard,  bi- 
and  efiate.    fhop  of  Verceil,  the  only  perfon  of  weight  or   authority 
flill  remaining  in  his  fervice,  and  in  this  fit  of  ill  humour 
he  forbid  him  his  court,  and  confined  the  emprefs.     The 
latter   kept  no  meafures ;    (he   infilled   upon    being  ad- 
mitted to  her  purgation,  affirming,  that  fhe  was  not  only 
innocent  with  refpect  to  that  prelate,  and  every  other 
man,  but  alfo   that  fhe  was  untouched  by  the  emperor 

*  Abbon.  Monach.  z  Aimon.  lib.  v.  a  Reghnon. 

Chronicon.  Fault  JEmil.  b  Chron.  Var.  Antiq. 

himfelf, 


this  dip tjs. 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  3S3 

himfelf,  ami  a  pure  virgin,  in  fupport  of  which  aflertion 
Die  was  ready  to  undergo  any  trial  that  fliould  be  afligned 
her.  The  emperor  had  appointed  a  diet,  as  the  laft  re- 
fource  for  fettling  his  affairs;  but  falling  fick  at  Tribar, 
en  Mentz  and  Oppcnheim,  it  very  quickly  appeared 
that  his  faculties  wete  exhauftcdc.  In  this  fituation  he 
was  fo  abfolutely  abandoned,  tint  he  would  not  have  had 
bre.ul  to  eat,  or  a  fcrvant  to  attend  him  in  his  ficknefs,  if 
it  had  not  been  for  the  archbifhop  of  Mentz,  who  fup- 
plied    him    on  a   principle   of   charity,    generofity,    and  N 

duty  d. 

Arnold,  the  natural  fon  of  Carloman,  king  of  Bavaria,  Deferted 
upon  the  depofition  of  Charles,  fucceeded  him  in  the  im-  anddecrt- 
perial  dignity,  and  to  his  difcretion  he  was  lefc  for  a  fub-  PfiJ*  " 
liftence  during  the  remaining  part  of  his  miferable  life.     rCttt  * 
The  allow- nee,  at  length  given  him,  was  proportioned  to  rukj\ftttue 
the  neceHity  he  was'  in,  and  not  at  all  to  the  dignity  he  from  hit 
had  poflefled,  confiding  only  in  the   revenues  of  three  or  enemies, 
four  villages.     It  is  true  he  made  fome  efforts  to  recover  ™ftjl"r'* 
fuch  of  the  nobility  as  owed  their  grandeur  to  his  favour, 
in  hopes  that,  by   their  allillanee,  he   might  have  rifen 
again  into  fome  degree  of  fplendor,  more  efpecially  as  no 
public  ftep  had  been  taken  to  his  prejudice  in  France  ;  but 
finding  it  to  no  purpofe,  and  feeing  himfelf  fearce  the 
object  of  jealoufy  to  thofe  who  were   flruggiing  for  and 
feiztng  his  dominions  on  every  fide,  he  feems  to  have  re- 
conciled himfelf  to  his  fate,  dying  in  the  condition  of  a  pri- 
vate man,  on  the  14th  of  January,  in  the  year  88b*  e  (E).  He 

wa9 

c  Annalfs  Met  d  Annal  Ftilcienf.  e  Aimon. 

lib.  v.  Reginon.  Cbron< 

(E)  Whether  it  arofe  from  of  this  diforder.  He  was  learn- 

penitence,  from  a  melancholy  ed  for    thofc  time?,  and  very 

conltitution,     or    from    fonie  religious,    being   much  given 
grievous   malady,    fo  i  ;:ig  and  prayer.     By  his 

that  this  prince  in   his  youth  fir  it  contort,  with  whofe  name 

led  he  law  the  devil,  and  we  are  not  .!,  he  had 

that  he  was   puli'v.1  :,  a  fon,  who  died  young,     H. 

having,    indeed,     very   tfrong  had  alfo  a  natural  fon,  whok 

convulfions.     Jt  is  from  hence  name   was   Bernard.     He  was 

conjectured,  that  he  er  very  ill  obeyed,  and  but  very 

thoroughly  cured  of  this  difeafe,  little    fi-emed  by  the  French, 

but  that  the  indiljpofiticn,  with  His  bri.i-    deferted   and    de- 

which   he    wjs    from   time   to  throned  was  chiefly  owing  to- 

time  afflicted,  were   the  relics  his  being  attacked,  in  his  re- 
turn 


584  The  Hiflory  of  France. 

was  certainly  a  prince  as  free  from  vices,  and  as  flncerely 
religious,  as  any  of  that  age  ;  but  wanting  genius  and  ap- 
plication,  and  being  rather  inclined  to  the  pleafures  of 
privacy  than  to  the  fplendid  enjoyments  of  a  court,   he 
luftcred  himfelf  to  be  guided  by  fuch  of  his  minifters  as 
were  near  him,  and  to  be  impofed  on  by  the  refprefenta- 
tions  of  governors,  and  other  officers,  at  a  di fiance;  fo 
that  he  had  never  any  right  apprehenfion   of  the   ftate  of 
his  dominions.     His  death  threw  the  kingdom  of  France 
into  a  general  confternation,  as  they  were  it I II  harraflcd  by 
the  Normans,  opprclled  by  a  kind  of  independent  nobility, 
who  racked  their  tenants  to  gratify  their  avarice  and  ambi- 
tion, and,  without  any  form  of  goverment,  or   fo  much 
as  the  appearance  of  it,  to  which  they  might  refort  for 
protection  again  ft   foreign  invaders  or  domeftic   tyrants. 
Jt  is  true  they  had  ilill  the  poflhumous  child  of  Lewis  the 
Stammerer  among  ft  them,  and  many  affirm  that  they  con- 
fidered  him  as  the  lawful  heir  of  the  crown,  and  Charles 
the  Grols  only  as  his  tutor  or  proteclor  ;  but  of  this  affer- 
tion  there  is  no  diftinct  or  uncontroverted  proof.     On  the 
contrary  it  is  very  plain  that  the  titles  of  Lewis  and  Car- 
loman  had  been  called   in  queltion,  as  they  had  been  no 
better  than  baftards,  becaufe  their  mother  was  repudiated. 
The  title  of  their  younger  brother  was  alfo  questioned, 
upon  a  fuppofition  that,  if  the  marriage  of  their   mother 
was  valid,  then  the  mother  of  Charles  was  but  a  concu- 
bine, and  himfelf  a  baftard. 


SEC  T.     V. 

The  Reigns  of  Evdes,  Charles  the  Simple,  Raoul,  Lezvis 
Ik '.  Jur  named  the  Stranger,  Lot  hair  e,  and  Lewis  V. 
in  whom  ended  the  Race  of  Charlemagne. 

Eudet  HP  HE  crown  of  France  was  an  object  of  fuch  imporr- 

count  'of  ance  as  to  occupy  the  thoughts  of  a  great  variety  of 

Paw,  is  pretenders,  who  laboured  to  recommend  themfelves  by 
ehSied  very  plaufible  claims,  at  the  fame  time  they  were  prepar- 
^»K°f  jng  to  fupport  them  by  force.  Guy  duke  of  Spoleto, 
and  Berenger  duke  of  Frioul,  ftoodbothin  the  fourth  de- 
turn  to  Germany,  by  a  violent  are  fuppofed  to  have  affected 
pain  in  his  head,  for  which  his  understanding, 
he  fuffered    fuch  incifions   as 

gree 


The  Hiftory  of  France,  385 

grec  of  defccnt  from  Charlemagne;  the  one  fpringing 
•  is  the  Dcbonnaire,  ami  the  other 
r  of  king  Pepin f.  Lewis,  the  fon  of 
»vife  of  a  kind  of  right,  his  mother  be- 
lughter  of  the  emperor  Lewis  II.  and  himfclf 
ed  by  Charles  the  Bald  :  he  was,  however,  a  child, 
'. us  pretenfions  therefore  of  little  weight ;  yet,  in  pro- 
of time,  by  the  recommendation  of  the  pope,  he  was 
chofen  king  of  Aries.  About  the  fame  time  Raoul,  or 
Rodolph,  the  fon  of  Conrade,  count  of  Paris,  feized  the 
s  her  Burgundy,  and  converted  it  into  a  kingdom', 
llerbcit,  count  of  Vermandois,  (hewed  himfelf  a  kind  of 
competitor,  being  defcended  in  a  right  line  from  Bernard 
king  of  Italy.  It  is  true  there  was  a  fufpicion  of  baftardy, 
but  that  was  of  no  great  importance,  fince  Bernard  him- 
felf was  a  baflard,  and  yet  declared  king  of  Italy  by  Charle- 
magne, at  the  requeit  of  Lewis  the  Debonnaire  h.  The 
molt  formidable  pretender  was  Arnold,  king  of  Germany, 
who  looked  upon  himfclf  as  emperor,  and  who,  in  virtue  ,  • 
of  his  power,  thought  to  become  king  of  France.  But  the 
nobility  were  unwilling  to  admit  a  ftranger;  and  therefore 
the  chofe  Eudes,  count  of  Paris,  the  fon  of  the  famous  Ro- 
bert 1c  Fort ;  and  fome  attempts  have  been  made  to  frame 
a  title  for  him,  as  being  defcended  in  a  right  line  from 
Childcbrand,  the  brother  of  Charles  Martel,  on  the  fa- 
ther's fide,  and,  on  the  mother's  from  Adelaide,  the 
daughter  of  Lewis  the  Dcbonnaire1.  But  thefe  (lories 
are  at  belt  uncertain.  Eudes  had  a  farfuperior  right,  arif- 
ing  from  the  public  neceffity,  the  unbiafTed  voices  of  the 
nobility,  and  his  own  fupcrior  merit.  He  accepted  the 
crown  then,  upon  thefe  conditions;  firft,  that  the  confent 
of  Arnold,  king  of  Germany,  fhould  be  obtained,  to  pre- 
vent his  elevation  being  made  the  pretence  of  a  civil  war  ; 
and  next,  tlr.it  he  fhould  hold  this  dignity  in  truft:  for  the 
right  heir,  Charles  the  Simple,  who  was  not  of  age  to  exe- 
cute its  functions*.  Under  thefe  conditions  he  was 
crowned  by  the  bifhop  of  Sens.  Soon  after  lie  went,  of 
Ins  own  accord,  to  the  diet  at  Worms,  where  he  told  Ar- 
nold, that  he  was  wry  ready  to  refign  the  enfigns  of  roy- 
alty rather  than  involve  the  f  rcuch  nation  in  a  quarrel  on 
his  account ;  with  which  generous  and  candid  proceeding 
Arnold  was  fo  much  pleafed,  that  he  owned  him,  without 

f  Ltiitprand,  lib.  i.  Paul.  TEmil.  .  I  Chron.  Var.  Antia. 

k  Vita  Ludovici  Pii.  »  Lc  P.  Fauchet,  Mczcay,  P.  Daniel. 

*  Annates  MetcaC. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  C  c  fcruplc, 


38S 


He  defeats 
the  Nor- 
mans, and 

fupprejj'es 
an  in  fur 
reBlon  in 

Jquilaini. 


A.  D. 891 


¥be  HIJlory  of  France. 

fcruple,    for  king  of  France,    and  entered   into  a  treaty 
him  with  In  that  capacity '. 

The  Normans  continuing  to  defolate  the   kingdom  by 
perpetual  irruptions,  fomctimes  on  one  fule,   ibmctimes 
on  the  other,  Eudes,  who  had  but  a   fmall  number  of 
forces,  was  conftrained  to  fupply  that  defect  by  vigilance 
and  activity  m.     He  had  the   gocd  fortune   to    furprife  a 
body,  or  rather  an  army  of  tbefe  plunderers,  confiding  of 
near  twenty  thoufand  horfe  and  foot,  in   the   neighbour- 
hood of  a  town  called  Mcntfaucon,  at  the   entrance   of  a 
wood.     Though  he   had  but  a  thoufand  horfe  under  his 
command,  yet  difpofing  thefe  into  different  places,  and 
caufing  the   attack  to  be  made  at  the  fame  inftant,  the 
enemy  were  broke  before  they  difcovered  their  fuperioritv ; 
and  the  people  of  the   country  feeing   their  difordcr,  fell 
upon  them  with  fuch  fury,  that  {c\v  or  none  could  make 
their  eicape  n.     This  victory  gained  him  great  reputation, 
and   would  no  doubt   have  been  highly  advantageous  to 
France,  if  an  infurre£lion  had  not  broke  out  in  Aquitaine, 
which    made   the   king's    prclence   neceflary  there  ;    and 
though  he  was  fo  fortunate  as  to  fubdue  the  malecontenta 
with  little  trouble*  yet,  in  the  mean  time,  the  Normans  took 
Meaux,and  breaking  their  capitulation, deftroyed  it°.  They 
likewife  reduced  Troic,  Toul,  and  Verdun,  and  made  a 
iul   and    third   attempt    upon  Paris,  though    without 
effect.     They  alfo  committed  great  diforders   throughout 
Lor  rain,  till  they  were  fevercly  chaftifed  by  order  of  the 
king  of  Germany,  who,  with  the  affiftance  of  the  French, 
defeated  them  with  great  Daughter  p.     All  this  time  the 
king  was  employed  in  cftablifhing  his  authority,  and  in 
reprefTmg  thofe  diforders  which  were  fo  detrimental  to  the 
Hate;  and  though,  in  this  reformation,  he  (hewed  all  the 
mildnefs  and  moderation  pollible,  yet  thofe  who  perhaps 
'  owed  their  wealth   and   their  power  to  nothing  but  the. 
continuance  of  thefe  diforders,  were  extremely  offended, 
and   tedificd  their  difaffection  in  fuch  a  manner,  as  in- 
duced fome  of  the  ambitious  nobility,  who  only  waited 
and   wanted    fuch  an  opportunity,  to  dilturb   the  public 
peace  ^. 

The  firfl  who  declared  himfelf  openly,  was  count  Wal- 
gaire,  who  furprifed  the  city  of  Laon  ;  and,  that  he  might 
give  fome  kind  of  colour   to  this  proceeding,  proclaimed 

I  Annales  Fuldenf.  m  Aibonis  Monach.  de  Bello  Parifiacce 

Urbis,  libriduo.  n  Chron.  de  Norm.  Geftis.  °  Reginon. 

Cliron.  p  Flodoard  Hift.  Rhe:n.  lib.  iv.  1  Annal,  Metcn. 

king 


The  Hiftory  of  iFra  35^ 

.  than  whom  there  never  was  a  rriorC  EuJestm- 
rince,  forefeeing  the  confequenccs  of  this  revolt,  barked  in 
the  place    unexpectedly,  and,  attacking  it  with  a  cvvtl . 
great  vigour,  compelled  the  garrifon  to  furrender  :  he  then  J^f  *^)f. 
-aire  to  anfwer  before  the  nobility  who  xans  of 
t  about  him,  and,  upon  their  adjudging  him  a  traitor,  Charlei, 

I  him   immediately   to  be  beheaded  **.     This  act  ol,h'f,nof 

ity  had  not  the  confequenccs  that  he  expecled.     Eb-  h,twls  thr\ 
Ion,  abbot  of  St.  Denis,  who  had  been  the  king's  moft  gft 
intimate  friend,  with  fome  other   noblemen,    raifed  all 
Aquitaine.      Eudes    marched   thither    immediately,    and 
brought  things  into  order  barely  by  his  prefence  \     In  the 

1  time,  the  party  of  count  Walgaire  had  time  to  a£t. 
They  brought  over  queen  Adelaide,  and  her  fon  Charles* 
from  England  ;  and,  being  joined  by  Herbert,  count  of 
Vermandois,  ami  Philip,  count  of  Scnlis,  both  defcended 
from  Charlemagne,  carried  the  young  prince  to  Rheims, 
where  he  was  crowned  by  Fouques,  the  archbifhop,  who 
wrote  a  letter  to  Arnold,  king  of  Germany,  to  intreat  his 
alhftance.  Tins  was  in  fome  meafure  obtained;  and  the 
party  who  had  Charles  at  their  head,  came,  with  a  great 
army,  and  laid  fiege  to  Laon  \  The  inhabitants  made  a 
defence,  which  gave  Eudes  time  to  come  to  their 

.nee,  with  a  fmall  but  gallant  army,  at  the  approach 
of  which  the  forces  of  Charles  mouldered  away,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  retire.  Eudes  found  means  to  juitify  him- 
felf  to  .Arnold,  king  of  Germany,  by  making  him  fenfible 
that  his  government  was  far  from  being  prejudicial  to 
Charles;  of  this  truth  he  gave  a  convincing  proof,  by 
dividing  the  kingdom  with  Charles,  and  doing  homage  to 
him  for  the  fmall  part  that  he  retained  \  He  did  not  long 
furvive  this  agreement,  dying  at  La  Fere,  in  Picardy,  oil 
the  3d  of  January,  in  the  year  898,  in  the  fortieth  year 
of  his  age  ;  hated  by  the  nobility,  whofe  oppreflions  he 
had  retrained,  beloved  by  the  people,  and  efkeemed  by 
all  the  world.  He  left  behind  him  a  fon,  Arnold,  to 
whom  fome  would  have  given  the  title  of  king;  but. he 
furvived  him  for  fo  fhott  a  fpace,  that  it  afforded  no  time 
for  the  adherents  of  his  father  to  take  their  meafures  in 
his  favour:  they  attached  themfclves,  therefore,  to  Ro- 
bert, the  brother  of  Eudes,  who  fucceeded  him  in  his 
county,  and  was  one  of  the  gallanted  and  greateft  men 
that  age  produced  ° :  and,  but  for  fome  fuch  fpirits,  the 

q  Annal  Fuldenf.     Reginon.  Chron.  *  Annates  Me- 

trnf.  t  Chron  de  Gertit  Norman.  t  Chronicon 

fciere,  Reguion.  Chron.  •  Vita  St.  Genulfi,lib.  ii. 

C  c  2  monarchy 


Charles, 
fcrnamed 
the  Sim- 
ple, Jeated 
ufov  the 
throne, 
•token  the 
govern- 
ment ivaj 
declining^ 


The  Htftory  of  France, 

monarchy  had  been  fubverted,  as  well  as  the  family  of 
Charlemagne. 

His  competitor   being  removed,    Charles  was  acknow- 
leged,  in  his  own  right,  king  of  France  :  but,  alas!  that 
country  was  not  now  what  it  had  been  under  his  pree'e- 
ceflbrs,  in  point  of  extent,  wealth,  or  number  of  people. 
Arnold,  king  of  Germany,  was  in  poffeflion  of  Lorrain  ; 
and  Charles    himfelf  had  relinquished  his  claims  upon  it, 
inconfideration  of  the  afliftance  and  countenance  he  had 
received  x.     On  the  other  fide,  Burgundy  was  eredled  in- 
to a  kingdom,  which  comprehended  what   now  is  called 
Swiflerland,  together  with  Franche  Comte,  or  at  leaft  the 
beft  part  of  it y.     Lewis,  the  fon  of  Bofon,  held  the  coun- 
try which  has  been  before   defcribed   under  the   name  of 
the  kingdom  of  Aries ;  and  it    had  been  well  if,  after  all 
thefe  facrifices,  Charles  could  have  been  faid  to  enjoy  the 
reft2.     But  thi,.  was  (o  far  from  being  true,  that  it  is  very 
difficult  to  fay  what  he  held,  except  the  title  of  king,  and 
the  power  of  giving  away.     It  is  true  that,  not  long  after 
he  mounted  the  throne,  he  had  a  fair  opportunity  of  re- 
covering part  of  his  dominions,  and  eftablifhing  his  repu- 
tation, by  the  revolt  of  the  people  of  Lorrain,  againft  the 
fon  of  Arnold.      He  accordingly  marched,  with  a  great 
army,  into  that  country,  where  he  might  hare  done  what 
he  had  pleafed,  and,  by  reannexing  it  to  the  crown,  would 
have  received  an  honourable  and  ample  fubfiftence:  but 
he  loved  the    pleafures  of  a  court,  and  hated  rather  the 
fatigues  than  perils  of  a  camp;    for  he  was  perfonally 
brave,  and,  when  neceffity  required,  did  his  duty  as  an 
officer  without  reproach  ;  but  he  was  naturally  indolent, 
and  cafily  impofed  upona.     Zuentibold,  king  of  Lorrain, 
who  was  much  of  the  fame  temper,  and  had  loft  his  do- 
minions by  indulging  it,  perceived  what  errors  were  com- 
mitted by  Charles.     Though  he  had  but  a  fmall  body  of 
troops,  yet  he  kept  the  field,  and  at  length  diftreffed  the 
rich  in  fuch  a  manner,  that  Charles  was  glad  to  con- 
<  aide,  by  a  treaty,  a  war  that  ought  to  have  been  ended 
by  the  fword,  and,  for  the  fake  of  fome  very  fmall  acqui- 
sitions, abandoned  entirely  a  kingdom  that  he  had  almoft 
pbtaincd  b.     This  conduct  gave  a  great  blow  to  his  credit. 
80    Idng  as  he  enjoyed  the  affiftance  of  Fouqucs,  arch- 
bifhop  of  Rheirns,  and  followed  the  wife  counfels  he  gave, 
re  maintained  his  dignity ;  but  when  that 


*  Chro;i.  Var.  Antiq. 
Fauehet.  Cordemoy.     Mezeray. 
»  Alczcray.    Le  Gendre. 


7  Reginon.  Chron.  z  Le  P. 

a  Avcjitin  Hift.  Boior, 


pre* 


The  Hiftory  of  France,  3fy 

prelate  was  aflafiinated,  by  the  order  of  the  earl  of  Flan-  a.  D.  900. 

,  Ins  behaviour  procured  him  the  depreciating  fur-  ■ 

name  of  Charles  the  Simple6. 

The  nobility  of  France,  having  had   leifure    to  frame  T/u  great 
their  fyftem,  had  now  the  faired  opportunity  of  carrying  change  in 
it  into  execution.     Such,  therefore,  as  had  been  intruded  the  French 
with,    or  had  got  into  pofTeffion   of  governments,   de-  ^oa^r'hjr 
manded  confirmations  of  them,  not  barely  for  life,  but  to  ^ro^"om 
them  and  to  their  heirs  \  and  cither  by   their  own  power,  ojfe/i. 
v  or  by  the  aflidance  of  fome  great  penbn  at  court,  obtained 
what  they  demanded,  upon   the  eafy  terms  of  doing  ho- 
mage d.     It  cannot    be  affirmed  that  nothing  of  this  kind 
had  taken  place   before  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Simple, 
beeaufe  fome  instances,  perhaps,  might  be  given  in  earlier 
times ;  but  the  mifchief  did  not  become  general  till  now, 
when,  out  of  one  large,  well-ordered,  and  wifely-governed 
kingdom,  there  darted  up  a  multitude  of  principalities,  in 
fome  degree,  and  but  m  fome  degree,  dependent  on  the 
crown e.     Confidcfed   in  this  light,  they  may  be  truly 
ftyled  principalities,  though  the  pofleffbrs  of  them  took  in- 
difcriminately  the  titles  of  dukes,  marquifles,  or  counts  j  nor 
does  it  appear,  that   there  was  any  rank  or  precedence  in 
thefe  titles:  duke  had  been  formerly  in  mod  edeem,  but  that 
of  count  feems  to  have  been  in  mod  credit  now.     Under 
thishigheft  clafs  of  nobility  there  were  other  confiderable 
lords,  who  held  of  them  in  like  manner  •,  and  thefe  again 
had  others,  who  held  of  them,  and  even  thefe  had  their 
vaflals.     Indead,    therefore,  of  that   eafy  equal  govern- 
ment, regulated  by  laws  and  cudoms,  which  had  hitherto 
prevailed,    a  multitude  of   little  infupportable  tyrannies 
were  erected f. 

It  has  been  obferved,    that  the  king,  by  fuffering  the  The  Nor* 
murder  of  Fouques,  archbifliop  of  Rheims,  to  whom  he  mans  '** 
had  fo  many  and  fo  great  obligations,  to  efcape  unpunifh-  '^n  Trout 
ed,  was  exceedingly  leflened  in  the  eyes  of  his  fubje&s  ;  and  for  mi* 
and  their  contempt  of  him  was  dill  farther  increafed  by  dable  to 
the  ravages  of  the  Normans,  who,  for  five  or  fix  years  the  French 
together,  defolated  the  fined  provinces,  in  France.     Thofe  {rov3n 
who  failed  up  the  Loire  burnt  the  famous  church    of  St. 
Martin  at  Tours ;  and  thofe  who  entered  the  Seine  took 
the  city  of  Rouen  by  compofition,  which  they  had  ob- 
ferved with  greater  fidelity  than  was  cudomary  with  this 
nation.     This  good  faith  was  afcribed  to  their  chief  named 

•  Chron.  Vir.  Antiq.  a  Le  P.  Fauchet.    Jean  du  Tillet. 

Le  P.  Henault.  e  Cordemoy.     Meleray.     Le  Gendre. 

'  Origines  des  Dignitez  et  Magiftrati  de  France,  recucilles  par 
Claude  Fauchet. 

C  C  3  Rollo, 


3§s  The  Hiflory  of  France. 

Rollo,  who  was  not  barely  the  captain  of  a  numerous  ban- 
ditti, but  in  reality,    a  great  prince  by  birth,    endowed 
with  qualities  worthy  of  his  rank  and  defcent.     He  made 
ufe  therefore  of  this  place,    to  ferve  him  for  a  kind   of 
head  quarters;    made    feveral  expeditions  from    thence, 
and,  when  they  were   finifhed,  returned  thither  again  ; 
while  the  French,  feeing  him  lay  wafte  not  only  all  N:uf- 
tria,  but  the  countries  that  are  now  called  Artois  and  Pi- 
cardy,  exclaimed  againft:  Charles  for  indolently  fitting  (till 
in  his  abfence,  and  not  recovering  and  fortifying   Rouen, 
as  he  might  have  done  R.     The  king  was  equally  at  a  lofs 
how  to  reprefs  thefe  northern  invaders,  or  to  filence  the 
clamours  of  his  own  people,  which  were  not  cither  the  lefs 
loud  or  general,  from  his  having  at  firft  encouraged  and 
allied  himfelf  with  thefe  Normans  in   the  days  of  king 
Eudes.     At  length,  it  was  judged  molt  expedient  to  en- 
gage Francon,  archbifliop  of  Rouen,  to  propofe  to  Rolla 
a  truce  for  five  or  fix  months,  in  which  time  a  permanent  and 
folid  peace  might  be  made,   by  the  grant  of  a  fair  and 
ample  eftablifhment h.     Rollo,  whofe  parts  were  not  at 
all  inferior   to  his  courage,  obferved   to   the  archbifhop, 
that  of  thefe   two  proportions  the  firft  was  directly  re- 
pugnant to  his  inclinations  and  his  interefts,  and  the  latter 
perfectly  confident  with  both  :  that,  neverthelefs,  he  was 
very  willing  to  accept  the  one,  for  the  fake  of  the  other ; 
andj  upon  full  afiuranccs  given  on  both  fides,  the  truce 
took  place.      Richard,    duke  of  Burgundy,  poiTtflbr  of 
what  is  now  ftyled  the  dukedom  of  Burgundy,  and   fome 
of  the  great  Jords  of  Aquitaine,  were  extremely  diflatis- 
fiect  with  this  meafure,  as   it  appeared  alike  difhonourable 
to  the  king,  and  dangerous  to  the  public;  and  therefore, 
by  promifing  to  give  him   all  the  afiiftance  he  could   de- 
ftre,  they  prevailed  upon   him  to  break  the  truce,  an  in- 
fraction which  fo  provoked  Rollo,  that  he  marched  imme- 
diately, with  a  confiderable  body  of  forces,  and  inverted 
Chartrcs.     The  confederated  lords,  in  purfuance  of  their 
engagements,  advanced  to  its   relief,  attacked  the  Nor- 
mans in  their  camp,  and,  with  the   ailiilancc  of  a  fally 
from  the  place,  at   the  head   of  which  was  the  bifhop  in 
his  robes,  forced  Rollo  to  abandon  his  enterprise,  and  to 
retire  to  an  eminence,  where  they  befieged  him  and  his 
Normans  in  their  turn.     However,  having,  by  a  ftrata- 

%  Du^onis  de  Moribus  et   A£Ks  primorum  Normanniae  Ducum, 
l»bri  ite%.  •«  Fauch«t.    Du  Tilkt.    Le  Gendre.    Gulielm, 

Geineticcnl.  Chroniques  des  Dues  de  Nonnandie. 

gem, 


Tie  Uijlory  of  France,  39! 

.  paflage  through  their  camp,  Rollo  returned 

ion  ;  and  being  reinforced  by  many  thoufands 

countrymen,     renewed   his  depredations    on    all 

In  this  critical  and  perplexed  fituation  of  affairs,  Charles,  Rollo  com- 
finding  no  hopes  of  the  like  affiftance,  fullered  himfclf  to  Pels  Vharlet 
ovcrned  byRobeit,  the  brother  of  Eudes,  now  ftyled  t:e  SmPle 
uuke  Robert,  who  prevailed   upon  him   to  recur  to  the  ^e„flria 
firft  method  of  negotiation k.  Francon,archbifhop  of  Rouen,  with  the 
was  again   the  mediator;  and  Rollo,  though  by  a  great  titlrtfm 

\h  he  was  become  more  formidable,  duc"J>- 
and,  by  the  ufage  he  had  met  with,  more  provoked,  yet 
fcruple  of  declaring  to  the  prelate,  that  he  was 
content  to  treat  upon  the  old  bafis,  provided  the  treaty 
was  fpeedy  and  (incere  '.  Francon,  being  well  inftrucled, 
to  him  three  things;  the  firft  was,  that  he  (hould 
become  a  Chriitian,  that  the  king  might  efcape  the  im- 
putation of  giving  the  pagans  a  fettlement  in  France  ;  the 
fecond,  that  lie  mould  marry  Gifele,  the  king's  daughter, 
by  which  alliance  Charles  might  gain  an  honourable  pre- 
tence of  beftowing  the  noble  country  of  Neullria  as  her 
dowry  ;  and  laflly,  that  he  fliould  do  homage  to  the  king 
in  the  fame  manner,  and  hold  this  country  to  himfelf  and 
his  heirs  on  the  fame  terms  as  the  great  lords  of  France, 
that  it  might  not  be  laid  the  king  paid  greater  deference 
to  aftranger  than  to  the  native  nobility  of  his  realm.  The 
Norman  expreiTed  himfelf  well  fatisfied  with  thefe  offers, 
to  which  he  made  only  one  objection,  that  the  country  of 
Neullria,  though  extenfive,  rich,  and  fertile  in  itfelf,  was 
at  this  time  lb  waited  and  depopulated,  as  not  to  afford 
him  and  his  people  fubfiftence  ;  and,  therefore,  he  de- 
lired  that  he  might  have  fume  other  country  affigned  him, 
for  the  fupply  of  immediate  wants.  This  demand  was 
hard  of  digellion,  and  fomc  affirm  that,  had  it  not  been 
for  the  influence  of  duke  Robert,  it  might  have  Hopped 
the  treaty  m.  The  firft  country  offered  to  Rollo  was  Flan- 
ders, dependent  only  on  the  crown  of  France,  and  then 
in  the  poffeffion  of  a  prince  with  whom  Charles  had  good 
reafon  to  be  offended  ;  lb  that  there  wanted  not  policy  in 
the  oiler;  yet  Rollo  rejected  it,  as  lying  at  too  great  a 
diltance  from  Neullria,  and  being  in  other  refpec.ts  incon- 
venient".    Brctagne  was  next  mentioned,  and  accepted. 

I  Fauchct.    Du  Til!«t.     Le  Gendre.  k  Chron.  Vnr.  An- 

tiq.  '  Guliclm.  Gemeticenf.     Chroniques  ties  Hues  de 

Normandie.  ■  Dudon  de   Moribus  ct  Actis  Norm.  Due. 

"  Chron.  Var.  Antiq. 

a  The 


292  The  Hiftory  of  Fran 

The  preliminaries  being  thus  adjufted,  the  king  and  this 

Norman  prince  had  an  interview  at  Saint  Clair,  upon  the 

Epte,  where,  in    the  pretence  of  the  whole  court,  Rollo 

did    homage,    in    quality  of   duke    of  Neuftria,    to    his 

A.  D.  911.  new  fovereign  ;    but  when  he   came  to  that  part  of  the 

«■        '  •■     ceremony  which  conGfted  in  kneeling  and  making  a  fem- 

blance  of  luffing  the  king's  foot,  he  peremptorily  refufed 

to  proceed.     An  expedient  was  found,  which   was,  that 

one  of  his  guards  mould  perform  his   part ;  but  it  feems 

all  the  Normans  were  bad  courtiers,  for  this  life-guard 

man  tolled  Charles's  foot  fo  high,  that,  if   fome  of  the 

French  lords  had  not  caught  him,  he  and  his  chair  would 

have  been  overturned  ". 

At  the  ce-        ^n   Eafter-day  Rollo  received,  with  great   folemnity, 

remony  of    the  rite  of  baptifm ;  his  old  friend,  duke  Robert,  being 

baptifm        one  of  the  fponfors,  and   bellowing  upon  him  his  own 

changes  his   name.     The  principal  ojheers  in  his  army,  led  by  his  ex- 

vame  to       amp]e    became  Chrillians  likewife,  and,  in  deference  to 
Robert, ana     .  *     '  ,         ...     .  «        ,      -i  r   \  r 

If  Hows        his  couiucls,  entered  readily  into  the  plan  he  propoled  for 

f  regulating  his  new  ft  ate  after  the  model  of  that  of  France. 
hormandy  jje  began  with  eftablifhing  bifhopricks  and  religious  houfes, 
on  which  he  liberally  endowed.     He  appointed  governors  of 

toun  rj.  <jiilridts,  with  the  title  of  counts;  placed  under  them  in- 
ferior magiftrates  •,  and  enacled  fueh  laws,  as  he  judged 
moll  expedient  for  bringing  his  new  government  into  a 
tolerable  condition.  He  was  particularly  fevere  in  pu- 
nifhing  theft,  and  in  the  equal  diftribution  of  juftice, 
which  he  faw  was  the  great  bafis  of'po'icy,  and  without 
which  his  people  mull  have  naturally  recurred  to  their  old 
method  of  living  by  robbery  and  piracy  p.  He  executed 
what  he  had  propofed,  with  equal  expedition  and  fuccefs. 
In  a  very  little  time  that  ruined  and  depopulated  country 
was  not  only  filled  with  inhabitants,  vigilant  and  induf- 
trious,  but  regular  in  their  manners,  and  perfc&ly  obe- 
dient. One  great  caufe  of  this  fuccefs  was  the  re  fort  of 
the  better  fort  pf  Normans,  from  all  parts,  into  his  do- 
minions, who,  weary  of  that  refilefs  and  roving  kind  of 
life  which  they  had  hitherto  led,  very  gladly  came  to  par- 
ticipate in  the  advantages  which  he  had  procured  for  the 
A.  D.  913.  people  under  his  command  c'.     He  complied  with  the  in- 

v-. tended  marriage,  thpugh  very  unequal  in  point  of  years; 

fpr,  at  this  time,  the  duke  was  at  lead  fixty,  and  the  lady 

0  Fauctiet.     Du  Ti!!et.     Le    Gendre.     Gulielm.    Geneticcnf. 
V  Diulonis  tie  Moribus  et  Aftis  Norm.  Due.  9  Gulielm. 

Gqtteticsnf.  Chrcniquss  des  Dues  cle  Norrnajidict 

couhj 


Hi  {I  cry  of  I  ranee.  393 

could  not  be  above  fourteen.     Thus  Charles,  though  fomc 

.  continually   reproached   him  with   it,  faw 

.luchy  of  Normandv,  foi  10  in  honour  of  its  in- 

it  was  ftyled,  thoroughly  fixed,  and  thereby  an 

end  put  to  the  terrors  fo  1  ng  fpread  by  the  Normans  r. 

things  palled  in  France,  there  happened  Ihelineof 
great  alterations  amongft  her  neighbours.     Arnold,  king  CharU* 
of  Germany,  who  alio  atVumed  the  title  of  emperor,  died,  'ja*nJre~ 
and  left  I  vis,  by  the  queen  his  confoit,  who  Charles  the 

eded  him  as  king  of  the  Germans  and  Romans,  and  kingdoms  of 
Zuintiookl,  his  natural  fon,  king  of  Lorrain,  who  would  Girmavj 
difputed  the  whole  fucccffion  with  Lewis;  but  being  a"<f  ltal? 
flain  in  battle,  the  lait  mentioned  prince  added  to  the  reft  ^"Jj.  m  ° 
of  Hs  dominions  the   kingdom   of  Lorrain.      Berenger,  houfes,  and 
whom  the  emperor  Arnold  had  lhut    •  p  in  a  comer  of  t>':attt'Lar- 
JLombnrdy,  tiill  preferring  the  title  of  king,  availed  him-  raw  re- 

h,  and  was  again  crowned  at  Pavia  s.    Lewis,  TT"1*  t0 
the  fon  of  Bofon,  king  of  Aries,  pafled  the  Alps  with  an 
army,  and  met  at  firlt  with  fuch  fuccefs,  that  lie  proa 

If  to  be  crowned    emperor  at  Rome ;  but,  in  the 
I  ■  e  of  four  years,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  Beren- 

out  his  eyes  ;  and  he  dying  not  long  after, 
the  regal  title  was  loft  in  his  family,  Hugo,  count  of 
Aries,  afluming  the  title  of  king.  Berenger,  pufhing  this 
good  fortune,  compelled  pope  John  IX.  to  crown  him 
emperor,  though  he  met  with  great  oppofuion  by  Lam- 
bert, the  fon  of  Guy,  duke  of  Spoleto,  who,  for  a  time, 
bore  the  title  of  emperor,  and  who,  as  fome  writers  fay, 
had  been  alfo  crowned  king  of  France  at  Langrcs  *,  Bur, 
in  the  end,  the  death  of  Lambert  left  him  without  a  rival, 
and  Bcr-nger  had  the  f  bearing  the  lofty  t; 

of  emperor  and  king  of  Italy,  being,  as  we  oblerved,  def- 
cended  by  a  female  from  Charlemagne,  and  the  laft  of  his 
blood  who  enjoyed  fovereign  authority  on  the  other  fide  of 
1  the  other  hand,  the  very  year  that  Charles 
ted  the  new  duchy  of  Normandy,  Lewis,  king  of  the 
Germans,  Romans,  and  people  of  Lorrain,  breatheu 
laft,  and  in  him  ended  the  ;-  ale  line  of  Charlemagne  in 
many.     Upon  which  event,   the  great  lords  of  that 
country  elected  Conrade,    duke  of  Franconia.     But 
people  of  Lorrain,  more  inclined  to  the  French  govern- 
ment,    or  having  Hill   a  high   veneration  for  the  Carlo- 
lingian  race,  refolvcd  to  call  in  the  only  furviving  prince, 

r  Faochet.    Du  Ti'.Iet.    Lc  Gendre.  »  Annal.  Mctenfes, 

i  Du  Chcine,  toin.  ii.  p  585, 

and 


2Q4  y^  Hljiory  of  France. 

and  to  piace  their  crown  once  more  on  the  head  of  Charles 
the  Simple  ",  who  by  this  acquifition  was,  in  fome  mea- 
fure,  indemnified  for  the  ceflion  he  had  been  forced  to 
make  of  Normandy.     His  conduct  fdon  alter  acquainted 
the  world,  how  much  ealler  it  is  to  acquire  kingdoms  than 
to  prefcrve    them ;  more    efpecially    when    countries  are 
cantoned  amongft  a  powerful  nobility,  as  was  the  cafe  at 
this  time  in  Lorrain,  as  well  as  France • 
Charles  de~      Charles,  if  we  may  give  credit  to  the  bulk  of  the  French 
v.lves  all    hiftorians,  had  no  great  abilities  as  a  politician,  much  lefs 
his  power    was  ]ie  capable  of  managing  affairs  in  fo  perplexed  a  fitua- 
on    lsfa~     tion  as  that  in  which  they  then  ftood  ;  but  he  feems  to  have 
ttaganvn     been  feniible  of  this  incapacity,  and  of  fome  thing  more, 
andtieg-      which  was,  that  he  ran  a  greater  hazard  in  trailing  any  of 
UHsiheno-  nJs  nobility,  than  in  relying  on   his  own  parts,  Acini 
J'  they  were.     It  gave  him  therefore  grcac  fatisfa&ion,  when 

he  found. one  Haganon,  a  gentleman  not  diftinguifhed  ei- 
ther by  birth  or  fortune,  upon  whom  he  could  reft  the 
■weight  of  his  affairs  ;  and  who,  though  in  other  reipecls 
he  might  be  deficient,  poffcfffd  two  qualities  that  were  tru- 
ly valuable,  fidelity  and  penetration.  Charles,  who  was 
an  honeft  and  good  man,  had  fuch  an  affection  for  this 
miniiter,  that  he  was  hardly  ever  out  of  his  company,  and 
did  not  keep  up  even  the  neceffary  appearances  of  deco- 
rum for  the  grandees.  Being  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  Henry, 
duke  of  Saxony,  afterwards  king  of  Germany,  came  to  pay 
his  refpects  to  him,  and  for  four  days  fucceihvely  miffed 
of  an  audience,  receiving  continually  the  fame  anfwer, 
"  The  king  is  bufy  with  Haganon,"  which  fo  much  pro- 
voked him,  that  lie  took  his  leave,  with  this  observation ; 
'*  I  make  no  doubt  but,  in  a  little  time,  one  of  thefe  two 
things  will  happen,  either  Haganon  will  feat  himfelf  on 
the  fame  throne  with  Charles,  or  Charles  will  become  a 
private  gentleman  like  Haganon."  The  king  being  in- 
formed of  this  circumflance,  was  forced  to  fend  Hcrve, 
archbifhop  of  Rheims,  to  entreat  the  duke  to  return,  and 
to  endeavour,  when  he  did  return,  to  efface,  by  his  ca- 
reffes,  the  bad  effects  of  his  indifcretion,  which  Henry, 
who  was  truly  a  great  prince,  eafily  overlooked  w 

Amongft  the  great  lords,  of  whom  the  king  and  his  mi- 
nifter  were  moft  jealous,  were  the  two  Roberts,  dukes  of 
Normandy  and  France.  The  former  was  his  fon-in-law, 
but  had  never  confummatedhis  marriage  ;  and,  by  the  ad- 

u  Contin.  Reginon.  Chron.  w  Fragmentum  Gallici  Scrip- 

toria ex  Conrado  Abbate  Urfpergenfis. 

vicej 


of  Frame*  395 

;  [aganon,  he  fent  two  gentlemen  to  his  court  to  The  nobility 
in  eye  on  his  proceedings.     Thefc  the  duchefs  for  a  oj  France 
concealed;  but  at  length  they  were  difcovered,  form  a  re- 
and  tlic   duke,  without  any   ceremony,   hanged  them  as -^?p'r*  °^ 

,  an  execution  which  provoked  Charles  fo  much,  that  char/ef, 
they  were  on  the  point  of  coming  to  a  rupture  \  The  uhich  is 
other  duke  Robert,  out  of  pure  friendfliip,  as  he  would  avoided  by 

it  underftood,  began  holtilities  firit,  and  a&ed  with-  <*  treaty. 
out  icruple  againit  Charles,  fending  envoys  to  the  duke  of 
Normuuly  to  expreis  his  attachment ;  the  Norman  teftify- 
ing  much  gratitude,  they  went  fomew  hat  farther,  and  ac- 
quainted him,  that  their  miller  had  great  connections' 
with  the  French  nobility,  and  doubted  not,  with  his  and 
their  afliftance,  to  depofe  Charles,  and  to  feat  himfelf 
upon  the  throne,  which  his  brother  Eudes  had  formerly 
occupied.  To  this  propofition  they  received  a  very  unex- 
pected anfwer :  the  duke  of  Normandy  told  them,  that 
the  views  of  their  mafter  were  extravagant,  and  that  he 

equally  incapable  of  fufFering  or  afhfting  injuftice; 
which  declaration  calmed  the  inteftine  troubles  of  the  king- 
dom for  fome  time  y.  But  duke  Robert,  having  ftill  the 
fame  object  in  view,  and  the  duke  of  Normandy  being 
took  advantage  of  an  aflembly  of  the  nobility  held 
at  Soiflbns,  and  engaged  the  major  part  of  thofe  who  were 
prefent,  not  only  to  expoltulate  with  Charles  on  the  indig- 
nity offered  to  them,  by  repofing  fuch  entire  confidence  in 
his  minilter,  but  alfo  to  give  him  to  underftand  that  they 
looked  upon  him  as  unworthy  to  be  their  king,  and  that 
they  meant  to  confider  him  no  longer  in  that  light.  After 
this  remon (trance  they  retired  ;  but  through  the  intcrpofi- 
tirvi  of  the  archbifhop  of  Kheims.  and  count  Hugo,  a  kind 
of  treaty  of  pacification  was  concluded  for  a  year,  in  con- 
fluence of  which  Haganon  was  difcarded,  at  leaft  in  ap- 
ace, and  fome  of  the  malecontent  lords  repaired  again 
to  court  z.  However,  this  infincere  compromife  did  not 
laft  long,  as  anfwering  the  intentions  of  neither  party. 

Richard,  duke  of  Burgundy,  a  very  wife  and  very  wor-  At  kneth 
thy  prince,  who   had  always  adhered  to  Charles,  dying,  they  accom- 

malecbntenta  renewed  their  intrigues  ;  upon  which  the  pli/h  their 
king,  looking  upon  the  former  agreement  as  void,  recall-  ProJe3  ond 
eil  1  [aganon,  and  heaped  upon  him  new  favours  *.     The  'v"^",  at 
difudlded  lords  magnified  this  ftcp  as  a  direct  breach  of  R/ieimu 

*  Dud.  lib.  ii.    Aimon.  Hid.  lib.  iv.  y  FlodoardiChro- 

nicon  Append.  *  Flodoardi  Clnonicon.     Ailemari  Chro- 

nicon  Apptnd.    Regin.  Chron,  *  Dupleix.    LeGendre. 

the 


~q6  T'he  Uijlory  of  From?, 

t 

he  convention,  and  taking  arms,  forced  Laon,  where  all 

Haganon's  treafures  were.  Having  diilributed  thefe 
amongft  their  troops,  they  no  longer  kept  any  meafures, 
but,  declaring  Charles  to  be  weak  and  incapable  of  the 
royal  dignity,  proclaimed  Robert,  duke  of  France,  carried 
him  from  thence  to  Rheims,  in  a  kind  of  triumph,  and  there 
the  archbilhop  Herve  feit  the  crown  upon  his  head,  ou  the 
laft  day  of  June.  Charles,  in  the  mean  time  levied  troops 
in  order  to  defend  his  crown,  and  reduce  his  enemies, 
amongft  whom  was  Gilbert,  whom  he  had  made  duke  of 
Lorrain,  though  mofl  of  the  lords  in  that  country  ftill  ad- 
A  D  91a.  hered  to  his  intereft  b.  The  duke  of  Aquitaine,  and  the 
-  lords  in  that  country  declared  for  Charles  •,  but  Roclolph, 

the  new  duke  of  Burgundy,  having  efpoufed  the  daughter 
of  king  Robert,  abetted  his  party  with  great  zeal.  Her- 
bert, count  of  Vermandois,  who  was  a  man  of  parts  and 
power,  defcended  by  the  male  line  fiom  Charlemagne, 
and  who  had  always  boafted  his  loyalty  to  Charles,  de- 
ferted  him  to  join  R.obert,  who,  that  he  might  leave  the 
unfortunate  monarch  no  refource,  went  in  perfon  to  con- 
fer with  Henry,  king  of  Germany.  Having  detached  this 
prince  from  the  interefts  of  his  competitor,  be  returned, 
with  a  full  perfuahon,  that  he  mould  quickly  oblige 
Charles  to  abandon  the  kingdom,  or,  like  Charles  the 
Grofs,  to  accept  cf  a  precarious  fubfiilence,  and  lead  for 
the  future  a  private  life ;  the  only  circumflance  wanting 
to  his  own  eftablifhment  c. 
r,    .  In  order  to  execute  this  plan,  he  aflembled  an  army  un- 

thargw*      dev  the  walls  of  SohTons,  and  having  the  principal  part  of 
the  fords  of  his  lords  about  him,  confulted  with  them  how  thefe  pur- 
hucompeti-  p0fes  might  be  fooneft  eii'ected.    In  the  mean  time  Charles, 
tern''frX'     having  ftill  a  good  body  of  tioops,  but  perceiving  plainly 
kill's  hm  en  ^at  ne  could  not  provide  long  for  their  fubfiftence,  refolv- 
thejpat.       ed  to  make  a  fudden  and  defperate  effort,  and  pnfling  the 
river  Aifne  unexpectedly,  furprifed  Robert  and  his  adhe* 
rents,  as  they  were  going  to  dinner  d.     That  prince,  who 
was  naturally  brave,  immediately  mounted  and  put  his 
troops   in  order ;   but  while  he  encouraged   them   to  da 
their   duty,    and   carried  his  own  (landard   in   his  hand, 
Charles,  who  was  in  the  fir  ft  ranks  of  his  own  troops,  en- 
gaged him,  and  bore  him  to  the  ground  with  his  lance, 
re  he  was  prefently  killed  ;  yet  his  fon  Hugo,   and 
Herbert,  count  of  Vermandois,  not  only  reflored  the  bat- 

b  Aimon.  Hiil.  lib.  v.  *  P.  Fauchet.    P.Daniel.  a  Flo- 

doard:  puonicon. 


The  Hijlory  of  France.  597 

but,  in  the  end,  defeated  the  king's  army,  and  made 

es  mailers  of  his  baggage  :  an  advantage  which 

left  them  at  liberty  to  confult  how  they  might  belt  profe- 

cutc  their  affairs,  and  of  whom  they  lhould  make  choice 

to  fupply  the  place  of  their  late  king  %  the  conltitution. 

:   now   totally  fubverted,  that  the   nobility  were 
come  hereditary,    and  the  crown  elective.     This  action 
happened  on  the    15th  of  June;  and  fomc  fay  the  fhort-  A. D.  913. 
nefs  of  his  reign,  others  his  not  being  univerfally  owned,  ■  -    ■ 
prevented  the  name  of  Robert  from  being  inserted  in  the 

if  French  kings.     The  competitors  for  the  fucceflion 
Hugo,  duke  of  France,  the  fon  of  Robert,  by  the 
filter  of  Herbert,  count  of  Vermandois ;  Herbert  himfelf ; 
and  Rodolph,  duke  of  Burgundy,  who  had  efpoufed  i 

:hc  daughter  of  duke  Robert,  and  the  filler  of  Hugo. 
The  nobility  in  general,  though  they  admired  the  courage 

the  capacity  of  Herbert,  detefted  his  ingratitude. 
Hugo  feeing  the  difputc  lay  between  him  and  Rodolph, 
left  it  to  the  choice  of  his  filter,  who,  defirous  of  being  a 
queen,  declared  for  her  hufband,  and  Hugo,  as  he  had 
promifed,  procured  him  to  be  elected.  Accordingly  the 
crown  was  fet  upon  his  head  at  Soiflbns,  on  the  13th  of 
July  f.  The  few  lords  that  ftill  adhered  to  Charles,  ei- 
ther pleafed  with  the  choice  of  this  prince  for  the  fake  of 
novelty,  or  through  fear  of  being  defpoiled  of  their  eftatcs, 
began  to  drop  a  way  ;  fo  that,  in  a  fhort  tiinc,  Fie  was  as 
much  abandoned  as  Charles  the  Grofs,  his  unfortunate 
coufin,  and  the  victim  of  other  men's  ambition. 

In  this  fituation,  as  weak  as  his  enemies  reprcfent  him,  Rodolph 
he  did  not  fink  into  defpair;  on  the   contrary,  lie  endea-  duke  of 
voured  to  retire  to   William,  duke  of  Normandy,  who,  Burgund* 
like  r,  knew  no  king  but  him  who  gave  him  Iiis  f,e't   a„j 

duchy;  in  which  attempt,  through  the  vigilance  of  Ro-  chariest* 
dolph  and  his  party,  he  was  difappointcd.     This  mifcar-  h  treacht* 

brought  him  fo  low,  that  he  was  obliged  to  apply  ry  im~ 
to  H  ■  5  °f  Germany,  and    to  offer  to  quit  i:  * 

favour  the  claims  he  had  on  the  kingdom  of  I.orrain,  pro- 
he  would  grant  him  his  aUilhnce1.  Henry,  confi- 
dering  how  much  he  was  to  be  the  gainer,  and  how  ho- 
nourable the  enterprize  was  in  itfclf,  determined  to 
dertake  it,  and  began  to  raife  an  army  for  this  purpofe. 
King  Rodolph  began  in  his  turn  to  feel  great  apprehen- 

«  Aimon.  Hilt,   lib.  v.    Adcmari  Chronicon.  f  Glabri 

Rudolplu  Cluniacei.:  .      Hilt,  fui  Temporis.  I  Flo- 

doaxdi  Chronicon. 

£ons, 


qoS  The  Hijiory  of  France. 

flons,  well  knowing  that  the  dukes  of  Normandy  and 
Aquitaine  difapproved  his  election h.  Out  of  this  perplexity 
he  was  delivered  by  Herbert,  count  of  Vermandois, 
who,  dreading  the  reftitution  of  Charles,  fent  deputies  to 
implore  his  clemency,  to  affure  him  of  his  fidelity,  and  to 
defire  that  he  would  march  fuch  forces  as  he  had  about 
3iim  into  his  country,  that  he  might  be  the  better  able 
to  defend  it  againft  their  common  enemies.  Charles  was 
the  more  eafily  deceived  by  thefe  deputies,  becaufe  they 
were  firft  deceived  themlelves,  and  really  believed  the 
count  to  be  in  earned.  He  marched  therefore  into  Ver- 
mandois, with  a  handful  of  troops,  and  was  received  by 
count  Herbert  with  all  poiiible  tellimoniesof  the  moft  pro- 
found refpeei.  At  firit,  however,  the  king  acled  with 
fame  preeaution  ;  but  being  at  length  perfuaded  to  enter 
the  fortrefs  of  Chateau  Thierri,  Herbert,  the  very  fame 
night,  caufed  him  to  be  feized  in  his  bed,  and  then  fent 
one  of  his  a  to  compliment  Rodoiph  on  his  hav- 

ing nothing  to  fear,  fince  Charles  was  a  prifoner  for  life l. 
The  queen  of  this  unfortunate  monarch,  whofe  name  was 
Egiva,  fled  with  her  fori  Levis  to  the  court  of  her  brother 
in  England.  Rodoiph,  having  now  leifurc,  turned  his 
arms  againft  William,  duke  of  Aquitaine,  who  perceiv- 
ing that  he  had  no  afiiitance  to  expect,  thought  it  expe- 
dient to  make  the  heft  terms  lie  could  forhimielf,  and  did 
A.  D.  924.  homage  to  Rodoiph  k.  This  war  was  fcarce  ended,  be* 
■  fore  Rodoiph  found  himfelf  embarked   in  another  againft 

the  Normans  ;  by  which  we  are  not  to  understand  the 
fubjecls  of  duke  William,  but  a  new  fwarm  of  thefe  plun- 
derers from  the  North,  commanded  by  one  Rainold,  who 
fell  into  Burgundy,  and  waited  it  with  fire  and  fword. 
The  king  managed  this  war  but  with  indifferent  fuccefs  ; 
and  after  lying  fome  time  before  their  intrenchments,  was 
content  to  let  them  make  their  efcape  '.  In  this  Hate  of 
things  the  Normans  fettled  in  France  broke  out  into  hof- 
tilities,  on  account  of  fome  injuries  they  had  received  ; 
and  while  Rodoiph  was  employed  in  raifing  an  army  to 
bring  them  to  reafon,  the  great  lords  of  Lorrain  revolted, 
and  fubmittcd  to  the  king  of  Germany ;  which  defection, 
though  Rodoiph  eouid  not  pofiibly  help,  and  in  his  pre- 
fent  circumftances  was  as  little  able  to  refent,  yet  it  lef- 
fened  his  reputation :  for  the  nobility  of  France  were 
equally  jealous  of  the  power  of  their  kings,  and  ready  to 

h  Glab.  Ilift.  fui  Temp.  *  Ibid.  Fauchet.  *  Balazin 

Notis  Append.  Capitular.     '  Flodoardi.  Chron,  Dupleix.  P.  Daniel. 

defpife1 


The  Hiflury  of  France,  399 

defpife  them  if  they  wanted  power ;    and,  on  the  other 
:,  the  lords  of  Lorrain  expected  to  be  better  gratified 
by  tin  n  monarch  for  bringing  him  a  kingdom,  than 

could  he  by  ttodolph  for  preferving  it;  in  whicli  con- 
duct they   wire    chiefly  governed  by  duke  Gilbert,  who 
ery  nearly  allied  to  the  German,  though  he  owed  his 
•  preferments  to  Charles,  agaiuit  whom  he  was  one  of 
nt  that  revolted  m. 
A  bodv  of  Normans  having  made  an  irruption  into  the  Herbertt 
county  ot  Artois,  Rodolph  marched  againft  them  with  his  ^*^a,_ 
forces.     As  lie   approached   them  on  one  fide,  Herbert,  </0l/>  re. 
count  of  Ycrmandors,  with    tlie   whole   ftrength  of  his  hafes 

itcs,  advanced  on  the  other,  and  thus  the  Normans  Charles, 
found  themielves  befieged  in  their  camp  ;  but  as  they  had  a,ldo'uint 
been  always  famous  for  defending  intrenchments  with  the  fgvirejKn. 
utmolt  intrepidity,  the  king  delayed  the  attack,  in  hopes 
of  receiving  fomc  propofitions  from  them :  but  the  Nor- 
mans quitting  their  camp  in  a  dark  night,  attacked  that  of 
the  king,  forced  it,  and  would  have  infallibly  deltroyed 
both  him  and  his  army,  if  the  count  of  Vermandois  had 
not  come  to  his  relief.  In  this  attack  the  king  was  wound- 
cil,  the  oflicer  who  commanded  under  him  killed,  and  his 
forces  were  fo  roughly  treated,  that  he  was  forced  to  re- 
tire with  them  to  Laon,  and  leave  the  Normans  to  live  at 
difcretion,  till,  by  the  payment  of  a  fum  of  money,  he 
procured  their  retreat n.  He  was  chiefly  induced  to  this 
compoiition,  that  he  might  humble  William,  duke  of 
Aquitaine,  whom  he  (lill  regarded  as  his  mod  formidable 
enemy  :  but  when  he  was  ready  to  pafs  the  Loire  with  a 
numerous  army,  he  was  conltrained  to  return,  in  order  to 
I  the  Hungarians,  a  barbarous  people,  who  had  pe- 
.ted  through  Lorrain  to  the  frontiers  of  his  domi- 
nions °.  The  pvefence  of  the  king,  fay  fome,  reftorcd  A.  D.  916. 
peace,  and  engaged  thele  terrible  enemies  to  retire  ;  but  """" ~~~~~~ 
others  infmuate,  that  plunder  being  their  aim,  they  were 
induced  to  retire  by  receiving  a  large  fum  of  money.  A 
domeltie  misfortune  followed  this  tranfa&ion :  the  count 
of  Laon  dying,  Herbert,  who  had  ferved  the  king  (o 
much,  and  whofe  fervices  had  been  fo  well  paid,  de- 
manded that  place,  which  lay  convenient  for  him,  though 
the  deceafed  count  had  left  feveral  children ;  which  fa- 
vour the  king  refufing  to  grant,  Herbert  turned  his  eyes 

w  GJab.  Hift.  An  Temp.     Aimon.  Hift.  lib.  v.  n  Fiodoardi 

Chronicon.  o  Abrege  Chronologique  de  l'Hiftoirc  dc  France, 

torn.  i. 

upon 


4.CO  The  Ulftory  of  France, 

upon  his  royal  prifoner,  and  brought  Charles  again  upon 
the  ftage,  with  all  the  honours  due  to  a  great  prince  p. 
the  death        Hugo,  duke  of  the    country   between   the  Seine  and 
««-  Loire,  flyled  commonly  duke  of  France,  or  of  the  French, 
jo'iunate     iiai]  lately  married  Ethelinda,  the  daughter  of  king  Edward, 
d^(tfT    an(l  l^e  fiftcr  °f  Charles's  confort,  and  therefore  he  en- 
condcap-     tered  readily  into  Herbert's  meafures.     The  next  point  was 
fruity  by      to  engage  the  duke  of  Normandy  to  concur  with  them  ;  for 
the  count  of  tliis  pu  pofe  they  had  an  interview,  in  which  they  con- 
Verman-      (J^^  iiril,  a   marriage  between  Letgarde,  the  count's 
daughter,  and  the  duke,  and  afterwards  a  treaty,  by  which 
they  engaged  to  fct  Charles  once  more  upon  the  throne  of 
France.     As  a  farther  proof  of  his  fincerity,  the  duke,  in 
another  conference  held  at  Eu,  treated  Charles  with  great 
magnificence,  and,  did  homage  to  him  for  his  dominions''. 
This  turn  wasfo  unexpected,  and  their  party  was  become 
fo  formidable,  that  king  Rodolph,  leaving  Emma  his  con- 
fort  in  Laon,  went  into  Burgundy  to  raife  an  army,  with 
which  he  quickly  took  the  field,  as  the  confederates  like- 
wife  did  ;  but  duke  Hugo,  doubting  the  ifTue  of  the  war, 
negotiated  a  treaty  between  king  Rodolph  and  the  count  of 
Vermandois,  by  which  this  laft  was  gratified  in  refpecl  to 
the  county  of  Laon,  orders  being  fent  by  king  Rodolph 
to  his  confort  to  deliver  it  immediately,  with  which  order, 
out  of  a  fpirit  of  womaniih  obllinacy,  fhe  refufed  to  com- 
ply.    This  refufal  rendered  the  reconciliation  more  diffi- 
cult;  for  Henry,  king  of  Germany,  and  William,  duke 
of  Normandy,  infilled  that  Charles  fliould  be  reflored  ; 
and  pope  John  IX.  threatened  the  count  of  Yermandois 
with  excommunication,  if  he  did  not  comply  with  his  en- 
gagements ;  befides,  he  had  given  his  fon  over  as  a  hoftage 
to  the  duke  of  Normandy,  and  was  therefoie  obliged  to 
.A.D  928.  fave  appearances.     "With  this  view  he  called  an  afTembly 
of  prelates  and  great  lords,  in  whofe  prcfence  he  did  ho- 
mage for  all  his  cftates  to  king  Charles  r,  by  which  ftcp 
he  procured  his    fon's  liberty ;    and,   understanding   the 
pope  was  dead,  he  Gammoned  king  Rodolph  to  make  good 
his  treaty.     The  king,  having  gained  Henry  the  German, 
caufcd  the  county  of  Laon  to  be  delivered  up  to  Herbert ; 
fo  that  Charles  was  once  more  abandoned ;  and  Herbert, 
having  dor.e  homage  to  his  competitor,  ihut  him  up  again 
in  prilon  ;  upon  which  the  queen  Egiva,  who,  with  her 
fon,  had  returned  into  France,  withdrew  again,  by  the  ad- 

p  AimoH.  IM.  lib.  v,  q  FIcdoardi  Chronicon.    P.  Fauchet. 

Le  Gendre.        r  Glib.  Hift.  fui  Temp.    Mizeray, 

vice 


Tlh  wt*  40  r 

of  the  duke  of  Normandy,  into  England  ■ :  but 
dolph)  having  no  idence  in  one  who  had  fo  * 

ived  him,  a   tour  to  Rheims,  and  defired 

the  count  oi   V  ndois  would   bring  Charles  thither, 

which  lie  did.     Rodolph  received  him  with  great  rcfj 
and  made  hi  in  very  rich  prefents,  as  ali  the  nobility  and 

ttcs  alio  did,  and,  at  the  fame  lime,  fettled  a  compe- 
tent allowance  for  his  maintenance  ;  which,  however,  he 
did  not  long  enjoy,  fmcehe  died  in  the  cattle  of  Peronnc, 
oil  the  9th  of  Oilobcr  following,  in  the  fifty-firft  year  of  At).  919. 

his  age,  .is  competitor  in  the  quiet  pofleffion  of  . 

his  dominions  '  (iJ). 

This  event  produced  a  great  alteration  in  the  face  of  af-  K'm^Ro- 
fairs. .   Rodolph,  finding  himlelf  more  at  liberty,  refolved 
to  live  and  act.  like  a  king  :  he  purlued  the  Normans  of  the  "w"h  W** 
Loire,  fo  called  to  diftineuifh  them  from  thofe  of  the  Seine,  Jf"r't'  *** 
now  become  a  flourishing  and  fixed  people,  till  he  had  com-  ,0  /,,. 
pelled  them  either  to  quit  the  kingdom,  or  to  betake  them-  tke^nat 
l'dvcsto  fome  fettled  habitation.    In  like  manner  he  viiked  lordt  »f 
the   frontiers,  compelled  fcveral  lords,  who  had  hitherto  lTA"'ce>. 
been  fubjecf.  to  the  kings  of  Provence,  to  do  him  homage, 
conftrained  the  duke  of  Gafcony  to  follow  their  example, 
and  moll  of  the  lords  of  Languedoc,  and  the  countries  ad- 
jacent ;  who  having  enjoyed  independency  fo  long,  were 
very  unwilling  to  ftoop  to  the  yoke.    He  repelled  likewife 
the  Hungarians,  or   Bulgarians,  for  we  find  them  called 
by  both  names,  who  made   a  new   irruption,  and,  in  a 
word,  acled  in  all  refpeefs  in  a  manner  fuitable  to  his  dig- 
nity".    In  thefe  expeditions  he  was  aiiiited  and  fupported 
by  Hugo,  count  of  France  j  but  Herbert,  count  of  Ver- 

'  Aimon.  Dipleix,  P.  D.iniel.  t  Glab.  Hift.  fin  Temp. 

u  Flodoaidi  Chion.     J.  de  Scire*.     Mczeray. 

(B)^Vvc  have  no  m?nrion  French  writers  call  her  Ogr 

made  in  any  of   the   ancient  or  O  ;mc,  the  daughter  of  Ed- 

hiflorians   of"  the  firlt  wife  of  ward,  furnai                         and 

Charles' the  Si  tuple,  by  whom  the  grand-dang'-- 

came  the  !  rifele,  the  Great,!  his 
who efpouft'd  U  ,  only  Ion  I.  de- 
duke  ihtill 
cond  confurc  \  ,  .  Kint 
fitter  to  Beuves,  bifliop  n  .  ot 
Ions,  by  whom  he  had  Her-  i . 
>ncn'                                             -  u  ho  had  lb  long  kept  her  hut- 

.!  Rotrude.   H14 third  band  in  piilln. 
queen  was  Bgiva,  or,  as   the 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  D  d  mandois, 


402  The  Hiftory  of  France, 

mandois,  looked  with  a  very  evil  eye  on  all  thefe  acquifi* 
tions  of  power,  more  efpecially,  as  he  plainly  faw,  that, 
fmce  the  death  of  Charles  the  Simple,  he  was  no  longer 
courted  and  gratified  as  in  times  pall.     In  order  to  con- 
vince the  king  of  his  importance,  he  entered  into  a  league 
with  the  count  of  Flanders,  to  whom  he  gave  his  daughter 
Adila  in   marriage,  with  Gilbert,  duke  of  Lorrain,  and 
Henry,  king  of  Germany,  to  whom  he  did  homage  for 
his  ellatcs  :   upon  which  a  war  enfued  that  lafted  for  many 
years  w.     The  king  did  not  take  part  therein  as  principal, 
but  fuffercd  his  troops  to  act  under  the  authority  of  Hugo, 
duke  of  France,  who  gradually  difjpouefled  the  count  of 
molt  of  the   belt  places  he  held,  inch  as  Eu,  Amiens,. 
*        Saint  Quintin,  Pcronne,  Ham,    Arras,   Chateau  Thierri, 
and,  at  length,  of  Rheims,  which  he  held  in  the  name  of 
his  fon  Hugo,  whom,  by  fraud  and  violence,  he  had  pro- 
cured to  be  elected  archbifhop,  when  but  little  more  than 
five  years  of  age  ;  but  the  king  was  no  fooner  in  poffeflion 
of  that  place,  than  he  promoted  Artaud,  who  was  a  monk 
there,  to  be  archbifhop  of  that  fee  x. 
Tin  death         It  has  been  before  obferved,  that  Herbert  had  great 
avdcha-      courage^  and   capacity,  though  very  little  candour ;  and, 
r°^er  °f     in  the  management  of  this  war,  though  very  unfuecefsful, 
dolph  after  ^e  mcuett  equal  firmnefs  and  addrefs.     He  had  his  emif- 
afhort  and  faries  at  the  counts  of  the  duke  of  Normandy,  the  duke  of 
troubifjome  Aquitaine,  the  duke  of  Gafcony,  and,  in  a  word,  of  all  the 
reign,  great  lotds  who  had  done  homage,  to  Rodolph,  who  were 

continually  whifpering,  that  their  mailer  was  the  cham- 
pion of  the  nobility  of  France,  whofe  title  to  their  eltates 
lay  in  their  poffeiuon,  and  the  power  to  maintain  that  pof- 
feflion  ;  fmce,  if  he  was  once  fubducd,  they  would  foon 
feel  the  power  of  the  victor,  who  would  not  fail  to  chaf- 
tife  and  humble  all  of  them  in  their  turns.  By  thefe 
means  he  derived  fecret  fupplies  and  fuccours,  which  en- 
abled him  to  continue  the  war  as  long  as  he  did  ;  and  he 
not  only  exprefied  great  fortitude  in  the  continuance  of  it, 
but  managed  it  in  fueh  a  manner  as  kept  up  his  reputa- 
tion, both  as  a  great  captain  and  a  confummate  fhtefman  ; 
fo  that,  on  the  whole,  his  character  was  one  of  the  moft 
finguhr  that  Itands  recorded  in  hiftory,  as  at  one  and  the 
fame  time  he  was  both  detefted  and  eltcemed.  At  length 
Rodolph  blocked  him  up  in  Laon,  which  he  furrendered  up- 
on terms  ;  and  then,  beginning  to  feel  himfelf  finking,  and 
gradually  lofing  the  fupports  he  had  hitherto  received,  he 

w  Glab.  Hift.  fui  Temp.  P.  Daniel.        *  Aimon.  Hilt.  lib.  v. 

attempted 


I  Hiftory  of  France*  4OJ 

attempted,  though  without  effect.,  to  reconcile  himfelf  to 
the  king  y.     An  accident  extricated  him  from  thu  dilem- 
ns,  with  a  very  formidable  army,  th; 

rermany  and  France.  The  two  kings  had  a 
i,  at  which  ibme  of  the  great  lords  atiifled,  and 
amongtt  the  reft  Herbert,  count  of  Vermandois.  Henry 
took  this  opportunity  of  reprcfeming  to  Rodolph,  how  in- 
jurious it  was  to  the  French  nation  to  watte  their  forces  m 
thefe  intcftine  difputes  :  and  having  brought  him  to  think 
in  his  way  upon  this  head,  a  peace  was  concluded  under 

.  and  Herbert  once  more  did  homage  to  Ro- 
dolph for  all  his  lands.  The  Hungarians  were  fo  frighted 
by  the  league  concluded  at  this  interview,  that  they  re- 
nounced their  former  defigns,  and  made  an  irruption  into 
Jtaly  *.  Hugo,  duke  of  France,  who  was  in  po  fie  (lion  of 
moll  of  the  places  taken  from  Herbert,  was  very  unwilling 
to  part  with  them,  and  upon  this  the  war  broke  out  again  : 
but  Rodolph,  who  was  not  a  prince  to  be  trifled  with, 
declared  roundly,  that  he  meant  the  treaty  (hould  be  ful- 
filled ;  upon  which  Hugo  fubmitted,  and  the  public  tran- 
quility was  reftored  ;  his  brother  Bofon,  who  had  feized 
the  city  of  Dijon,  dying  of  vexation  foon  after.  The 
king  himfelf  did  not  furvive  him  long  ;  for,  having  ftrug- 
gled  with  difficulty  through  a  dangerous  diftemper  in  the 
autumn,  he  deceafed  on  the  15th  of  January,  in  the  fol-  A.  D.  c^fl. 

lowing  year,  at  Auxere,    in  the   fourteenth  year  of  his  * 

reign  ;  and  leaving  no  iflue,  the  duchy  of  Burgundy  fell 
to  his  brother  Hugh,  furnamed  the  Black".  All  writers 
agree,  that  Rodolph  was  one  of  the  moll  brave,  generous, 
and  prudent  princes,  who  had  reigned  in  that  country, 
and  who  in  better  times  would,  without  queftion,  have 
carried  the  honour  of  the  nation  as  high  as  any  of  his  pre- 
dectflbrs ;  but  it  was  his  misfortune  to  be  continually  in- 
volved in  war,  in  which,  though  he  was  perfonally  for- 
tunate, the  Rate  felt  the  weight  of  every  defeat  b  (C). 

An 

t  GUb.  Hid.  fui  Temp.     Cordemoy.    Chalons.  *  Aimon. 

Hift.  lib.  v.  DuTillct.  Le  GenJre.  •  Flodoardi  Chronicon. 
*  Aimon.  Hilt.  lib.  v.     Mezcray. 

(C)  Some  writers  have  con-  conference  with  Henry,  king 

founded  this  Rodolph,  king  of  of  Germany.     Some    writers 

e  and  duke  of  Burgundy,  fpeak  of  a  former  wife,  which 

with   Rodolph,    king  of  Bur-  Rodolph  had  before  he efpoul- 

gundy,  who  was  contemporary  cd  Emma,  the  filler  of  duke 

with  hiin,  and  prefent  at  the  Hugo  ;  but  by  her  he  had  no 

Dda  iffue  j 


4°4 

The  nobility 
of  France 
in  vite 
Lewis  W. 

Jurnamed 
the  Stran- 
ger, to  re- 
turn and 
nvear  the 
crozvn. 


Lewis  is 
crowned  at 
Laon,  and 

Iter 
finds  hint' 
Je\f  ot'er- 

ned 

n. 


The  Hiftory  of  France. 

An  interregnum  followed  on  the  death  of  Rodolph,  in 
which  the  old  intrigues  were  revived.  Hugo  the  White, 
fo  called  to  diftinguifh  him  from  Hugo  the  Black,  duke  oi 
Burgundy,  who  had  alfo  the  furname  of  Grand,  from  bis 
power,  and  of  l'Abbe,  or  Abbor,  from  his  holding  four 
or  five  great  abbies  in  conjunction  with  his  duchy  of 
France,  had  a  powerful  intcreft,  and  was  beiides  the  fon 
of  a  king  c.  But  he  was  appofed  by  Herbert,  count  of 
Vermandois,  who,  though  he  was  not  able  to  raife  him- 
fclf,  had  yet  influence  enough  to  hinder  Hugo  from  mount- 
ing the  throne.  At  this  juncture,  Athelftan,  king  of  the 
Weft  Saxons,  fent  ambafl'adors  to  William,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, to  intreat  him  to  rcltore  a  nobleman  whom  be  had 
banifhed,  and  to  ufe  his  endeavours  that  the  claim  of 
his  own,  and  the  duehefs  of  France's  nephew,  fhould 
not  be  over-looked  by  the  great  lords  of  France.  Wil- 
liam yielded  to  both  requelts,  and  applied  vigoroufly  to 
duke  Hugo,  befeeching  him  to  confider  how  honourably 
he  might  gratify  his  ambition,  by  beftowing  a  crown, 
which  he  might  find  it  very  difficult  to  feize  ;  and  Hugo, 
without  much  delay,  embraced  the  propofald.  His  con- 
currence removed  all  obilacles,  fo  that  the  nobility  ap- 
pointed a  deputation,  at  the  head  of  which  was  William, 
archbifhop  of  Sens,  to  go  over  to  the  court  of  Athelftan, 
and  invite  the  dowager  of  Charles  the  Simple,  and  her  fon 
Lewis,  to  return.  Thefe  deputies  having  done  homage  to 
the  young  king,  returned  with  him  to  the  court  of  France  ; 
and  his  arrival  put  an  end  to  the  interregnum,  when  it  had 
lafted  five  months e. 

Lewis  the  Fourth,  furnamed  the  Stranger,  in  French 
d'Outremer,  that  is,  from  beyond  the  Jea,  landed  at  Bou- 
logne, but  without  his  mother ;  where  he  was  met  by 
Hugo,  duke  of  France,  and  many  of  the  nobility,  who 
conducted  him  to  Laon,  and  there  the  ceremony  of  his 
coronation  was  performed   with  great  folemnity,  on  the 

c  Flodoardi  Chronicon.  d  Aimon.  lib.  v.  Chron.  Breve. 

«  Flodo.  Chron.  Corclcm.     Mezeray. 


ifTue:  whereas  by  Emma,  or, 
me   call  her,  Emina,  he 
:iad   a   fon,   whofe  name  was 
s,    who,    with     his    mo- 
died  before  him,  as  did 
his  brother   Bofon,    who 
the  whole  blood ;    fo 
:  -.as  fucceeded  in  his 


hereditary  eftates  by  Hugucs 
le  Noire,  i.  e.  Hugh  the  Blacky 
who  was  but  his  half  brother. 
This  monarch  died  at  Auxerre, 
of  the  pedicular  is  morbus  ^  which 
was,  it  feems,  a  difeafe  not 
very  un frequent  in  thofedays. 

20th 


11:e  Hiflory  of  France.  ^Oj 

i  of  June,  by  Artaud,  archbilhop  of  Rhcims,  in  the 
oi  twenty  other  prelates,  and  molt  of  the  great 
).     As  the  young  king  was  but  in  the  leventcenth  \\  ir 
of  his  age,  and  hail  been  bred  up  in  England,  it  was  pre- 
famed  that  he  could   not  be   fufliciently  acquainted  with 
public  affairs  to  direct  them  without  alMancc;  and  there- 
it   was  judged   expedient  to  alTtgn  him  a  tutor ;  to 
which  high  employment  Hugo,  duke  of  France,  was  u:i- 
animoufly  called.     By  his  advice  the  young  king  marched 
with  an  army  into   Burgundy,  ag.iinft  Hugo  the  Black, 
the  brother  of  his  preileceflbr,  who  had  leized  the  town 
of  Langrcs,  and  fuificiently  difcovercd  an   inclination   to 
render  himfcif  independent.     Upon   the  approach  oi"  the 
king  the  place  was  abandoned ;  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
plainly  perceiving  that   he  was   in   no  condition  to  refill, 
fubmittcd  to   divide   his  dominions  with  the  other  Hugo. 
The  king,  young  as  he  was,  difliked  this  mcafure  exo 
ingly,  and  declared  that  he  would  not  a£t  by  the  advice  of 
duke  Hugo  any  longer.    Hugo  rcfigned  with  a  good  grace  ; 
reconciled  himfelf  immediately  to  Herbert,  count  of  Vcr- 
mandois  ;     excited    him    to    take    up  arms ;    and    foou 
after  he  furprifed  Laon,    though  in  the  hands  of  duke 
Hugo.     The   king,  therefore,  found  it  neceiTary  to  ac- 
commodate matter?  with  his  old  tutor;  and  public  tran- 
quility was  reftored.     But  Lewis,  perceiving  that  he  had 
little  more  than  the  title  of  king,  invited  over  his  mother 
i ;    and,    having  formed   a  good  party  amonglt   the 
lords,  refolved  to  emancipate  himfcif,  cod  what  it  would. 

Hugo,  duke  of  France,  was,  beyond  all    controverfy,  Ad*n%tr. 
one  of  the  ablelt  men,  as  well  as  one  of  the  greatefl  ous  civil 
lords,  in  France  :  he  recalled  the  king  out  of  policy,  and  nvar\ 
very  poiTnSW  might  have  no  intention  to  depofe  him ;  but  rt,''"c" 
however  he  let  no  opportunity  Hip,  either  ot  curtailing  reverai 
that  prince's  power,  or  of  augmenting  his  own.     It  was^ar/  thro* 
with  this  view  that  he  entered  into  a  league  with  the  duke  mtrtiufi 
of  Normandy,  the  count  of  Vermandois,  the  count  of  cft°'lvtr' 
Flanders,   and   other  great   lords,    while  Lewis  likewifc 
formed  a  league  cf  fueh  as  were  wcll-afTeftcd  to  him,  or 
jf  the  power  of  duke  Hugo.     The  chief  of 
thefc  ^ack,  duke   of  Burgundy,  Artaud, 

archbilhop  of  Rhcims,  the  count  of  Poitiers,  and  one  or 
two  more.  Soon  after,  Gilbert,  duke  of  Lorrain,  quitted 
nalecontents  ;  and  detaching  himfcif  from  Otho,  king 
of  Germany,  whofe  lifter  he  had  married,  called  in  the 
French  monarch,  who  penetrated  with  his  army  as  far  as 
the  Rhine;  but   Hugo,  duke  of  France,  forefceing  that, 

Dd3  if 


4°6 


A.  D,  941, 


fne  log 

tndea- 
*vours  to 
deprive 
the  young 
duke  of 
No'tnandy 
of  his  do- 
t&iruons. 


The  ITiftory  of  France. 

if  the  king  remained  in  quiet  poffeflion  of  Lorrain,  it 
would  afford  him  a  great  acceffion  of  power,  made  fuch  a 
divcrfion  as  obliged  the  king  to  leave  his  new  conqueftsf» 
Gilbert,  duke  of  Lorrain,  being  defeated  by  the  Germans, 
fell  into  a  river  in  his  flight,  and  was  drowned  ;  upon 
which  Lewis  efpoufed  his  widow  Gerberg,  the  filler  of  Otho, 
king  of  Germany,  though  ihe  had  already  two  children. 
The  confederates,  after  amufing  the  king  with  a  vain  ne- 
gotiation, attacked  Rheims;  and,  having  taken  it,  re- 
placed Hugo,  fon  to  the  count  dc  Vermandois,  and  gave 
archbifhop  Artaud  feme  abbies  by  way  of  equivalent.  En- 
couraged by  this  fucceis,  they  next  laid  liege  to  Laon,  a 
city  Itrong  and  well  fortified,  where  the  king  kept  his 
court,  and  indeed  almolt  the  only  place  that  belonged  to 
him.  Lewis,  being  well  affured  the  place  would  make  a 
good  defence,  went  into  Burgundy  to  r3ife  an  army,  with 
which  he  came  time  enough  to  fave  it;  but  had  the  mis- 
fortune to  be  afterwards  defeated  in  battle.  In  this  dif- 
trefs,  retiring  to  prince  Charles  Conflantine  in  Dauphiny, 
who  was  delcendcd  from  the  kings  of  Provence,  he  re- 
ceived him  with  great  refpetl,  and  promifed  him  all  the 
afiiftance  in  his  power  *.  In  the  mean  time  the  king  ap- 
plied to  {Stephen  the  Eighth,  who  fent  a  legate  into 
France,  with  letters,  requiring  the  great  lords  to  fubmit 
to  the  king,  and  put  an  end  to  the  troubles  with  which 
the  kingdom  was  diftnclcd.  Otho,  king  o'f  Germany, 
confented  to  a  {nice  for  two  months ;  and,  under  the  me- 
diation of  William  duke  of  Normandy,  a  peace  was  con- 
cluded, by  which  an  end  was  put  to  this  civil  war  \ 

The  tranquillity  of  France  was  not  of  any  long  conti- 
nuance; William  duke  of  Normandy,  being  bafely  aflalfi- 
nated,  by  the  procurement  of  Arnold,  count  cf  Fianders, 
and  Herbert,  count  of  Vermandois,  dying  about  the  fame 
time,  things  wore  quite  a  new  face.  Lewis  had  very  juff. 
reafon  to  diilikc  that  family,  and  this  diflike  led  him  to 
think  of  defpoiling  them  ;  but  befides  the  children  of  the 
deceafed  count  being  very  formidable,  and  living  in  ftritSt 
union  with  each  other,  they  were  protected  by  Hugo, 
duke  of  France,  with  whom  the  king  would  not  quarrel1. 
On  the  contrary,  he  was  fo  bent  on  gaining  him  to  his  in- 
terell,  that  he  not  only  confirmed  to  him,  in  the  moft  fo- 
lemn   manner3   the  county  of  Faris  and    the   duchy    of 

'dab.  Hift.  fui  Temporis.  Flodo.  Chron.  Cordemoy.  f  Flo- 
doardi  Chron      Loitprandi  Chron.     Aimon.  lib.  v.  h  Dud. 

Hilt.  Norm.  lib.  iii.     G.  Gernet.  *  Ajmon,  lib.  v.     Coide- 

?npy»  £>y,plei*. 

France, 


The  Hljloiy  of  Fan  407 

ce,  but  likcwifc  beftowed  upon  him  the  other  moiety 

1  f  Burgundy,  and  thereby  rendered  him,  be- 

fon,  more   .'ormidable  than  himieli  ;  a.  (lcp 

rules  ui"  policy,  and  to  the  difpolition  of 

that  hiflorians  are  able  to  account  for  it  no  other- 

ifing  he  made  him  privy  to  hisdefigns, 

and  obtained  hi    content  to  them,     if  this  was  the  tr 

real  appearance  it  was  fo,  it  does  very  little 

ur  cither  to  the  king  or  the  duke;  for  the  defign  of 
Lewi;,  was  to  deprive  Richard,  the  fon  of  duke  William, 

a  child,  of  the  country  of  Normandy.     With  this 

he  detached  fome  of  the  Norman  lords  from  their 
duty  on  one  fide,  while  the  duke  of  France  intrigued  on 
the  other  ;  and  then,  under  pretence  of  correcting  thcie 
diforders,  he  went  in  perfon  into  Normandy,  and  made 
his  entry  into  Rouen,  where  he  was  received,  with  all 
pombic  iubmiilion,  by  Bernard  the  Dane,  to  whofe  care 
duke  William  had  committed  his  fon  k.  The  king,  feeing 
himfelf  punctually  obeyed  in  all  things,  ventured  to  Icizc 
the  perfon  of  the  young  prince,  a  meafure  which  excited 

:ieral  infurreciion  ;  mid  the  king  was  intimidated 
thereby  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  he  brolight  out  the  child  to 
the  populace,  and  allured  them  he  had  no  other  intention 
than  to  breed  him  up  as  his  own  fon.  Having  thus  put  an 
end  to  the  tumult,  he  received  the  homage  of  Richard 
publicly,  and  made  fuch  profeflions  of  kindnefs  to  the 
child,  that  the  Norman:-  fullered  him  to  carry  their  young 
prince  to  Lapn.  He  had  not  been  long  there  before  the 
count  of  Flanders  cau fed  it  to  be  infinuated  to  him,  that 
this  young  prince  being  once  removed,  nothing  could  hin- 
der his  reuniting  that  duchy  to  the  crown.  Black  as  it 
was,  the  king  was  too  much  inclined  to  this  advice;  of 
which  Ofman,  who  was  governor  to  the  duke,  having 
notice,  he  bid  the  child  feign  himfelf  fick.  This  pretence 
creating  fome  confufion,  and  rendering  thofe  about  him 
lefs  watchful,  Ofman,  in  the  difguife  of  a  groom,  bundled 
up  the  boy  in  a  trufs  of  hay,  and,  clapping  him  on  his 
lhouldcr,  carried  him  to  the  ltables  ;  then  mounting  him 
on  a  licet  horfe,  he  carried  him  to  the  eallle  of  Bernard, 
count  of  Senlis,  his  uncle  by  the  mother's  fide,  who  po- 
fi lively  refufed  to  deliver' him  up  either  to  the  king  or  to 
the  Normans. 

In  this  conjuncture,  Hugo,  duke  of  France,  with  fe- 
veral  other  great  lords,  interceded)  on  the  behalf  of  the 

k  Flodo.  Chron.  DuJ.  Hift.  Norm.  lib.  iii.  Glab.  Hift.  An  Temp. 
D  d  4  young 


408  Tke  HJlory  of  France. 

hover-  young  prince,  and  laboured  to  engage  the  king  to  leave 
reached  by  him  in  the  quiet  pofleffion  of  his  duchy.  Lewis,  on  the 
the  Nor-  other  hand,  fuggefted  to  Hugo,  that,  if  he  would  cor.- 
wans,  his  fcnt  tQ  tjie  execution  of  his  fchcme,  he  fhould  have  part 
Uatea,  and  °*  t'ie  ^Pc''"  '^m's  °^r  bad  -it8  effec~t, :  the  king,  at  (he 
htnftif  head  of  a  body  of  troops,  marched  to  Rouen,  where  he 
made  was   received    with   the   mofl   profound   fubmiffion,  and 

f-n/oner.       vvherc  Bernard  the  Dane,  and  his  aflbciates,  who  had  ad- 
miniftered  the  government,  did  not  appear  averfe  to  the 
king's  project,  but  feemedto  litlen  with  fatisfaetion  to  his 
promiit's.     But  duke  Hugo    entering  with  his  forces  into 
the  country  of  Bavcaux,  which  was  to  be  his  by  the  agree- 
ment, Bernard  the    Dane,  and  the  count  de  Senlis,  re- 
prefentcd  to  the  king,  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  whole 
duchy  were  willing  to  become  his  fubjecls,  and  thereby 
prevailed  upon  him  to  fend  an  bider to  Hugo  to  retire ; 
which  he  obeyed  indeed,  but  witli  great  difcontent1.  Soon 
after  Aigrol,  king  of  Denmark,  made  a  defcent  on  the 
coait  of  Normandy.     This   prince,  being  driven   out  of 
his  own  dominions,  had   taken  fhclter  there  in  the  time 
duke  William;  who  having  gencroufly  protected  him, 
he  now  acted  on  behalf  of  his  fori.     Bernard  pretended  to 
/ealoufly  for  the  king,  till,  the  armies  being  near  each 
other,  he  prevailed  upon  him  to  confent  to  a  conference; 
in  which   being  betrayed,  the  French  army  was  fuddenly 
attacked,  and  totally   routed,  with    the  lofs   of  eighteen 
counts  upon  the  fpot,  the  king  himfelf  being  taken  in  the 
purfuit,  and  carried  prifoner  to  Rouen  m.     He  reproached 
Bernard  the  Dane  as   the  author  of  his  misfortune  ;  who 
1  v  calmly  anfwered,  that  deceivers  had  no  right  to  corn- 
it ;  and  that  fulfilling  the  will  of  his   dead, 
and  being  faithful  to    Ids  living  mailer,  he  had    nothing 
wherewith  to  reproach  himfelf.     But,  complaints  avail- 
ing nothing,  the  king  was  forced  to  have  rccourfe  to  in- 
ii  ies. 
Rtitofil  '^^e  cluccn  Gerberg,  in  order  to  obtain  the   king's   li- 

hy  m  tier*  bgTty»  applied  herfell  to  her  brother  Otho,  who  ablolute- 
rnans,hr;s  )y  refufed  to  intermeddle,  beiug  highly  difpleafed  with 
agaiman-  }wr>  brother-in-law's  conduct.  Upon  this  fhe  was  con- 
";'  "~L  „„  ftrained  to  addrefs  herfelfto  duke  Hugo;  who  not  only 
feretd  behaved  towards  her  with  great  reipect,  but  entered  very 
to  yield  ff    zealouuy  into  the  defign  of  procuring   the  king's  liberty  5 


Laon. 


1  Aimon,  lik  v.     C'hroniques  de  Normandie.     Gidielm.  Geme- 
ticcnC         '"  Flodo.  Cbroo,    Cud.  Hift,  Norm.  lib.  ii. 

which 


The  Hi/lory  of  France.  4°9 

h  was  effected  by  a  treaty  with  the  Normans,  upon 
n   that   the  former  grants  of  the  duchy  fhould  be 
and  confirmed,  not  only  by  the  king,  but  by  all 
the  bifhops  and  great  lords  of  the  kingdom  n.     It  Was  far- 
llipulated,  that  two  prelates,  and   one    of  the  kii 
.en,  ihould  tx  for  tlie  due  perform- 

ance of  the  treaty;   and  all  thefc  articles  being  punctually 
i  uted,  the  Normans  delivered  Lewis  out  of  his  capti- 
Lnto  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  France.    But  he  quick- 
und  that  this  was  only  a  change  of  prifons ;  for  Hugo 
him  a  full  year,  nor  would  he  reflore  him  to  freedom 
at  laft,  till  the  county  and   city  of  Laon  were  delivered 
up  to  him,  as  a   reward  for  the   trouble  he  had  taken  in 
•egociation.     Thefc  he  granted  to  the  count  de  Char- 
j  and  thus,  at  the  iflue  of  this  difficult  and  dangerous 
r,  the  king  found  himfelf  in  worle  circumflances  than 
ever*-.     He    had  all  the  refentment  poffible  againft  the 
duke,  but  little  or  no  power  to  make  him  feel  that  refent- 
ment.    He  carried  his  complaints  to  England  and  to  Ger- 
many ;    and   having   prevailed    upon    his  brother-in-law, 
Otho,  to  confent  to  an  interview,  he  offered,  in  cafe  he 
would  enter  into  his  views,  to  make  a  free  ceffion  of  all 
his  rights  to  the  kingdom  of  Lorrain.     That  prince  had. 
other  reafons,  though  that  was  the  avowed  motive,  for 
accepting  of  the    propofition ;    for  duke    Hugo,    ha\ 
given  his  daughter  Emma  to  Richard  duke  of  Normandy,  a  D      6 

become  thereby   formidable  even  to  Otho  himfeli ;   , __^ 

and,  indeed,  it  was  owing  to  the  great  ftrength  of  this 
potent  lord,  and  to  the  methods  he    teok  to    augment  it 
,  that  king  Lewis  found  himfelf  in  a  condition  to  form 
a  new  allianc 

Arnold,  count  of  Flanders,  and  Conrad,  king  of  Bur-  TU  kin^i 
gundy,  entered    immediately  into  this  league,  and  their  of  Germany 
force:,  having  joined  thofe  of  the  two  kir  ied  alto-        j"*! 

gether  a  very  numerous  and  potent  army,  with  which  they  ^jIJj^ 
threatened   abfolute   deilruction   to  duke   Hugo  and  the  gatnM  Juke 
Normans  i.     The  firft  part  of  the  ftorm  fell  upon  the  city  liu^o. 
ofRheims,  which  archbifhop  Hugo,  fon  to  the  deccafed 
at    of  Vermandois,    very  gallantly  defended,  but  at 
:h  was  forced   to   fubmit,  and  to  lunvndcr  at  difcre- 
tion,    and    archbifhop    Artaud 

knigs,  Otho  and  Lewis,  attempted  next  to  reduce  Senlis  \ 
but  the  place  being  ftrong  and  gallantly  defended,  ; 

■  Glab.  Hift.  fui  Temp.  Chroniques  de  Normandir.  Pud.  IFifi. 
Norm.  °  Aimon,  lib.  v.  Gulielm.  Gcmelicenf  Chroniques  dc 
Normandie.  P  Flodoard.  Chron,  *i  Aimuii,  Ililt   lib,  \. 

J>ud.  Hift.  Norm.  lib.  iii.    P.  Faticbet 

were 


4*0  The  Hiftory  of  France. 

were  obliged  to  raife  the  fiege  *.  They  next  entertained 
thoughts  of  attacking  P.iris,  after  ravaging  all  the  duchy 
of  France ;  but  the  count  of  Flanders  perfuaded  them  that 
was  impracticable,  and,  to  gratify  his  private  refentment, 
drew  the  confederate  army  into  Normandy,  under  pre- 
tence of  furprifing  Rouen.  Finding  this  not  to  be  done, 
they  befieged  it,  and,  what  between  the  badnefs  of  the  fea- 
fon,  and  the  fatigue  given  them  by  a  vigorous  refiflance, 
they  were  fo  reduced,  that  Otho  called  a  council  of  his  own 
(  generals,  to  propofe  delivering  up  the  count  of  Flanders 

to  the  Normans,  in   order  to  obtain  their  permiffion   to 
make  a  retreat r.     The  council  rejected  this   proceeding, 
of  which  count   Arnold  had   a  hint.     About  midnight, 
therefore,  his  troops  began  to  march.     The  reft  of  the 
army,  not  having  the  leaft  fufpicion  of  it,  took  them  for  a 
corps   of  Normans  advancing  to  the  relief  of  the  place, 
and,  decamping  haftily,  made  fuch  a  retreat  as   differed 
little  from   a  downrighc  flight,  the  Normans  falling  into 
A.  D.  947.  and  cutting  olFthe  French  in  their  rear.     Next  year  duke 
■    '    ■  ■■■'—  Hugo  befieged  Rheims,  as  the  king  did  Monftreuil,  both 
without   effe£l ;    upon   which    followed   a  truce.      King 
Lewis  had  alfo  another  interview  with  his  brother-in-law 
Otho,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Kar,  then  efteemed  the 
boundary  between  France  and    Lorrain,   as   it  anciently 
was  between  the  kingdoms  of  Aultrafia  and  Neudria'. 
A.  D,  94.8.       In  the  courfe  of  the  enfuing  year  there   was  a  council 
"  •  held  at  Verdun,  in   which  Robert  archbifliop  of  Treves 

fvmttlitkt  prc&kd,  in  order   to   determine  the  perplexed  caufe  be - 
fri^to         tween  Hugo  and   Artaud,  each  of  them   claiming  to  be 
makepeace,   arohbifhop  of  Rheims ;  where  Hugo  was  condemned  for 
contumacy.  The  pope,  however,  fent  a  legate  into  France, 
with  inftruclions  to  call  a  general  council  of  the  bifhops  in 
that  kingdom,  and  in   Germany,  to  determine  not  only 
this,  but  the   more  important  difpute  between  the   king 
and  duke  Hugo.     This  council  was   accordingly  held  at 
Ingelheim,  and  the   two  kings,  Otho  and  Lewis,  affifted 
thereat  in  perfon  ;  and,  in  the  end,  not  only  the  archbifhop 
Hugo,  but  alfo  the  count   of  Chartres,  and   duke  Hugo 
A. B.  94-9.  himfelf,   were   excommunicated:  the  king  of  Germany, 

'  having  furnifhed  a  confiderable  body  of  troops  in  fupport 

of  the  decrees  of  the  council,  took  ieveral  places  f.     Next 
year  the  king  lurprifed  Laon,  but  was  not  able  to  take  the 

«  Flodoardi  Chron.  Cordem,  LeGend.  r  Append.  Reg. 

Chron.  Dupl.  P.  Daniel.  •  Aimon.lih.  v.  P.  Fauchet,  Bou- 

laiivil.  t  Concil.  Ingelli.  apudConcil.  Gall,  torn,  iii.l 

citadel, 


lory  of  France '.  41 1 

,    which,    .it   length,  upon  concluding  a  peace  at 
between    the  king  and  duke  Hugo  for  that 
furrende red  into  his  hands*     The  king  took  A.  D.  950. 
idvantage  of  this  fhort  interval  of  peace  to  make  a  tour  — — — 
into    Aquitaine,    in  order  to  receive   the   homage  of  the 
thofc  quarters,  and  to  difpofe  them,  if  polfi- 
er  degree  of  obedience  than  they  had  hitherto 
;i ;  but  while   he  was  thus  employed,  he  met  with 
misfortunes;  the  11  r  it  was  an  irruption  of  the  Hun- 
into  Champagne,  where  they  committed  intoler- 
able devaluations";  and  the  other  was  the  elopement  of 
mother,  the  queen-dowager  Lgiva,  whom,  not  with- 
:eafon,  he   had  confined   at  Laon,  and  who,  in  his 
fence,    making  her  efcape,  efpoufed,  though  fhe  was 
forty-five  years  of  age,  Herbert  count  of  Troyes,  a  younger  A.  D.  951. 

of  Herbert  count  of  Vtrmandois,  who  had  confined  '     ' 
her  huiband  and   the  king's  father  fo  many  years  in  pri- 
and  was  the  principal  author  of  thefe  confufions  and 
. 
The  quarrels  between  the  two  archbifhops,  as  well  as  The  death 
•  between  the  king  and  duke  Hugo,  were  rather  fuf-  °f  Lewii, 
I  :d  than  compofed  by  the  late  hafty  peace  ;  fo  that  they  ™nJu%  of 
c  out  again  into  frefh  hoftilities.     The  duke,  however,  Hu%o  at 
who  faw  that  nothing  followed  from  thefe  inteltine  wars  thatcriti. 
but  common  deftruction,  confented  to  leave  all  his  claims  {al  Junc' 
in  the  hands  of  his  confort,  who  was  the  queen's  fifter;  ture' 
and  Lewis  readily  following  his  example,  the  two  princeffes 
e  a  firm  and    fettled  peace  x.     This  left  the   king  at 
liberty    to  refume   the  affairs  of  Aquitaine,  and  to  take 
other  itcps  for  the  maintenance  of  his  authority,  as  well 
:  reprefhng  the  Hungarians,  who  had  pufhed  their  ra- 
l  as  far  as  the  country  now  called  Picardy.  But  while 
he  was  thus  employed,  as  lie  was  upon  the  road  between 
Laon  and  Rheims,  and  had  by  chance  ftarted  a  wolf,  as 
he  was  riding  in  full  purfuit  of  the  bead,  his  horfc  (tum- 
bled and   threw  him,  by  which  fall  he  was  bruifed  in  fo 
terrible  a  manner,  that    it    proved    the   oecafion  of   his 
death,  which  happened  on  the    15th  of  October,  in  the    .    n 
nineteenth   year  of  his  reign,  and  the  thirty-third  of  his  *9S*' 

life y.      He  was  interred  at  Rheims,    in  the  church   of 
St.  Rcmy,  and  was  much  regretted  by  his  fubjectc.  Duke 

"  Aimon.  lib.  v.  J.  de  Serrei,  Chalons.  *  Flodo.  Chron. 

Cordcm.  Mtzer.  *  Aimon.  Rift,  lib.  v.   Dupl.  Le  Gend. 

y  Epitauli,  Ladovici  Tr3iifiuariiii,   Flodoaidi  Chron.  Aiinon.  Hilt. 
}ib.  . 


412 


Lolhaire  is 
tro-wned 
king  of 
franct. 


The  Hiftory  of  France. 

Hugo,  whofe  power  was  greater  than  ever,  might  eafily 
have  made  an  advantage  of  this  accident ;  but  either  his 
virtue  or  his  politics  dictated  a  nobler  conduct,  fo  that, 
as  foon  as  he  received  the  news,  he  offered  his  fervice  to 
the  queen-dowager,  and  promifed  to  fee  the  crown  fet 
upon  the  head  ofhereldeft  fon,  who  was  then  in  the  four- 
teenth year  of  his  agez. 

In  dilcharge  of  the  promifes  he  had  made  to  the  queen, 
Hugo  the  Great,  as  he  was  now  commonly  ftyled,  repair- 
ed to  Laon,  attended  by  feveral  great  lords  and  prelates  ; 
and,  having  conducted  Lothaire  from  thence  to  Rheims, 
caufed  him  to  be  there  folemnly  crowned  by  the  archbi- 
fhop  Artaud.  The  king,  in  recompence  of  this  fervice, 
created  him  duke  of  Aquitaine.  Lothaire  refided,  as  his 
father  had  done,  at  Laon,  which  was  at  lead  the  moll  con- 
siderable domain  that  was  left  to  the  crown,  and  fo  much 
the  more  valuable,  as  it  was  a  ftrong  place,  in  which  the 
ibvereign  might  fafely  refide  without  fear  of  being  fur- 
prifed.  The  king  had  befides  fome  other  fmall  eitates, 
and  many  royal  houfes  fcattered  through  his  dominions, 
the  revenues  of  which  ferved  to  defray  the  expences  of  his 
court.  When  he  had  occafion  for  troops  they  were  fur- 
iiifhed  by  his  vaflals,  that  is,  by  fuch  as  were  in  a  humour 
to  furnifh  them  ;  for,  though  they  weie  alike  bound  to  this 
iervice,  yet  if  they  had  any  private  or  particular  war  of 
their  own  upon  their  hands,  had  entered  into  contrary  en- 
gagements, or  were  not  difpofed  to  obedience,  they  made 
very  light  of  the  commands  of  a  king,  who  was  not  in  a 
condition  to  punifh  their  contempt  of  them.  This  was 
the  cafe  more  efpecially  of  the  great  lords ;  fuch  as  the 
counts  of  Paris,  of  Vcrmandois,  of  Flanders,  and  feveral 
others,  who  were  each  of  them  richer  and  more  powerful 
than  their  mailer3. 

Next  fpring  Hugo,  duke  of  France,  came  with  a  pow- 
erful army  to  Laon,  in  order  to  carry  the  young  king  into 
Aquitaine,  to  eftablifh  him  in  his  new  dignity,  which  hi- 
therto had  been  poffefied  by  the  count  of  Poitiers,  who 
oppofed  him,  in  conjunction  with  many  of  the  nobility, 
fiugo  thereupon  laid  clofe  fiege  to  the  place,  and  made 
himfelf  mafter  of  a  fortrefs  that  was  built  to  cover  it ;  but 
finding  the  city  made  a  ftronger  refillance  than  he  expect- 
ed, and  being  intimidated  by  a  clap  of  thunder  that  broke 
over  his  tent,  he  thought  fit,  at  the  end  of  two  months, 


2  Flodo.  Chron.  P.  Fauchet,  Du  Tiller,  Dupl.  Le  Gendre. 
Gend.  Dup'.  Boulanvil. 


*  Le 


ft 


The  Hi/lory  of  France,  413 

to  raifc  the  fcge  b.     The  count  of  Poitiers  intended,  with 

k   him   in   hit  retreat;  of 
1 11  jx  intelligence,  (hewed  his  mili- 
Qrill  in  di. poling  his  troop-  in  wider  of  battle,  and  ad- 
vancing to  meet  him.     The  difpute  was  fhort  and  bloody, 
but   in   the   end   the  count  was  defeated,  and    nude  his 

reat  difficulty6.     Next  year  this  great  man  A.  D. 95$ 

,  who,  without  wearing  the  crown,  had  lor  the  heft   ' 

part  of  his  life  held  the  fupreme  power  in  France,  being 
the  ion,  and,  as  it  afterwards  proved,  the  father  of  a  king, 
and  brother-in-law  to  three  kings  (t).     lie  left  his  eldeft 

fon, 


»»  Florlo.  Chron.  Du  Tillct,  Mezeray. 
P.  Fauchet,  P.  Daniel. 


c  Aimon.  lib.  v. 


(E)  The  courage  and  con- 
duct of  duke  Hugo,  joined  to 
his  hereditary  cllates  and  illuf- 
trious  defcent,  naturally  gave 
him,  more  efpccially  cunfider- 
the  times  in  which  he  liv- 
ed, that  extenfive  influence, 
of  which  the  reader  has  fecn  fo 
many  initances  in  the  text. 
He  was  the  fon  of  king  Ro- 
bert, who,  while  he  held  the 
interior  title  of  duke,  is  allow- 
ed to  have  fixed  the  Normans 
in  Fiance  ;  tor  which  reafbn 
the  princes  of  that  line  had  al- 
>m  tor  his 
family.  This  duke  was  like- 
wife  the  nephew  of  Eudes,  or 
Otho,  king  or  regent  of  France, 
in  the  minority  of  Charles  the 
Simple.  Both  thefc  kings, 
Eudcs  and  Robert,  were  the 
(bus  of  Robert  le  Fort,  count 
of  Anjou  and  duke  of  France, 
under  the  reign  of  Charles  the 
y,  ef- 
poufed  his  filler.  Some  will 
his  Robcit  to  have  been 
of  a  Saxon  family,  and  others 
of  an  Italian.  An  attempt  has 
been  made  to  trace  his  genea- 
logy from  Clodian,  and  confe- 
qucntly  from  Pharamond.     It 


is  very  certain,  that  he  war, 
by  his  mother,  defended  from 
Charlemagne,  fince  flie  was 
the  daughter  or  Herbert,  th« 
firlr  count  of  Vermandois,  the 
fon  of  Pepin,  the  fon  of  Ber- 
nard king  of  Italy,  who  was 
the  grand  (on  of  that  monarch. 
He  was  alfo  great  in  point  of 
alliances ;  king  Rodolph  was 
his  brother-in-law  ;  the  potent 
and  rcftlefs  count  of  Verman- 
dois married  his  aunt,  and 
they  were  cou fin-Germans  be- 
fore by  the  mother's  fide  ;  the 
counts  of  Chart  res  and  Angou- 
leme  wcia  likewife  his  cou- 
fins.  The  great  influence 
arifing  from  thefe  connexion! 
he  maintained  and  augmented 
by  his  marriages  ;  his  firfl  con- 
fott  was  Judith,  faid  to  be  the 
grand-daughter,  by  the  mo- 
ther's fide,  of  Charles  the 
Bald.  His  fecond  was  Ethe- 
lindi,  the  daughter  of  Ed 
the  Elder,  and  filler  to  Athcl- 
ftan,  king  of  the  Wert  Saxons, 
ither  of  thefe  had  he  any 
iflue.  He  therefore  efpoufed 
Hadwiga,  or  Avoya,  of  Sax- 
ony, daughter  to  Henry  the 
ler,  kine  of  Gefnnnv, 
fiftet 


414  >¥&e  Hi/lory  of  France. 

fon,  Hugh  Capet,  efpecially  recommended  to  the  cafe  of 
Richard  duke  of  Normandy,  as  he  was  then  but  fixteen 
years  of  age,  and  his  other  three  fons  were  in  their  in- 
fancy, and  under  the  tutelage  of  their  mother,  who  was 
a  fitter  to  the  qucen-dowager.  This  precaution  did  not 
hinder  great  difputes  between  them,  which  might  have 
been  attended  with  untoward  confequenccs,  if  it  had  not 
been  for  the  influence  of  Bruno,  archbifhop  of  Cologne, 
brother  to  both  thefe  princeiTes,  and  uncle  as  well  to  the 
children  of  the  duke  of  France  as  to  the  king'1. 
AD.  959.       This  great  prelate  was  entrulted  by  his  brother,  the  em- 

~ peror,  with  almoft.  fovcreign  power  in  Lorrain  ;  and  that 

Kin^Lo-      ^e  mjght  have  a  title  fuitable  to  his  dignity,  that  of  arch* 
makes tvar  <hike  was  devifed  in  his  favour,  which  is  the  firft  time  that 
en  the  duke  we  meet  with  any  mention  of  this  honour.     It  was  by  his 
«/  Ar"--        influence  over  the  children  of  duke  Hugo,  that  the  two 
manJj;.        eldeft,  as  foon  as  they  had  attained  to  proper  age,  went 
to  the  court  of  Lothaire,  and  did  homage  for  their  lands, 
which  ftop  wars  io  acceptable  to  the  monarch,  that  he  be - 
flowed  on  Hugh,  the  eldclt,  afterwards  fumamed  Caper, 
the  title  of  duke  of  the  Franks,  which  his  father  had  en- 
joyed, as  alfo  the  county  of  Poitiers  ;  that  is,  he  gave  him 
leave  to  get  into  poffeffion  of  it  as  foon  as  he  could  ;  and 
intitlcd  the  younger,  Henry,  duke  of  Burgundy,  in  hopes 
of  attaching  them  to  his  intcreft.  'in  this  particular,  per- 
haps, he  acted  wifely ;  but  his  conduct  towards  the  duke 
of  Normandy  does  not  deferve   the   like  commendation. 
Arnold,  count  of  Flanders,  and  his  fon  Baldwin,  Thibaut, 
furnamed  the  Trickfter,  count  of  Chartres,  and  Geoffrey 
count  of  Anjou,  perfuaded  him  to  make  a  fcandalous  at- 
tempt on  the  peribn  of  duke  Richard,  by  inviting  him  to 

d  Flodo.  Chron.  Dud.  Hift.  Norm.  lib.  iii.  Boulanvil. 

lifter  to  the  emperor  Otho  the  the  duchy  of  Burgundy,  part 

Great,  and  to  Gerberg  queen  of  which,  as  far  as  the  Saonnc, 

of  France.      He   had  by  h«r  he  claimed  by  defcent,  he  held 

Hugh    Capet,    Otho,     Eudes,  alfo  the  duchy  of  France,  which, 

and  Henry,  fucceflively  dukes  befides  the  two  great  cities  of 

of  Burgundy  ;  and  two  daugh-  Paris    and  Orleans,     compre- 

ters,    Beatrix,    who     efpoufed  hended  the  counties  of  Gafli- 

Frederick  duke  of  the  Upper  nois,  Chartres,  Perche,  "Blois, 

,  Lorrain,  and  Emma,  who  be-  Tours,     Anjou,    and    Maine, 

came  the  wife  of  Richard  the  together  with  the  lands  of  So- 

Firft,     duke    of    Normandy,  logne,  at  leaftas  much  of  them 

Nor  was  he  lefs  confiderable  in  as  lay  in  the  Orleannois. 


point  of  property  ;  for,  befides- 


a  con- 


.  of  France.  415 

a  conference,  where  he  was  to  have  been  feized,  that  the 
king  might  have  an  opportunity  of  re-anncxing  thacnoblc 
rathe  crown;  into  which  fnare  the  duke  would 
certainly  fallen,  if  it  had  not  been  for  two  knights 
belonging  to  the  count  dc  Chartres.  They,  meeting  him 
upon  the  road,  informed  him  of  what  was  intended  againlt 
him,  and  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  retiring  in  time ; 
for  which  intelligence  he  was  fo  grateful  as  to  reward  the 
one  with  his  fword,  and  the  other  with  the  gold  chain 
which  he  wore.  The  king,  finding  the  plot  had  mifcar- 
vicd,  disavowed  it  in  very  high  terms,  fummoned  the  duke 
to  do  him  homage,  and  laid  a  new  fcheme  for  furprifing 
him.  But  Richard  took  fuch  precautions,  that  this  alfo 
failed  ;  and  Lothaire  and  his  confederates  perceiving  that 
nothing  could  be  done  by  fraud,  had  recourfe  to  force, 
and  invaded  his  dominions,  but  with  no  great  fuccefs.  In 
the  courfe  of  the  war,  however,  the  duke  of  Normandy 
found  himfclf  fo  much  prefled,  that  lie  was  conftrained  to 
fend  forfuccouis  to  Denmark;  which  brought  a  fleet  and 
army  of  Pagans  into  France,  who  committed  molt  griev- 
ous ravages.  Thefe  fo  irritated  the  clergy  againlt  the 
count  de  Chartres,  who  was  confidered  as  the  author  of 
thefe  difturbances,  that  they  threatened  him  with  excom- 
munication, and  endeavoured  to  negociatc  a  peace  with 
duke  Richard,  without  alking  the  king's  confent*. 

The  count,  however,  was  before  hand  with  them.    He  Peace  cwt- 
fent  privately  to  duke  Richard,  o tiering  to  go  to  Rouen  clu^ , 
upon  a  fafe-condu£t   from  him;  which  promife,    having  Normans* 

obtained,  he  readily  performed.  There  propofing  to 
reltore  Evrcux,  which  the  king  had  taken  and  bellowed 
upon  him,  a  peace  was  fpeedily  concluded,  and  not  long 
alter  all  points  in  difpute  with  the  king  were  likcwiie  ad- 
j lifted  ;  yet  thefe  treaties  did  not  produce  immediately 
that  tranquility  which  might  have  been  expected  from 
them.  The  Normans  lately  arrived  from  Denmark  form- 
ed a  confiderable  body  of  troops,  and  had  a  great  navy 
upon  the  coait,  ready  to  attend  their  motions.  They  to- 
tally difapproved  this  conduct  in  duke  Richard,  aflirming 
that  they  did  not  come  into  Trance  purely  for  his  fervice, 
but  alfo  for  their  own,  and  in  order  to  carve  out  for  them- 
felvts  a  fettlement  by  force  of  arms.  The  duke  made  ufe 
of  fair  words  to  pacify  them,  and  at  length  brought  them 
to  agree  to  leave  behind  fuch  as  were  difpofed  to  embrace 

-  Dud.  Hilt.  Norm.  lib.  iii.  Cnlie).  Gemetic;n<".  Chroniqucj  de 
:  tnandic. 

the 


/\\G 


A.  D.  97c. 


Otho  the 
Second 
gives  the 
Auchy  of 
Lor  rain  to 
Charles 
the  brother 
ef Lothaire. 


y he  Ii'ylury  of  France'. 

the  Chrifliaii  religion,  for  whom  he  was  in  an  ample  rrratr* 
ner  to  provide  ;  and  that  the  reft,  before  their  return  home, 
mould  each  of  them  receive  a  confiderable  fum  of  money, 
in  compenfation  of  that  plunder  which  they  might  other- 
wife  have  made.  Thus  both  the  kingdom  and  the  duchy 
were  {tripped  of  a  vaft  fum  in  order  to  get  rid  of  thefe 
troublefome  invaders  f. 

This  war  was  no  fooner  extinguifhed  than  there  broke 
out  another  againft  the  young  count  of  Flanders,  grand- 
fon  to  Arnold,  from  whom  the  king  was  defirous  of  tak- 
ing a  part  of  his  lands.  The  duke  of  France,  Hugh  Capet, 
and  his  brethren,  who  were  fucceffively  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy, affilted  the  king  powerfully  in  his  expeditions. 
At  length,  by  the  interpofition  of  the  duke  of  Normandy, 
when  much  blood  had  been  lhed  on  both  fides,  peace  was 
made,  and  the  young  count  of  Flanders  received  all  the 
places  of  which  he  had  been  fpoileds.  The  king,  to 
llrengthen  himfelf,  as  well  as  to  fecure  the  fuccelhon, 
cfpoufed  Emma,  the  daughter  of  Lothaire,  king  of  Italy, 
and  gave  his  filter  Matilda  to  Conrade,  king  of  Burgundy, 
and  took  other  fteps  for  reviving  and  fuftaining  the  houfe 
of  Charlemagne;  though  thefe  endeavours,  as  we  (hall 
fee  hereafter,  proved  ineffectual,  notwithstanding  that 
at  this  time  his  power  was  far  fupcrior  t&  that  which  either 
his  father  or  his  grandfather  had  enjoyed,  the  dukes  of 
France  and  Burgundy  adhering  as  iteadily  to  him  as  their 
anceftors  had  been  obitinate  indiltreflinghispredeeeilbrsh. 

The  kingdom  remained  in  quiet.  Lothaire,  by  a  pru- 
dent management  of  the  prerogatives  (till  left  in  the 
crown,  found  means  to  augment  his  own  authority,  and 
to  diminifh  the  power  of  the  nobility,  by  involving  them 
in  wars  with  each  other-,  and  when  they  were  fufficiently 
weakened,  acting  as  a  mediator.  In  procefs  of  time  an 
opportunity  feemed  to  offer  for  extending  this  fort  of  po- 
licy beyond  the  bounds  of  France,  and  Lothaire  was  re- 
folved  not  to  let  it  flip.  The  country  of  Lorrain  had  been 
long  in  difpute  between  the  kings  of  France  and  Germany; 
the  lords,  who  were  in  actual  poffeffion  of  this  great 
country,  were  more  inclined  to  pay  their  homage  to  the 
defcendents  of  Charlemagne  than  to  the  kings  of  Germany; 
and  Gnce  the  death  of  the  archduke  Bruno,  and  of  his 
brother  the  emperor  Otho,  they  thought  themfelves  much 


f  Flod.  Chron.  Aimon,  lib.  v.  Dud.  Witt.  Norm.  lib.  iii. 
liebn.  Gemet.  lib.  iv.  Flodo.  Chron.  Dud;  Hilt.  Norm. 
&  Glab.  Hilt,  fui  Temp.  Aimon.  lib.  v. 


sGu* 
lib.  iii. 


more 


flory  of  i  417 

more  at  liberty  to  difcover  their  alFeclions  than  before, 
very  willing  to  encourage  this  difpofition,  v.s 
he  inherited  from  his  muthcr  very  confiderable  eflates  in 
that  country  ;  and,  that  thefe  might  the  better  anfwer  1  is 
purpole,  he  refigncd  them  to  his  brother  Charles,  who, 
by  efpoufing  the  caufe  of  every  turbulent  lord  in  Lorrain, 
and  fetting  up  for  the  protector  of  thofe  who  had  been  de- 
prived of  their  eflates  by  the  archduke  Bruno,  threw  Lor- 
rain into  confufion,  and  paved  the  way  for  effecting  what 
his  brother  defircd1.  Otho  the  Second,  who  had  many 
troublefomc  affairs  upon  his  hands,  difecrned  very  clearly 
the  purpofes  of  both  the  brothers  ;  who,  notwithiianding, 
would  have  been  far  lefs  formidable  enemies,  if,  in  all 
their  attempts,  they  had  not  been  abetted  by  Hugh  Capet ; 
and  to  make  himfelf  eafy,  and  to  difappoiot  them,  Otho 
offered  the  duchy  of  the  Lower  Lorrain  to  Charles,  on 
no  harder  conditions  than  that  of  doing  him  homage; 
which  lie  readily  accepted,  to  the  irretrievable  injury  of 
his  brothefs  affairs  j  for,  by  this  condefcenfion,  the  point 
in  difputc,  that  is,  the  homage  for  Lorrain,  was  given  i:p 
to  Otho,  and  the  French  looked  upon  the  honour  of  the 
crown  to  be  fo  much'alFccled  thereby,  that  their  indigna- 
:  >  Charles  grew  to  fuch  a  height  as  could  never  be  ap- 
peafed  k. 

Lothaire,  exceedingly  provoked  a«-  this  refined  fpecimen  A.  D.  97S. 
of  policy,  by  which  the  benefit  conferred  upon  his  bro-   — — — — 
ther  reflected  fuch  difcredit  upon  himfelf,  refolved  to  vin-  "*'  *-'7? 
■  •  h:s  claim  to  Lorrain  by  arms.    In  purfuance  of  this  W*,JV_ 
project,    which    was  equally  acceptable  to   the  nobility  Cll,t  iut 
and  the  nation,  he  marched   with   a  numerous  army  to  lUsb?a 
Metz,  the  gates  of  which  were  opened  on  his  firft  appear-  tr<wj- 
ance.     Having  received  the  homage  of  many  of  the  nobi- 
lity, he  profeeuted  his  defign,  and  marched  with  all  pofD- 
ble  expedition  to   Aix  la  Chap  re  Otho  kept  his 

court  in  all  manner  of  fecurity,  and  where  he  was  fo  near 
•  1,  that  he  left  his  dinner  jult  as  it  was  placed 

upon  the  tabic.  Lothaire  plundered  the  palace  of  all  his 
rich  moveables,  fpoiled  all  the  adjacent  country,  and  re- 
turned home  '.  Otho,  breathing  nothing  but  revenge  for 
for  fuch  an  afFront,  entered  France  id  the  autumn  wita 
an  army  of  fixty  thoufand  men,  and  advanced  as  far  as 
the  gates  of  Paris,  waiting  all  the  country  before  him 

1  Flodo.  Chron.  Chron.  Nangii,  P.  Daniel.  k  Aimon.  lib*  v. 

berti  Chronicon.  Le  Gendre.  1  dab.  Hiit.  fui  Tem- 

purij,  Chron.  Nangii,  Cordctnoy. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  E  e  with 


41 8  $he  Hljlory  of  liwiiic. 

with  fire  and  fword.  But  when  he  came  to  retire,  Hugh 
Capet,  and  Geoffrey  count  of  Anjou,  followed  him  with 
a  confiderable  body  of  troops,  harrafTed  his  forces  exceed- 
ingly, and-cut  off  fuch  numbers  in  their  paffing  the  river 
Aifme,  that  the  dream,  being  choaked  with  dead  bodies, 
overflowed  the  adjacent  country.  Next  year  Otho  came 
to  Rheims,  and  concluded  a  peace  with  king  Lothaire,  by 
which  he  was  left  in  poffeffion  of  Lorrain  \  but,  as  the 
French  authors  fay,  was  content  to  hold  it  as  a  fief  of  the 
crown  of  France.  However  that  might  be,  this  is  very 
certain,  that  the  French  lords  were  highly  difpleafed  with 
this  treaty,  which  altered  the  opinion  they  had  hitherto 
entertained  of  their  king,  who,  inftead  of  embracing  this 
opportunity  of  retrieving  the  falfe  ftep  he  had  made,  ran 
into  a  Itill  greater,  by  attaching  himfelf  more  clofely  than 
AD.  980.  ever  to  the  intereits  of  Otho,  and  thereby  heightening  that 

■ diftafte  which  the  French  nobility  had  conceived  againft 

him  m. 
TheJeath  Otho  dying  about  four  years  after,   in' Italy,  Lothaire 

ofLothairt,  undertook  the  defence  of  his  fon,  Otho  the  Third,  againft 
ivho,  h  Henry  duke  of  Bavaria,  who  laboured  to  deprive  him  of 
fome,  u  tjie  kipgdom  0f  Germany.  This  pretence  gave  the  French 
have  been  monarch  an  opportunity  of  making  a  frefh  irruption  into 
poifoned  Lorrain,  where  he  became  mailer  of  Verdun  ;  it  appears 
byh<$  alfo,  that  he  made  art  attempt  upon  the  city  of  Cambray, 

quetn.  ;„  wnjcn  he  mifearried,  through  the  oppofition  given  him 

by  his  brother  Charles,  who  was  in  arms  on  the  fide  of 
the  Germans".  The  'prudence  and  fpirit  he  (hewed  in  the 
latter  part  of  hi;;  reign  reftored  his  credit  in  a  great  de- 
gree, and  brought  the  great  lords  in  his  dominions  to  treat 
him  with  the  refpeel  due  to  their  fovereign,  and  to  ac- 
quiefce  in  his  afibciating  his  fon  Lewis  in  the  government. 
But  at  the  time  when  his  affairs  were  in  the  belt  pofture, 
and  when  he  was  rooft  capable  of  turning  things  to  his  own 
advantage,  and  to  that  of  his  family,  hewas-unfortunately 
removed  by  death;  which  happened  at  Rheims  on  the 
A.  D.  986.  fecond  of  March,  in  the  forty-fixth  year  of  his  age,  and 
in  the  thirty-fecond  of  his  reign0  (F).     Some  fufpicions 

of 

«"  Adem.  Chron.  Chron.  Nang.  Dupl.  r  Glab.  Hift.  foi 

Tcmporis,  C'oidcin,  P.  Daniel.  °  Aimon.  Hift.  lib.  v. 

(F)    Mezeray    fays   of  this  a  prince  of  great   virtues,  he 

prince,  that  he  was  brave,  ac-  deferved  to  live  in  better  times. 

rive,  and  very  attentive  to  his  The  count  de  Boulainvilliers 

affairs ;  adding,  that,  as  he  was  owns,  that  he  was  active  and 

,  war- 


The  Hiflory  of  France.  419 

of  his  being  poifoned  by  the  queen  were  countenanced  by 
his  brother  Charles,  duke  of  Lorrain,  who  loir,  no  oppor- 
tunity of  fpreading  reports  to  the  prejudice  of  her  reputa- 
tion :  but  the  tendernefs  and  aiYe<£f.ion  fhe  always  ex- 
prefled  for  the  perfon  of  her  hufband,  is  a  ftrong  pre- 
sumption that  the  charge  was  without  foundation. 

Lewis  the  Fifth,  upon  whom  fome  writers  bellow  the  S.'iort  reign 
opprobrious   name  of  Faineant,  was,  at  the   time  of  his  an.ifaAcnd 
father's  deceafe,  in  the  nineteenth  year  of  his  age,  and,  as  °iLel'wJs  ^' 
the  writers  of  thofe  times  fay,  committed  by  his  father,  in  monarch  of 
Ids  hit  moments,  to  the  care    of  Hugh  Capet,  who  had  the  line  of 
ferved  him  faithfully  during  his  whole  reign.     With  his  CharU- 
alliftance  he  fucceeded  to  the  throne,  and  the  nobility  re-  magne. 
newed  their  oaths  of  fidelity.     His  fliort  reign  was  a  con- 
tinual fcene  of  tumult  and  trouble.     He  quarrelled  imme- 
diately with  the  queen-dowager;  and,  upon  fome  difference 
with  the  archbiihop  of  Rheims,  who  was  a  Lorrainer  by 
birth,  furprifed  that  city,  not  without  confiderable   effu- 
fion  of  blood :  he  alfo  chafed   the  bifhop  of  Laon  out  of 
the  kingdom,  whom  he  reproached  with  being  his   mo- 
ther's gallant  p.     That  princefs  was  fupported  by  the  Ger- 
man court,  and  Otho  the  Third  was  on  the  very  point  of 
declaring  war  againft  the  monarch  of  France,  when  Bea- 
trix, the  fi iter  of  Hugh  Capet,  and  the  confort  of  Frede- 
rick of  A! face,  duke  of  Upper  Lorrain,  interpofed.   Com- 
ing to  pay  that  prince  a  vilitatCompeigne,  they  prevailed 
upon  him  to  go  to  Montfaucon  ;  where,  in  a  conference, 
at  which  was  prefent  the  queen-mother,  Charles  duke  of 
Lorrain,  the  king's   uncle,   Henry  duke   of  Lorrain,  and 
the  emprefs-dowager,  all  things  were  for  the  prefent  ad- 
iufted  "J.     It  is  highly  probably  this  pacification  would  have 
been  of  no  long  continuance,  if  the  king  had  lived  ;  but  it 
is  allowed,  that  the  queen  his  wife  did  for  him  what  the 
duke  of  Lorrain  charged  the  queen-dowager  with  doing 
for  his  father;  that   is,  (lie  poifoned  him,  when  he  had 
reigned  a  year  and  two    months  (G).     Some  writers  fay, 

that 

p  Aiirv>n,  lib.  v.     Cordem.  P.Daniel.  s  Ailem.  Chron. 

P.  Fauchet. 

warlike,  but,  at  the  fame  time,  and  his  power.     His  ambition 

perfidious,  as  all  the  princes  of  was  great,  and  his  means  were 

that  age  were.  In  reality,  what  li: 

fecmed  to   be   the  greateft  er-  (G)  It  is  agreed  on  all  hands, 

rori  in  this  monarch's  admini-  that  tins  Lewis  V.   was  but  a 

H ration,  flowed  from   the  vaft  weak  young    prince.     In    his 

(^proportion  between  his  parti  father's  life-time   he  married  a 

E  e  2  lady, 


%10  The  Hi/lory  of  France. 

that  he  died  on  the  22d  of  June r  •,  hut  this  fact  is  not  cer- 
tain, any  more  than  that  he  bequeathed  the  crown  to 
Hugh  Capet,  as  a  perfon  to  whom  he  had  been  more 
obliged  than  to  any  of  his  own  family.  Be  that  as  it  may, 
this  prince  was  the  laft  of  the  houfe  of  Charlemagne, 
which  poflefied  the  throne  between  two  hundred  and 
thirty  and  two  hundred  and  forty  years  (H). 


SECT.     VI. 

The  Reigns  of  Hugh  Capet,  Robert,  Henry  I.  Philip  L 
Lewis  VI.  furnamed  the  Fat,  and  Lewis  VII.  the 

Young. 

AcceJJion  of  'THE  character  of  Hugh  Capet,  and  his  manner  of  a£- 
Ilugh  Ca-  ■*■  cending  the  throne,  appear  in  very  different  lights  in 
ptt,  and  t]ie  vvorks  of  French  hillorians.  Some  labour  to  juftify 
mc?"SL  I  his  conduct  with  regard  to  the  duke  of  Lorrain  ;  and 
attained  fome,  out  of  a  2eal  to  what  they  efteem  the  right  of  fuc- 
ihe  king-  ceihon,  treat  his  accefiion  to  the  crown  as  a  flagrant  ufurp- 
dom-  ation.     As  we   have  no   authority  to  decide,  we  think  it 

imprudent  to  enter  at  all  into  this  queftion,  farther  than 
to  obferve,  that  the  third  race  of  French  kings  fupplanted 

r  Cordem.     Mezer, 


lady,  whofe  name,  fome  fay, 
was  Con  [lance,  and  that  (hewas 
the  daughter  of  William,  count 
of  Aries;  but  the  belt,  part  of 
the  French  hiftorians  call  her 
Blanche,  and  affirm  that  the  was 
the  daughter  of  fome  great  lord 
in  Aquitaine,  which  is  moll 
likely  to  be  true. 

(H)  "\\re  find  in  Mczcray  an 
enumeration  ofthecauitss  which 
brought  about  the  gradual  de- 
clenfion,  and  at  length  the  to- 
tal exclufion,  of  the  line  of 
Charlemagne.  They  are  thefe  : 
i.  1  he  divifion  of  the  empire 
into  feveral  kingdoms,  which 
was  necefTiuily  followed  by  dif- 
Co'rd  and  civil  war  anion  git  the 
poflelTors.  2.  The  unreafon- 
able  affection  of  Lewis  le  De- 


bonnaire,  for  his  favourite  foft 
Charles  the  Bald.  3.  The  im- 
becility of  the  greateft  part  of 
thefe  princes.  4.  The  ravages 
of  the  Normans,  who,  by  de- 
feating France  for  fouricore 
years  together,  afforded  the 
great  lords  an  opportunity  of 
rendering  themfelves  indepen- 
dent. 5.  The  many  natural 
children  of  Charlemagne, 
whofe  defcendants  took  occa- 
fion  from  thence  to  turn  the 
eitates,  given  for  their  fubfht- 
ence,  into  fo  many  principa- 
lities. But  without  doubt,  the 
principal  caufe  of  the  fall  of 
this  houfe,  was  the  too  great 
extent  of  that  empire,  which 
fell  to  pieces  in  confequence  of 
its  own  weight* 

the 


Tl.e  Hiflory  of  France,  42 1 

the  fecond,  as  the  fecond  did  the  firft ;  and  that  there 
it  refemblunce  in  the  temper  and  manners  of 
Hugh  Capet  with  thofe  of  Pepin  the  Short.  Itfeems  that 
Hugh  Capet  had  taken  his  meafures  early  and  effectually, 
fincc  in  a  few  days  he  caufed  himfelf  to  be  proclaimed  king 
at  Nojon,  and  was  lolemnly  crowned  at  Rhcims,  by  the 
archbifhop  of  that  fee,  on  the  3d  of  July a.  It  is  ob- 
d  that  this  dclign  was  executed  without  any  oppofi- 
tion,  and  that  nobody  ititred  in  behalf  of  the  late  king's 
uncle  Charles,  the  la(t  furviving  prince  of  the  race  of 
Charlemagne.  Thofe  who  were  in  the  intereft  of  the  new 
king  aflilled  at  his  coronation  ;  but  there  were  many  great 
lords  who  did  not  approve  of  this  meafure,  therefore  ab- 
iented  thcmfelvcs;  and  many  more,  becaufe  they  had  not 
time  to  learn  the  news  of  Lewis's  death,  much  lefs  to  fet- 
tle in  their  own  minds  what  party  they  fhould  take  upon 
this  occafion b.  As  for  the  king,  he  brought  more  flrength 
to  the  crown  than  he  received  from  it,  fince  the  duchy  of 
France,  the  counties  of  Paris  and  Orleans,  were  in  his 
own  hands,  the  rich  duchy  of  Burgundy  in  thofe  of  his 
brother  Henry,  and  his  brother-in-law,  the  duke  of- Nor- 
mandy, was  clofely  attached  to  his  intereft*.  Befides,  A. D.  987. 
the  queen-dowager  Emma,  if  not  out  of  regard  to  him,  -  - 

yet  in  hatred  to  Charles,  threw  what  weight  flie  had  into 
the  fcale;  and  the  intereft  of  his  own  queen  Adelaide, 
who  was  a  princefs  of  high  birth  ami  admirable  qualities, 
added  not  a  little  to  his  fecurityd.  Befides,  as  we  ob- 
served, his  competitor  was  very  ill  beloved. 

Charles  of  Lorrain  might  probably  have  fucceeded  bet-  The  duke  of 
ter  in  his  pretentions,  if  he  had  a£led  earlier,  or  if  he  had  OmuMfm 
taken  the  precaution  to  arm  all  his  partizans  at  once  ;  but  f"ititoac' 
the  character  of  this  prince  was  a  certain  flownefs  in  all  thentw* 
his  motions,  and  a  want  of  timing  things  properly,  ra-  king,  but  it 
ther  than  any  defect  in  parts  or  in   courage.     While  he  beaten  and 
deliberated,  therefore,  on  the  meafures  he  was  to  take,  fubn%u' 
the  new  king  was  at  liberty  to  proceed  as  he  pleafed  againft 
fuch  lords  as  had  refufed  to  do  him  homage  c.     Amongil 
thefe,  one  of  the  moil  confiderable  was  William  duke  of 
Guiennc,  or,  as  fome  llyle  him,    of  Aquitaine,  againft 
whom  he  marched  with  an  army,  and  laid  liege  to  Poi- 
tiers •,  but  being  informed  that  the  duke  of  Lorrain  had, 

a  Chron.  Centulenfc.  Aimon.  lib.  v.     Le  Gendre.  b  Cod. 

Gerberti,  Ep.  no.  Ademari  Chron.    P.Daniel.  «  Chron. 

Centulenfe.  Glab.  Hift.  fui  Teropoi is.  Sigeberti  Chron.  <>Chro- 

nicon   Vrtm.     Mezcray.                       Chron.  Malliac.  Ademari 

on.    l\  DanieU 

E  c  3  by 


422  %he  Hi/lory  of  France. 

by  tine  affiftance  of  Herbert  count  of  Troyes,  whofe  daugh- 
ter he  married,  afTembled  a  considerable  army  in  Cham- 
pagne, he  raifed  the  fiege,  and  refolved  to  loie  no  time  in 
lepafling  the  Loire,  in  order  to  watch  the  motions  of  his 
competitor.  The  duke  of  Guienne,  who  lay  with  an  army 
hear  Poitiers,  endeavoured  to  cut  off  his  retreat •,  when 
the  king,  following  the  example  of  his  grandfather,  dif- 
pofed  his  troops  in  order  of  battle,  and  attacked  thofe  who 
thought  to  have  fallen  upon  his  rear.  The  difpute  was 
inert  but  bloody,  and  the  victory  fo  clearly  on  the  king's 
Tide,  that  the  duke  fubmitted  f.  The  king,  who  was  a 
man  of  good  temper  and  fagacity,  as  well  as  of  great  mo- 
deration, made  the  belt  ufe  of  this  gleam  of  profperity  ; 
and,  in  an  aflembly  of  the  nobles,  propofed  the  affociation 
cf  his  fon  Robert;  to  which  propofal  when  they  had  con- 
fented,  he  caufed  him  to  be  crowned  with  great  ceremony, 
upon  new-year's-day,  at  Orleans,  by  the  hands  of  the 
nichbifhop  of  Sens,  whom  the  late  victory  had  brought 
over  to  his  party  *.  By  this  a£t,,  having  fecured  the  crown 
to  his  family,  he  never  afterwards  wore  the  royal  orna- 
ments himfelf,  or  aftecled  any  extraordinary  date  or  mag- 
A.  D.  9S3.  nificence,  but  adminiftercd  public  affairs  with  great   ap- 

"" plication,  and  with  fuch  an  appearance   of  modefty,  juf- 

tice,  and  piety,  as  recommended  him  highly  to  his  fub- 
jedls,  more  especially  to  the  clergy ;  to  whom  he  reftored 
all  the  abbies  he  poffefied,  and  the   nobility  followed  his 
example. 
Charles  Charles  in  the  mean  time  befieged,  and  made    himfelf 

Vak'a ■  Laon  mailer  of,  the  city  of  Laon,  and,  which  perhaps  was 
ty  fur-  more  welcome  to  him,  of  the  perfon  of  the  queen  dowa- 
prjxe>and  ger  £mrna)  am\  0f  [\c  biihop  whom  he  had  reprefented  as 
nvdrift  be-  ^er  gallant h.  The  king  advanced  with  a  numerous  army, 
\omta  maf-  and  in  his  turn  befieged  Charles  in  the  city  of  Laon.  The 
*"*"/'  feverity  with  which  that  prince  treated  the  queen  and  the 

Xheims.  bifhop,  by  committing  them  both  to  prifon,  had  a  bad  ef- 
fect on  his  affairs ;  for  the  court  of  Germany  interpof- 
ing  on  the  behalf  of  the  queen,  and  the  prelates  in  favour 
of  the  bifhop,  without  fuccefs,  became  his  enemies.  By 
a  well-conducted  fally,  however,  he  cut  off  a  great  part 
-of  his  competitor's  army,  and  obliged  him  to  raife  the 
fiege1.  The  king  thought  to  balance  this  lofs  by  detach- 
ing from  the  party  of  Charles  his  nephew  Arnould,  the 

f  Adcm   Chron.     Du  Tillet.     Mezeray.  g  Giab.  Hi(r. 

fui  temporis      C"d-  Gerh.  Epift.  T07.     Aimon,  I.  v.  '•  oigeb. 

C'hron.     Cod.  Gerb.  Epiit.  :  19,  120      Le'Gendre.  l  D^ 

Tillet.    P.Daniel. 

natural 


The  Hiftory  of  France.  423 

natural  Con  of»king  Lothaire,  to  whom  he  offered  the  arch- 
bifhoprick  of  Rheims,  which  was  juit  become  vacant. 
Arnould  accepted  it  •,  repaired  immediately  to  the  king's 
camp,  put  in  hoftage-,  and  not  only  fwore,  but  fubferib- 
cd  an  oath  of  fidelity.  Yet  he  was  no  fooncr  in  poffeffion  . 
of  the  fee  and  city  of  Rheims  than  he  betrayed  it  to 
Charles  ;  and  though  at  firft  he  took  the  precaution  of  be- 
ing made  prifoner,  as  if  he  had  been  actually  furprifed  ;  ' 
yet,  not  long  after,  he  threw  afide  all  difguife,  and  ap- 
peared at  the  head  of  his  uncle's  troops  k.  The  king,  up- 
on this  defection,  applied  to  the  pope,  who  did  not  think 
fit  to  interfere  till  he  law  the  difpute  as  to  the  pofieffion  of 
the  crown  determined  by  the  law  of  arms,  that  the  decrees 
of  the  church  might  be  on  the  fide  of  the  ftrongeft '. 

The  king,  having  a  numerous  army,  difpofed  all  things  A.  D.  989. 

as  if  he  intended  to  lay  fiege  to  Rheims;  and  Charles,  on   - 

the  other  fide,  provided  in  the  be  ft  manner  he  could  for  t*J"j'0 
the  defence  of  it :  but  Hugh  being  informed  that  the  bi-  theklng°, 
(hop  of  Loan,  the   molt  plaufible  and  artful  man   of  his  -who  takes 
time,  had  obtained  his  liberty,  and  fome  degree  of  credit  duki 
with  Charles,  entered  into  aft  intrigue  with  that  prelate.  L^arJe'' 
All  things  being  properly  concerted,  he  began  his  march  as  ^'^ch- 
if  he   intended  to  in  veil  Rheims,  but  turned  haftily  to-  bijhop  Ar- 
wards  Laon,  which,  by  the   a  Alliance  of  that  perfidious  muld,  pri- 
prelate,  he  furprifed,  and  made  prifoner  the  duke  of  Lor-/ ■'"■n- 
rain,  his  confort,  and  the  archbifhop  Arnould,  whom  he 
caufed  to   be   transferred  to    Orleans,  where   they    were 
clofely  confined  m.    This  rrarifaction  put  an  end  to  the  dif- 
pute ;  for  all,  who  had  hitherto  adhered  to  Charles,   rea- 
dily fubmitted,  and  did  hom-'ge   to  the  kings  Hugh  and 
Robert.      As  for  the  unfortunate  duke  of  Lorrain,  he  re- 
mained a  prifoner  at  Orleans  as  long  as  he  lived,  together 

.  his  duchefs.     His  fon  enjoyed  the  duchy  of  Lorrain,  A.  d.  99T. 

but  died  without  iiluc  male,   and  in  him,  as  is  generally   . 

believed,  the  male  line  of  Charlemagne  was  entirely  ex- 
tinct n. 

The  king,  finding   himfelf  now    firmly   fixed  on   the  Di/lurb- 
throne,  refolved  to  proceed  again  ft  the  archbifliop   Ar-  <**«*'* 
nould  ;  and  with  this  view  called  a  council,  which  aflem-  ^^/j//" 
bled  at  an  abbey  not  far  from  Rheims,  in  which  the  arch-   dt*tfi"X 
bifhop  of  Sens  prcfided.     The  pricft  was  produced  who  AmomU, 
opened  the  gates  of  the  city,  and  he  depofed,  that  he  did  anJ  aJ- 

•vancing 

k  Ge.hert.  Apol.  pro  Rfmienfi  Synodo.  '  Epilr.  Hugo  ad  Sjjj1? 

Johannem  Papain  ™  Slgtberti  Chron.     Duplcix.     Mezcray.    ''* >te  *J 

■Aimon.  I:b.v.     l>u  TiHet.     Le  CJendrc.  Aj""* 

E  c  4  it 


4  2  <£  ^7v  Wpory  of  Fra. 

it  by  -the  archbifhop's  order.  Notwithstanding  this  evi- 
dence, the  prefident  and  fome  of  the  prelates  were  not  in- 
clined to  condemn  him.  The  .two  kings,  father  and  fon, 
appeared  in  the  council,  for  which  appearance  the  arch- 
bifhop  of  Sens  reproved  them  openly,  aliening,  that  it  was 
unbecoming  princes  to  influence  judges,  where  themfelves 
■were  parties.  At  length  Arnould  fubferibed  his  own  con- 
feihon  and  degradation  ;  and  Gerbert,  a  very  learned 
monk  of  Rheims,  who  had  been  tutor  to  the  emperor 
Otho  and  the  young  king  Herbert,  was  elected  into  the 
fee.  This  fentence,  however,  did  not  put  an  end  to  the 
affair  ;  for  pope  John  XV.  fent  a  legate  into  France,  who 
held  a  council  at  Monfon,  where  all  was  unravelled  again, 
and  in  a  fecond  council,  held  at  Rheims,  Gerbert  was  de- 
pofed,  and  Arnould  reftored,  merely  to  iupport  the  papal 
power  ;  for  the  principal  reafon  afligned  was,  that  the  de- 
pofition  of  Arnould  was  null,  as  being  without  the  con- 
fent  of  the  holy  fee  ;  but,  notwithstanding  this  decree,  the 
king  kept  him  prifoner  as  long  as  he  lived  °,  believing  he 
might  do  him  more  mifehief  at  liberty  than  he  had  to  fear 
from  the  pope. 

The  government  of  this  monarch  was  exadtiy  fuited  to 
<       ',  \n     the  fituation  of  his  affairs;  he  bad  no  title  to  expeel  any 
trdirta        thing  more  than  homage  from  the  great  lords  of  France, 
CW'™'    and  it  does  not  appear  that  he  fought  any  thing  more.    He 
inent   aSs  Offered  them  to  make  war  upon  each  other,  as  fome  have 
mtith  tmld-  fuggeitcd,  through  policy ;  but,  in  reality,  becaufe  it  was 
nefsand       out  of  his  power  to  reftrain  them,  as  appears  from  what 
ItlfMtUM,       happened  upon  his  interfering  when  the  count  of  Anjou, 
one  of  his  own  vafTals,  befieged  Tours  in  a  private  quarrel. 
He  fent  to  require  him  to  raife  the  fiege,  which  he  re- 
fufed  to  abandon  :   the  perfon   who   carried   the  orders, 
afked  him  who  made  him  a  count  ?  '.*  Tell  your  mafter, 
faid  he,  the  fame  who  made  him  a  king  p."     Thofe  who 
afcribethe  inftitution  of  the  twelve  peers  to  him,  or  to  his 
fon,  are  mistaken.     Paris  became  the  feat  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  the  capital  of  the  monarchy,  in  virtue  of  its 
being  the  place  of  his  refidence,  and  the  principal  city  of 
his  hereditary  estates.     He  fortified  feveral  places,  under 
various  pretences ;  and  particularly,  under  colour  of  pre- 
venting the  delcents  of  the  Normans,  he  eftablifhcd  Abbe- 
ville, and  made  it  a  place  of  arms  *.  He  conducted  all  things 

o  Aimon.  Sigeb.  Chron.  P.Daniel.  p  Glab.  Hift.  fui  Temp. 

DuTiliet.     Le  Gtndre.  1  A'rmon.  Hift.  lib.  v.     Sigeberti 

Chronicon.    P.  Daniel. 

with 


TJ:e  ITijlory  of  France. 

•with  order  and  circumfpection,  and  had  the  Singular  ho- 
nour  of  edablifhing  a  new  family,  and  in  fome  meafurc  a 
new  form  of  government,  without  any  remarkable  cir- 
cum dances  of  violence,  and  without  fhedding  blood.  He 
expired  on  the  24th  of  r,  in  the  year  997,  in  the 

fifty-feventh  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  8th  of  his  reign  \ 
leaving  his  dominions  in  perfeel  quiet,  and  his  fon  in  the 
peaceable  poflelfion  of  the  crown,  by  the  precaution  he 
had  taken  of  alibciating  him  when  he  was  very  young,  and 
(hewing  him  to  the  people  upon  all  occafions,  with  rhofe 
al  dignity,  from  the  ufe  of  which  he  himfelf 
abltaincd.  He  knew  how  to  maintain  his  own  dignity  by 
his  power,  and  was  therefore  defirous,  that  the  enfigns  of 
it  might  recommend  his  fon  to  the  public  veneration,  till  he 
fhould  be  able  to  eftablifh  it  on  the  better  bafis  of  his  ac- 
tions '.  His  corpfc  was  interred  rather  with  decency  than 
fplendour,  in  the  church  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Denis1  (B). 

Robert 


4*5 


»  Chronicon.  Dcfuenfe.     Glab.  Hid.  fui  Temp. 
Condi.  Gull.  t  Sigeberti  Chron. 


»  Le  Gend. 


(B)  This  monarch  was  an 
able  politician,  who  knew  very 
well  how  to  fpread  a  fpecious 
colouring  over  the  cffe&s  or  his 
ambition,  and  to  fet  proper 
bounds  to  his  own  greatnefi,  by 
the  excrcifeof  a  fpirit  of  mode- 
ration. He  indulged  the  great 
lords  in  a  degree  of  freedom 
that  bordered  upon  indepen- 
dency ;  but,  by  taking  little  or 
no  (hare  in  their  quarrels,  he 
maintained  the  urength  of  his 
own  territories  entire,  while 
they  were  daily  weakening  each 
other.  As  he  affected  great 
modefty  in  his  behaviour. 
(implicit y  <>t  mann 
An  exact  regularity  was  observ- 
ed in  his  court,  and  his  fin 

with  luch  fru- 
gality, that  his  Subjects  were 
much  more  at  eafe  than  their 
neighbours.  As  to  his  fur- 
name  ot  Capet,  it  is  but  very 
indifferently   explained ;   bur, 

(j)  Aiuion,  Ilift.  lib.  v 


undoubtedly,  it  was  what  we 
now  Stile  a  nickname,  Signify- 
ing literally  jolterhead,  meta- 
phorically, a  weak,  or  an  objli- 
nate  man.  In  the  full  of  thefc 
SenSes,it  was  applied  toCharles, 
who  is  generally  ilylcd  the 
Simple,  and,  perhaps,  in  the 
latter,  to  this  prince  in  his 
youth.  He  hud  only  one  con- 
tort, Adelaide,  who  is  gene- 
rally Said  to  be  the  daughter 
of  William  Telle  d'Etouppe, 
count  of  Poitiers,  and  duke  of 
Guienne,  or  Aquitaine:  but 
ot  this  there  is  Some  reafon  to 
doubt,  Since  the  brother  of  this 
princefs,  Supposing  her  fo  dc- 
Sc'ended,  was  the  very  duke 
who  '  in    favour    of 

od  whom  Hu-  ■ 
pet,    in    the    firft   year   of   his 

.  Subdued  (1).  The  v. 
of  his  Son's  life,   who  lived  in 
thoSe  time  ..  iv  (he 

d  Italian  (a)t    By  her  he 

(»)  DaTillet. 

had 


426 


The  Hi/lory  of  France. 


great  trou- 
ble about 
his  mar- 
riage. 


Robert  ac~  Robert,  when  he  came  to  govern  the  kingdom  alone, 
<edesto  the  was  in  the  twenty-feventh  year  of  his  age,  and  pofTefTed,  in 
throne,  and  a  very  j.,;^  (]egree  0f  perfection,  all  the  graces  of  body 
and  mind,  which  rendered  him  univerfally  beloved.  He . 
perfiited  iteadiiy  in  the  purfuit  of  his  father's  maxims,  and 
afted,  in  all  public  or  private  concerns,  with  the  greateft 
mildnefs  and  moderation  ;  and  yet  the  very  firit  year 
of  his  reign  exhibited  a  fcenc  of  the  higheft  trouble  and 
confufion.  He  had  married,  in  his  father's  lifetime,  Ber- 
tha, the  filter  of  Rodolph,  king  of  Burgundy,  and  the 
widow  of  Elides,  count  of  Blois,  a  diftant  relation  of  his 
father's,  and  to  one  of  his  children  Robert  himfelf  had 
been  fponfor  a.  The  pope  attacked  this  marriage,  and 
Robert  ufed  every  expedient  to  appease  him  :  the  match 
was  merely  political,  and  the  queen  without  either  youth 
or  beauty  to  recommend  her  ;  yet  he  (hewed  the  utmoft  un- 
willingnefs  to  part  with  her,  out  of  regard  to  his  own  in- 
tereft.  The  pope  was  nephew  to  the  emperor  Otho  III. 
and  valued  himfelf  extremely  on  maintaining  the  dignity 
of  his  fee.  He  had  directed  that  Arnould  fhould  be  let  at 
liberty,  and  reftored  to  his  archbifhoprick.  The  queen- 
dowager,  and  the  queen-confort,  believing  that  condefcen- 
fion  in  this  point  might  render  the  pope  more  compliant 
in  the  bufinefs  of  his  marriage,  prevailed  upon  the  king  to 
do  what  his  father  would  never  have  done,  that  is,  to  re- 
leafe  Arnould,  and  place  him  upon  the  arehiepifcopal 
throne  of  Rheimsb.  Gerbert,  who  faw  himfelf  not  only 
deprived  of  his  fee,  but  alfo  of  the  epifeopal  character,  re- 
tired to  the  court  of  his  other  pupil  the  emperor  Otho,  by 
whom  he  was  prefently  made  archbifhop  of  Ravenna,  and 
in  that  capacity  affifted  at  a  council  held  the  next  year  at 
Rome,  in  which  the  marriage  of  king  Robert,  with  his 
queen  Bertha,  was  declared  null,  the  prelate  excommuni- 
cated who  married    them,  and  the  king  commanded  to 

a  Glab.  Hift.  fui  Temp.     Concil.  Roman,  torn-  ix.    P.  Damian, 
lib.  ep.  15.  b  Aiition.  Hift.  lib.  v. 

bad  Robert  bis  fuccerTbr,  and  became  the  confort  of  Hugh, 

three    daugbters  ;      Hadvvige,  lord  of  Abbeville.     He  had  al- 

who  efpoufed  Renier  IV.  count  fo  a  natural  fon,  Gollelin,  who 

of   Hainault,     and    afterwards  wns  afterwards    archbifliop  of 

Hugh,    count   of  Dafbourgh  ;  Rourges,   and  a  man  of  learn- 

Alice,  who  married  the  count  ing,  piety,  and  virtue  (3). 
of  Neve  is  ;  and  Gillette,  who 


(3)  Helgalclus,  in  Vita  Roberti  Regis. 


leave 


MJlory  of  France.  427 

leave  her,  and  to  fubmit  to  feven  years  penance,  under 
pain  of  excommu:  ig,  however,  perfifted 

in  keeping  his  wife  ;  and,  having  thereby  incurred  ex- 
communication, was  abandoned,  not  only  by  the  prelates 
and  nobility,  but  alfo  by  his  menial  fcrvants,  except  two, 
who  threw  the  remains  of  what  was  eaten  by  the  king  and 
<jueen  to  the  dogs,  and  the  refills  out  of  which  they  eat 
into  the  fire  ;  the  prevailing  notion  of  thofe  times  being, 
that  they  polluted  thofe  who  ufed  them  :  but,  at  length, 
the  clamour  of  the  people  (an  interdict  being  fpread 
through  the  kingdom)  compelled  him  to  part  with  Bertha, 
who,  notwithstanding,  preferred  the  title  and  the  ftate 
of  a  queen  during  her  life,  and  was  much  regarded  for 
her  wil'dom  and  magnanimity  c. 

Pope  Gregory  V.  dying,  was  fucceeded  on  the  papal  7fo*»»? 
throne  by  (Herbert,  under  the  name  of  Sylvefter  II.  who  iliarrxJi a 
confirmed  Arnould  in  the  fee  of  Rheims,  and  (hewed  no  time  Con- 
'great   kindnefs    to  king  Ro6ert.     This  monarch  finding  flanua, 
himfelf  without  heirs,  thought  fit  to  efpoufe  Conftance,  daughter  tt 
the  wife  of  William  count  of  Aries,  a  princefs  of  exquifite  Wll"a1>1 
beauty,  and  of  a   lively  unden'tanding,  but   fo  haughty,  ^ 
avaricious,  and   infolent,  that  the   king  hardly  enjoyed  a 
quiet  hour  after  his  marriage.     Eudes,  the  fecond  count 
of  Brie  and  Champagne,  having  accumulated,  by  defcent 
and  marriage,  large  eftatcs,  procured  the  town  of  Melun 
to  be  delivered  to  him  by  bribing  the  governor,  and  pre- 
tending to  be  in  love  with  his  wife  d.     The  nobleman  to 
whom  it  belonged  applied  immediately  to  the  king  for 
jultioe  ;  for  which  reafon  the  monarch  went  in  perfon  to 
the  fiege,  and  having  obliged  the  place  to  furrender,  hang- 
ed up  the  governor  on  the  walls.     He  afterwards  conde- 

led  to  act  as  an  umpire  between  this  lord  and  his  own 
ally  the  duke  of  Normandy,  and  fettled  a  peace  between 
them  on  very  moderate  terms,  with  which  both  parties 
were  exceedingly  well  fatisfied  e. 

Henry,  duke  of  Burgundy,  the  king's  uncle,  dying  with-  p>  t'-c 
out  lawful  iflue,  his  territories  fell,  either  by  defcent,  or,  JJ^tof,h' 

ill,  to  the  king  ;  but,  before  he  could  enter  into  pof-  l'*Ur^und\, 
darted  up  two  claimants.    The  lirit  c.i  thefc  tktk-n%oi,- 
was  Eudes,  natural  fon   to  the   deceafed  duke,  who  be-  **}»*  <*«t 
\   him   the  county  of   Beaivois;    the  other  was  r,C:ducl:jn 
William,  count  of  Burgundy,  the  fon  of  the  duchefs- 
dowager  of  Burgundy,  by  her  firlt  hufband,  who  pretend- 

«  Glab.  Hilt,  ftii  Temp.     T.-Grndrc.     P.Daniel.  d  Chron. 

Florian.  •  Aimon-  Hilt.  lib.  v. 

Cd 


42$ 


The  king 
ajfo'.iates 
hiseldtfi 
Jan  Hugh 
in  the 
throne. 


The  lilftory  of  France. 

ed  to  be  adopted  by  duke  Henry.  The  people,  who  . 
defirous  of  having  an  independent  prince,  fbewed  a  great 
inclination  to  fupport  his  claim  •,  and  feveral  great  lords, 
cfpecially  Eudes,  count  of  Champagne,  encouraged  and 
aitifted  him f.  The  war  fubfifted  for  feveral  years  •,  and 
there  is  fome  reafon  to  doubt,  whether  the  king  could 
have  carried  his  point  or  not,  without  the  aihltance  of  the 
duke  of  Normandy,  who  led  in  perfon  an  army  of  twenty- 
two  thoufand  men  into  Burgundy.  Eudes,  his  nephew, 
compromised  matters  with  the  king,  who  confirmed  to 
him  what  his  father  had  given  him  by  will  •,  and  this 
agreement  facilitated  the  reduction  of  the  country,  with 
which  the  king  thought  fit  to  invert  his  fecond  fon  Henry, 
that  he  might  gra?iry  the  people  in  their  defire  of  having 
a  prince  of  their  own,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  pleafe  the 
great  lords,  who  were  jealous  of  feeing  fo  great  a  fief  united 
to  the  crown  s.  The  termination  of  this  war  gave  the 
king  great  fatisfaSion,  for  he  loved  peace,  and  itudied  to 
preferve  it  by  all  methods  poffiblc.  hiis  houlhcld  and  his 
court  were  kept  in  the  mo  ft  exact  order  :  he*  aflifted  regu- 
larly and  frequently  in  his  robes  at  chapel,  and  at  churches 
on  the  great  feafts  :  he  compofed  mufic  for  the  choir,  and 
fome  of  his  refponfes  and  hymns  ftill  find  a  place  in  the 
public  offices  of  the  Gallican  church.  In  ihort,  he  was, 
in  every  refpect,  a  moft  incomparable  prince,  except  that 
he  was  too  fubmiflivc  as  a  hutband,  to  a  woman  who  did 
not  underftand  either  her  duty  as  a  wife,  or  her  inteied 
as  a  queen  h. 

She  folicited  her  hufband  to  aifociate  his  fon  in  the  go- 
vernment, though  he  was  then  but  in  the  feventeenth  year 
of  his  age  ;  and  Robert,  who  had  a  great  tendernefs  for 
his  children,  aiTented  without  much  difficulty,  being,  in 
a  great  meafure,  fwayed  by  the  example  of  his  father '. 
Some  of  his  minifters  laboured  all  they  could  to  prevent 
it,  by  reprefenting  to  him,  that  he  had  not  the  fame  mo- 
tives which  his  father  had ;  and  that  the  true  reafon 
wh^ch  induced  the  queen  to  prefs  it  fo  earneftly,  was,  that 
in  cafe  of  his  demife,  fhe  might  govern  in  the  name  of  the 
young  prince  k.  The  king  hefitated  a  little  upon  this  re- 
monstrance ;  but  the  queen  bore  with  impatience  this  de- 
lay, and  the  king  was  at  laft  forced  to  comply,  as  not 
knowing  how  to  deal  with  a  woman,  who  taking  offence 


*  Gulielm.  Gemetlcens. 
Hjft.  lib,  v.     F.Daniel. 
k  Sigeberti  Chronicoj}, 


S  G:ab.  Hift.  fui  Temp.         h  Aimon. 
i  Pupjeix.     Li  Gendre.     Mezeray, 


The  Hijlory  of  France.  479 

at  one  of  his  minirters  who  oppofed  her  defigrr?,  can  fed 

him  to  be  aflaffinated  in  his  mailer's  prcfence.     The  point  A.D  1017. 

being  once  fettled,  the  king  propofed  it  in  an  afiembly  of  * 

the  nobility  and  prelates,  who,  out  of  refpedt,   to  him, 

con  fen  ted,    anJ    prince    Hugh  was    folemnly    crowned, 

though  the  minilters,  as  far  as  they   durlt,  cxprcfl'ed  a 

great  apprehenfion  of  the  event. 

Upon  the  report  of  fome  herefies,refembling  that  of  the  An  mfur- 
Manichees,  the  king,  who  was  very  zealous,  called  a eoun-  rltS'?n' . 
cil  to  examine  into  the  matter,  which  was  held  at  Orleans,  f*  'u^ 
where  fome  priells  were  burnt  alive.;  the  king  and  queen,  t,„g  Hugh, 
fuch  was  the  religion  of  thofe  times,  being  prefent.     The  which  is 
fame  year  the  young  king  Hugh  withdrew  from  court,  fttedily  re- 
with  fome  noblemen  of  his  own  age,  and  was  guilty  of  &uct"% 
fome  diforders.     He  complained  that  his  mother  behaved 
towards  him  with  infupportable  arrogance,  and  kept  him 
to  fo  fhort  an  allowance,  that  he  was  unable  to  fupport  his 
dignity  '.     The  queen  was  for  reducing  her  fon  by  force ; 
but  the  king  was  not  at  all  of  that  mind  :  he  knew  there 
fome  foundation  for  his  fon's  complaints  ;  and  having 
allured   him  of  his  pardon,  and  a  proper  allowance,  the 
young  man  very  readily  returned  to  his  duty,  and  never 
departed  from  it  afterwards  m. 

Henry,  king  of  Germany,  had  been  involved  in  a  long  The  ling 
difpute  with  the  count  of  Flanders  and  fome  lords  of  Lor-  rCfu/^  '*' 
rain,  which,  at  length,  it  was  agreed  fhou Id  be  left  to  the  JT^JC 
arbitration  of  the  king  of  France.     For  this  purpofe,  thefe  a'd™t     * 
two  great  princes  had  an  interview  on  the  banks  of  the  kingdom  if 
Meufe.     As  all  meetings  of  this  kind  are  commonly  per-  Italy. 
plcxed  with  difputes  about  ceremonies,  the  interview  was 
very  near  being  poftponcd  on  that  account ;  but  Henry, 
who  was  fo  good  a  prince,  that  he  had  obtained  the  fur- 
name  of  Saint,  preferred  bufinefs  to  forms,  and  palling 
the  river  early  one  morning,  furprifed  king  Robert  in  his 
apartment  \     After  this  vifit,  thofe  princes  faw  each  other 
as  friends,  and,  without  any    ftate  or   ceremony  at   all, 
fettled  the  affair  on  which  they  met,  to  the  fatisfaclionof 
all  parties  concerned,  and  parted  with  great  regret.  They 
had  agreed  to  go  into  Italy  together,  in  order  to  oblige 
pope  Boniface  VIII.   to  confent  to  certain  terms,  which 
they  held  it  neceflary  to  prefcribe.     The  death  of  the  pope 
prevented   that  journey,  and   the  very  next  year  Henry 
died.     He  was  fuccceded  in  his  hereditary  dominions,  and 

1  Le  Gendre.    Cbalom.         ■>  Flodoard  Cbrouieon.         ■  Me- 
xcray.     P.  Daniel. 

the 


430  The  Hi/lory  of  France, 

the  kingdom  of  Germany,  by  Conrade,  duke  of  Worms, 
who  expected  likewife  to  be  received  asking  of  Italy,  and 
to  be  honoured  with  the  imperial  diadem  °.  To  this  co- 
ronation, however,  many  of  the  princes  and  prelates  of 
Italy  were  by  no  means  inclined  :  they  were  become  weary 
of  German  mailers,  and  had  a  mind  to  try  what  market 
they  could  make  in  fome  other  court.  With  this  view 
they  fent  deputies  to  offer  the  imperial  crown,  and  the 
kingdom  of  Italy,  to  the  king  of  France,  for  himfelf,  or 
for  his  fon :  but  Robert,  very  wifely  confidering  that  fuch 
a  (lep  mult  of  necePity  involve  him  in  a  war  with  Con- 
rade ;  that  the  Italians  were  naturally  very  inconftant; 
and  that  fettled  peace,  and  the  mod  perfect  efteem  of  all 
Ins  neighbours,  would  be  very  ill  exchanged  for  an  uncer- 
tain dominion  and  a  pompous  title,  difmiffed  the  deputies, 
A. D.  1023.  and  declined  their  offer.     His  fubjecls  in  particular,  and 

—  Europe  in  general,  were  quickly   convinced  that  he  had 

judged  right;  for  William,  duke  of  Guienne,  who  was 
both  a  wife  and   a  powerful  prince,  having  accepted  this 
propofal,  the  greater  part  of  thofe  who  made  it  deferted 
him  on  the  firffc  appearance  of  Conrade,  who,  partly  by 
addrefs,  and  partly  by  force  of  arms,  obtained  all  that  he 
fought,  and  fecu  red  to  himfelf  the  kingdom  of  Italy;  in 
confequence  of  which  acquifition,  pope  John  XIX.  placed 
the  imperial  crown  upon  his  head.     Robert  was,  indeed, 
inclined  to  have  taken  the  advantage  of  thofe  difputes  to 
recover  the  kingdom  of  Lorrain,  or  at  lead  the  homage  of 
the   princes  who  held  it ;  but  finding   this  could  not  be 
done  without  a  war,  and  perceiving  that  by  his  late  fuc- 
cefs  Conrade  was  become  very  powerful,    he  very  pru- 
dently declined  it  p. 
The  difr-        The  year  following  proved  unfortunate  to  the  king,  in 
dtrsinhis    the  lofs  of  his  eldeft  fon  Hugh,  affociated  with  him  in  the 
fa™ilh  a™  fovereignty,  who  died  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  and  when 
k'nzRo-       he  was  become  both  obedient  and  aflifting  to  his  father^. 
btrt.  The  king  appeared  very  much  chagrined,  but  the  queen 

{hewed  but  very  little  concern.  Robert,  as  foon  as  he 
had  recovered  the  free  ufe  of  his  thoughts,  inclined  to  af- 
fociate  Henry,  who  war,  now  become  his  eldeft  fon,  a 
meafure  which  his  mother  oppofed  with  equal  heat  and 
obllinacy  ;  fo  that  it  excited  two  factions  at  court ;  many, 
to  gain  the  queen's  favour,  and  from  a  perfuafion  that  the 
king  would  yield  at  laft,  declaring  in  behalf  of  the  younger 

«  Marianus  Scotus.        P  Aimon.  Hift.  lib   v.  <j  Glab.  Hilt, 

fui  Temp,  lib-  v. 

fon 


The  Hijiory  of  France.  431 

fon  Robert r  :  but  the  major  part  of  the  nobility  adhering 
. ,  ami  the  king,  contrary  to  expectation,  remain- 
: ;.rm,  the  queen  changed  her  battery,  and  perfuaded 
him  to  adopt  neither,  in  hopes,  if  fhe  farmed  him,  to 
her  own  favourite  upon  the  throne.     The  king  pe- 
ted  Iter  febeme,  and  therefore,  without  paying  any 
deference   to  her  counfels,  aflbciated,  with  the  advice  of 
his  parliament,  his  elded,  furviving  fon  Henry  •.     Queen 
Conusance,  provoked  in  the  highcil  degree,  endeavoured 
to  inflame  her  fon  Robert,  and  to  cmbarrafs  him  with  his 
brother :  but  not  finding  him  fo  ready  as  fhe  expected,  to 
concur  with   her  defires,  the  affection  (he   had  hitherto 
(hewn  him  turned  into  hatred,  and  fhe  persecuted  them 
both  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  they  retired  from  court,  and 
took  up  arms,  not  fo  much  with  an  ambitious  view  to  dif- 
turb  the  (late,  as  that  they  might  obtain  fome  places  in 
which  they  might  live  quiet.     At  length,  however,  the  A.D.  101G. 
flame  rofe  fo  high,  that  the  king  was  obliged  to  raife  an  ■ 
army,  and  march  againfl  his  fons  into  Burgundy.     An 
abbot  interpofed,  and,  having  reprefented  to  him  that  the 
young  princes  did  not  mean  to  refifl  his  authority,  but 
merely  to  obtain  a  fubfiftence,  he  admitted  them  to  his 
prefence,  and  compromifed  things  to   their  fatisfaction, 
employing  his  forces  to  reduce  fome  lords  of  Burgundy, 
who  had  taken  the  opportunity  of  thefe  troubles  to  raife 
fortrcfles  on  their  efiates '.     He  left  the  elections  of  bi- 
fhops,  in  general,  free  :  but  finding  it  abfolutely  neccf- 
fary,  for  the  fafety  of  his  government,  to  have  a  prelate 
he  could  depend  on  at  Langres,  he  named  a  bifhop,  whom 
the  monks  thought  fit  to  poifon  •,  upon  which  he  appoint- 
ed another,  and  fent  his  fon  Henry  to  fee  him  inftallcd. 
It  was  while  the  young  prince  was  thus  employed,  that 
the  king  breathed  his  lalt  at  Mclun,  on  the  20th  of  July, 
when  he  had  reigned  thirty-three,  and  lived  about  three - 
feore  years.     There   is  not  any  monarch  in  the  French 
'  hiffory  more  generally  or  more  highly  commended,  or  on 
whofe  death  the  lamentations  of  all  ranks  of  people  were 
louder  or  more  fincere.    The  monks  fpoke  the  fenfe  of  the 
whole  nation,  when  they  deplored  him  in   thefe  words  :  - 

"  We  have  loll  a  father  who  governed  us  in  peace  ;  we 
lived  under  him  in  fecurity,  for  he  did  not  opprefs  or  fuf- 
fer  oppreffion  ;  we  loved  him,  and  there  was  nobody 
whom  we  feared." 

r  Helgaldus  in  Vita  Robert!  Rfgu.  s  G!ab.  Hift.  foi  Temp. 

Aimon.  «  Cluon.  Bcfueule. 

Henry, 


432  The  Hiftory  of  France'. 

Henry  finds      Henry,  at  the  time  of  his  acceffion  to  the  throne,  waff 
htmjeij  in     about  twenty-feven  years  of  age,  and,  with  all  the  vigour 
dan^trof     of  a  young  man,  had  the  fa^acity  and  prudence  of  one 
k/*f  his      more  advanced  in  years,  which  fecured  him  from  having 
rtrlul'/i  the  tne    crown  fhaken   from  his  head,  almoft  as  foon  as  it 
malice  of      was  placed  there.     His  mother,  who  mortally  hated  him, 
kii  mother,  and   who  rcfolved  always  to  govern,  had  drawn  a  great 
many  lords  and  bifhops  to  her  party,  whom  fhe  would 
have  perfuaded  to  fet  her  fon  Robert  upon  the  throne  ". 
At  the  head  of  this  faction  was  the  count  of  Flanders,  and 
Fudes,  count  of  Champagne,  the  author  of  all  the  troubles 
that  France  felt  during  his  life.     Their  views,  whatever 
they   might  pretend  to  the  queen,  was  to  get  fomething 
for  themfelves  •,  and  Elides  would  not  fo  much  as  take  up 
arms  till  he  had  flipulated  for  half  the  town  of  Sens. 
This  being  promifed  him,  he   marched  with  a  numerous 
army  ;  and  having  reduced  Sens,  Melun,  and  Soiflbns,  all 
the  reft  of  the  places  in  the  neighbourhood,  cither  through 
fear,  or  the  intrigues  of  the  queen-dowager,  opened  their 
gates  and  declared  for  him  w.     The  king  was  fo  diftrefleq, 
that,    with   his  friends  and   fervants,  he    made    but  the 
twelfth  perfon  when  he  retired  to  Frefcamp  to  demand 
fuccour  from  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy-     He  was  re- 
ceived by  that  prince  with  all  the  refpedt  pofuble,  who  af- 
fured  him,  that  the  treafures  and  forces  of  his  duchy  were 
entirely  at  his  difpofal  ;  and  he  kept  his  word  ;  fo  that  an 
army  of  Normans  entered  France  on  one  fide,  while  the 
king,  when  he  had  aflembleda  fufheient  force,  entered  it 
on  the  other.    Pvobert,  though  a  mild  and  generous  prince, 
burnt  all  the  country  before  him,  and  gave  no  quarter  to 
fuch  as  fell  into  his  hands,  from  whence  he  obtained  the 
furname  of  Robert  le  Diable  ;  but,  by  this  extreme  fevc- 
jity,  the  duke  foon  made  them  fick  of  the  war.    The  king, 
on  his  tide,  defeated  the  count  of  Champagne  thrice,  and 
was  very   near  taking  him  prifoner  *.     At  length   Foul- 
ques,  count  of  Anjou,  interpofed  ;  and,  by  his  mediation, 
things  were   compromised  with  the  queen-dowager  and 
prince  Robert,  to  whom  the  king  gave  the  duchy  of  Bur- 
gundy :  as  to  the  queen,  fhe  died  .next  year  of  mere  vexa- 
tion.   The  king  recovered  all  that  he  had  loft  ;  compelled 
the  counts  of  Flanders  and  Champagne  to  fubmit ;  and  as 
to  the  lefler  nobility,  he  punifhed  fome,  and  humbled  all. 
As  glorioufly  as  the  war  ended  for  the  king,  it  coft  the 

«  Fragment.  Hill.   Francorum.  w  Annal.  Francorum. 

1  Gu!:elm.  Gerrmicens,  lib.  vi. 

crow  a 


Il'ipoy  of  France.  433 

lor  as  the  fuccefs  was  due  to  Robert  of  Nor- 

idy,   Henry  added  to    his  duchy   Gifors,    Chaumont, 

•..lie,  and  that  part  of  the  Vcxin  which  yet  remained 

crown'. 

The  king,  having  now   acquired   the  peaceable  poflcf-  The  war  of 

fion  of  his  dominions,  and  a  high  reputation,  thought  it  Burgmdy% 

to  provide  for  the  fucceflton  :  and  therefore  contract- tU  cfu-'ei 
»-.-*,-        »#•!!  i        1         1  ri  t->  ana  cattle* 

ed  himiclf  to  Matilda,  the  daughter  of  the  emperor  Con-  qUtncttin 

rade,  one  of  the  worthieft  princes  who  had  worn  the  im-  trance. 
pcrial  crown  fince  the  days  of  Charlemagne ;  but  it  is 
doubtful  whether  this  marriage  ever  took  effect  z.  The 
deathof  Rodolph,king  of  Burgundy,  occafioned  a  great  war, 
of  which  it  is  neceflary  to  fay  fomething,  though  the  king 
took  no  fhare  therein.  Eudcs,  count  of  Champagne,  look- 
ed upon  himfelf  as  the  undoubted  heir  of  this  kingdom, 
as  being  the  nephew  of  the  king  by  his  fifter  Bertha,  who, 
after  the  deceafe  of  this  count's  father,  efpoufed  Robert, 
duke  of  France  :  and  it  is  not  impoffible  he  would  have 
fucceeded,  but  for  his  own  petulant  temper;  for  infixing  A.D.  1033. 
that  the  king  ihouid  acknowlege  him  for  his  prefumptive  ■ 

heir,  that  prince,  who  was  defpifed  by  his  fubje£ts,  and 
apprehended  he  might  dethrone  him,  had  rccourfe  to  the 
emperor  for  protection ;  in  gratitude  for  which,  and  in 
conflderation  of  his  being  his  great  nephew  by  another  fi- 
ller, he  fent  him,  on  his  death-bed,  the  regalia  of  the 
two  kingdoms  of  Burgundy  and  Aries  ■.  Eudes,  little 
regarding  this  bequeit,  immediately  made  an  irruption  in- 
to the  county  of  Burgundy,  and,  having  long  held  a  fe- 
cret  correfpondence  with  fome  of  the  nobility,  got  poflef- 
fionof  a  great  part  of  it,  the  emperor  beingembarrafled  with 
a  rebellion  in  the  moft  remote  parts  of  his  dominions  :  but 
he  quickly  returned,  on  the  news  of  this  event,  and 
as  quickly  difpofTeiTed  Eudes  of  his  new  government.  It 
was  upon  this  occafion,  that  Humbert,  count  of  Mauri- 
enne  and  Savoy,  the  counts  in  the  country  of  Swiflerlaml, 
of  La  Breffe,  Dauphine,  and  the  Lyonnois,  on  the  other 
fide  the  Rhone,  did  homage  to  the  emperor  for  their 
eftates.  Eudes,  as  foon  as  he  had  recruited  his  for. 
attacked  the  country  of  Lorrain,  made  himfelf  mafler  of 
Bar,  and  might  very  probably  have  given  the  emperor 
much  more  trouble,  if  he  had  not  been  killed  at  a  fiege, 
which  released  that  monarch  from  any  farther  difturbancc 

y  Gulielm.  Onnetlcenf.    lib.     vi.       Du  Tillct.        P.    Daniel. 
I'O  in   Vita    Cumuli   Cluon.  *    Olab,     Iliit.    fui 

Temp. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  F  f  on 


434 


The  Hijlory  of  France, 


New  di- 
turbaneei 
in  f ranee 
quelled  by 
the  king- 


AD.  ioj6.  on  account  of  thefe  pretentions,  which  might  have  pre- 

vailed  in  better  hands  b. 

Eudes,  at  the  time  of  his  demife,  left  his  eftates  to  his 
two  fons,  Thibaud,  count  de  Beauffe,  Touraine,  and 
Beauvoife,  and  Stephen,  count  of  Champagne,  who  were 
exactly  of  their  father's  temper,  and  fet  out  with  refufing 
homage  to  king  Henry,  afierting,  that  the  obligations  be- 
tween the  lords  and  ihe  vaffal  were  reciprocal ;  and  that 
the  king  having  given  their  father  no  afliitance  in  his  war 
with  the  emperor,  they  were  not  obliged  to  own  him  for 
their  lord,  or  do  him  homage0.  The  king,  befides  Ro- 
bert, duke  of  Burgundy,  bad  another  brother,  whole  name 
was  Eudcs,  but  whether  elder  or  younger  admits  of  lbme 
doubt ;  fome  fay  that  he  was  elder  than  the  king,  and  fet 
afule  for  his  incapacity;  others,  with  much  more  proba- 
bility, affirm  that  he  was  the  youngeft;  that  his  difcontent 
arofe  from  his  not  having  had  an  etlablilhment  affigned 
himJ.  However  it  was,  he  took  arms,  in  conjunction 
wkh  the  two  counts,  and  the  war  proved  fatal  to  them 
all ;(  for  the  king,  having  routed  their  forces,  took  Eudes 
prifoncr,  and  lent  him  to  Orleans,  where  he  was  confined 
for  about  three  years.  The  count  of  Champagne  loft  a 
great  part  of  his  lands,  and  Thibaud  was  difpofleffed  of 
Touraine.  Galeran,  count  of  Meulan,  who  had  likewife 
■■  embarked  in  this  dehgn,  was  attainted  of  felony,  and  his 

country  united  to  the  crown,  which  was  the  firft  initance 
of  its  kind,  and  (hews  that  the  conftitution  began  now  to 
be  fettled  on  a  firmer  balls e. 
Henry  rj;jie  tr0ubles  that  arofe  in  Normandy  next  occupied  the 

wTamt/ie  k'ing's  thoughts.  Duke  Robert,  according  to  the  humour 
Baftard  in  tnat  prevailed  inthofe  times,  thought  fit  to  make  a  pilgri- 
the peffejjion  mage  into  the  Holy  Land,  having  firft  procured  his  fon 
of  Nor  man-  William,  though  born  out  of  wedlock,  to  be  acknowleged 


A.D.1037. 


4 


Ins  heir,  recommending  him  to  the  care  of  Henry  king  of 
France,  and  Alain  duke  of  Bretagnef.  Thefe  precau- 
tions did  not  hinder  the  whole  country  from  falling  into 
great  confufion  ;  not  only  the  principal  lords,  but  even 
thofe  of  the  lealt  confideration  in  the  duchy,  threw  oft* 
almoft  all  dependence,  and  committed  great  diforders. 
The  duke  of  Bretagne  came  to  appeafe  their  quarrels ; 
and,  after  being  very  indifferently  treated,  returned  home 
with  a  llow  poifon  in  his  body,  of  which  he  died.     King 

*  Siceberr.    Le  Geiidre.  c  Fragment.  Hid.  Franconim. 

*  Da  Chefne.  e  Chronicon  vetus  et  Virudenfe.  f  Gu- 

pelra.  Gemeticenf.    Glab.  Hilt,  fui  Temp.    Dupleix. 

Henry, 


Tie  Uiflory  of  France*  405 

Henry,  forgetting  the  oSligations  he  was  under  to  the  fa- 
ther of  ti  duke,  inclining  to  avail  himfelf  of  thefc 
troubles,  invaded  the  frontiers,  burnt  the  town  of  Argcn- 
tan,  and  took,  the  cattle  of  Thilleres,  which  he  pretend- 
ed had  been  built  without  his  confent,  and  which  he  had 
therefore  a  right  to  demolith*.  Soon  after  this  tran fac- 
tion (tifputes,  arofe  in  that  country  about  the  fuccefhon. 
The  minilters  about  tbc  perfon  of  the  young  duke,  pa  fling 
over  what  had  happened,  applied  themfclves  to  the  king, 
representing  the  honour  he  would  obtain  in  fuccouringan 
infant  prince,  in  fecuringthc  affections  of  the  Normans,  and 
maintaining  the  fame  friendly  intercourfe  with  duke  Willi- 
am as  with  his  father.  Henry,  prevailed  upon  by  thefe 
arguments,  marched  in  perfon  with  a  good  army,  and  A.D.T046. 
having  joined  the  duke's  forces,  gave  the  malcontent  lords  '  ■■  ■■ 
battle  at  Val  de  Dunes ;  where,  expofing  himfelf  more 
than  was  neceilary,  he  was  beaten  from  his  horfe,  and 
almofl  killed.  At  length,  after  an  obflinate  difputc,  the 
malcontents  were  totally  routed,  and  duke  William  to 
this  victory  flood  indebted  for  the  pofleflion  of  his  domi- 
nions \ 

The  king  afterwards  had  fome  difputes  with  Geoffrey  Grows  jea- 
Mattel,  count  of  Anjou,  in  which  the  duke  of  Normandy  ious  ofh.m, 
took  part  on  his  behaif :  but  Henry  quickly  compromifed  a^s./,!t 
his  fhare  of  the  quarrel,  and  left  the  count  and  duke,  who  '^"reattt 
had  great  animofity  againft  each  other,  to  fight  it  out.  animp/aca- 
This  conduct  was  owing  to  the  fpirit  of  policy  which  pre-  bit  quarrel 
vailed  in  thofe  times,  and  which  induced  Henry  to  grow  'wutlthat 
jealous  of   the    increafing   power    of  the   young    duke.  1TinC€% 
When,  therefore,  new  troubles  broke  out,  and  William 
de  Arques,  count  de  Thouloufe,  the  fon  of  Richard  II. 
by  a  fecond  wife,  fet  up  his  title   to   the  dukedom,  in 
which  he  was  powerfully  fupported  by  his  brother  Mau  • 
irchbifhop  of  Rouen;  the  king  favoured  the  malcon- 
tents, at  firll  privately,  and  at  length  invaded  Normandy  in 
their  favour,  and  in  order  to  raife  the  fiege  of  the  caftle 
of  Arquea ;    in  which   enterprize   his  forces  received  a 
\eiy  fevere  check,  and  the  duke  triumphed  over  thefe,  as 
he  had  done  over  his  former  enemies '.     A  peace  follow- 
<d,  but  do  fmcere  reconciliation,  for  the  king  retained  a 
deep  fenfe  of  his  difgrace ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
duke  never  forgave   the  afliflance  which  Henry  had  given 
to  thofe  who  would  have    difpoflefled  him  of  his  domi- 

1  Fragment.  Hill.  Francorum,  »>  P.  Daniel.  i  Frag- 

ment, de  Gulielmo  Conceit. 

F  f  2  nions. 


4.36  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

nions.  In  purfuance  therefore  of  his  old  fclicme,  the 
king  united  himfelf  with  Geoffery  Martel ;  and  having 
formed  two  armies,  one  commanded  by  himfelf  in  per- 
fon,  and  the  other  by  his  brother  Eudes,  whom  he  had 
releafed  out  of  prifon,  he  once  more  invaded  Normandy, 
but  with  the  fame  ill  fortune  that  had  attended  his  former 
A.D.1054.  enterprize.  His  own  army  was  harraffed  and  worfted  in 
—  fevcral  encounters ;  and  that  of  his  brother  totally  de- 
feated at  Mortemer  in  the  Paix  de  Caux  ■■>  a  difafter, 
which  conflrained  him  to  make  peace  upon  fuch  terms  as 
were  agreeable  to  the  duke  :  but  the  rancour  between  them 
never  ccafed,  and  was  in  reality  the  latent  caufe  of  per- 
petual quarrels  between  the  kings  of  France  and  the  Nor- 
man princes,  when  poffeffed  of  the  realm  of  England  k. 
A. D. 1059.       The  king,  finding  his  health  decay,  though  he  was  far 

from  being  old,  judged  it  expedient  to  provide  as  well  for 

The  king  the  fecurity  of  the  kingdom,  as  for  that  of  his  family. 
caujishis  j^e  |iaj  married  a  fecond  time  a  princefs  of  Ruffia,  by 
crowned  whom  he  had  three  fons  :  the  eldeft  of  thefe,  Philip, 
andjoon  then  about  feven  years  of  age,  was,  with  the  confent  of 
after  dies  the  whole  affembly,  crowned  by  the  archbifhop  of  Rheims, 
ef  poifon.  on  t]ie  feafl-  0f  Whitfunday,  with  much  folemnity,  for 
many  great  lords  aflifted  there  in  perfon,  and  others  by 
their  deputies  ;  but  there  is  nothing  clearer  than  that  as 
yet  the  twelve  peers  of  France  did  not  exift '.  There  is 
ftill  remaining  a  copy  of  the  oath  taken  by  the  young 
monarch,  which  is  but  fhort,  and  of  which  three  fourths 
regards  the  clergy,  their  privileges  and  immunities ;  at 
the  clofe  hepromifes  the  people,  that  he  will  employ  the 
authority  conferred  upon  him  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
laws.  At  the  fame  time  the  king  declared  Baldwin,  earl 
of  Flanders,  tutor  and  guardian  to  the  young  king,  in  cafe 
he  himfelf  fhould  die  before  he  came  of  age  ;  and  this  was 
a  wife  and  well-timed  precaution  ;  for,  on  the  4th  of  April 
following  he  departed  this  life;  fome  writers  fay,  by  tak- 
ing a  dole  of  phyfic,  and  drinking  after  it,  contrary  to  the 
exprefs  direction  of  his  phyfician ;  others  feem  to  think 
that  the  phyfician  was  not  altogether  innocent,  but  that, 
under  the  name  of  a  medicine,  he  adminiftered  poifon  m. 
He  deceafed  in  the  fifty-fixth  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the 
thirtieth  of  his  reign.  In  his  time  pope  Leo  IX.  came 
into  France,  and  held  a  council  at  Rheims,  in  which 
feveral  canons  were  made  againffc  inceftuous   marriages, 

k  Gulielm.  Malmfburienfis.  !  Condi.  Franc,  torn.  ix. 

»  Chron.  Senonle. 

fimony, 


tfke  Hi/lory  of  France.  437 

fimony,  and  other  crimes,  which,  in  fpitc  of  the  feeming 
piety,  or  rather  fupcrtlition  of  that  age,  were  hut  too  fre- 
quent. Some  biuSops  were  alfo  depnfed,  not  much  to 
the  king's  good  liking,  who  would  have  hecn  better  pL 
cd  if  the  pope  Lad  remained  at  home;  and  therefore, 
wlren  pope  Nicholas  11.  entertained  thoughts  of  making  a 
like  viiit,  the  king  oppofed  it  with  fuch  firmnefs,  that  he 
was  obliged  to  delift  from  the  defign n.  This  monarch 
was  of  an  active  difpofition,  intrepid  in  time  of  danger, 
and  very  generous ;  but  his  attempts  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  duke  of  Normandy  were  alike  fatal  to  his  quiet,  his 
honour,  and  his  intereil  (D). 

King  Philip,  at  the   time   of  his  acceflion,  was  about  PI>Mp  ae- 
eight  years  of  age  ;  and  it  might  have  been  fuppofed,  that  ce^est0  'he 
either  his  mother  or  his  uncle  would  have  been  called  to  u^"'lj,e 
the  regency,  and  entruited  with  the  care  of  his  education  ;  tuu-.onof 
but,  as  wo  before  obferved,  the  king  his  father  thought  it  the  count  of 
prudent  to  make  another  choice.    He  knew  the  queen  was  Flar.Jert. 
very   unfit  for   fuch  an  office  :   (lie  had  weak   parts   and 
ftrong  paflions,    and,    being  a    foreigner,  had    but    few 
friends  amonglt  the  nobility.     Her  conduct   after  his  de- 
mife  fulliciently  jultified   her  exelufion,  though  flic  made 
fome  ftrugglc  to  prevent  it,  but  without  effect.    The  very 
oppofite  reafons  induced  the  king  to  decline  placing  any 
confidence  in  the   duke  of  Burgundy  :  he  was  rich  and 
powerful,  too  nearly  allied  to  the  young  king,  had  great 
intcreft  amonglt  the  French  lords,  and,  be  fides,  had  once 
let  up  a  claim  to  the  crown ;  but  Baldwin  V.  furnamed 
the  Pious,  earl  of  Flanders,  to  whom  he  committed  t'u 
care  of  his  fon,  and  who  was  his  brother-in-law,  had  all 
the  qualities  that  could  recommend  him  to  fuch  a  truft  ; 
he  was  brave  in   his  perfon,  but   mild  in  his  behaviour, 

"  Concil.  Remenfe,  Epift.  Gervaf.  Arch.  Remcnf. 

(D)      Henry     diitinguithcd  III.  for  when,  upon  his  con: - 

himfelf  chiefly  by  his   mode-  plaint,  this   monarch   received 

ration,  which  was  fomuch  the  a  cold,  and,  as  he  thought,  a 

mare  commendable,  as   it  w.is  difrefpevttul  aniaer,   he   nude 

purely  the  ertects  ot  his  good  no   fcruple    of    replying  h . 

at  :iil  the  eti'evt  challenge  ;  and,  as   the  empe- 

heavy    and    phlegmatic  ror  mu  a    gallant    prince,    it 

:  iti  'l        Hit    faint    ap-  produced  in  him  a  high   opi- 

peared  particularly,  when  Thi-  nion  of  the  king's  merit,  and, 

baur,  count  of  Champagne,  did  in  confequence  of  it  a  right  un- 

homagc  to  the  Cmperor  Henry  uerftanding. 

F  f  ^  and 


438  The  Hijlovy  of  France. 

and  very  cautious  in  his  conduct ;  vigilant,  but  not  fufpi- 
cious  •,  tender  of  the  prerogatives  of  the  crown,  but  more 
fo  of  the  welfare  of  the  people  ;  fincerely  religious,  and  a 
m.m  of  ftritt  honour0.  He  gave  his  pupil  an  education 
iuitable  to  his  rank  and  birth.  He  kept  the  nobility  in 
awe,  without  giving  any  of  them  juft  caufe  of  offence. 
He  maintained  peace  by  remaining  always  armed  :  and 
having  intelligence  that  the  people  of  Aquitaine  were  dif- 
pofed  to  revolt,  he,  under  pretence  of  repreffing  the  Sa- 
racens, entered  their  country  fo  fuddenly  with  an  army, 
that  he  prevented  their  defign,  by  putting  it  out  of  their 
power  to  purfue  it  p.  In  a  word,  he  governed  with  dig- 
nity and  reputation,  infomuch  that  niftory  fcarces  fur- 
nifhes  us  with  an  inftance  of  a  minority  more  quiet,  and 
none  more  happy  than  this.  An  example  the  more  me- 
morable, as  the  conjuncture  was  extremely  delicate. 
Congueflo/  Xhc  only  colour  that  count  Baldwin  gave  for  cenfure 
En jand,  jn  h,s  comiuft  towards  duke  William  of  Normandy, 

andi:s  con-       ,  ,         ,        .  ,  .     .  ,,    ,  / 

ttin  who,  under  the   ipccious  pretence  01   being  called  to  the 

regard  to      fuccefTion  by  Edward  the  Confeffor,  in  prejudice  to  Edgar 
the  crow*    Athciing,  who  had  a  better  title  to  the  crown  than  his 
Of  trance.     ovvn>  was  preparing  to  invade  England.     The  count  gave 
him  leave,  upon  this  occafion,  to  raiie  forces  throughout 
France  and  Flanders,  a  permiflion  which,  from  the  event, 
was  judged  impolitic.     Yet  the  duke,  being  his  fon-in- 
law,   he  could  not,  with  a  good  grace,  deny  him  ;  but  the 
French  own  that  there  was  another  more  powerful  motive  . 
the  Norman  was  {o  entcrprifing  and   fo  fortunate,    that 
Baldwin  was  afraid  of  his  refentment,  being  jultly  appre- 
henfive,  that,  if  he  had  crofled  him  in  his  defign,  he  might 
have  entered  France  with  that  army  which  he  had  raifed 
againft  England,  where  he  fuccetded  more  fpecdily,  and 
with  greater  facility,  than  could  poflibly  have  been  expect- 
ed.    But  to  balance  as  far  as  poffible  this  increafe  of  his 
.  power,  an  offcnfive  and  defeniive  alliance  was  concluded 
A.O.jo66.  between   the    crowns  of  France  and    Scotland ;    which, 

Elj__  -  though  it  did  not  prove  effectual,  was,  notwithstanding, 

the  only  remedy  that  was  left.  Soon  after  this  great  event 
took  place,  count  Baldwin  died,  and  left  the  young  king, 
his  nephew  and  pupil,  in  the  peaceable  pofl'erTion  of  his 
dominions,  when  he  had  attained  the  fifteenth  year  of  his 
age,  and  had  fome  able  minifters  about  him  1. 

0  Fragment.  Birr.  Francorum.  Sigeberr.         P  Mezeray.       9  Gu- 
Jielra.  Mai  to  'bu  rien  lis,  Fragment.  Hilt.  Fraucoruin, 

The 


The  Ili/hry  of  Fui  439 

The  king  as,  we  obferved,  had  been  perfectly  well  cdu-  p}tl!ip  ?0_ 
',  and  wis  not  at  all  deficient  in  point   of  capacity;  vimsiviih 
but  his  mind  had  a  wrong  turn,  which  appeared  in  all  his  no  other 
ns  from  firit  to  laft,  though  at  the  beginning  of  his  v'tw  than 
ager  and  active,  vis  lie  was  indolent  and    v"oc. 
pailive  during  the  greateft  part  of  it.     Geoffrey  Mattel,  cur,e»ee  to 
count  of  Anjou,  having  no  children  of  his  own,  left  his  his  own  ad- 
eftates  to  the  fons  of  his  filter;   the  elder,  Geoffrey,  fur-  vantage. 
named   Le  Barbo,  was  an  honeit  worthy  man ;  but  the 
youn  as  of  quite  a   different  character, 

and  from  thence  received  the  furname  of  Le  Rechin,  which 
implies  morofe  and  cruel.     Under  pretence  that  he  had  not 
his  full  fhare  of  the  fucceffion,  he  mafic  war  upon  his  bro- 
ther ;  and,  having  corrupted  l'ome  of  his    principal  offi- 
cers, who  betrayed  him  into  his  hands,  put  him  into  pri- 
fon,  where  he  Was  fo  ill  treated,  that  many  of  the  nobi- 
lity,   and  even  the  king,    took  offence,    and   threatened 
Foulqucs,  in  cafe  he  did  not  let  him  at  liberty.     He  thought 
it  more  expedient  to  facrifice  the  Gaftinois  to  the  king; 
and  Philip,  having  a  fhare  in  the  fpoils,  troubled  himfelf 
no  farther  about  the  unfortunate  Geoffrey',     'i  his  prince 
had  a  ftrong  propenfity  to  interfere  in  all  quarrels  and  diifc 
putes  amongffc  his  neighbours,  under  colour  of  mediating 
between  them,  or  or"  fupportingthe  diftreffed  ;  but  in  rea- 
be  meditated  only  the  aggrandizing  his  own  power, 
and  procuring  either  a  recompencc  for  his  affiftancc,  or  a 
confideration  for  being  quiet.     He  gave  the  ftrongf  ft  proof 
of  this  difpofition  in  a  cafe  where,  of  all  others,  it  ought 
to  have  appeared.     His  tutor,  Baldwin,  earl  of  Flan- 
ders, left  behind  him  two  fons,  Baldwin,  who  fucceeded 
him  in  his  dominions,  and  Robert,  count  of  Frize  :  the 
i   made  war  upon   the  younger  ;  but  being  killed  in 
battle,  Robert  poflefled  himfelf  of  Flanders,  and  conftrain? 
cd  the  widow  of  the  deceafed  to  retire  with  her  two  fons, 
-  Arnold  and  Baldwin,  to  Paris,  where  they  were  received 
with   all    pollible   teftimonies   of   refpect,    and    had   the 
ilrongeft  afl'urances  given  them  of  being  reftored  to  their 
dominions*.     King  Philip  entered  Flanders  accordingly, 
with  a  numerous  army  ;  but  having  the  misfortune  to  be 
totally  defeated  near  St.  Omer's,  and  the  young  count  Ar- 
nold being  unfortunately  killed  by  his  uncle,  Philip  foon 
after  abandoned  the  widow  and  the  orphan.     In  this  dif- 
trefs  they  had  recourfe  to  the  emperor  Henry  III.  for  his 

r  Mfzeray.    Le  Gcndrc.  *  Hiftoirede  Fland.    Dupleix, 

P.  Panid. 

F  f  4  protc&ioc  i 


44©  The  Hijlory  of  France. 

protection  ;  and,  in  all  probability,  would  have  recovered 
their  dominions,  if  the  monarch  of  France  had  not  en- 
tered into  the  interefts  of  count  Robert,  who,  to  bind 
him  fafter,  engaged  him  to  efpoufe  Bertha,  the  daughter 
A.D1073    of  the  countefs  of  Frize,  by  her  firft  hufband  ;  a  circum- 

ftance  which  obliged  count   Baldwin  to  content  himfelf 

with  the  county  of  Hainault,  and  to  make  a  ceffion  to  his 
v  uncle  Robert  of  his  hereditary  dominions  c. 
En%ff?es  in  jt  js  n0  grot  wonder  that  a  prince  of  fuch  a  difpofition 
"william  the  mou'^  not  De  very  careful  of  commerce,  or  pay  a  deep  re- 
Cbnqueror.  fpec"t  to  the  law  of  nations :  and  it  appears  that  this  was 
the  cafe,  fince  fomc  Italian  merchants  were  plundered  in 
his  dominions,  and,  upon  their  report,  the  then  pope 
Gregory  VII.  took  great  offence.  He  made  it  a  pre- 
tence to  enquire  into  the  general  character  and  conduct  of 
the'king ;  and  finding  thefe  fuch  as  they  really  were,  he 
took  from  thence  occafion  to  write  to  the  duke  of  A- 
quitaine,  exhorting  him  and  the  other  great  lords  of 
France  to  remonftrate  to  the  king,  whom  he  ftyles  monfter, 
wild  bead,  and  tyrant,  againft  his  proceedings,  promifing 
to  fecond  their  reproofs  with  the  thunder  of  the  church  ". 
Thefe  threats  did  not  immediately  produce  the  effe£t  that 
was  intended  ;  the  great  lords  in  France  faw  that  the  king 
was  diminifhing  his  cwn  power,  by  frarrafling  and  im- 
poverifhing  his  fubjects  :  as  to  thofe  vices  and  crimes 
imputed  to  him  by  the  pope,  they  were  not  fo  innocent 
themfcives  as  to  defire  to  fee  fuch  precedents  introduced  : 
and  the  pope  having  the  depofition  of  an  emperor  upon  his 
hands,  had  not  leifure  to  blow  the  coals  long  enough  to 
raifc  a  rebellion  in  France  w.  Philip  was  no  lets  fortunate 
in  his  firll  war  againft  William,  furnamed  the  Conqueror, 
who  came  over  from  England  with  an  army,  in  order  to 
reduce  Hoel,  duke  of  Bretagne,  who  refufed  to  acknew- 
lege  him  for  his  lord.  The  firll  fury  of  his  arms  was 
ipent  againft  Del,  to  which  he  laid  fiege,  and  from  before 
which  he  was  obliged  to  rife,  with  the  lofs  of  his  baggage, 
by  a  numerous  army  commanded  by  king  Philip  in  perfon. 
This  quarrel  being  compofed,  a  peace  was  concluded, 
which  heightened  the  prefumption  of  Philip,  who  thence 
concluded  in  favour  of  his  forces  and  fortune  x. 

This    tranquility  could  not  laf'c  long,  coufulering   the 
fituation  of  things,  and  the  oppofite  difpofition  of  the  two 

t  Mezeray.  u  Hiftoire  des  Papes.     Mezeray.     P.  Daniel, 

w  Epilt.  Gregor.  VII.  lib.  ii,  Ep.  5,  32,  35.         «  Du  Tillet. 

menarchs ; 


The  Hijlory  of  France,  44  * 

monarchs;  for  William  was  open  and  violent,  Phillip  ma-  Enters  inn 
licioui  and  diflembling.     He  held  a  clofc  correfpondence  i»triguet 
with  Robert,  the  cldelt  fon  of  the  Conqueror,  a  prince  as  ™JA  **" 
ambitious  of  authority  as  he  was  incapable  of  exercifing  it  jej}'re„  tt 
with  propriety.     He  had  been  the  author  of  all  the  dif-  William. 
turbances  in  Normandy ;  and  at  length,  pretending  to  re- 
fent  a  childilh  action  in  his  two  younger  brothers,  retired 
from  court,  and  broke  into  open  rebellion.     Philip  not 
only  encouraged  as  he  had  excited  this  behaviour,  but  al- 
fo  gave  to  Robert  the  town  of  Gerberoi,  in  Beauvoifms, 
a  place  of  fome  ftrength,  and  very  well  fituated  for  the 
purpofe  of  dillurbing  Normandy.     King  William  follow- 
ed his  fon  thither  with  an  army,  and  befieged  him ;  but 
the  fortrefs,  being  well  provided,  made  a  good  defence, 
and  prince  Robert,  who,  with  all  his  faults,  was  one  of 
the  braved  men  of  his  time,  in  a  fully  wounded  and  un- 
horfed    his    father,    but  without  knowing  him,    till  his 
voice    difcovered    who    he    was.      Robert    then  raifed 
him  up,  threw  himfelf  at  his  feet,  and  fet  him  upon  his 
own  horfe  \  an  incident  which  contributed  fomewhat  to 
another  peace,  but  never  to  a  thorough  reconciliation, 
the  father  being  as  little  difpofed  to  forgive  as  the  fon  was 
to  be  quiet :  and  Philip,  who  affected  upon  all  occasions 
being  the  mediator,  was  equally  an  enemy  to  both  f. 

Some  years  elapfed  before  things  broke  out  again  into  a  ^  „ew 
flame;  even  then  William,  who    never  fought  quarrels,  ivarwith 
would  not  have  entered  France,  if  the  flippancy  of  the  Normandy, 
king's  tongue  had  not  provoked   him  to  a   reply,  which      JCjl' tt 
made  it  necefiary.      The  Englifh  monarch,  who   was  a  aeethcftht 
very  unwieldy  man,  being  indifpofed,  kept   his  bed  for  conqueror, 
fome  time ;  upon  which  Philip  faid  often  to  his  courtiers, 
"  Though  William  is  fo  long  lying-in,  I  doubt  when  he 
comes  abroad,  he  will  be  as  big  as  ever."     Which  farcafm 
being  reported  to  that  prince,  he  faid  to  thofe  about  him, 
"  It  will  not  be  long  before  I  go  abroad,  and  let    him 
know,  that  fo  many  lights  {hall  be  carried  at  my  churching 
(for  the  cuftom  then  was,  upon  fuch  occafions,  for  women 
to  carry  a  torch),  as  fhall  enlighten  all  France,  and  make 
him  repent  his  jell  *  "     In  execution  of  this  threat  he  be- 
fieged the   city  of  Mantes,    ravaged  the  country   round 
about,  and,  having  taken  the  place,  burnt  it ;  but  was  fo  ex- 
ceflivdy  heated  by  approaching  too  near  the  fire,  that,  turn- 
ing his  horfe  to  retire,  and  finding  a  ditch  in  his  way,  he, 

9  Fragment    Hid.    Franc.     Gulielm.     Malrncf.    Rog.   Hoved. 

*  Guliclia.  Gemct. 

ia 


442  The  Hijlory  of  Fra 

in  leaping  it,  received  a  contufion  from  the  pomcl  of  hit 
A. D.  1087.    (addle  in  his  ftomach,  of  which  he  died  not  long  after  at 
Rouen,  leaving  behind  him  three  fons,  who  were  upon 
the  wcrft  terms  poihble  with  each  other,  and  confequent- 
]y  flood  aiike  expofed  to  the  efforts  of  their  enemies2. 
7he  Vtr.gs         Philip  was  by  this  event  delivered  from  a  potent  adver- 
fatecou-      fary,  and  believed,  as  he    had  rcafon  to  believe,  that  he 
wet?his     ^acl  notning  t0  fear  froni  Robert,  to  whom  his  father  left 
queen, mal-  ^e  duchy  °f  Normandy.     His  ambition,   as  upon  other 
treats  a        occafions,  outran  his  prudence;  he  publifhed  his  claim  to 
fruuefshe    the  realm  of  England,  while  his  brother  "William  was  tak- 
fretended     jng  poflefTion  of  it ;  a  circuinflance,    which  not  only  fro- 
toejptufe.     ^rateci  }jj3  own  defigns,  Dut  brought  William  over  with 
an  army  into  Normandy.      Robert,  fufpe  cling  his  brother 
Henry  to  be  fecretly  embarked   in  his  defign,  defpoiled 
him  of  the  Cotentin,  and  then  had  recourfe  to  Philip  for 
his   afllflancc.     The  king    made    great    profeffions,  and 
entered  Normandy  with  an  army  which  might  have  made 
thefe  good;  but  William  flackened  his  pace  by  the  help 
of  money,  and,  by  the  repetition  of  this  argument,  detach- 
ed him  from  the  caufe  that  wanted  it.     Robert  was  forced 
to  confent  to  a  peace ;  by  which  William  kept  what  he 
had   conquered,  Henry  was    reflored    to    what   he   had 
loft,    and    the   unfortunate  prince    firfl   mentioned   was 
at  the  expence  of  all  b.    The  politics  of  Philip  were  right 
for  the  prefent,  which  is  the  rock  that  cunning  fplits  on  ; 
true  wifdom  would  have  taught  him  to  fupport  Robert,  and 
to  have  placed  his  fecurity  not  in  the  divifion  of  the  duchy 
of  Normandy,  but  in  preferving  it  for  the  lawful  duke,  and 
thereby  making  him  his  friend*.     This  was  one  falfe  llep; 
he  quickly  committed  another.    He  was  grown  weary  of  his 
wife,  though   he  had  by  her  two  fons    and  a  daughter* 
He  recollected  that   fhe  was  related  to  him,  though  at  a 
great  diftance;  or,  perhaps,  his  flatterers    forged  a  pedi- 
gree to   make  this  probable.     However  it  was,  he  found 
churchmen   to  divorce  him,  and   font  her  to  Montreuil  ; 
where,  in  procefs  of  time,  flic  died  of  ill-treatment  and  a 
broken  heart.     He  then   demanded  in    marriage   Emma, 
the  daughter  of  count  Rcgcr,  brother  to  the  duke  of  Cala- 
bria ;  who  confenting  to  the  propofal,  fent  over  the  lady 
richly  adornded  with  jewels,  and  with  a  large  portion  in 
ready  money.     The  Italian  writers  fay  this  was  done  pure^ 
ly  to  deprive  her  of  them  ;  the  French  hiflorians  deny  the 
intention  ;    but,  if  the  fa£l  be    certain,  it  fignifies  little 

»  Chroniques  de  Normandie.  b  GuHelra.  Gem.  Mezer. 

P.  Daniel.  c  Chromiiues  de  Normand* 

what 


>flory  of  France.  443 

what  was- the  defign  d.     As  to  the  apparent  rcafon, 

life  her,  that  arofe  ironi  another  ilij)   AD.  too*. 
in    1]  conduct  ;  which,  as  it  was  one  of  the  fouled,  '  ' 

fo  the  moll  fatal  he  ever  made,  and  die  effects 
of  which  pnrfued  him  to  h 

Foulques  le   Rcchin,  count   of   Anjou,    whofe    charac-  Carries 
tcr  we  mentioned  before,  though  far  in  years,  and  though  ',rU)ay  *he 
he  had   tv  already,   having   heard  of  Bertrade   <<e  c""!"f'*f 

Montlort,  a  young  lady  elleemed  the  handfomefl  in  France,  her  huf- 
was  bent   on  marrying   her,  and,  not   without  ionic  difli-  band,  and 
cuky,  brought  it  about,  her  family  facrificing  her  to  their  pretends 
own    inured.     This  woman,  tired  of  an  old,  gouty,  and  lj>  marO 
iurly  hulband,  and  hearing  that  the  king   had  parted  with     .  " 

rife,  privately  invited  him  to  come  and  fee  her.     Upon 
this  invitation  he  framed  fome  pretence  for  going  to  Tours, 
re  the  count  of  Anjou  received  him  with   all  poilible 
duty  ami  refpecl  ;  in  return  for  which  he  fedueed  his  wife 
to  elope,  and  follow  him  to  Orleans'.     He    was  not  fatif- 
iied  with  the  poffeffion  of  this  woman,  but  he  refolved  at 
all  events  to  marry  her,  and  to  this  end  a  divorce  was  pro- 
cured  between  her  and  her  hufband  ;  but  when  this  bar 
:  emoved,  none  of  the  bifliops  of  France  could  be  pre- 
I  on  to  celebrate  this  marriage,  or  even  to  be  prefent 
at  it.     He  contrived,  however,  to  get  it  done,  with   fome 
kind  of  folemuity,  by  Eudes  bifhop  of  Bayeaux,  brodier 
by  the   mother's  fide  to  William  the   Conqueror,  in  the 
nee  of  the   liiliop  of  Senlis,  and   the   archbiflicp   of 
n,  all  Normans'11.     Pope  Urban  the  Second  caufed  the 
le  matter  to   be   clofely  examined  in  a  council  held  at  A.D.ioq.i. 

Autun,  where   the  king  was  excommunicated  in  cafe   he  

did  not  part  with  this  woman,  whom  he  iiyled  his  wife. 
The  pope  threatened  to  proceed  farther ;  but  the  king, 
promifing  to  fubmit,  obtained  a  fufpenfion  of  the  cenfure. 
However,  as  he  broke  his  word,  the  pope  fumnioi.ed  an- 
other council  at  Clermont,  in  which  he  was  excommunicat-  A.D.1095. 

cd   afrefh  n,  the  cier;_;y  of  France  making  no    manner   of 

oppofition. 

It  was  in  this  council  that  the  firft  croifade  was  publifli-  Hisnum 
ed  for  the  recovery  of  the   Holy   Land  ;  it  was  about  this  bthavimr 
time  alio,  or  rather  a  little  before,  that  Henry  of  Burgun-  undtr  re' 
dy  went,  with  other  French  lords,  to  the  afliltance   of  the  *tah 
Spaniards  againft  the  infidels,  an  expedition  which  pro-  canons,  ly 

which  at 
•'  Cliron.dc  St.  Denis.     Malat.  Hift.  R    Guifchardi.  'Oit-laflht 

ric  Vital    Dupkix.  Meseft  m  Gulielm.  Maln.fburienll  P.   obtains 

paniel,  Le  Gcudrc.  '  » Coucil.  Gall.  torn,  x  J.  de  ierres.  abfolutiom. 

cured 


444  ^-e  Hlftory  of  France. 

cured  that  young  prince  a  marriage  fuitable  to  his  rank, 
and  the  county  of  Portugal  in  dowry  with  his  wife ;  but 
thefe  examples  wrought  nothing  on  the  king.  His  brother 
Hugo,  indeed,  and  his  friend  Robert  duke  of  Normandy, 
took  the  crofs  ;  but  as  for  Philip,  though  he  humbled  him- 
felf  fo  far  to  the  pope  as  to  procure  an  absolution,  yet  want- 
ing alike  the  fortitude  of  a  prince  and  the  true  principle  of 
a  penitent,  he  relapfed  into  his  former  fcandalous  manner 
of  living  with  the  countefs  of  Anjou,  and  was  excommu- 
nicated a  third  time.  His  conduct,  fo  unworthy  of  a 
prince,  expofed  him  juftly  to  the  contempt  of  the  people0. 
A.D  1096.  Too  many  of  the  nobility  followed  his  example,  and  at  the 

fame  time  defpifed  his   authority  ;  not  only  making   war 

upon   each   other,  but  fpoiling  and   robbing   his  fubjecls 
with   equal    cruelty  and   impunity.      Ail  this  time  Philip 
was  foliciting  and  cajoling  the  court  of  Rome,  till  at  length 
/  he  prevailed  with  pope  Pafchal  to  caufe  the  whole  of  his 

affair  to  be  reviewed  in  a  council  held  at  Poitiers,  which, 
notwithftanding  all   the  efforts   that  could  be  made  by  the 
populace,  excited  by   his  partizans,  terminated  in  a   new 
A.D.  1100.  excommunication  p.     But  notwithftanding  this,  the  queen 
•_____«.  being  dead,  and  the  old   count  of  Anjou  offering,  for  a 
large  fum  of  money,  to  give  whatever  affiftance  might  be 
requifite  to  procure  a  papal  difpenfation  for  the  king's  mar- 
riage, he  renewed   his   inftances  at  Rome,  offering  at  the 
fame  time   to  fubmit   to   whatever  penance  fhould  be  en- 
joined j  and  in  the  end,  by  the  influence  of  prefents  and 
prayers,  he  obtained   abfolution  1. 
lewis  his        ^ut  tnougn  tu's  quieted,  in  fome  meafure,  his  domeftic 
fonandheir  affairs,  yet,  in  refpedt  to  his  authority,  it  was  fo  far  from 
apparent,     being  re-eltablifhed,  that  the   nobility  affe&ed  more  and 
ajjociated     more  a  degree  of  independency,  utterly  incompatible  with 
with  km     tjie   refp£^.    due  to  him   by   the  conftitution,  as   it  then 
vernment.    ft°och     Some  of  them,  -indeed,  fuch  irs  William  duke  of 
Aquitaine,  and  even  the  count  of  Anjou,  behaved  in   a 
very  different  manner  ;  but  their  conduct  arofe  from  their 
own  notions  of  things,  and  particular  connections,  and  not 
from  a  principle  of  obedience,  or  any  awe  they   flood  in 
of  his  power  :  for  the  leffer  nobility,  and   even  his  imme- 
diate vaffals,  infulted  him  every  hour,  plundered  his  fub- 
je£ts,  and  cut  off  the  communication  between  Paris  and 
Orleans.     All  this  infolence  did  not  roufe  Philip  from  that 
idle  and  indolent  couife  of  life  which  he  had  led  for  many 

•  Oderic  Vital.  Dupl.  P.  Daniel.  p  Con.  Ga!!.  torn.  x.  Me- 

zcray.  Boulan,  1  Hugo  Flavin. 

veara, 


The  Hijlory  of  .  445 

years,  and,  rather  than  it  fhould,  he  aflbciatcd  his   eldefl 
13,  or   at  leaft  declared  him,  with   the  con  fen  t  of 
nobility,  his  fucceffbr'.     Thi;  young  prince  was  the 
reverie  of  his  father,    active,  vigilant,  affable,  free 
from  the  vices  incident  to  youth,  and  in  all  refpe&a  one  of 
the  braved  and  worthieil  men  this  country  ever  produced. 
He  fawthat,  in  a  corrupted  (late,  there  was  nothing  to  be 
done  but  by   force;   he  kept  therefore  continually  in  the 
field;  with  a  (mail  body  of  troops  about  him,,  and  thefc  he 
employed  againll  fuch  as  would  not  liflen  to  the  dictates 
of  ju<  equity,  and  even  treated  the  laws  of  their 

country  with  derifion.  He  demolifhed  their  caftles,  he 
compelled  them  to  reditu; ion,  he  forced  them  to  abandon 
the  eftates  of  which  they  had  deprived  the  bifhops  and  the 
clergy.  He  acajed  in  fo  difinterefted  a  manner,  and  with 
fo  iudifputable  a  zeal  for  the  public  welfare,  that,  after  a 
few  victories  gained,  and  fome  unavoidable  inftances  of 
feverity,  he  brought  things  into  tolerable  order,  and  at  the 
fame  time  gained  the  affection  of  the  better  part  of  the  no- 
bility, and  the  reverence  of  the  people  in  general  fo  abfo- 
lutely,  that  all  hiflorians  agree  he  faved  the  ftate  from  de- 
ft ruction,  and  the  monarchy  from  being  absolutely  fub- 
verted  \ 

Bertrade,    who  now    ftyled   herfelf  queen    of  France,  fj;s  mot/ter. 
faw,  with  infinite  chagrin,  the   good  fortune  of  Lewis,  inlaw 
and  the  univerfd  refpect  that  Mas  paid  to   his  good  quali-  firft  c°m- 
ties.     She  had   two  fons  by  the  king,  and  had  the  fuccef-  te:s  ft,m  " 
fion   in  view  ;  to   which  fhe   thought  Lewis  the   only  ob-  /^    "*~. 
ft.vde,  his  brother  Henry  being  dead'.     Thisconfideration  tken'poi- 
induced  her  to   practife  all  her  arts,  and  none  of  her  fex  fons  Mm- 
had  more,  to   ftrengthen  her  own  party,  and  to  diftrefs 
and  difturb  the  young  king.     He  was  not  at  all  of  a  temper 
capable  of  returning  fuch  ufage  ;  and  therefore,  when  he 
found   the   realm   in   fome  degree  of  quiet,  he  thought  it 
better  to  retire  out  of  the   reach  of  the  ftorm  than  to  run 
the  rifle  of  fupporting  it.     It   was  chiefly  with    this  view 
that  he  made  a  voyage  to  England;  though   probably  with 
fome  plaufible  pretence,  fince  it  was  with  the  confent  of 
king  Philip,  and  he  was  received  by  Henry  with  the  great- 
ell  testimonies  of  kindnefs  ami  elteem  u.     He  had  not  been 
long  at  court,  before  the  Englifh  monarch  received,  by  an 
fa,  a  letter  from  king  Philip,    fignifying,  that,    fur 

r  Suger.  Vir.  Ludovici  Grofli,  Dupl.  Mezeray.  •  Oder.  Vit.i1. 

Suger.  Vit.  Ludoviu  (>iufli.  «   Duplex  M:zcray.    -         «  Le 

Gend.  P.  Daniel. 

certain 


44  6  The   Hijlovy  of  France. 

certain  important  reafons,  he  fhould  be  exceedingly  obliged 
to  him  if  he  clofely  confined  his  fon,  or  removed  him  al- 
together out  of  the  way.  Henry,  inftead  of  executing  fo 
infamous  a  requeft,  {hewed  the  letter  to  Lewis,  gave  him 
his  bed  advice,  and,  having  loaded  him  with  prefent3, 
fent  him  home  with  all  the  marks  of  honour  and  regard 
pollible.  At  his  ieturn,  Lewis  demanded  juftice  for  this 
attempt ;  at  the  knowlege  of  which  the  king  appeared  much 
amazed,  as  having  in  reality  no  concern  in  it u.  But  Ber- 
trade,  whole  fear  was  now  as  ftrong  as  her  ambition,  think- 
ing there  was  no  time  to  be  loft,  no  means  to  be  left  un- 
tried, procured  poifon  to  be  given  him,  which  wrought  fo 
violently,  that  the  ableft  phyficians  thought  it  impolhble  to 
fave  him.  A  ftranger,  however,  undertook  the  cure,  and 
fucceeded  in  ir,  only  a  palenefs  remained  in  his  counte- 
nance during  life,  notwithftanding  that  he  grew  afterwards 
fo  corpulent  as  to  be  fnrnamed  the  Grofs*. 
It  eon.  Upon  this  new  and  flagrant  a£t  of  violence,    Lewis  was 

fira'medto     on  the  point  of  coming  to  extremities,  and  of  having   re- 
fubmit,  and  courfe  to  the  fame  methods  for  obtaining  juftice  in  his  own 
throTj her-    caufe>  which  he  had  fo  often  employed  to  procure  it  for 
kit  aura      ot"ers.     But  the   king,  unable  to  part  with  Bertrade,  and 
as  unable  to  protect  her,  had   recouife   to  the  pity  of  his 
fon,  to  whom  he  obliged   her  to  make   the  molt   humble 
fubmilTions;  and  it  was  upon  this  occafion  that  fhe  fhewed 
the  utmoft  extent  of  her  addrefs,  infomuch  that  it  ftill  re- 
mains undecided,  whether  fhe  feigned   or  felt  that  peni- 
tence by   which  fhe   totally  difanned  Lewis  of  his  refent- 
ment  Y.     We  may  the  lefa  wonder  at  this,  fince  we  are  in- 
fo! med,  that  lhc  had  fuch  an  ahfolute  command  over  the 
morofe  Foulques  ofRechin,  that  he  palled  whole  days  at 
her  feet  like  her  Have  ;  and  it  is  certain,  that  he  entertained 
the  king  and  her  at  Angiers  with  all  the  pomp  and  magnifi- 
cence poffible,  and  waited  on  them  in  perfon  at  table.     Af- 
ter this  reconciliation,  fhe  (hewed,  upon  all  occalions,  the 
moft  profound  refpecl:  for  Lewis,  acknowleged  that  he  me- 
rited the  crown  he  had  faved,  and  placed  all  hopes  in  pro- 
viding for  the  fafety  and  fubfiftence  of  her  children  in  re- 
commending them  to  his  favour2. 
The  death        We  meet  with   nothing  after  this  period,  that  can  be 
et  k;n%         ftyled    memorable,  in   the   reign  of  king  Philip  ;     neither 
Philip.         t,oes  -t  c|earjy  appear  whether,  with  all  his  fubmiffions  to 

u  Oder.  Vital.  Dupleix,  Le  Gend.  *  Du  Tillet,  Mezeray. 

»  Cluon.  Andegav.  Dupleix,  Le  Gend.  »  Chroa.  Malleac. 

DuTilJct. 

the 


The  Hlftory  of  France. 


447 


the  fee  of  Rome,  by  which  he  difgraced  himfelf  fo  much 
in  the  eyes  of  ftrangers  and  of  his  own  fubjedrs,  he  ob- 
1  a  full  confirmation  of  his  marriage  ;  that  is,  fuch  a 
confirmation  as  the  pontiffs  a  (Turned  to  themfelves  a  power 
of  giving.  It  is,  however,  generally  fpeaking,  held  pro- 
bable that  he  did  ;  fince,  towards  the  clofe  of  his  reign, 
the  hittorians  give  her  the  title  of  queen,  and  fpeak  of  her 
children  as  rendered  capable  of  the  fucceflion  a.  Yet  Mc- 
zeray  fays  with  great  freedom,  that  the  bifhops  of  France 
flattered  the  king's  infamous  adultery,  by  beflowing  on  it 
the  honourable  title  of  marriage  b.     However  this  might  A.D.noS. 

be,  he  remained  as  much  attached  to  her  as  ever,  to  the  ■ 

lalt  hour  of  his  life.  He  died  at  Melun,  on  the  29th  of 
July,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  reign,  reckoning  from  his 
coronation  in  his  father's  life-time,  and  in  the  forty-feventh. 
from  the  deceafe  of  that  prince  c  (E). 

»  Guliel.  Malmf.  Dupleix,  P.  Daniel.  «•  Du  Tillet,  Meze- 

ray.  c  Epitaph.  Philipp:,  !re. 


(E)  Philip,  though  he   had 
few    virtues,    had   many   good 
qualities ;     he    was   courteous, 
generous,      and    companionate 
.ions   in  diftrefs ;  which 
/ed  him  caiy  in   private 
great   meafure 
abated  that  hatred,  which    o- 
.  He  would  have  been  exci- 
by  his  vices.     Under  his 
1   began  the  religious  or- 
of  the  Chartreux,  Cilteaux, 
and  Canons  Regular,  of  St.  Au- 
ie.       His    anceftors    had 
much  towards  reforming 
.orals  of  the  people ;   in 
came  very  cor- 
rupt, :i  bad 
,'lc,  andt                  of  his 
t,    the   rertrainir.g   priefts 
;ec  of 
the  council  (»t                    ind  by 

ha,  who  d 
a  broken  heat:  ttreutl, 

be  had   hi;  fuccoflbr   L 
Henry,  who  died  young  ;  and 

Du  Tillet,  St.    Marthe,  J.  dr  Serres,    Dtipleix,  Chalon*. 
(9)  M  Daniel,  Lc  Gcndrc,  Hanault,  Boulanvillierr. 

Lewis 


Conflantia,  who  married  firft 
Hvigues,  count  of  Troves, 
and,  being  divorced  from  him, 
on  pretence  of  confanguinity, 
Beaumond  prince  of  Antioch. 
His  children  by  the  famous 
Bertrade,  who  is  faid  to  1 
died  a  penitent,  were  Philip 
count  of  Mante,  whofe  eftatcs 
were  confifcated  for  rebellion, 
and  who  died  without  iflue  ; 
Florence,  who  left  only  a 
daughter  ;  and  ^Cecilia,  who 
,  -ll  to  Tan- 
cred  prince  of  Antioch,  and 
to  Pons  de  Touloufe, 
count  of  Tripoli  (8).  Philip, 
by  his  own  dclirc,  was  buried 
at  Fleury,  which  is  the  puns 
monaftcry  now  known  by  the 
name  of  St.  Bennet  on  the 
Loire.  He  reigned  longer  than 

of  his  prcdeecfibrs  < 
Clotaire,  and  than   any  of  hi9 
fuceeflbrs    except    Lewis    the 
Fourteenth  (9). 


448  ¥he  Hijiory  of  France. 

Lewis  vl.  Lewis  the  Sixth,  called  by  the  old  hiftorians  Lewis 
fucceeds  to  Thibaut,  and,  from  his  fize  in  the  latter  part  of  his  reign, 
his  father's  furnamed  Lewis  the  Grofs,  affumed  the  fole  administration 
of  affairs  on  the  demife  of  his  father,  when  he  was  enter- 
ing the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age.  The  firft  thing  he  thought 
neceffary  was  his  coronation,  notwithstanding,  as  moft 
writers  fay,  he  had  been  actually  crowned  in  the  life-time 
of  his  father,  and  in  this  defign  he  met  with  fome  difficul- 
ty'1. There  was  at  this  time  a  fchifm  in  the  church  of 
Rheims  ;  and  theiefore,  by  the  advice  of  the  bifhop  of 
Chattres,  who  was  one  of  the  moft  refpcQable  prelates  in 
France,  the  king  caufed  himfelf  to  be  crowned  at  Orleans 
by  the  bifhop  of  that  city.  This  ceremony  might  probably 
add  fome  weight  to  his  authority  ;  but  it  was  very  far  from 
procuring  him  that  tranquility  which  he  expected.  His 
difquiet  did  not  arife  from  the  great  lords,  who  had  an  af- 
fection for  his  perfon,  but  from  the  infolence  of  his  imme- 
diate vaflals,  who,  juftly  apprehending  that  he  would  put 
an  end  to  thofe  exorbitances  which  they  had  hitherto  com- 
mitted with  impunity,  confederated  together  to  give  him 
all  the  trouble  in  their  power.  The  domain,  that  is,  the 
territory  actually  in  pofleffion  of  the  king,  confuted  only 
of  Paris,  Orleans,  Etamps,  Compiegne,  Melun,  Bourges, 
and  a  few  other  places  of  lefs  coniidcration6.  Amongft 
the  malecontents  then  in  arms  the  principal  were  the  lords 
of  Corbeil  and  Mante  du  Puifet  in  Bcaucc,  de  Couci,  de 
Montfort,  de  Montlherre,  and  de  Rochefort.  Their  fiefs 
lay  fo  intermixed  with  the  king's  domain  as  put  it  out  of 
his  power  to  aflemble,  on  any  occafion,  the  whole  of  the 
little  force  he  had,  and  gave  them  the  moft  favourable  op- 
portunities of  making  diverfions,  when  any  ofthemweie 
attacked.  In  fhort  they  embroiled  him  in  fuch  a  manner, 
that,  though  he  had  the  lofty  title  of  king  of  France,  he 
had  fcarce  the  Itrength  of  a  duke  of  Burgundy.  Of  this 
weaknefs  a  more  flagrant  inftance  cannot  be  given  than  his 
being  obliged  thrice  to  befiege  the  little  caftle  of  Puifet. 
The  firft  time  he  was  difappointed  for  want  of  provifions  ; 
at  the  fecond  he  was  defeated  by  the  confederates,  and 
forced  to  raife  the  fiege  •,  but  at  laft  he  became  mafter  of, 
and  demolifhed  it.  He  treated  in  the  fame  manner  other 
fortreffes,  as  foon  as  he  reduced  them  ;  but  what  he  chiefly 
relied  on  was  the  laws,  with  the  execution  of  which  he 
charged  himfelf  by  force  of  arms.     Adting  in  this  matter 

*  Suger.  Vir.  Ludovici  Grofii,  Mezeray,  Le  Gendre.         *  Chron. 
6enonfe,  Du  Tiller,  P.  Daniel. 

with 


Tie  Hijlory  of  finance*  449 

Xvitli  an  impartial  fpirit  of  jullice,  he  gained  the  refpecl  of 

ire  of  the  common  people,  wl.<- 

upon  all  occafions,  not  only  againft  the  oppref- 

,  but  alfo  againft  the  officers  of  his  crown 

and  army,  according  to  his  own  excellent  maxim,  that  a 

king  ought  to  have  no  favourites  but  his  people f. 

it  till  he  had  reduecd  molt  of  thefe  malecon-  Finds  a 

,  that  he  began  to  take  notice  of  his  capital  enemy,  verjl*r' 
without  whole  encouragement  thofe  lords  durfl  not  have  ^*  ? 
itirred,  and  but  for  whofe  affitlance  they  mull  have  been  Uiury  |. 
quickly  fubduid  :  this  was  Henry  king  of  England,  one  of  ofEitg* 
the  ableft,  and  at  th.e  fame  time  one  of  the  molt  ambitious,  ian<i' 
princes  of  that  age  ;  who,  while  he  profefled  the  utmoft 
kindnefs  and  friendship  for  the  two  kings  Philip  and  Lewis, 
held  neverthelefs  a  clofe  correfpondence  with  the  malecon- 
tcnts,  and  encouraged  them  to  remain  in  arms  to  the  very 
lall,  that  he  might  have  nothing  to  fear  for  his  duchy  of 
Normandy  :  and  that,  by  wafting  and  harra  fling  each  o- 
thcr,  their  ftrengtb  might  be  fo  far  reduced,  as  to  afford. 
him  an  opportunity  of  making  certain  acquifitions  to  thefe 
his  favourite  dominions *.  Ihe  point  upon  which  Lewis 
demanded  fatisfaclion,  was  the  demolition  of  Gifors  on 
the  Kpte,  which  had  been  ftipulated  by  treaty  ;  but  which, 
by  various  pretence?,  Henry  had  hitherto  eluded.  When 
their  armies  were  on  the  point  of  coming  to  battle,  Lewis 
propofed  an  accommodation  ;  and,  when  this  failed,  of- 
fered to  decide  the  difpute  by  (ingle  combat ;  at  which  pro- 
pofal  Henry  fmiled,  and  fad  that  he  could  but  keep  the 
place  if  he  was  victorious,  which  was  already  in  his  hands 
without  fighting  ;  fo  that  the  king  of  France  flaked  his  life 
again f)  a  place  of  importance,  whereas  he  was  to  ftake  his 
life  and  that  too  again  11  nothing  h.  A  battle  enfued,  in 
which  the  Normans  were  defeatedt  Not  long  after  a  peace 
was  concluded,  and  William  the  only  fon  of  Henry,  did 
homage  to  king  Lewis  for  the  duchy  of  Normandy;  which 
the  king  his  father  conftantly  refufed  to  do,  as  thinking  it 

fiftent  with  the  dignity  of  a  crowned  head,  or  rather 
with  the  character  of  fo  potent  a  prince1. 

This  war  was  fcarce  ended,  before  the  king  found  him-  His  t-afali 
felf  again   involved  in  frefh  broils  with  his  vafials,  againft  thrtkito 
whom  he  was  continually  fighting  battles,  with  various  *tf^  tr°u~ 
fuccefs,  and  very  frequently  at  the  great  hazard  of  his  life.  0//'**^ 

to  remain 
f  Fragment.  Hid.  Francorum.Dopleix,  J.  dc  Scrres.  e  Oder,   almofl  al- 

Vital.  Soger.  Vit.  Ludovici  Grofli,  LeGend.  J»  Sugcr.  Vit.  Lu»  ways  in 

dovici  GrolU,  &  al.         *  Guliclm.  Malmfb.  tht  Jitld; 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX.  G  g  It 


450  Sfife  Hiftory  of  France. 

It  may  feem  ftrange  that  a  king  of  France,  able  to  lead 
numerous  armies  into  the  field,  and  maintain  them  againft 
tbeEnglifh  monarch  in  Normandy,  mould  not  be  able  to 
crufh  the  little  lords  in  his  own  dominions,  whole  own  in- 
iblence  was  the  fole  ground  of  their  quarrel,  and  the  fingle 
object  they  had  in  view,  plundering  the  poor  people  *.  But 
this  difliculty  will  be  folved,  by  obferving,  that,  in  his 
wars  with  Henry,  Lewis  wasaffiftcd  by  the  great  vaflals 
of  the  crown,  particularly  by  Robert  count  of  Flanders ; 
who  with  their  forces  ferved  at  their  own  expence,  not  on- 
ly becaufe  it  was  their  duty,  but  becaufe  they  were  as  jea- 
lous of  the  power  of  Henry  as  Lewis  himfelf :  but,  in  the 
wars  againft  his  own  vaflals,  they  took  no  fhare  at  all,  or, 
if  they  did,  it  was  by  way  of  confederacy  with  the  king, 
and  then  the  oppoling  party  had  their  confederates  like- 
wife. 
The  me-  The  count  de  Blois,  likewife  filled  count   of  Cham- 

thoJs  ufeJ     pagne,  who  was  nephew  to  the  king  of  England,  quickly 
by  the  kin^s  rev{vecj  tne  war  between  the  two  kings,  though  it  was 
Henri  To      carried  on  in  his  name ;  and  Lewis,  to  fliew  that  he  could 
.flrtngthen     negociate   as  well  as  fight,  drew  in  Foulques  count  of 
their  re-       Anjou,  the  fon  of  Koulqucs   le  Rechin  and  Bertrade,  to 
fpedive       refufe  homage  to  Henry  for  the  county  of  Maine,  which 
interejts.       ^  ^  acquired  by  marriage ;  but   this  war  did  not  turn 
at  all  to  his  advantage,  fince  his  army  was  totally  defeat- 
ed by  that  of  the  count  of  Blois,  and  the  gallant  earl  of 
Flanders  trampled  to  death a.     Soon  after  this  action,  the 
king  of  England  arrived   in   Normandy,  and   having  got 
Robert  de  Belefmc,  one  of  the  revolting  lords  into  his 
hands,  fent  him  to  prifon,  from  whence  he  was  difcharg- 
ed  only  by  death.     The  reit  of  the  malecontents,  intimi- 
dated by   this  example,    fpeedily   fubmitted.     The   two 
kings  meeting  at  Gifors,  a  peace  was  concluded,  entirely 
to  the  king  of  England's  honour  and  intereft,  to  whom 
not  only  the  count  of  Anjou   did  homage  for  the  county 
of  Maine,  but  alfo  Alain  the  Third  for  his  duehy  of  Bre- 
tagne.     What   ftrcngthened  him  dill   more,  he  married 
one  of  his  daughters  to  Conan,  the  fon  of  that  duke,  the 
other  being  already  married  to  the   emperor   Henry  the 
Fifth,  and  at  the  fame  time  his  fon  William  efpoufed  the 
A.P.  ii'3«  daughter  and  heirefs  of  the  count  of  Anjou  b.     The  king, 
after  this  peace,  thinking  it  high  time  to  fe cure  the  fuc- 
ceffion,  efpoufed  Alix  or  Adelaide,  the  daughter  of  Hum- 

■  Chron.  Senonfe.  a  Suger.  vita  Ludovici  Grofli,  Mezeray. 

*  Gulklm.  Malmunirieniis. 

berr, 


The  Bijtory  of  France.  ,  451 

bert,  count  of  Maurienne,  or  of  Savoy,  for  whom  lie 
had  a  ftrong  and  lulling  attention  during  his  whole  life* 
This  m.ini.ige  did  not,  indeed,  add  any  immediate  flrength 
to  the  king  •,  but  the  new  queen  rendered  herfelf  fo  ac- 
ceptable to  the  nobility,  and  a<£ted  on  all  occafions  with 
fo  much  wifdom  and  difcretion,  as  proved  of  great  ufe  to 
Lewis  during  the  remaining  part  of  his  reign. 

The  misfortunes  of  the  lad  war  chagrined  this  monarch  A  new 
exceedingly,  and  therefore  he  readily  liftened  to  the  in-  *»«*>  »'» 
terceflion  of  a  young  prince  ;  who,  after  traverfing  feveral  ]jvv*  . 
other  couits,  though  a  perfett  youth,  came  at  laft  to  take     '^ '  "jc. 
fhelter  in   his.     This  was  William,  the  fon  of  Robert  tonoustand 
duke  of  Normandy,  and  grandfon  of  the  Conqueror,  who  fonts 
earneftly  prefled  him  to  intercede  for  his  father's  liberty,  Lewis  to 
and  for  the  reftitution  of  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  which  ^ huo^' 
he  claimed  as  his  right.     The  king  advifed  him  to  form  terms, 
as  ftrong  a  party  as  he  could  in  Normandy  ;  to  engage  the 
counts  of  Flanders  and  Anjou  in  his  intereft  ;  and  he  pro- 
mised that,  whenever  they  were  ready  to  aft,  he  mould 
not  find  him  backward.    In  thi3  negotiation  William  fuc- 
ceeded  to  his  wifli ;  and,  when  all  things  were  perfectly 
ripe,  he  fignified  to  Henry  his   defire  that  an  end  might 
be  put   to  duke  Robert's  imprifonment c.     This  demand 
being  peremptorily  refufed,  the  king  and  the  earl  of  Flan- 
ders entered  Normandy ;  upon  which  the  nobility  began 
every-where  to  rife,  and  proclaimed  William  their  duke. 
In  his  whole  reign  Henry  was  never  fo  much  embarrafTed; 
a  confpiracy  broke  out  in  his  court,  which   alarmed  him 
more  than  all   the  reft.     The  earl  of  Flanders  advanced 
to  the  very  gates  of  Rouen,  and  burnt  the  fuburbs  ;  fome 
places  of  ftrength  were  taken,  others  revolted,  and  his 
affairs  fell  very  low  ;  yet  he  made  no  overtures  of  peace. 
On   the   contrary,    he  difputed   every   inch  of   ground, 
brought  over  forces  from  England,  and  kept  his  fortified 
places  well  garrifoned  and  well  fupplied,  till   the  duke  of 
Brctagne  and  the  earl  of  Champagne  marched  to  his  af- 
fiftanced.     Lewis,  with  his  victorious  army,  marching  to 
reduce  Nojon,  were  furprifed  to  find  Henry  in  their  way 
ready  to  give  them   battle;  the   action  was  very  warm, 
though  not  very  bloody  ;  the  kings  were  reflectively  very 
near   being  killed  or  taken;  but  at  length,   through  the 
military  fkill  of  Henry,  Lewis  was  totally  defeated,  and 
forced  to  fly  on  foot,  and  with  much  difficulty  arrived  at 

<  Du  Chcfnr,  Dupleix.  Le  Gendre.  J  Hen.  Huntingdor. 

>  G  g  a  An- 


45  z  Vbe  Hiftory  of  France} 

Andely-  Soon  after  this  event,  pope  Calixtus  the  Second, 
held  a  great  council  at  Rhcims,  at  which  king  Lewis  af- 
fifted  in  perfon,  where  he  made  great  complaints  of 
Henry  ;  upon  which  the  pontiff  undertook  to  mediate  a 
peace  between  them.  For  this  purpofe,  he  went  to  Gi- 
ibrs,  where  he  conferred  with  the  king  of  England  about 
his  own  affairs,  as  well  as  thofe  of  Lewis  ;  but  found 
him  equally  firm  as  to  both.  This  pontif  had,  in  the 
council,  excommunicated  the  emperor  Henry  the  Fifth, 
on  the  fubject  of  inveftiturcs,  and  threatened  the  Englifli 
king  with  the  fame  treatment  ;  but  to  no  purpofe.  Be- 
fufes,  Henry  had  bought  the  count  of  Anjou  ;  Baldwin, 
earl  of  Flanders,  was  dcu]  of  the  wounds  he  received  in 
the  laft  battle  ;  and  moil  of  the  Norman  lords  were  either 
.ruined  or  reduced  ;  fo  that  Lewis  was  once  more  obliged 
/t.D.mo- to  nia^e  peace  with  him  upon  his  own  terms.     The  joy 

! of  Henry,  however,  was  quickly  qualified  by  the  lofs  of 

his  two  fons,  and  a  great   number  of  his  nobility,   who 
were  fhipwrecked   in  their  paffage   to  England,  through, 
their  own  ill  conduct,   and   the  drunkennel's  of  the  fea- 
men  r. 
Anvar  The  king  of  France,  confulering  that  Henry  had  now 

w'.k  the  no  rffue  male  remaining,  fupplied  duke  William,  the  fon 
unptror,  in  0f  Robert,  with  large  fums  of  money,  to  renew  his  hi- 
V'zf-  trigues  with   the   nobility   of  Normandy;    who,  looking 

brings  a  upon  him  as  the  lafi  heir  of  their  ancient  dukes,  notwith- 
prtJigioMi  ftanding  all  they  had  fuffcreci,  had  a  very  firong  affection 
army  into  for  him.  The  count  of  Anjou,  feeing  his  daughter  a 
t,ie field.  widow,  and  without  cliildien,  by  the  death  of  prince 
William  of  England,  gave  his  fecond  daughter  Sybilla  to 
that  young  prince,  with  the  county  of  Maine.,'.  Charles 
of  Denmark,  who  had  fucceeded  his  coufin  Baldwin  in 
the  earldom  of  Flanders,  embarked  likewife  in  this  defign, 
and  the  confederacy  grew  fo  flrong,  that  at  length  they 
made  but  little  doubt  of  carrying  their  point ;  but  the  pru- 
dent and  fortunate  Henry  difappointed  them  once  more. 
He  had  efpoufed  the  coufin  of  the  pope,  and  by  that  match 
gained  him  fo  much  to  his  interefb,  that,  upon  exhibiting 
the  pedigrees  of  duke  William  and  the 'daughter  of  the 
count  of  Anjou,  their  marriage  was  declared  null,  and 
that  unfortunate  prince  left  once  mote  without  any  other 
fupport  than  his  merit  and  birth.  Henry  coming  in  per- 
fon into  Normandy,  before  things  were  fettled,  feized 
fo'me  of  the  malecontents,  cajoled  others,  and  defeated 

«  S-ogcr  Hovcden.  f  Oder  Vital.  Dupleix,  P.  Daniel. 

the 


llijloiy  of  F>\; .  453 

*he  reft  s.     It  remained  to  complete  his  revenge  to  hum* 

the  king  of  France,  and  with  this  view  he  excited  the 

Henry  the  Fifth,  who  quickly  aflembled   all  the 

r  of  Germany  ;  giving  out,  that  he  would  burn  the 
city  of  Rheinis  to  the  ground,  in  refentment  of  the  excom- 
munication pronounced  againit  him  in  the  council  held 
there.  Lewis  took  advantage  of  this  declaration,  and 
fummonevi  all  the  vafiais  of  the  crown  to  fend  their  forces 
to  Amiens  at  a  ihort  day,  when  it  clearly  appeared  how 
different  a  thing  it  was  to  attack  the  kingdom  and  the 
t  ;  for  when  Lewis  put  himfelf  at  the  head 
of  ti,     ..  it  con G (ted  of  two  hundred  thoufand  men. 

inning  to  march,  the  emperor  abandoned  his 
and,  di (milling  the  army  he  had  raifed  in  Lorrain, 

d  into  the  he;'.rt  of  his  own  dominions'1.  The  king,  A. D.  11*4. 
ing  to  make  ufe  of  fo  irrefiflable  a  force,  would  have  ■  ■ 
led  them  immediately  into  Normandy,  in  order  to  cifa- 
bliih  duke  William,  to  whom  he  had  given  another  wife, 
with  a  considerable  territory,  on  the  frontiers  of  that  duchy. 
Hia  great  vafTals,  however,  told  him  plainly,  that  they 
would  do  no  fueh  tiling  j  for  that  they  alTembled  to  defend 
the  territories  of  France  from  the  invafion  of  a  foreign 
prince,  and  wot  to  extend  his  power  by  deltroying  the  ba- 
lance that  arofe  from  the  king  of  England  8  polTefling 
Normandy,  which  they  looked  upon  as  neceflary  to  their 
fafery  '.  On  this  occafion  we  firft  hear  of  the  oiiflame, 
which  was,  properly  fpeaking,  the  banner  of  the  abbey 
.  being  a  crimfon  flag  fixed  to  a  gilt  lance, 
from  whence  it  derived  its  name.  From  its  being  borne, 
en  this  occafion,  before  the  king,  it  came  in  after-times 
to  be  confidexed  as  the  royal  il  ndard  of  France  k. 

The  death  of  the  emperor,  which  happened  foon  after,  jyunam 
made   it   neeefl"  ry    For  the    king  of  England  to  conclude  the  fen  of 
R  peace,  to   which   king  Lewis  was  not   at  all  averfe  ;   fo  Kobtrtdukt 
that  it  was  quickly  fettled  upon  eafy  and  ecpual  terms,    a  :nan' 

much  better  obferved  than  any  treaty  between  thefe  two  ^'   ur  r~, 

■  s  had   hitherto   been  ;   and  yet,   under  pretence  of  fiana'trs. 
uflifling  their  allies,  thefe  monarchs,  from  time  to  tiiv.c,  amd  k.dcd 

the   woild   fufBciently  to  under  Hand  they  were   far  ^trt< 

being  reconciled.  Charles,  earl  of  Flanders,  being 
ailallin-.ted  by  feme  difcontcnted  fubjects,  Lewis  C  I  ■  d 
that  country  with  a  fmall  army  ;  and,  having  furprifed 
the   offenders,  punifhed   them    as    they  deferred.     The 

%  Hen.  Huntingdon.  •>  Suger.  Vita  l.u.1<  vici  Grofll. 

iy,  P.  Daniel.  k  Rigord,  Du  Cange,  Galaod. 

G  g  3  cpueltiou 


454 


A.D.U28. 


The  ting 
caufes  his 
etdiR  Jon 
Philip, 
and,  on  his 
death,  Ins 
yaun%eft  fan 
Leivis  to  be 
crowned. 

A.D.  1131. 


v       The  Hiftory  of  France* 

queftion  was,  how  to  difpofe  of  the  dignity,  to  which 
there  were  many  pretenders.  Amongd  thefe  were,  Baldwin 
earl  of  Mons,  whofe  grandfather  had  been- deprived  of 
the  earldom  by  Robert  count  of  Frize,  and  Thierry  count 
of  Alface,  who  was  filler's  fon  to  that  count  of  Frize. 
The  king  fet  them  all  afide  to  make  way  for  William,  the 
fon  of  Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  a  choice  which  an- 
fwered  two  purpofes ;  it  gave  the  king  a  right  to  refume 
what  he  had  bellowed  upon  this  prince,  till  he  could  ob- 
tain for  him  fome  efhblifhment  ;  and  it  put  it  much  more 
in  his  power  to  fupport  his  claim  to  his  father's  duchy 
than  hitherto  it  had  ever  been.  Henry,  on  the  other 
hand,  refolving  at  any  rate  to  gain  the  count  of  Anjou, 
married  his  only  daughter,  the  emprefs  dowager,  to  Geof- 
frey Plantagenet,  the  fon  of  that  count,  though  a  boy. 
Not  long  after  the  count  himfclf,  partly  at  the  king's  per- 
fuafion,  and  partly  from  ambition,  went  into  the  Holy 
Land,  to  receive  the  crown  of  Jerufalem  '.  Having  thus 
fecured  himfelf  from  all  apprehenfions  on  that  fide,  he  di- 
rected his  old  ally,  the  earl  of  Champagne,  to  fupporc 
Thierry  of  Alface  againft  his  nephew  count  William,  in 
which  contefl,  however,  that  young  prince  had  the  bet- 
ter; but,  receiving  a  wound  in  the  hand,  a  gangrene 
feized  the  arm,  of  which  he  died.  This  event  gave  his 
competitor  an  opportunity  to  make  himfelf  mailer  of 
Flanders  ;  upon  which  the  king  received  his  homage  ;  a 
Circumstance  which  prevented  Henry,  who  waited  all 
this  time  in  Normandy  to  fee  what  turn  the  war  would 
take,  from  breaking  openly  with  France. 

As  peace  was  now  rellortd,  the  king  thought  it  expedien  t 
to  place  the  crown  upon  the  head  of  his  eldeftfon  Philip;  and 
the  ceremony  was  performed  accordingly,  with  all  the  ufual 
folemnities,  at  Rheims.  Fope  Innocent  the  Second,  find- 
ing himfelf  conflrained  to  leave  Rome  by  his  competitor, 
retired  into  France,  where  he  was  received  with  great  re*. 
fpecl.  But  the  joy  of  the  court  was  quickly  turned  into 
mourning,  by  the  fall  of  the  young  king  Philip  from  his 
horfe,  ot  which  he  died  on  the  3d  of  October.  Before  the 
clofe  of  the  month  a  general  council  was  held  at  Rheims, 
in  which  the  king  as  well  as  the  pope  was  prefent,  and 
there  the  crown  was  fet  upon  the  head  of  Lewis,  his  elded 
furviving  fon,  at  that  time  about  twelve  years  of  age.  The 
fuddennefs  of  this  coronation,  after  io  unlucky  an  acci- 


G>jHe!rp.  Malmefburienfis. 


dent, 


?be  Tlijlory  of  France.  455 

dent,  is  accounted  for  by  an  old  hiflorian,  who  reports, 
.1  party  was  forming  amongrt  the  great  lords  and  pre- 
lates for  transferring  the  crown  to  another  family,  if  the 
king,  with  the  amftance  of  pope  Innocent,  had  not  pre- 
vented it,  in  the  manner  that  has  been  related*.  With 
all  his  excellent  qualities,  Lewis  had  a  failing,  if  it  may 
be  called  fo,  which  railed  a  fecret  diflike  to  him,  and  -tji- 
Creafed  with  his  years.  This  failing  con  filled  in  a  certain 
freedom  of  fpeeeh ;  honed  and  fincere,  and  well-meaning 
himfelf,  he  defpifed  flattery,  and  he  hated  falfhood  ;  pi- 
ous, without  hypocrify  or  fupcrrtition,  he  treated  very 
roughly  fuch  of  the  prelates  as  acted  inconfiftent  with  their 
character  ;  obedient  to  the  laws  himfelf,  his  zeal  forjuftice 
led  him  to  correct  fuch  of  the  nobility  as  acled  tyranni- 
cally, with  a  degree  of  rigour  that  made  them  fecret  ene- 
mies to  him  and  his  family. 

By  long  experience,  however,  the  greater  vaflals  of  the   Adm'irabU 
crown  began  to  perceive,  that  the  king's  views  were  very  advice 
honourable,  and  that,  though  he  was  very  quick,  he  was  R'wito 
no  lefs  fteady  in   his   lefolutions;  and  therefore  Thibaut,  a'^^^;, 
count  of   Champagne,   and   other  great  lords,  reconciled  ;/7  hisde- 
themfelves  to  him;  fo  that  all   the  arts  of  his  rival  could  clinmgjlatr* 
never  detach   them   again  from  his  interelt.     But,  in  the 
midlt  of  his  profperity,  he  fell  into  a  languishing  (late  of 
health,    being  in  a  manner  overwhelmed  with   fat.     As 
his  ftrength  wore  away  he  prepared  for  death,  by  fetting 
his  affairs  in  order.     When  he  thought  it  fo  near  as  to  re- 
ceive the  facraments  of  the  church,   he  drew   his  fignet 
ring  from  his  finger,  and  put  it  upon  that  of  his  fon,  with 
thefe  words :  »'  By  this  fign  I  invert  you  with  fovereigu  au- 
thority ;  but  remember,  that  it  is  no  other  than  a  public 
employment,  to  which  you  are  called  by  Providence,  and 
for  the  exercife  of  which  you  are  to  give  a  ftri£l  account 
in  the  world  to  come  b."     He  recovered  in  fome  meafure, 
but  he  would  never  ufe  any  of  the  enfigns  of  royal  autho- 
rity.    Whenever  he   appeared   abroad   on  horleback.   he 
was  furrounded  by  valt  crouds  of  people,  who,  by  loud 
acclamations,  teftified  their  zeal  for  his  government,  and 
their  affection  for  his  perfon  c. 

William  the  Tenth,  duke  of  Guienne  and  Aquitaine,  Ma^iagg 
refolving  to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  (hrine  of  St.  Jame^  •/'*# 
of    Compoftella,     bequeathed    his    extenfive    territories  *'***  i,Mi 
to  his  daughter  Eleanor,    upon  condition  that  flic  mar-    '"""' 

*  Chron.   Maurianac.  b  Sug.    Vita   Ludovici  G.ofll. 

•  Ctiioii.  Muuiianac. 

C  g  4  ried 


45  ^  ^he  Hijlory  of  France-. 

Pemifc  of  rit&  tne  young  king  Lewis.  The  duke  dying  in  that 
lewis  the  pilgrimage,  the  king  fent  his  fon,  mofl  nobly  attended, 
Grofs.  to  Bourdeaux,  where  the  marriage  was   celebrated  with 

great  pomp.     The  young  princeis  was  folemnly  crowned 
queen  of  France,  and  the  young  king  was  inaugurated  as 
A.D.1137.  dukeof  Aquitaine  and  Foi£liersd.    In  the  mean  time  Lewis 
le  Grofs,  unable  to  fupport  the  heat  of  the  dog-days,  died 
at  Paris,  on  the  ift  of  Auguft,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his 
reign,  and  fixtieth  of  his  age  c.     With  the  addition  of  cer- 
tain qualities,  the  French  hiftorians   fay   he  might  have 
made  a  better  king  ;  but,  they  allow,  a  better  man  never 
graced  their  throne. 
Lewis  VII.       Lewis,  though  eighteen  years  of  age,  at  the  time  of  his 
ferplexei      father'sdemife,  was  furnamedlejeunc,  orthe  Young.  If  this 
i-y  the  re-      was   only   to    diftinguifh   him    from   his  father,  then  we 

mains  V  ought  to  (tile  him  Lewis  the  Younger;  but  a  certain  writer 
t.'iejaclion         ,f  1         1  •    r  •         1  •  1  •    <- 

farmed  tc"s  us»  t"'at  lms  lurnamc  was  given  him  on  his  separating 
c^ninfl  hit  from  his  wife  Eleanor,  and  giving  her  back  the  duchy  of 
father.  Guienne.  \n  that  cafe  it  has  quite  another  lignification, 
and  implies  that  Lewis  was  always  a  young  man  f.  The 
fame  troubles  that  perplexed  the  beginning  of  his  father's, 
difturbed  alio  the  entrance  of  his  reign.  Several  of  the 
nobility  indulged  themfelves  in  great  exoeffes,  which  were 
no  otherwife  to  be  reprefied  than  by  force.  The  king 
therefore,  having  put  good  garrifons  into  the  fortrefles  of 
his  new  dominions,  returned  to  Orleans;  where,  upon 
his  attempting  to  afilmble  troops,  the  commons,  who 
owed  all  their  privileges  to  his  father's  favour,  revolted  : 
but  Lewis  quickly  reduced  and  chaltifed  them,  as  well  as 
the  lordsg.  It  is  remarked  that  he  did  not  follow  his  fa- 
ther's example,  in  being  crowned  afecond  time.  Euftace, 
the  fon  of  Stephen,  earl  of  Boiogne,  who  had  feated  him- 
felf  in  the  Englifh  throne,  had  done  homage  to  Lewis  the 
Grofs  for  the  duchy  of  Normandy ;  the  king,  to  fix  hirn 
more  effectually  to  his  intereits,  gave  him  his  fitter  in 
marriage.  This  alliance,  however,  made  no  impreffion 
upon  Thibaut,  earl  of  Champagne,  elder  brother  to  the 
Englifh  monarch,  and  uncle  to  Euftace.  This  man  began 
to  renew  his  old  pradtices,  and  to  form  intrigues  againli  a 
prince  whom  he  thought  too  tenderly  educated  to  lead  the 
life  of  his  father,  who  was  almoft  always  in  arms.  Befides, 
he  thought  he  had  not  experience  fufficient  to  deal  witli  one 
who  had  made  the  framing  fuch  kind  of  confederacies  ai- 

&  Sug.  Vita  Lurlovici  Groffi.  c  Mezeray.  {  Du" 

plcix.  g  Getta  Ludovici  VII- 


Ti  e  Hljlory  of  France >,  457 

tnoft  the  fole  bufinefs  of  his  life.     But  in  this  opinion,  he 
found  himicll  exceedingly  miftaken*. 

Albcri  ,  (hop  of  Hourges,  living,  the  chapter  of  Sourrtof 

ted  Pierre  de  lu  Chat  re,  without  having  the  htsdifftr. 

kinj  .ion;  upon  which  Lewis  fwore  he  (honldnot  'V'?"'", 

chbilhop,  commanding  the  chapter  to   proceed  to  a  Ro£u  "*   . 
new  ele.ion,  leaving  them  at  full  liberty  to  elecTt  whom  of  trie 
they  pleafed,  Pierre  de  la  Chatre  only  excepted.     '1  hey  countof 
refufed  to  obey  ;  and  the  pope  declaring  in  favour  of  the  ^f>atn- 
new  archbilhop,  he  retired  into  the  eftates  of  the  count  of  ^Yn' 
Champagne,  and  excommunicated  the  king's  domain  within 
the  bounds  of  his  archbilhoprick.  Lewis,  thus  provoked, 
pufhed  Thibaut  fo  hard,  that  he  was  on  the  point  of  corn- 
in;:  to  tctms,   when  a  new  accident  excited    (till  greater 
diiturbances l.     Rodolph,  countof  Vermandois,  who  was 
the  king's  chief  miniftcr,  and  his  near  relation,  obtained  a 
divorce  from  his  wife,  under  pretence  of  their  being  re- 
lated, and  married  Penonilla,   the  queen's  filter;   but  his 
nrft  wife  being  nearly  related  to  the  count  of  Champagne,    * 
he  folicited  the  pope  to  fend  a  legate  into  France  to  review 
this  divorce,  who  prefently  declared  it  null,  and  excom- 
municated Rodolph,  in  cafe   he  did  not   leave  his  fecond 
wife,    and  take  back  his  firft.     This  lenience  fo  provoked 
the  king,  that  he    made  another  expedition  into  Cham- 
pagne ;  where,   having  taken  Vitri,    he  caufed  the  church 
to  be  fet  on  fire,  in   which   thirteen  hundred  people  were 
either  fu  {located  or  burned.     But  when  he  came  to  refleel: 
on  this  cruel  action,  he  not  only  admitted  the  archbilhop, 
and  m:dc  peace  with  the  count ;    but    refolved   to  expiate 
his  offence  by  going  to  the  Holy  Land. 

It  is  neceflary  here  to  enter  into  the  characters  of  two  _,     , 
eccleii. .Hies,  upon  whom,  at  this  juncture,  the  fate  of  the  raaera~0( 
Jcing  and  kingdom  abfolutely  turned.     Thefe,   thoughdif-A.fi/r-" 

it  in  other  refpcdls,   agreed  in  the  fingular  qualities  of  vard,  ah- 
unfeigned  piety,  and  abfolute  difinteredednefs.     Bernard,  botojtlair- 
abbot  of  Clairvaux,  was,  for  thofe  times,  learned,   natu-  ^aux*  ani 
rally  eloquent,  auftcrc  in  his  life,  irreproachable  in   his  abbltof 

■  is,  zealous  in  the  higheft  degree,    and  withal  inflex-  St.  Dtnit. 
ible.     He  had  long  before  gained  the  reputation  of  a  faint, 
he  was  heard   as   an  oracle,    and   revered  as  a  prophet k. 
Suger,  abbot   of  St.  Denis,  was  a  man  of  another  kind, 
mean  in  his  birth,  and  meaner  in  his  afpeft :  he  was  fo 

•»  Cleric  Vital.  l  Gefta  Ludovici  VII.     Rog.  Hovcdcn. 

>  0ra£ridtif  lib.  iy.  Vitae  S.  Uernard.    Gulielrn.  Tyr. 

diftinguiflied 


458  %he  Hiflory  of  France, 

diftinguifhcd  by  his  merit,  that  he  had  a  great  fhare  in  the 
adminiftration  during  the  former  reign;  at  the  tame  time, 
he  was  equally  refpecled  and  beloved  in   his  convent  for 
his  humility  and  ftricl  manner  of  life,  and  admired  in  the 
counfel  for  his  prudence  and  penetration.  Lewis  the  Grofs 
Joved  him  for  his  finccrity;  Lewis  le  Jeune  refpedted  him 
as  his  father.     Thibaut,  count  of  Champagne,  the  mod 
artificial  man  of  his  time,    fet  fo  high  a  value  on  the  friend- 
ihip   of  the  abbot  of  St.  Denis,   that  he   feldom  refufed 
him  any   thing,  and  never  attempted   to   deceive  him '. 
Bernard  earneitly  prefled  the  king  to  make  the  expedition 
againlt    the   infidels    in    pcrfon ;  Suger  perfuaded  him  to 
contribute  men  and  money,  but  to  remain  at  home,  and 
govern   his  people   wifely.     Bernard  carried  his,  point  by 
his  vehemence.     Suger  made  no  fcruple  of  foretelling  the 
inconveniencies  that  would    attend   this  meafure ;  while 
Bernard  magnified  the  honour  that  would  refult  from   it, 
and  made  himfelf  in  a   great  meafure  anfvverable  for  its 
fuccefs  m. 
Lewis,  at        A  great  council  of  the  nobility  and  prelates  was  called  at 
the  in/lance  Vizila,  in  Burgundy,  that  a  matter  of  this  importance  might 
cf  St.  Ber-   not  feem  to  be  undertaken  without  theconfent  of  the  nation. 
nard,  af-     J-Jitherto  fuch  afl'emblies  had  been  ftyled,  by  hiitorians  who 
crofs  and    wrote  in  Latin,  Conventus,    or  Placita  ;  but  we  find  this 
in  imita-  '   denominated  Magnum  Parliamentum,  which  is    the  firft 
tion  of  him,  time  that   we  meet  with  this  word  ;  and  from  hence  the 
great  part    reacjer  wjJl  form  a  juft  notion  of  the  parliaments  of  France, 
otthtno-     wj1icilj   however  altered  or  fallen  from  what  they  were, 
are  all  that  is  left  of  thefe  ancient  parliaments.     As  there 
was  not  in  Vizila  a  church  capable  of  holding  fo  great  a 
number  of  people,  the  afiembly  was  held  in  the  open  air. 
The  abbot  Bernard   read    the  letter  of  pope  Eugene  the 
Third,  which  he  feconded  bya  vehement  declamation.  The 
Icing  then  rofe  up,  and  received  from  his  hand  the  crofs 
which   had  been  fent  him  from  Rome,  and  then  made   a 
difcourfe  of  the  like  kind.     His  queen  followed  his  exam- 
ple •,  and  then    Alonfo  de  St.  Gillcs,    count  of  Touloufe, 
Thierri  d'Alface,    count  of  Flanders,  Henry,   fon  of  the 
count  of   Champagne,    Guy,  count  of  Nevers,  Renaud 
his  brother,  count  of  Tonnere,  Robert,  count  of  Dreux, 
brother  to  ihe  king,  Yves,  count  of  Soiflbns,    William, 
count  of  Ponthieu,  William,  count  of  Varenne,  coufin  to 
the  king,  Archambaud  de  Bourbon,  Enguerrand  de  Couci, 

1  Gefta  Ludovici  VIT.    P.  iEmil.  Annales  Franc,  Nang.  Chron. 
■  Ouliehn.  Tyr.    Gaufridus  ubi  fupra. 

Geoffrey 


Tifi  Hiftory  of  France.  459 

Geoffrey  Rancon,  Huguesde  Lufignan,  William  de  Cour- 
tenai,  and  many  other  lords,  fpoke  to  the  fame  purpofe  ; 
the  multitude  of  perfona  of  inferior  rank,  who  enteied 
into  the  fame  engagement?,  almoft  exceeded  compulation11. 
The  abbe  Bernard,  after  having  appointed  another  affembly 
to  be  held  before  Eaftcr,  went  to  preach  the  croifade  in 
Germany  ;  where,  by  the  force  of  his  irrefiflible  elocution, 
he  prevailed  on  the  emperor  Conrad  the  Third,  Frederic 
duke  of  Suabia,  who  was  afterwards  emperor,  and  an  in- 
finite number  of  all  ranks,  to  embrace  the  fame  defign  °. 

An  expedition  of   this  nature  could  not  be  undertaken  <rheemt.t~ 
with  too  much  deliberation,  and  therefore  there  were  two  ror  and 
more  ancmblics  held  before  the  king  left  France,   in  which  the  king  of 
Rodolph,  count  of  Vermandois,  and  Suger,  abbot  of  St.        nct . 
Denis,  were  chofen  and  confirmed  regents  of  France  dur-  tanj  t0* 
ing  the  king's  abfence  p.      The  forces  a  (Tern  bled  upon  this  c.onflanii- 
occafion  were  fuitable   to  the  extent  and  grandeur  of  the  nopU. 
French  monarchy,  though  the   writers  of  that  age  do  not 
very  exactly  agree;    the  mofr.  authentic  affirm,  that  it  was  A.D.1147. 
compofed  of  fourfcore  thoufand   horfe,  the    infantry  was  . 

very  numerous  befides,  and  the  very  futtlers  and  attendants 
might  have  made  a  confiderable  army.  The  emperor, 
with  his  troops,  marched  firil  through  Hungary,  into  the 
territories  of  the  Greek  emperor,  and,  palling  over  the 
flreights  of  Couftantinople,  entered  Afia.  Lewis  follow- 
ed him,  and  was  received  with  great  complaifance,  and  the 
higheft  teflimonies  of  refpecl,  by  the  Greek  emperor  Ma- 
nual Comnencs.  On  his  arrival  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Nice,  he  found  the  emperor  Conrad,  with  the  miferable 
remains  of  his  army,  the  far  greateft  part  of  which  hud 
perifhed  by  the  (Words  of  the  Turks,  and  the  treachery  of 
the  Greeks;  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  king  had  his 
full   (hare  of  the  like  misfortunes. 

Without  entering  into  any  difcuffion  of  what  fome  wri-  A. D.  114.8. 

ters  have  charged  upon  the  Greeks,  or  of  what  they  have  

need  in  dtfence  of  themfelvcs,  we  will  proceed  in  our  T^'P™- 
narrative,  and  inform  the  reader,  that,  after  defeating  the  flfj^ 
infidels  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Meander,  and  being  not  txpeduion 
long  after  worded  by  them,  and  in  great  danger  of  lofing  his  to  his  am- 
Jifc,  Lewis  at  length  arrived  at  Antioch,  where  Raymond  vatml 
de  Poitiers,  his  wife's  uncle,  was  then  prince  <>.     lie  was  J""/*'*1- 

•d  Suger.    Odo  de    IXoglo.    Nang.   Chron. 
ho  Frifing.    Vit.   Suger.     Cluon.  Matminac.  *  V'n. 

Baser.  GeftaLador.  VI 1.  PaulJEmit.  Annal.  Franc  '  Odo 

C  ad  Suger-     Gelta  Ludo?ici  VIT. 

received 


460  The  Htftory  of  France. 

received  with  allpoffible  demonftrationsof  kindnefs  andpo- 
litenefs,  histroops  werefurnilhedwithevery  tiling neceflarv, 
and,  by  the  arrival  of  fuccours  from  Italy,  by  fea,  his  ar- 
my was  once  more  become  very  refperftable.  This  gleam 
of  profperity  laded  not  long.  'The  king  quickly  found  that 
the  prince  of  Antioch  had  merely  his  own  intereft  in 
view,  and  was  defirous  of  employing  the  French  troops  in 
extending  the  bounds  of  his  principality,  by  reducing  fe- 
veral  confiderable  places  feated  on  his  frontiers.  Lewis 
grew  likewife  uneafy  at  the  behaviour  of  his  wife,  whole 
gallantries  began  to  make  a  great  noife  ;  and  on  the  other 
hand  the  princft  of  Antiocl  the  queen  to  pretend 

fome  fcruples  df  <  ,  .-.  to   their  nearnefs  in  blood. 

Thefe,  and  other  fubjecU  of  chagrin,  at  length  determined 
the  king  to  quit  Antioch,  and  to  repair  to  Jerufalem,  where 
the  emperor  Conrad  was  already  arrived.  But  the  quten, 
who  was  very  well  plcafed  with  the  fine  country  in  which 
they  were,  and  ftill  better  with  the  prince  to  whom  i;  be- 
longed, was  not  in  fuch  hade  r.  However,  Lewis  feizing 
one  of  the  gates  in  the  night,  marched  out  with  his 
forces;  and  having  aflembled  thofe  that  lay  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, fent  her  before  him  to  Jerufalem,  where 
Baldwin  the  Third,  who  then  governed  that  kingdom,  re- 
ceived her  very  refpeclfully.  On  the  king's  arrival  fcveral 
councils  were  held,  in  order  to  fix  upon  fome  expedition 
worthy  of  fo  puifTant  a  force,  and  of  monarchs  of  io  diftin- 
guifhed  tank,  and  in  fuch  high  cfteem  for  their  perlonal 
qualifications. 
Heisdtier-  '\)\t  fiege  of  Damafcus  was  at  length  refolvcd  upon,  as 
m  .:»■!,  by  tjie  reciu£t;on  0f  that  important  place  would  be  attended 
9fr(t.A,B  with  great  advantages  to  all  the  Chnitian  princes  in  the 
..t  of  Eaft,  it  having  proved  long  an  equal  curb  on  the  king  of 
Damafcus,  Jerufalem,  as  well  as  to  the  princes  of  Antioch  and  Tri- 
to  mum  poly-  The  city  was  held  to  he  very  ltroug,  though  with- 
out any  fortifications,  even  according  to  the  mode  of  thofe 
times  ;  but  being  furrounded  on  all  fides  with  gardens, 
and  thofe  well  walled,  and  having  a  numerous  garril'on,  it 
was  expected,  and  the  event  juftified  their  expectation, 
that  it  would  make  a  very  obftinate  defence  ;  but  the  gar- 
dens being  gradually  forced  it  mult  have  fallen,  if  the 
oriental  Chriftians  had  not  mo  ft  fcandaloufly  entered  into 
intrigues  with  the  infidels,  from  an  apprehenfion  that, 
when  taken,  it  would  have  been  given  to  the  count  of 
Flanders5.     To  prevent   this  alienation,  they  altered  the 

r  Gul:e1m.  ¥yr.  «  Gulielna.   Tyr.   Gefta  Ludovici  VII. 

Paulus  j*Emi!ius. 

manner 


The  Hi/lory  of  France,  461 

manner  of  the  attack,  fuffcrcd  convoys  of  provifions  to  be 
i'urprifed,  and  in  the  end  brought  the  army  into  fuch  dif- 
trefs,  that  the  emperor  and  the  king  of  France,  detecting 
their  pcriidy,  and  defpairing  of  fuccefs,  raifed  the  fiege, 
and  made  the  beft  difpofitions  they  could  for  returning  into 
theirown  dominions.  'Flicking,  embarkingatoneoftheports 
of  Syria,  returned  fafely  to  Calabria,  and  taking  Rome  in 
his  way,  that  he  might  confer  with  the  pope,  arrived  at 
length,  after  this  diiailrous  expedition,  in  his  own  domi- 
nions l.  His  brother,  the  count  de  Dreux,  who  returned 
a  little  before  him,  had  thrown  out  ftrong  infinuations, 
that  the  lofles  fuitained  abroad,  and  the  difcredit  ieflected 
from  thence  on  the  armies  of  France,  was  chiefly  owing  to 
the  king's  incapacity  ;  by  which  infinuations  he  meant  to 
raife  his  own  reputation,  and  not  without  fome  view  upon 
the  crown.  But  the  abbot  Suger,  who  had  governed  as 
wifely  and  happily  at  home,  as  the  king  had  acted  in- 
difcreetly  and  unfortunately  abroad,  rendered  thefe  in- 
trigues abortive  ;  upon  which  the  count  de  Dreux,  on  his 
brother's  arrival,  laboured  all  he  could  to  render  that  great 
manfufpec~led;  but  the  king  found  his  territories  in  lb  good  a 
condition,  and  the  general  voice  of  the  nation  wasfo  loud 
in  behalf  of  the  minifter,  that  the  king  treated  him  with 
all  the  refpect  and  kindnefs  imaginable,  and  afforded  him 
all  the  marks  of  cfteem  and  confidence  that  his  great  merit 
deferved.  For  he  had  preferved  peace  and  plenty  in  his 
abfence,  and  prefented  him  with  a  full  treafury  at  his  re- 
turn. 

It  would  have  been  happy  for  France  if  that  excellent  A.D.1149. 
perfon   had  furvived  longer ;  for  fo  long  as  he  lived  the  - 

king  was  prevailed  upon  to  dillemble  his  difcontents  with  7«*«  a 
regard  to  the  queen,  and  had  even  confented  to  a  reconci-  ?"'**  an* 
liation.     But  after  that  prelate's  deceafe,  growing  more  iutwn^ta 
ami  more  difatislied  with    her  conduct,  he    pretended   to  repudiatt 
fcruples  of  confeience  in  regard  to  the  lawfulnefs  of  their  qutcn 
marriage  ;  fubmitted  the  cafe  to  an  allembly  of  his  bifliops,  El"*»or 
and,  in  confequence  of  their  fentiments,  repudiated  that  l"'1 're^ori 
princefs,  who  gave  all  the  aflillancc  ihe  could  to  the  di-     "'"""' 
vorce,  and  rcftored  to  her  the  dominions  which  he  had  ac- 
quired by  their  marriage  \     It  has  been  furmifed,  and  not 
without  great  probability,  that,  before  things  came  to  this 
extremity,    (he   had  entered  into  a   correfpondence    with 
Henry  duke  of  Normandy,  count  of  Anjon  and  Maine, 
fon  to  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  and  the  emprefs  Maud,  fo  that 

'  VitaSueer.    Er*ift.  Adrian.  IV.    ad  Ludovie.  ■  Gcfta 

Luiorici  VII.  Gul.de  Nangii.     Chron,  Norman. 

he 


462 


The  ITiJlory  of  France: 

he  was  preemptive  heir  to  the  crown  of  England ;  and  her 
efpoufing  him  in  fix  weeks  after  the  divorce,  rendered  this 
fufpicion  fo  much  the  more  probable.  This  marriage, 
which  the  wife  abbot  of  St.  Denis  forefaw,  mortified  the 
king  extremely,  and  procured  him  the  furname  of  Le 
Jeune,  as  we  before  obferved.  By  this  great  alliance, 
Henry,  to  the  duchy  of  Normandy  and  the  eftates  of  the 
houfeof  Anjou,  added  the  county  of  Poitou  and  the  duchy 
of  Guienne  ;  fo  that  he  was  at  lealt  as  powerful  in  France 
as  the  king  himfelf.  Lewis,  to  coned  this  falfe  Hep,  en- 
tered into  a  league  with  Stephen  king  of  England,  received 
the  homage  of  his  fon  Euftace  count  of  Bologne,  in  quality 
of  duke  of  Normandy,  and  drew  over  to  his  party  Geof- 
frey the  brother  of  Flenry,  who  had  once  a  project  of  run- 
ning away  with  queen  Eleanor  himfelf  w.  In  confequencc 
of  this  league,  count  Euftace  attacked  Normandy,  and 
made  a  confiderable  progrefs  ;  which  might  have  been  fa- 
tal to  duke  Henry,  if  his  abilities  had  not  been  fuperior  to 
his  fortune.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  was  a  great  captain 
and  a  greater  politician,  and  took  fo  much  pains  to  footh 
and  flatter  Lewis,  that,  contrary  to  all  the  rulesof  policy,  he 
concluded  a  truce  with  him.  This  afforded  Henry  leifure 
to  tianfport  himfelf,  and  his  mother  the  emprefs,  into 
England,  where  they  created  Stephen  a  great  deal  of  trou- 
ble. Count  Euftace  dying,  a  treaty  was  concluded  between 
them,  by  which  the  crown  was  left  to  Stephen  during  his 
life.;  and  having  no  children,  he  confented  that  Henry 
ihould  be  declared  his  fucccflbr ;  the  more  willingly  no 
doubt,  if,  what  fome  writers  fay  be  true,  that  the  empref3 
affured  him,  he  was  the  fruit  of  their  amours  in  the  life- 
time of  her  hufband  x. 

As  foon  as  the  truce  expired,  Lewis  invaded  Normandy, 
where  he  made  fome  progrefs ;  but  the  death  of  king  Ste- 
phen, and  the  acceflion  of  Henry  to  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land, quickly  induced  him  to  make  peace.  He  certainly 
wanted  not  abilities  to  difcern  the  danger  he  was  in,  not 
only  from  the  great  power,  but  from  the  great  talents  of 
Henry,  who  inherited  all  his  grandfather's  fpirit,  and  was 
invented  with  much  more  authority;  but,  though  he 
knew  his  danger,  he  had  not  fagacity  enough  to  devife, 
and,  it  may  be,  wanted  the  firmnefs  to  apply  the  proper 
remedies  *.  But  how  much  foever  he  fell  fhort  of  being 
great,  he  certainly  attained  the  chara&er  of  a  good  prince. 


*  Hen.  Hunt, 
Gefta  Ludovici  VII. 


x  Roger  Hoveden. 
y  Nangii  Chron, 


Chron.  Norman. 
His 


The  Wijiory  of  France*  463 

His  fubje£b  adored,  and  his  nobility  loved  him,  infomuc'1 
that,  at  their  perfnafiorf,  he  married  Donna  Conftantia, 
daughter  to  Don  Alonfo,  king  of  Caftilc.  Soon  after  this 
marriage,  he  made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  tomb  of  St.  James, 
at  Compoftella,  which  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  con- 
ferring with  his  father-in-law,  and  with  Sancho,  king  of 
Navarre*.  At  his  return  he  held  a  council  at  Soiflbns,  A.D.U55. 
where  he  engaged  his  nobility  to  fwear  a  peace  for  ten  < 
years  ;  that  is,  they  precluded  themfelves,  during  this 
(pace,  from  deciding  their  quarrels  by  the  fword,  which 
was  their  common  method  a- 

Amongft  thefe  great  lords,  the  mod  confiderable  was  a -war 
the  count  of  Flanders,  who,    going  into  the  Holy  Land,  breaks  out 
committed  his  fon  and  his  dominions  to  the  care  of  Henry,  ™uh 
king  of  England.     This  trull  was  a  new  mortification  to     "j*\  '" 
Lewis,  who   found  himfclf  in  a  manner  blocked   up  on  itV}ls 
every  fide   by  this  too  powerful  neighbour ;    yet  Henry  hazards 
omitted  no  arts  to  mitigate  his  jealoufy  and  apprehenfions.  hisptrjon, 
His  queen  had  fufficiently  inftru&ed  him  in  the  temper  of  'wtt.hou* 
Lewis,    and   he    managed  him   with   fuch    addrefs,  that  ^'*/< 
he  had  fcirce  any  pretence  given  him  on  which  to  found 
a  quarrel  •,  for  Henry  was  continually  writing  to  him,  and 
fending  himprefents  ;  treated  him  with  the  highefl  marks 
of  deference  and  efteem,  and  propofed  a  marriage  between 
his  fon  Henry  and  the  princefs  Margaret,  the  king's  daugh- 
ter by  his  fecond  marriage,  though  they  were  but  infants". 
At  length,  however,  a  rupture  happened;  for  Henry,  un- 
fatisfied  with  the  dominions  he  already  had,  furmifed  that 
the  county  of  Touloufe  belonged  of  right   to  his  wife,  as 
being  not  given,  but  mortgaged  only  by  a  duke  of  Aqui- 
taine  to  the  anceflor  of  the  then  count :  he  offered  there- 
fore  the  fum  that  he    fuppofed  to  be  due,  and  that  be- 
ing refufed,  marched  with  a  great  army,  compofedof  all 
nations,  and  blotked/up  Touloufe e.     The  place  was  not 
ftrong  by   fituation,  nor  was  it  fortified:    but   the  count, 
brave  in  his  perfon,  and  having  a  numerous  army,  made  a 
gallant  defence.     He  had  married  Conllance,  the  widow 
of  Euftace,  count  of  Bologne,  and   filler    to  king  Lewis, 
who  immediately  armed,  in  fupport  of  his  brother-in-law. 
Having  left  a  competent  force  under  the  command  of  his 
brother  the  count  de  Dreux,  on  the  frontiers  of  Normandy, 
he   marched  with   the    reft  directly  to  Touloufe,  where, 
having  forced  one  of  the  ports  of  the  befiegers,  he  threw 

*  Roderic  Toletan.  •  Mererajr.  *  Robert.  d« 

Mont.    Mczeray.  *  puTUIet, 

himfeJi 


464  7*&f  Hijiory  of  France. 

himfelf  into  the  place  with  the  flower  of  his  troops.  Henry, 

perceiving  it  would  be  very  difficult,  if  not  impracticable, 

to  carry  the  town,  fentacomplimentto  the  king,  importing, 

that  he  would  not  commit  hoftilities  againft  any  whom  lit; 

had  undertaken  to  protect:,  and  thereupon  raifed  thefiegc. 

This  retre.it,  however,  did  not  put  an  end  to   the   war, 

which   continued  two  years  longer,  and  then  ended  in  a 

peace,    on   terms   that  were   tolerably  equal.     Henry  did 

homage  to  the   king  for  his  duchy  of  Normandy;  his  fon 

Henry  did  the  like  for  the  counties  of  Anjou  and  Maine  ; 

and  it  was  agreed,  that  his   fecond    fon  Richard,  already 

A.D.i  1S0.  contracted  to  the   daughter  of   the   count  of  Barcelona, 

■   ■  fhould  quit  her,  efpoufe  one  of  the  king's  daughters,    and 

have  the1  duchy  of  Guienned.     In  this  peace  the  count  of 

Touloufe  was  included,  but  without  any  difcuffion  of  the 

point  upon  which  the  war  began  ;  for  peace  was  neceffary 

to  Lewis,  and  Henry  was  reiblved  to  keep  his  old  claim  in 

referve ". 

Anew  In  the  courfe  of  the  fame  year  died  the  queen  Donna 

zvar,ac-     Conftantia  ;  and  the  nobility  being  very  urgent  with   the 

wtT"muc/i  kulS  to    raarry  agaiB|  »9  he  had  only    two   daughters  by 

Jlau^hter      ner>  he  efpoufed  Adelaide,  the  daughter  of  Thibaut,  earl 

ar'.de-        of  Champagne,  by  which  alliance  he  gained  all  the  princes 

">',     of  her  family.     At  this  juncture,  a  fchifm  in  the  church 

.\a      j    was  very  near  olu:1   '    -  the    moil  confiderable  powers  in 

at  Irjt  ends  t?  '.    .         r        b     r  _  r 

t«  a»tw      J^uroPe  into  a  war.      J  he    kings  or  Trance   and  England 
ftaa.  fupported    Alexander  III.    the  emperor   Frederick  main- 

tained the  caufe  of  Victor  lVr.  went  fo  far  as  to  arm  on  his 
behalf,  and  threatened  France  with  an  invafion.  Lewis, 
provoked  by  his  behaviour,  levied  troops  likewifc,  and  the 
king  of  England  marched  a  powerful  corps  to  the  frontiers 
of  Normandy,  that  they  might  be  in  rcadiuefs  to  join  the 
French,  if  it  was  neceffary.  Upon  this  occafion,  Alexan- 
der III.  had  the  fati- faction  of  feeing  Lewis  on  one  fide, 
and  Henry  on  the  other,  at  his  ftirrups,  on  foot,  while  he 
rode  flowly  to  a  magnificent  tent  prepared  for  him  in  the 
French  camp,  and  held  afterwards  a  council  at  fours  with 
great  fplendour  f.  It  was  not  long  before  new  differences, 
arofe  between  the  two  monarchs,  chiefly  on  account  of 
Thomas  a  Becket,  chancellor  to  king  Henry,  who  having 
raifedhimto  the  archiepifcopal  fee  of  Canterbury,  found  him 
lefs  pliant  than  he  expected,  and  therefore  difgraced  him. 
Becket  retired  into  France,  where  he  was  received  and 
treated  with  great  refpect,  notwithftanding  all  the  repre- 
fentationsmade  by  his  mailer.     From  this  difcordance  in 

dDupleix.        e  Gulielm,  Neubrigienfis.       { Du  Tiller.  Mezera?. 

fentiment3 


The  Hijloiy  of  Fratice.  465 

fenrimcnts,  both  kings  forefaw  that  it  would  not  be  long 
before  they  cami-  to  an  open  rupture  •,  and  this  at  length 
happened,  notwithstanding  the  emprefs  Maud,  fo  long  as 
flic  lived,  exerted  her  utmoft  endeavours  to  prevent  it*» 
In  the  profecution  of  this  difpute,  feveral  places  were 
taken  on  both  fides;  fomc  vaffals  of  the  crown  of  France 
up  arms  for  king  Henry  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand, 
molt  of  the  lords  of  Poitou  armed  on  behalf  of  Lewis  b. 
At  length,  both  parties,  weary  of  feeing  their  countries 
deftroved  to  little  purpofe,  and  having  other  motives  to 
wiih  for  the  return  of  quiet,  amongft  which  was  the  birth 
of  a  fon  to  Lewis,  a  treaty  was  feton  foot,  which,  after  a 
long  negociation,  produced  the  peace  of  Montmirail.  Up-  A.D.116J. 
on  this  occafion  Henry  did   homage  in  perfon  for  Nor-  " 

mandy  ;  his  fon  Henry  for  the  counties  of  AnjouaYid  Maine \ 
Richard  for  the  duchy  of  Guienne  •,  and  prince  Henry  a  fe- 
cond  time  for  the  county  of  Bretagne,  which  his  brother 
Geoffrey  was  to  inherit,  in  confequencc  of  his  marriage 
with  the  heirefsof  that  country  f. 

The  fituation  of  affairs  between   thefe  two  princes  was  &"g  Lenvir 
fuch,  that,  though  they  often  made  peace,  they  were  ne-  <itrha^so'vtr. 
ver  reconciled  ;  and  the  intermarriages  between  their  fa-  evlr^tht" 
milies,  inftead  of  contributing  to  their  own   and  their  confort  of 
fubjects  repofe,  feryed  only  to  furnifh  frefh  pretences  for  Henry,nuAa 
difturbing  both.     King  Henry  having  caufed  his  eldeft  fon  "wrtki- 
to  be  crowned  in  England,  while  his  confort  was  in  France,    'J*  P**~ 
Lewis,  to  revenge  the  affront  done  to  his  daughter,  in- 
vaded Normandy  ;  but  Henry,  too  wife  to  quarrel  about 
a  mere  matter  of  form,  promifed  the  coronation  fhould 
be  performed  over  again,  as  it  accordingly  was  k.    On  the 
return   of  the  young  king  to   his  father  in  Normandy, 
I^ewis  defircd  that  his  fon  and  daughter  might  come  and 
fpend  fomc  time  at  his  court,  which  requeft  was  grant- 
ed,   and  there   fuch    notions  were    put  into  the  young 
prince's  head,  as,  after  his  return,  produced  great  heart- 
burnings between   him  and  his  father.     At  length  the 
young  king,  pretending   that  he  thought  his  perfon  in 
danger,  fled  privately  out  of  England  into  France,  and? 
was  received  with  open  arms  by  Lewis,  who  was  now 
grown  as  thorough  a  politician  as  Henry,  and  believed  the 
time  was  come,  in  which  he  might  revenge  himfelf  for 
all  pad  affronts  K     He  knew  the  pope  was  angry  with  the 

t  Robtrtus  de  Monte.  k  Johan.  Sarifbur.  Epift.  '  P.  Da- 
niel. *  Rojjer  Hovcdcn.  J.  de  Scrrei.  Duplcix.  1  Cul. 
Neubrig. 

Mod.  Vol.  XIX,  Hh  ling 


466  The  Hiftory  of  France'*  . 

king  of  England  ;  and  that  he  was  alfo  odious  to  a  great 
part  of  his  fubjeets,  on   account  of  the   affaifination  of 
archbjfhop  Becket :  he  farther  knew  that  the  king  was 
much  feared  by  his  neighbours,  and  that  the  difputes  ran 
high  in  his  family ;  fo  that  he  flattered  himfelf  that  he 
ihould  gain  equal   advantages  by   fraud,  and  by  force  m. 
The  young  king  Henry,  who  ferved  him  zealoufly,  drew  his 
two  brothers,  Richard  and  Geoffrey,  into  the  confederacy 
againfl  their    father ;    and    even   embarked    his   mother 
queen  Eleanor  in  the  fame   fcheme.     At  the   fame  time, 
the  king  of  Scots  was  in  motion,  and  rebels  and  male- 
contents  darted  up  in  almoft  all  parts  of  the  king  of  Eng- 
land's dominions  n.     Henry  offered  fair  terms;  but  find- 
ing thefe  rejected,  raifed  an  army,  and  quickly  reftored 
his  affairs  at  home  and  abroad.     All  this  time  he  amufed 
the  king  of  France  with  negotiations,  and  at  length  con- 
ferred to  a  peace, -but  it  was  upon  his  own  terms  ;  and 
though  thefe   were,  in  appearance,   honourable  enough 
for  king  Lewis,  and   very  advantageous  for  the  princes 
who  had  put  themfelves  under  his  protection,  yet  the  king 
of  Scots,  the  earl  of  Lticefter,  and  the  earl  of  Chefler, 
who  had  been  made  prifoners,  being  left  to  his  mercy, 
(hewed  plainly   that  he   was  victor  over  this  formidable 
league  °. 
Lttuis  and       Both  kings  were  now  thoroughly  weary  of  war  ;  Lewis 
tienPi!'re    was  afraid  of  fuflering  by  that  good  fortune  which  con- 
terms  tftan    ftantly  attended  his  rival,  and  Henry  had  fo  much  reafon 
in  any  part  to  fear  his  own  family  at  home,  that  he  had  no  inclination 
ef  their  re-  to  quarrels  abroad      Lewis,  however,  conceived   in   his 
fpeSlivt       own  mind,  that  he  had  good  grounds  to  be  offended  with 
&    '         the  conduct  of  the  monarch  of  England,  on  account  of 
his  daughter  Alice,  whom  the  king  retained  at  his  court 
without  marrying  her  to  his   fon   Richard.     In  order  to 
obtain  fatisfaction,  he  applied  to  the  pope  ;  and  his  legate 
having  expoflulated  with  Henry,  that  prince  very  roundly 
declared  he   would  have   caufed  the  marriage  to  be  cele- 
brated, but  that   Lewis  had   promifed  to  give  the  city  of 
Bourges  in  dowry   with  his  daughter,  as  he  had  likewife 
promifed  the  French  Vexin,  when  the  prince fs  Margaret 
tfpoufed  the  young  king  Henry.     As  the  facts  were  con- 
troverted by  Lewis,  the  decifion  of  their  difference  was 
A.*D.ii77-  left  to  the  pope  p.     In  the  mean  time  all  the  ancient  trea- 
ties were  renewed  ;  and  the  two  kings,  to  fhew  their  cor- 

»  Le  (Jendre.  »  Robertus  dc  Monte.  °  Petri 

Blefciilfs  Epift.  "Mcz,   P.Dan.  f  Annul  Fran  cor  urn. 

dial 


i  Hiflory  of  Fra  46  f 

itTctflion  for  each  other,  undertook  to  make  a  croifade 
together,  the  preparations  for  which  were  likewife  fet- 
tled, notwith Handing  which  neither  of  them  went ;  Lewis 
being  llrongly  diiluaded  by  his  confort,  and  by  the  prin- 
cipal nobilitv  i  and  Henry  finding  his  affairs  ftill  fo  cm- 
barrafTed)  that  his  prefence  was  more  neceflary  than  ever 
in  his  own  dominions'5.  Some  have  attributed  the  mak- 
ing and  the  breaking  this  treaty  to  policy  ;  but  it  is  more 
probable  that  Lewis  was  very  (ulcere,  and  made  the  firft 
proportion  of  it  to  Henry,  who  could  not  but  give  his 
confent,  having  entered  into  an  engagement  with  the  pope 
(0  take  the  crofs,  whenever  he  thought  it  expedient,  in 
order  to  expiate  the  murder  of  Thomas  a  Becket r. 

As  the  peace  of  the  kingdom,  as  well  as  the  continu-  pu^rlma^e 
ance  of  the  royal  line,  depended  on  the  life  of  the  young  ofLrvuitf 
prince  Philip,  it  is  not  at  all  ftrange  that  the  king  mould  •'•  T-4*" 
be  extremely  alarmed  at  an  accident  which  brought  him  ^fs 
to  the  very  brink  of  the  grave.     He  was  but  juft  able  to  ronal\on  0f 
ride,  when  his  horfe  ran   away  with  him  in  the  wood  of  /jisfoti,  hit 
Compeigne,  in  which  he  continued  all  night,  and  returned  marriage, 
in  the  morning  fo  extremely  frighted,  that  he  fell  into  a  en?thf<1'' 

c        rr    1         r   .         r,ix  ■      ■      ,  j  .«.        i  •  i  •       r       Tfllfe  of  tls§ 

grievous  fit  oi  hcknels*.  1  his  induced  the  king  hrs  ia-  0ij  fang  „/ 
ther,  according  to  the  mode  of  thofe  times,  to  refolve  on  a  pgj/y. 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  fhrine  of  St.  Thomas,  that  is,  the 
tomb  of  Thomas  «i  Becket  at  Canterbury.  He  was  re- 
ceived there  with  great  pomp  by  king  Henry  ;  made  his 
offering,  and  returned  back  in  the  fpace  of  a  week;  but 
whether  the  fatigue  of  the  journey,  or  the  agitation  of 
his  mind  was  the  caufe,  fo  it  fell  out,  that  he  was  ftruck 
with  an  apoplexy  at  his  return,  and  though  he  recovered 
from  this,  by  the  help  of  his  phyficians, yet  he  continued 
paralytic  on  the  right  fide.  The  fenfe  of  his  own  condi-  . 
tion,  flimulated  them  to  haften  the  coronation  of  Ins  fon,  _  ^ 
which  was  performed  with  great  folemnity  by  the  cardinal 
archbifliop  of  Rheims,  the  queen's  brother,  on  the  firft  of 
mbejr.  On  this  occafion,  the  young  king  Henry  of 
England  aflifted,  as  duke  of  Normandy,  and  Philip,  count 
of  Flanders,  carried  the  fword  of  flate.  At  this  time 
alfo  the  right  of  the  archbifhop  of  Rheims  to  perform  the 
ceiemony  of  the  coronation  was  confirmed  '.  Soon  after 
thistranfacrion,  the  marriage  of  the  young  king  Philip, 
with  the  niece  of  the  count  of  Flanders,  who  now  go- 

<?  Paul.  MmiSL  '  Polydor.  Virgil.  »  P.  ^mil.  Antil- 

les Francofinn.  t   v,efta  Philippi  Augufti  defenpta  a  Ma 

tro  Rigorg;?  irfiui  Regis  Lhro: 

?erned 


46S 


The  Hjftory  of  France. 


verned  all,  was   fettled  u.     The  king,  having  languished 
about  a  year  under  this  grievous  malady,  breathed  his  laft 
A.D.  nSo.  on  tne  1 8th  of  September,  in  the  fixtieth  year  of  his  age, 
m  and  in  the  forty-fourth  of  his  reign  w,  being  efteemed  a 

pious  and  clialle  prince  ;  but  lefs  a   politician  than  was 
requifite  for  the  conjuncture  in  which  he  lived  (F.) 


"  Du  Chefnc,tom.  iv. 

(F)  Lewis,  by  his  firfl  wife 
Eleanor,  from  whom  he  was 
divorced,  had  two  daughters, 
Mary  and  Alice,  the  former 
married  to  Henry  count  of 
Champagne,  and  the  latter  to 
Thibaut  count  of  Blois,  his 
brother.-  The  fecond  confort  of 
Lewis  was  Conlhmua,  daugh- 
ter of  Alonlb  king  of  Catlile, 
by  whom  he  had  two  daugh- 
ters ;  Margaret,  who  elpoufed 
Henry  the  younger  king  of 
England  and  duke  of  Norman- 
dy, by  whom  Hie  had  no  chil- 
dren, and,  after  his  demife, 
Bela  the  Third,  king  of  Hun- 
gary ( i ) .  Her  filler  Alice  died 
unmarried,  in  a  (hurt  time  after 
thcir  mother  (2).  Lewis  mar- 
ried a  third  time,  Adela  the 
fifth  daughter  of  Thibaur, 
count  of  Champagne,  a  prin- 
cefs  of  great  beauty,  prudence, 
and  fpirtt,  by  whom  he  had 
his  fuccehor  Philip  II.  and  two 
daughters :  Alice  who  created 
fo  much  dilTenfion  between  the 


w  Guliehn.  Neubrig. 

realms  of  France  and  England, 
and  who,  after  having  been  for 
many  years  contracted  to  king 
Richard,  married  William, 
count  of  Ponthicu  ;  flie  de- 
ceafed  in  1195:  the  fecond 
daughter,  Agnes,  at  the  clofe 
of  her  father's  reign,  was  con- 
tracted to  Alexis  Comnenest 
fon  to  the  Greek  emperor  Ma- 
nuel, and  was  fent  to  Conflaa- 
tinople,  when  fhe  was  fcarce 
ten  years  of  age.  Lewis  was 
interred  at  Barbeau  on  the 
Seine,  in  a  monailery  of  his 
own  foundation,  where  his  wi- 
dow, queen  Adela,  creeled  a 
magnificent  tomb  to  his  me- 
mory. Charles  IX.  caufed 
this  tomb  to  be  opened,  and 
found  his  body  entire  ;  he  had 
a  gold  crofs  hanging  at  his 
neck,  and  three  or  four  rings 
upon  his  fingers.  Charles 
made  a  prefent  of  the  crofs, 
and  wore  the  rings  himfelf,  in 
honour  of  his  predecelTor  (3). 


(0  Da  Ti'let.  (*)  Recueil  dei  Rays  dt  France  leur  Cou« 

roiine  et  Mailon.  (;)  Le  Gcndie. 


END    CF    THE    NINETEENTH   VOLUME. 


& 


b 


L 


-       M 
<      H 


UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 
LIBRARY 


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Acme    Library   Card    I 
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